designing future wireless chagring with nikoa teslas ideas

Running head: DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA

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Designing Future Wireless Charging with Nikola Tesla’s Ideas Evan Zhou RDF International School

Author Note Evan Zhou, Honors Thesis Class, RDF International School. Evan Zhou is now a Tenth Grader in Honors thesis Class, RDF International School. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Evan Zhou, Honors Thesis Class, RDF International School, Dapeng Shengzhen, Guangdong 518120. Contact: [email protected] Introduction Electronic mobile device, a legendary innovation in this era of information where every modern man can’t live without, have deeply bonded with every aspect of our lives. A great number of institution, companies and organization are creating tons of applications on cellphone to release the workload. International meeting, ordering items online, and even Call the taxies. Basically, everything can be solved by programming on cell phone. However, while people are sharing the benefit of this hard-earned era, there is actually one problem of cell phone that can no longer be tolerant, and even the most powerful programmer cannot solve this problem once for all. This problem has confused people even before the existence

DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA

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of any mobile devices. This problem is battery life. Since people starting use smart phone, they have to charge them in a comparatively short period of time, the low battery alarm is always frustrating when there is no charging cord or socket nearby. Yes, there are scientists that are cudgel their brains for a longer battery life, but the process is slow and still, if any mobile electronic device is running out of battery (and they have to as long as they are using batteries), they have to be plugged on the wall and limited by the length of charging cord, which in a sense, lowering the user experience. Are there other ways to extend the length of charging cord? Or are there any ways to prevent a fighting for a little socket? The answer is yes. The best way to get rid of the problem of charging cord is not using the charging cord. As the technology developing a product called charging mat has been putting forward. It is basically a mat that allowing cellphone to be charged by simply placed on it. As many of the individuals is aware, this is a technology that have the potential to become dominant in the future, and this is: wireless charging. There are already a number of wireless charging device online and they are using similar technology. But the origin of the idea of wireless charging can trace back to 100 years ago. There was an engineer called Nikola Tesla. Many of his great innovations symbolized his plan for future wireless energy transmission. He had a design that allowing electricity to transmit through ionosphere by artificial lightning to everywhere on earth, so people could share free energy. Never the less, he could not escape the fate, leaving his story that has been told till now. Such a great inventor should have inspired the current wireless charging technology, but the principle of current wireless charging seems have nothing to do with his proposal. Is there any problem to use his technology? Or the combination of them will shack the world? This paper will mainly discuss how to use Nikola Tesla’s idea to allowing current wireless charging technology capable of transmitting electricity to everywhere on earth. The paper will be analyzing the current wireless charging technology, understanding Nikola


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Tesla’s idea of wireless charging and selecting the best blue print of future renewable energy source and supplies. The result of the analysis will be used to synthesizing a feasible plan that modeling the future wireless energy supply. Literature Review Introduction to Supporting Question Wireless charging is a type of charging technique without using charging cord. Current wireless charging starts its development since 1985. Now, the commercialization of this technology has brought it to the public. Wireless charging technology has several advantages including small size, continuous electricity supply, critical environment capability and more. Charging mat is one example of wireless charging in the market, it is the representation of inductive wireless charging, there are two more types of current wireless charging technology. They are called: Resonant inductive charging and radio wave (infrared) wireless charging. This section will mainly focus on current wireless charging and people’s opinion towards them. Wireless inductive charging. Wireless inductive charging might not be a familiar word, but charging mat is an example of it. Charging mat allows cell phone to charge by simply place on it. The whole charging system only consists of two coils installed in side charging mat and cell phone respectively. The Secondary coil (on cellphone) converts the electromagnetic field generated by primary coil (in charging mat) into electricity by what’s called “Electromagnetic Induction” (see glossary) to charge cell phone. There will be no charging cord needed since the magnetic field is doing the job for it. (See Appendices A for complete illustrations). People are looking positively towards the development of this technology. The scientific reporter Christopher Null (2015) depicted a future of wireless charging by stating “Someday, full surfaces may be energized with charging technology – not just tables but floors and walls as well.” (Null, 2015). This idea demonstrated the advantage of wireless charging. With that


