Fine particle filtration in aquaculture

INCORPORATING fIsh fARmING TeChNOlOGy

 Julyy | August 2013  Jul 2013 Fine particle ltration in aquaculture

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FEATURE

Fine particle filtration in aquaculture by Katie Adema, journalist, Waterco Ltd, Australia

A

quacultureisthefastestgrowing animalproductionindustryinthe worl world; d; almo almost st every every regi region on is experiencin experiencingrapidgrowt grapidgrowthinthe hinthe farmin farming g of fish, fish, mollus molluscs, cs, crustac crustacean eans s and aquaticplants.  WorthoverAUD$200billionglobally, the aquacul aquacultur ture e indust industry ry has been been growin growing g at a fasterratethantheworld’spopulationforthe pastfivedecades,resultinginaverycompeti tivemarketplacetoday. Suchdramaticgrowthintheaquaculture industr industry y hasdriven trendsin trendsin filtrati filtration on and oxygenat oxygenation ion techniqu techniques es forward forward to focus onhighefficiencysystem onhighefficiencysystemswhich swhich offerfine offerfine particlefiltration.Thisisduetotherealisa tion that systems syst ems chos en purely purel y for their lowcostmaynotnecessarilydeliverprofitableresults.Thehealthandgrowthofyour fishdependgreatl fishdependgreatlyupon yupon thefiltratio thefiltration n and oxygenationofthewaterinwhichtheylive. Therefor Therefore,itis e,itis vitalyouinvest vitalyouinvest ina quality quality

system system so you can produce produce large, large, healthy healthy fish asquickly asquickly aspossibletoincrea aspossibletoincreaseyour seyour profitmargin. “Thefiltrationforaquacultureis “Thefiltrationforaquacultureisverydifferverydifferenttoanythingelse,asyouarefilteringtotally diffe differe rent nt mate materi rial al which which is much much larg larger er in mass–suchaspondweed,fis mass–suchaspondweed,fishfoodandfish hfoodandfish waste, waste,” ” says Bryan Bryan Goh, Goh, direct director, or, Waterc Waterco o Ltd, Australia, Australia, an internationa international l manufacturer, manufacturer, whichproducesarangeoffiltratio whichproducesarangeoffiltrationsolutions nsolutions forcommercialanddomesticsystems. Thos Those e using using clos closed ed syste systems ms have have take taken n particularl particularly y to recirculatin recirculating g filtration filtration systems, systems, which which entail entail the same same water water being being recirc recircuulatedaninfinitenumberoftimesafterbeing proper properly ly filter filtered ed and slight slightly ly topped topped up to makeupforthewaterwhichislostthrough evaporation. Fine Fine part particl icles es are are defi define ned d as part partic icul ulat ate e matterthatis2.5micronsorlessindiameter;  therefore, they can be left behind by some filtr filtrat atio ion n syste systems ms that that are are not not desi designe gned d to captureparticlesthatsmall.

Fineparticlefiltrationisimportant Fineparticlefiltrationisimportantforthree forthree reasons: 1.Theamountofwastethatfishproduce can can quic quickl kly y dest destro roy y wate water r clar clarit ity y and reduce reduce the amount amount ofoxygen the fish fish can absorb absorb, , which which inturn lowers lowers their their growth growth rate. rate. The quicke quicker r this this waste waste is remove removed; d; less less oxygen oxygen will will be used by  thebacteriathatare breakingitdown 2.Substancesthataretoxictofishinsmall quantities,suchasammoniaandnitrite, needtoberemovedquicklybeforethey useupagreatdealoftheoxygeninthe waterandimpactonthehealthofyour fish 3.Large 3.Large amount amounts s of feed feed canalso introintroducewasteintothewaterandencourage bacteri bacteria a growth growth, , which which eat up the oxyg oxygen en supp supply ly that that your your fish fish need need; ; adequatefiltrationaddressesthisissue

