República Bolivariana de Venezuela Instituto Universitario Politécnico Santiago Mariño Extensión Caracas Ciencia de los Materiales
Diagrama de Fase
Alumnos:
Claudia Huayllaquispe Caracas, 8 de febrero del 2016
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Diagrama de fase: Es fase: Es la representación gráfica de las fronteras entre diferentes estados de la materia de un sistema determinado por temperatura vs. Composición a presión constante; y permite conocer las fases presentes para cada temperatura y composición, solubilidades a diferentes temperaturas de un componente en otro, temperatura de solidificación, entre otros. Diagrama de cambio de estado: estado: es cuando en una representación todas las fases corresponden a estados de agregación diferente. Diagrama de fase de una sustancia pura: uno sencillo es de presión (eje de ordenadas) y temperatura(eje de abscisas). Por lo general para una temperatura y presión dadas el cuerpo presenta una única fase excepto en: Punto triple: coexisten triple: coexisten los estados sólido, líquido y gaseoso. Los pares(presión, temperatura) transición de fase entre: Dos fases sólidas: Cambio sólidas: Cambio alotrópico; Entre una fase sólida y una fase líquida: fusión - solidificación; Entre una fase sólida y una fase vapor (gas): sublimación - deposición (o sublimación inversa); Entre una fase líquida y una fase vapor: vaporización - condensación (o licuefacción). Fases del Diagrama de equilibrio Fe-C
FERRITA Austenita Cementita
Perlita,
Solución Sólida de Fe- ∝ sólida de Fe-γ Fe- γ CFe3 de estructura ortorrómbica Ferrita y cementita de estructura
Composición % Máxima de 0.025% de C; 0.008% máxima del 2% de C 6,67% de C y 93'33% de Fe
86,5% de Ferrita y 13,5%
Temperatura 723 ºC Ambiente 1130ºC Es magnética hasta los 210º C
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Las aleaciones con porcentaje de carbono inferior al 2,0% se denominan aceros, y los de mayor porcentaje se denominan fundiciones. eutectoide hipereutectoides hipoeutectoides No se considera Acero
Compuesto por perlita pura Perlita y cementita perlita y ferrita
% de carbono 0,80 > 0.80 0.03-0.080 < 0.03
Temperatura ºC 723
peritéctico
fase austenítica pura
0,18
1492
eutéctico
encontramos el punto con menor temperatura de fusión del diagrama del diagrama
4,3
1130
A temperaturas mayores, las fases del acero pasan a ser una mezcla de fase liquida y fase Fe-delta, otra forma alotrópica del hierro. Esta forma alotrópica se presenta para el hierro puro desde 1400º C hasta la temperatura de fusión. La máxima solubilidad del hierro delta es para 0,08% de Carbono y 1492º C. Para contenidos inferiores de carbono entre el principio y el fin de la solidificación se va precipitando austenita, y para aleaciones de contenidos de carbono superior al 4,3% entre el principio y el fin de la solidificación se precipitan cristales de cementita. Las aleaciones de 4,3% se solidifican formando un único constituyente, que también se considera eutéctico y es la Ledeburita formado por un 52% de cementita y un 48% de Austenita de 2’0% de Carbono a 1130º C. La Ledeburita se transforma por debajo de los 723º C en cementita y perlita, las cuales conservan un aspecto eutéctico.
Temperatura ºC >723
Transformación perlita en austenita
Da lugar a una composición de ferrita y austenita para los aceros hipoeutectoides y de cementita y austenita
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1130ºC para 1,76%
La regla de la palanca permite conocer la composición química de las fases y las cantidades relativas de cada una de ellas.
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Análisis de transformaciones estructurales de aceros
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Acero eutectoide de C= 0,77%
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Análisis de transformaciones estructurales de aceros
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Fundiciones industriales del diagrama hierro-carbono
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