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being said, it is not practical to apply current wireless inductive charging to the street due to several critical defects. First of all, the charging mat and cell phone need to be closed together to charge, Inverse Square law (see glossary) limited this physical charging distance within few centimeters (See Appendices A for complete explanation). The excess heat is also causing energy lost during charging, which makes it incapable for massive deployment. “MIT researchers realized that a “non-radiating” wireless charging technique was needed to free power transfer from the inverse square law that governed inductive techniques.” (Digkey, 2016). As this Quote states, there might be another possible solution instead of wireless inductive charging. Resonant inductive charging. This is another type of wireless charging. The charger and the cell phone will stay at same vibrate frequency to trigger resonance and thus transmit energy. An advantage of resonant inductive charging is that the distance of resonant energy transmission can reach 10~30 meters far without the consideration of the size of the coil. However, as the technology in experimental stage, Resonant inductive charging is still not perfect enough. “Resonant wireless charging will be a good choice once chips supporting the technology become more widely available. However, the designer must be prepared to trade efficiency for convenience, such as being able to charge several devices simultaneously, without the need for accurate alignment.” (Digkey, 2016). So far, the problem of energy loss and efficiency is still pulling this technology down. Radio wave (infrared) wireless charging. It is the most promising technology for the future. The conventional wireless charging is using magnetic field to transmit electricity whereas this kind uses infrared laser (See glossary) to transmit electricity. David Roberts (2016) states that “Lasers have a lot of advantages, besides being awesome. They can carry almost any amount of power, from milliwatts to several hundred kilowatts, over very long distances, measured in miles.” (Roberts, 2016). With proper development, Radio wave


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wireless charging will charge electronics remotely and effectively using the principle similar to Crystal Radio (see Glossary and Appendix B for complete interpretation and illustration). There are a number of trials on developing radio wave wireless charging. Microsoft researchers is working on automatic positioning of light on cellphone (Emil. P, 2015). Another technology called “Freevolt” is also working on collecting energy from ambient radio wave. But it is not enough to just use ambient radio signal to charge cellphone, as Victoria Wollaston states “But it is difficult, because there is only a small amount of energy to harvest and achieving the right level of rectifying efficiency has been the issue - up until now.” (Victoria. W, 2015). Be that as it may, Humavox Company had focused on powering small device by using this technology. (See Appendices C for more information) “RF wireless charging technology differs from others in that it will be more natural for users to simply drop an object, such as a hearing aid or a smartphone into a bowl rather than having to place it on a pad in a precisely oriented manner.” (Lucas. M, 2013). Last but not least, another technology called Wi-Charge can charge electronic device in a long distance with considerable amount of power stored in infrared laser. “One of the big advantages of WiCharge's technology is its ability to deliver almost any amount of power, from few milliwatts for sensor powering to hundreds of watts used in industrial or even military applications.” (Iddo. G, 2016). It is possible for this technology to adapt every environment, and it is stable. Conclusion Current wireless charging is developing, however, from the perspective of a civilian, wireless inductive charging indeed did not grab people’s attention to itself due to the lacking of its practicability. Under the effect of commercials and technology reports online, what people are actually expecting is no more than the words to amuse instead of its actual practical use. At this point of view, Infrared wireless charging might become the first choice in both civilian and military use.

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DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA Introduction to Supporting Question 2

At very first place, lightning brought people energy in the form of fire in a storming night; With the development of technology, lightning seems brought people with only death and accidents. But here was a young man, he is going to revolutionize this world of electricity twice with lightning. His thinking is beyond all present technologies yet he is generous about his findings and contributions. His innovation kept bringing benefit to current world and even have further influencing on future technological development. His name is Nikola Tesla, a Serbian-American inventor, electrical and mechanical engineer. This section will mainly focus on Nikola tesla’s idea of collecting energy and wireless energy transmission. And providing current progress that is similar to that. Generating electricity. Instead of Alternating current system (See Glossary). Nikola Tesla is dedicated in the study of free energy. Here are some of his thoughts. Cosmic Ray. “The tremendous electrical force between these two bodies constituted, at least in part, what he called cosmic energy. It varied from night to day and from season to season but it is always present.” (Rachel. N, 2014). Tesla believes that Cosmic ray is one source of free energy. It consists of all kinds of microwaves emitted by heavenly bodies. He invented a device to collect them all-day long Temperature difference. Tesla also discovered a method to obtain power by temperature difference, as Rachel Nuwer (2014) states Tesla’s design “Tesla envisioned a very long bundle of metal rods, extending from the earth to outer space. The earth is warmer than outer space so heat would be conducted up the bars along with an electric current. Then, all that would be needed is a very long power cord to connect the two ends of the metal bars to a motor. The motor would continue running until the earth was cooled to the temperature of outer space. Of course, now we wouldn't need a power cord to connect the two ends -microwaves

would

serve.”