Types of filtration Themovementtowardsfineparticlefiltra tion has resulted in a few particular types of filtra filtratio tion n and waste waste remova removal l systems systems being being favoure favoured d in the aquacul aquacultur ture e indust industry. ry. These These includescreens,gravitationalsettling,sandand bead filters, filters, flotation/foa flotation/foam m fractionatio fractionation n and centrifuges. Gravitationa Gravitational l settling,also settling,also knownas sediment mentat atio ion, n, is a wast waste e remo removal val syste system m that that depe depend nds s on the the diff differ eren ent t densi densiti ties es of the the waterandwasteparticlesdrawingthewaste particlesdownandoutofthetank.However, wasteparticlesinaquacultureareusuallyonly slightlydenserthanthewaterandsocantake  time to settle. Faster separation is achieved when when the the densi density ty is vast vastly ly diffe differe rent nt; ; most most aquaculturesystemsuse15-20minutereten tiontimesforwaste.

Filter screens Filt Filter er scree screens ns are are a form form of mecha mechani nical cal wasteremoval.Openingsizescanvaryfrom 18 | InernAIonA AquAFeed | July-August 2013

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FEATURE

severalmillim severalmillimeter eterstolessthan0.001micron. stolessthan0.001micron. Fine Fine filtra filtratio tion n systems systems, , such as micros microscre creen en drum drum filt filter ers s which which are are alre alread ady y commo commonl nly y used used in aquacul aquacultur ture, e, typica typically lly requir require e much much largerfilterscreensand/orhigherpressuresto operate operate effectivelythan effectivelythan a screen withlarger openings.

“ Th Th is is  m ea ea ns ns  s to to ck ck in in g r at at e ess  c an an  b e increased,withsubsequentimprovedproduction duction. . MultiC MultiCyclo yclones nes in fish fish culture culture syst system ems s are are best best depl deploy oyed ed on the the systemreturnpumppriorto,say,bag or cartrid cartridge ge polishi polishing ng filter filters s on the waybacktothefishtank.”

Centrifuges and hydro clones

Sand or bead filters

Centrifugesandhydroclone Centrifugesandhydroclonesaregrowing saregrowing Sand Sand or bead bead filt filter ers s can can be eith either er inpopularityastheycrossfromdomesticuse fixedbedandparticleb fixedbedandparticlebedfilterst edfiltersthatconhatconintocommercial intocommercialuse.Cylindri use.Cylindricalinshape,the calinshape,the sistofaboxfilledwithsandoranother mechanismrotatesthecentralchambervery particulatematerial.Toachievefineparrapidly,forcingwasteparticlesthataredenser  ticle filtration , the filter medium should  thanthewa tertothe sidesofthe cylinder.A beveryfinegrainandmayalsoneedto layerofwaterfromtheouterrimisthentaken bepressurised.Waterpassesthroughthe out,whichremovesmostoftheparticleswith fixedbedeitherinadownwarddirection it,leavingtheclea it,leavingthecleanwaterinthecent nwaterinthecentretobe retobe orand upward upward directio direction n (down (down flowand putbackintotheaquaculturesystem. upflow),andwasteparticlesareremoved Bruce Bruce Atkinso Atkinson, n, aquacult aquaculture ure design design and by thesand/beads. thesand/beads. Thesize of particle particles s salesmanager,Aquasonic,Australia,sayscenremoveddependsonthesizeofthefilter  trifugal solutions such as Waterco’s new medium,flowrateandwastecharacterisrangeofMultiCyclonefilterscanallowyouto  tics.A sand/b eadfilte rmayn eedfrequ ent   increasestockingrates. backwashingifwasteisveryconcentrated. “T he link between f eed rates an d    MultiCyclones MultiCyclonesisfairlyobviousforfish isfairlyobviousforfishculture culture Floatation or foam   systems systems,” ,” says says Atkins Atkinson. on. “With “With the additi addition on fractionation   oftheMultiCyclone,moreefficientmechaniFloatationorfoamfractionationisa   cal filtra filtratio tion n takes takes place place and hence hence greate greater r formofchemicalfiltration;thistypeof volume volumes s of feed feed canbe introd introduce uced d without without filtrationisabletoretrieveveryfine system fouling caused by organic organic deposition deposition particlesfromanaquaculturesysandbacterialproliferation.  tem,and isconsequently already  