(Rachel.

N,

2014).


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Wireless energy transmission. Despite the current wireless charging technology, Tesla also designed a system that serves the same purpose 100 years ago to replace his alternating current system which is already perfect. Here are the analyses of his innovation. Electric impulser. It all starts with an accident observation. Tesla Noticed that there was a mysterious field that surrounds a wire when high frequency, high voltage current is coming through. In order to study its characteristics, “Tesla made electrical measurements of this projective stream. One lead of a galvanometer was connected to a copper plate, the other grounded. When impulses were applied to wire line, the unattached and distant meter registered a continual direct current. Current through space without wires!” (Gerry. V, 1999). This is the first time that human have observed wireless electricity. In addition, Tesla calculates the effect it has on another unattached circuit. Turns out, the use of Skin effect (See Glossary) made it possible for him to turn this simple circuit into a transformer. Tesla Coil. With the shocking discovery of space flowing current, Tesla starts building his advanced transformer which can handle a huge discharge in a distance. By using Resonant and induction, he made Tesla Coil. It is a device that can transform electricity into thousands or millions of volts and propagates to another circuit through air. “Tesla found that as these new "Impulse Transformers" greatly magnified power supplied to them, so also their radiant electric effects were equally magnified. He found it possible to wirelessly project electrostatic power to very great distances, lighting special lamps to full candlepower at hundreds of feet. In these experiments, he also conceived of signaling systems.” (Gerry. V, 2015). Also, as Kelly Dickerson (2014) points out, “Tesla developed the coil in 1891, before conventional iron-core transformers were used to power things like lighting systems and telephone circuits. These conventional transformers can't withstand the high frequency and high voltage that the looser coils in Tesla's invention can tolerate.” (Kelly. D, 2014). These incredible


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characteristics of Tesla Coil eventually lead him to the establishment of the greatest and most mysterious innovation of his time. Wardenclyffe tower. Tesla scaled up his coil and added some modifications, then, he built a tower at New York Long Island in 1901 to test his electricity broadcasting system, this tower is called Wardenclyffe tower. The tower generates artificial lightning to channeling though air and transmit electricity through ionosphere to everywhere around the globe. As Tesla states in New York America (1904), “One of the chief uses will be the illumination of residences, it takes very little power to light a dwelling with vacuum tubes operated by high frequency currents……I may be able to offer a great convenience to the whole world with a plant of no more than 10,000 horse power.” (New York America, 1904). Wardenclyffe tower if the master piece of Tesla’s intelligence, but it was teared down by government due to Tesla’s financial problem. (See Appendices D for detailed explanation) Present attempts to duplicate Tesla’s work. Now, a group of researchers had successfully transmitted electricity though air by artificial lightning. This lightning is actually produced by the heat from plasma. The air is heated so it becomes the conductor that can transmit electricity just like natural lightning. This is exactly what Tesla did 100 years ago. This shows the practicability of Tesla’s idea. Introduction to Supporting Question 3 With Nikola Tesla’s idea and current wireless charging technology, it is vital to considering the supply of energy in the face of such a big energy output. In order to make the wireless electricity grid sustainable and reliable, it is necessary to select the best plan to generate renewable energy effectively and continuously. This section will mainly list all kinds of practical renewable energy that has the potential to be part of the electricity grid. Ways of generating electricity. There are mainly two ways of generating electricity, Thermal generating and Kinetic Generating. Geothermal power plant is the representation fo


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the former, it provides with consistent electricity output but also producing by products such as toxic gases and chemical waste. The latter is represented by wind turbine and hydropower station. These power plant provide absolute clean energy with no by product, but it is lack consistency due to the frequently changeable weather and climate. It is hard to make choice between them while other renewable energy source cannot adapt all the environment. As Jeffrey Orloff (2016) concludes, “Wind power is intermittent. Consistent wind is needed for continuous power generation. If wind speed decreases, the turbine lingers and less electricity is generated; Solar power does not produce energy if the sun is not shining. Nighttime and cloudy days seriously limit the amount of energy produced; Dams can be very expensive to build; Solar power stations can be very expensive to build.” (Jeffrey. O, 2016). It is hard to pick one type of renewable energy for long term use. Therefore, Todd Myers (2014) pictured another possible solution for future electricity generation. As he states, “In general, adoption of a diversified mix of different renewable energy sources including storage will benefit power quality and overall security of supply……Looking at the global picture, therefore, I do not believe there will be one winning renewable technology. Rather, there will be a healthy mix that depends on specific regional factors.” (Todd. M, 2014). And that is why this research will also include the examples of uncommon energy sources. Hydrogen Fuel Cell. The fuel cell (see appendix) that converts hydrogen into electricity is called Hydrogen Fuel cell. Through the chemical reaction with fuel cell and the air, the electron can be released from hydrogen particle and producing pure water as the only by product. Toyota have developed a car based on this energy source. It is extremely high efficient and stores more energy than conventional lithium-ion battery, which makes it the first choice of the customers. However, this technology is not yet a practical one. “Having one proton, and orbited by one or two electrons, hydrogen is the lightest of all gases, and floats to the upper atmosphere, where it then moves to the vacuum of space. This has been a


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long term problem for the hydrogen fuel cell industry.” (Keith, F. 2012). Hydrogen is the most abundant material in the universe, but Earth’s atmosphere blocked it away from people. With that being said, it is still possible to use when cheaper transporting is developed. Redox Fuel Cell. A company called Redox have developed another fuel cell that producing electricity by using natural gas, Hydrogen, Biofuel and gasoline. The advantage of this fuel cell is that it produces its own energy and it is 25% more efficient than traditional electricity grid. “‘Every business or home should be able to safely generate its own energy,’ said Warren Citrin, CEO and director of Redox. ‘We currently rely upon a vulnerable electrical grid.’” (University of Maryland, 2013). This fuel cell made it possible to power a building off the electricity grid. Infrared. The physicists in Harvard University have proposed a device to harvest energy contained in infrared. “If you have two components at the same temperature, obviously you can’t extract any work, but if you have two different temperatures you can.” (Caroline. P, 2014). This is how Infrared energy works. It creates temperature difference by an diode and crested electricity. The device is just like a solar panel, and due to the night time availability of infrared, it can create continuous energy output. “Last year Dr Smith and Alanson Sample, a researcherat the University of Washington in Seattle, powered a smallhumidity and temperature sensor using nothing more thanthe energy gleaned from a television station 4.1km (2.5miles) away.” (The Economist, 2010) Ambient energy sources. People are trying everything to building hydro power station, deploying solar panel and establishing wind turbine, but they never pay attention to those energies that people wasted in their lives, the energies such as vibration, body heat and even sound wave are called Ambient energy or wasted energy. Keith D. Foote (2015) points the advantage of vibration by stating “The benefits of vibrational energy harvests include long lasting operability and no disposal of toxic chemicals” (Keith. F, 2015). Vibration energy


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could be collected form people’s movement by special designed clothing. The heat that emitted by human body can be collected with ventilating system and also clothing accessories. collecting the kinetic energy from human and other small animals can also be a method to obtain minor electricity for daily use. In near future, it will be possible for people to charge their device as they moving around and even by Wi-Fi signals. Together, these small energy sources will build up a considerable amount of energy reserves DISCUSSION SECTION Pre-Intro Current wireless charging technology is developing new way to charge people’s electronics; Tesla invented a number of mechanisms that devoted itself to the achievement of free energy; Tons of researchers is making progress on the harvesting of energy from ambient environment. It is time to put them all together, how can Nikola Tesla’s technology help improve current wireless charging? And how can those ambient renewable energies help the constriction of future wireless charging system? The future of wireless charging will be better and broader than what people have now, and it is theoretically practicable according to the following discussion. Introduction Wireless charging technology is making continuous progress on current world. There are mainly inductive wireless charging and resonance wireless charging, in addition to that, wireless charging by using laser and radio is also in the experimental stage and ready to be commercialized. Wireless charging is the future charging technology, but due to some technical problem, it is not ready for generalization. For now, there are some possible way for this technology to develop. The large-scale deployment of Near-Field wireless charging (inductive & Resonant) like Wi-Fi routers can ensure the continuous electricity supply. Or, an centralized radio emitter might take over the duty of electricity grid and broadcasting power at any voltage to the city. These solutions are all very practical, but they are not likely to work