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FEATURE

In focus: koi ponds Althoughkoipondsaremostcommonlyused Althoughkoipondsaremost commonlyusedasan asan aestheticadditiontoabackyard,theyrelyonadelicate balance bal ance offiltra offiltratio tion n and oxy oxygen genati ation on tokeep the fis fish h healthy,justlikeatankusedforcommercialaquaculture. The lar largeamoun geamount t ofwastethese fast gro growin wing g fish producealsomakesthemagoodexampleoftheimpor tanceof fineparticle filtrationand oxygensaturation. A koipondusuallyrequiresbothamechanicalfilteranda biologicalfilt biolo gicalfiltertomaintai ertomaintainwaterclarit nwaterclarityandfishhealth. yandfishhealth. Aturnoverrateofatleast Aturnoverrate ofatleast1.5timesper 1.5timesperhourwillensure hourwillensure goodcirculation,aerationandfiltration. “Inmanycases,largepre-filtersystemsarerequired, suchasvortexchambersand/orsievesaswellasamain filtra fil tratio tion n syst systemthatin emthatin man many y case cases s isusedbothas a mechanicalaswellasabiologicalfilter.Thisliterallytraps  thesolidwastesandremovesthemfromthe  thesolidwastesandre movesthemfromthewaterflow waterflow andprovidesalargesurfaceareatosupportthegrowth of ben benefi eficia cial l bac bacter teria ia tha that t bre breaks aks dow down n pol pollut lutant ants s in  the water,” explains Bryan Goh, director, Waterco, Australia. “Suchfilters can be single or multi multimedia media chambe chambers rs aswellasbeadfilters.Thefiltrationsystemisnotonly design des ignedbased edbased onthe vol volume ume ofwater but also the quantityandsizeoffish,anticipatedfeedingcyclesand  theamountof fishwaste.” Filtrationneedstobebackedupwithadequateoxygensaturationlevels,deliveredbyoxygencones,water plants pla nts and and/or /or aer aerati ation. on. One tho thousan usand d lit litres res of wat water er satura sat urated ted wit with h oxy oxygen gen at8 par partsper tsper mil millio lion n cont contain ains s only8gramsofdissolvedoxygen.Thehealthofkoifish iscompromisedwhenoxygenlevelsfallbelow6ppm, somethingthat10kgoffishwhichconsumeaboutthree gramsofoxygenperhourcanbringaboutinabout40 minut mi nutes es wi with thou out t th the e he help lp of ad adeq equa uate te fi filt ltra rati tion on an and d oxygenation.

usedwidely.Ittakes usedwidely.Ittakesadvantage advantageofthesurface ofthesurface  tensionandchargesat theair/waterinterface, usingbubbles to capture capture dissolvedand dissolvedand very fineparticlematter.Inthissystem,anairstone in the the bott bottom om of a vert vertica ical l pipe pipe prod produce uces s bubble bubbles.As s.As they they rise rise through through the pipe pipe they they collectdissolvedmineralsfromthebulkliquid,

andwhenthebubblesreachthe surfaceandareremoved,soare  the waste particles. It’s a simple,inexpensiveformoffiltration  that can also remove dissolved pollut pollutant ants s from from the water. water. This This removalmechanismisparticularly effectiveinsaltwaterapplications, as form format atio ion n of fine fine bubb bubble les s is much easier easier than infreshwater applications. It is quite quite comm common on in aqua aqua-cult cultur ure e to use use a comb combin inat atio ion n of differ different ent filtra filtratio tion n and waste waste removalsystemstoachieveoptimumwaterquality.

Oxygen cones

O xy xy ge gen  c on on ce cen tr tr at ati on on  is worth worth mentio mentioning ning in relati relation on to fineparticlefiltrationbecausethe bact bacter eria ia that that brea break k down down fish fish waste waste and leftov leftover er feed feed use up a grea great t deal deal of oxyg oxygen en, , whic which h is paramo paramount unt to fish health health and growth.Thelongerthiswasteis left left in the the water water, , the the smal smalle ler r it beco become mes s as it is brok broken en down down, , causingit causingit tobe very very difficu difficult lt to remo remove ve. . There Therefor fore, e, this this waste waste needstoberemovedasquickly and and as effe effect ctiv ivel ely y as poss possib ible le by your filtra filtratio tion n system system, , which which needstobeequippedtohandle verysmallparticlesofwaste. Afte After r filt filtra rati tion on, , an oxyg oxygen en conecanbeusedtorestoreoxygensatura tiontooptimumlevels. “Oxygenconeshavetheabilitytoincrease O²levelsinfishculturesystems,withincreased leve levels ls of O² bein being g of grea great t bene benefi fit t to fish fish healthingeneral,”saysAtkinson. “Inexperimentscarriedouton “Inexperimentscarriedoutonhalibutspehalibutspe-

20 | InernAIonA AquAFeed | July-August 2013

cies, cies, oxygen oxygen satura saturatio tion n levels levels were were shown shown tohavea positi positiveeffect veeffect on  the growth and feed conversio n ratioat80percentand120percent saturation. “The “The conc conclu lusi sion on was was that that the the oxyg oxygen en satu satura rati tion on leve levels ls have have a positi positive ve effect effect on growth growth and feed feed conversionratiosoffish,andinthe case case ofAtlantichalibu ofAtlantichalibut,the t,the growth growth rateishigherwhentheoxygenlevel is betwe etween en 80 perc percen ent t and and 12 120 0 percent.” Thecorrectcombinationofoxygen,freshwaterandfoodisessential for fish production,and production,and maintaining maintaining wate water r oxyg oxygen en leve levels ls is a care carefu ful l balancingact.  Waterco  Wate rco’s ’s spec ially iall y crea ted Oxyg Oxygen en Cone Cone allo allows ws the the oxyg oxygen en levelsinwatertobemanagedmore effectivelyforhigherquantitiesoffish pervolume of water. The industry industry standard standard for for most most spec specie ies s of fish fish is up to 50 kg of stockto1,000litresofwater;withanoxygen cone,youcanincreaseyourproductivityand stockingrates. Oxygenconesinjectoxygeninto Oxygenconesinjectoxygenintothewater thewater deliverylineandintothefishculturetanks.The OxygenConeisshapedtooptimisethesaturationofgasesinwater-upto100percent.  Water and oxygen enter at the top of the cone cone at rela relati tive vely ly high high spee speed d and and then then the the streamofwaterpushestheoxygenbubbles downuntiltheycompletelydissolve. “Severalstudieshaveinvestigatedtherela tionship between oxygen saturation and fish foodintake,”saysAtkinson “In 197 1976, 6, Randolp Randolph h and Clemen Clemens s found found  thatfeedingpatterns ofchannel catfishvaried with with tempe temperat rature ure and oxygen oxygen avail availabi abilility. ty.  When the oxygen content drops below 59 perc percen ent, t, a fish fish star starts ts to lose lose its its appe appeti tite te. . Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchus Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)appetite mykiss)appetite isreducedwhenoxygensaturationfallsbelow approximately60percent.” “From these studies, studies, using varied species species itcanbeconcludedthatbyincreasingoxygen satura saturatio tion n with with the useof a saturat saturation ion vesvessel sel such such as a Wate Waterc rco o Oxyg Oxygen en Cone Cone, , the the farmercanincreasehisproductionsignificantly and save save on food food cost costs s as well well beca because use of improvedfeedconversionratios.”

More InforMatIon :

Waterco Ltd  Tel: +44 1795 521733 Email: [email protected] Website: www.waterco.eu  Aquasonic P/L Aquaculture Supplies Supplies Tel: +61 2 6586 4933 Email: [email protected] Website: www.aquasonic.com.au

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