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well in the face of such a large demand for power as well as the generation of it. Nikola Tesla does provide a lot of idea regarding wireless energy. His potentials on modifying current electricity transmission system is not only on that particular step, but also the excellent proposals on the generation of electricity. Tesla tower is an unfinished masterpiece that will work even better once combine with current technologies, it encompasses all of the understanding that a Nikola Tesla has about space flowing current. Meanwhile, Nicola Tesla’s effort on creating free energy directly from the air has suggested multiple way to generating electricity which is very positive for future electricity supply, and this is also a big part in order to allowing future wireless charging system to work. Finally, speaking of the source of the electricity, nature provide people multiple renewable energy source to extract energy from. But now, people have find even more of them, and they are available almost everywhere and any time. This availability of such big amount of energy makes it possible for the construction of decentralized energy generation system. With more energy that is collected from the nature, more electricity that will be available for wireless transmitter. The Future electricity grid. A very important flaw of current wireless charging technology is that it is lacking mobility, the Near Field wireless charging cannot lengthen the distance of charging, and far field wireless charging is limited due to the requirements on the environmental condition. To be more exact, what the world need current wireless charging technology to improve is to eliminate the external interference of wireless charging as well as makes it easily accessible. With that much research being done, it will be reasonable to design an electricity grid that wirelessly transmit electricity at a different level. The amount of electricity transmitted will gradually level down as the target area become smaller and smaller. It is just like a modern electricity grid with a series of electric tower but without a single wire in between.


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The electricity can be transferred globally and also locally. In order to transmit electricity globally without any lost in between, the technology in Tesla’s tower can be combined with modern laser technology to channeling through air with high accuracy. This stage is where electricity can be transferred in enormous scale and that electricity can be transferred to Africa Countries with poor electricity supply. As long the electricity get there, the energy will be level down and separately distributed in a relatively small scale such as within a city and its surrounding area, at this stage, the research in University of Arizona can be used to create pathways in the air to let electricity through. Finally, Small scale infrared laser wireless charger will power small community and delivering electricity to everyone’s home. This is the blueprint of future wireless energy supply, it is wireless, and it will be a lot cheaper than before. The future electricity power plant. Wireless electricity grid allowing people equally sharing electricity all around the globe, In order to balance the output with the input, it is necessary to consider another structure of people’s power plant. Fortunately, Tesla and other researchers have already find a way to maximize the energy extraction from people’s lives. In the future, there will be decentralized electricity generation site, in other words, people could generate electricity everywhere in their living nature, and then concentrate them into supplying other areas. The water dam and Nuclear power plant will continue working, but they will be no longer the center of energy source, an entire city will be a power unit, small device, sensors and even clothing are collecting energy from people’s movement, heat from over populated building, radio signals, light pollution and even sound waves, these small pieces of energies cannot be underestimated when putting them all together. Conclusion. Through the analysis and the combination of Tesla’s idea and current technology, it is possible to create a new wireless electricity grid that is capable of providing continuous electricity while lowering the coast and expanding the available area. The


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advantage of wireless charging is incalculable, the development of such a grid can also maximize the use of wasted energy in people’s daily life. It is of greatest importance to share and convenience the society so that people can make further change. Conclusions As a conclusion, this paper has analyzed the practicability of Nikola Tesla's idea and its application on current wireless charging system by analyzing current main stream wireless charging technology, classifying Nikola Tesla's ideas as well as ideas and finding appropriate source of renewable energy in order to power future wireless electricity grid. The research results have demonstrated a positive feedback. Tesla's innovation it practical and possible to combine with current wireless charging grid with the assist of decentralized electricity generation system. Tesla's technology solved the problem of transmitting high voltage electricity globally in order to achieve the equal share of energy all around the world. And the proposed blue print of future wireless electricity grid will bring people closer to the future.

Acknowledgement Many people have offered me valuable help in my thesis writing, including my tutor, my clas


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smates and my parents. Firstly, I pleased to give my sincere gratitude to Dr. Carroll, my Coach who provide encouragement and guidance during this whole process. Then, I would like to acknowledge Dr. Hudson and Mr. Stevens for their precious time as my committee member. Besides, I would like to acknowledge My parents and Mr. Liao for their encouragement with great comfort. Evan Zhou References Anthony, S. (2013). German student creates electromagnetic harvester that gathers free electricity from thin air. Retrieved from https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/ 148247-german-student-creates-electromagnetic-harvester-that-gathers-freeelectricity-from-thin-air Barrett, B. (2015). Wireless Charging Is Still a Mess, But It Won’t Be Forever. Retrieved from https://www.wired.com/2015/11/wireless-charging-airfuel-resence-qiwpc/ CampBell, C. (2012). Apple's wind turbine technology uses heat, not rotational energy to generate electricity. Retrieved from http://appleinsider.com/articles/12/12/27/appleswind-turbine-technology-uses-heat-not-kinetic-energy-to-generate-electricity Dickerson, R. (2014). Wireless electricity? how the tesla coil works. Retrieved form http://www.livescience.com/46745-how-tesla-coil-works.html Digkey. (2016). Inductive Versus Resonant Wireless Charging: A Truce May Be a Designer’s Best Choice. Retrieved from http://www.digikey.com/en/articles/techzone/2016/aug/in ductive-versus-resonant-wireless-charging Foote, K. (2012). Hydrogen Power, Proton Power, Inc. & Toyota. Retrieved from http://www.altenergy.org/renewables/hydrogen-fueled-cars.html Foote, K. (2015). Harvesting The Energy Of Vibrations. Retrieved form http://www.altenergy.org/renewables/harvesting-vibrations.html


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Freeman, K. (2012). 4 Unique Ways to Generate Renewable Energy. Retrieved from http://mashable.com/2012/02/15/renewable-energy-methods/#yJxRWbH10Eq0 Guneth, I. (2016). Wi-charge promises phone charging by infrared laser. Retrieved form http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/consumer-electronics/portable-devices/wichargepromises-phone-charging-by-infrared-laser Mearian, L. (2013). Start-up Humavox unveils wireless charging via radio frequency. Retrieved form http://www.computerworld.com/article/2486676/emergingtechnology/start-up-humavox-unveils-wireless-charging-via-radio-frequency.html Meet the potential future of electricity generation. (2013). Retrieved from https://phys.org/news/2013-08-potential-future-electricity.html Myers, T. (2016). The Experts: What Renewable Energy Source Has the Most Promise? Retrieved from http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB100014241278873244850045 78424624254723536 News Staff. (2014). Tesla at last? researchers send electricity through thin air. Retrieved from http://www.science20.com/news_articles/tesla_at_last_researchers_send_electricity_thro ugh_thin_air-143021 New York Journal. (1897). Tesla has fired the spark flashed round the world. Retrieved from http://www.teslacollection.com/tesla_articles/1897/new_york_journal_advertiser/julius_c hambers/tesla_has_fired_the_spark_flashed_around_the_world New York America. (1904). Tesla’s tower. Retrieved from http://www.teslacollection.com/tesla_articles/1904/new_york_american/nikola_tesla/tesl a_s_tower Null, C. (2015). Cutting the final cord: How wireless power and wireless charging works. Retrieved from http://www.techhive.com/article/2892012/cutting-the-final-cord-howwireless-power-and-wireless-charging-works.html


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Nuwer, R. (2014). Wireless gadget recharging with sound waves. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/wireless-gadget-recharging-with-soundwaves/ Orloff, J. (2016). The most common alternative energy sources. Retrieved from https://www.thebalance.com/the-most-common-alternative-energy-sources-2941105 Penny, C. (2014). Infrared: A new renewable energy source? Retrieved from https://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2014/03/infrared-new-renewable-energy-source Porter, J. (2014). Within grasp: A world without (charging) wires. Retrieved from http://fortune.com/2014/07/29/within-grasp-a-world-without-wires/ Powering a generation: generating electricity. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/node/16295708 Power form thin air. (2010). Retrieved form http://www.economist.com/node/16295708 Protalinski, E. (2015). Microsoft Research’s AutoCharge can automatically charge smartphones with light beams. Retrieved from http://venturebeat.com/2015/01/19/microsoft-researchs-autocharge-can-automaticallycharge-smartphones-with-light-beams/ Roberts, D. (2016). It's possible to charge electrical devices without wires. Soon it may even be practical. Retrieved from http://www.vox.com/2016/5/18/11647970/wireless-charging Science & invention. (1930). Electric Lightning. Retrieved from https://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/electric-lighting/ Swartz, T. (2000). Free energy- fact or fiction? Retrieved form http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/tesla/lostjournals/lostjournals07.htm Tesla, N. (1900). The problem of increasing Human Energy. Retrieved from https://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/articles-interviews/the-problem-of-increasing-humanenergy-with-special-reference-to-the-harnessing-of-the-sun-s-energy-by-nikola-tesla-


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century-illustrated-magazine-june-1900/ Vassilatos, G. (1999). Broadcast power. Retrieved from httwp://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/tesla/esp_tesla_24.htm Whitburn, G. (2015). 13 Fundamental Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy. Retrieved from http://exploringgreentechnology.com/solar-energy/advantages-anddisadvantages-of-solar-energy/ Woollaston, V. (2015). Charging gadgets using THIN AIR: Freevolt captures radio waves to wirelessly power small devices. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3256272/Charging-phones-using-AIRFreevolt-captures-radio-waves-wirelessly-power-small-devices.html Appendix A Figure A1 Wireless inductive charging （simplified circuit diagram）

Inverse square law states that the further the distance between two coil, the fewer the energy transmitted will be. The increase in diameter of the coil can boosts up the strength of magnetic field and lengthen the physical charging distance, with that being said, the size of


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the charger will be too larger to put into people’s living environment.

Appendix B Figure B1 Crystal Radio （simplified circuit）

(1) Antenna: This part collect all the ambient radio frequency emitted by radio tower. (2) Tuning Circuit: This part selects the correct frequency of the radio station from everything that is collected from Antenna. (3) Demodulator: This part picks up the sound from the high radio frequency, and transfer them into sound signal. This is the key part of Crystal Radio, it contains an ore connect to a metal wire to form a diode which only allowing unidirectional current. This part is the reason why this radio is called Crystal radio. (4) Ear phone: This part turns the sound signal into actual sound for people to hear. The energies are all come from the radio signal, so Crystal Radio does not need battery.


Appendix C Figure C1 Sources of radio wave in ambient environment

These (may include others) are main the sources of radio wave, and is capable of powering small devices such as sensors and hearing aid, with the develop of radio wave wireless charging, the problem of recharging small electronics on earth will be solved.

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Appendix D Figure D1 Wardenclyffe Tower

“Suppose the earth to a resemble a hollow rubber ball, filled with water,” began Mr. Tesla. “At one place I have a tube, with a plunger, attached to the surface of this ball. If I press upon the plunger the water in the tube will be driven into the ball and every part will be expanded. If I withdraw the plunger the water follows it and every part of the ball will contract. Now, if I pierce the surface of the ball in several places and set up tubes and plungers at each place, these plungers will vibrate up and down in response to every movement that I may produce in the plunger of the first tube.” (New York Journal, 1897).


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Glossary

Alternating Current System: The electricity supply system that continuously changes its direction due to the movement of the motor generator. Cosmic ray: The electromagnetic wave emitted by Heavenly bodies. Crystal Radio: The earliest radio which powers itself with radio signal. Electromagnetic field: The field that generated when the electron is moved. Electromagnetic induction: The moving electron generated magnetic field, the moving magnetic field generated electric current. Electrostatic induction: A kind of induction occurs when two charged object close together and triggering the movement of electron in both of the objects, Fuel Cell: A device that produce electricity through chemical reaction. Induction: the production of an electric or magnetic state by the proximity (without contact) of an electrified or magnetized body. Inductive charging: One type of wireless charging technology which charged Cellphone through electromagnetic field and replacing charging cord with magnetic field. Infrared Laser: Concentrated light with single propagating direction. Infrared Laser is mainly used to refer infrared light (light with the wavelength less than 400 nanometers) in the form of laser. Inverse Square Law: This law states that the further the two coil be in a wireless induction charging system, the less the electricity is transmitted, and this rate dropping fast. Resonant: Resonance occurs when an externally vibrating frequency matches an object’s natural frequency. Skin effect: The phenomenon which current only flow through the surface of the wire instead

DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA of inside. Transformer: A device that changes the voltage of a current. Wardenclyffe tower: The experiment conducted by Nicola Tesla in 1901. Wireless charging: Charging technology without using cord.

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designing future wireless chagring with nikoa teslas ideas

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