HIDROLOGÍA - GRUPO B (2018-1) HIDROLOGÍA Ing. Msc. PhD (c). MELQUISEDEC CORTÉS CORTÉS Z. Monitor: Andrés Felipe Ruiz Pidiache Pi diache
Delimitar una Cuenca Hidrográfica con la herramienta herram ienta “Hydrology” de ArcGIS La delimitación de cuencas hidrográficas se hace imprescindible para análisis territoriales. En este caso vamos a ver cómo delimitar una cuenca hidrográfica a partir de un DEM (Modelo Digital de Elevaciones), con la herramienta Hydrology del del Spatial Analyst de Analyst de ArcGIS.
Hay diversas webs en las que podemos descargar DEM’S de todo el mundo de forma gratuita. Una vez descargado el DEM, abrimos ArcMap y cargamos nuestro Modelo Digital de Elevaciones, debemos definirle una proyección, si no la tiene, lo cual podemos comprobar en las propiedades de la capa (click derecho sobre la capa y luego propiedades). pr opiedades). Para definir la proyección vamos a: ArcToolBox > Data Management Tools > Projections and Transformations > Raster > Define Projection.
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HIDROLOGÍA - GRUPO B (2018-1) HIDROLOGÍA Ing. Msc. PhD (c). MELQUISEDEC CORTÉS CORTÉS Z. Monitor: Andrés Felipe Ruiz Pidiache Pi diache Una vez hecho esto, es necesario eliminar imperfecciones del DEM, ya que a veces hay celdas vacías en la superficie del ráster. Para ello, vamos a: ArcToolbox > Spatial Analyst Tools > Hydrology > Fill . A partir de ahora, trabajaremos con la capa que se genere, es decir los archivos que vamos creando después de aplicar cada comando. Se recomienda crear una carpeta específicamente para los datos de salida que obtendremos al aplicar cada comando.
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HIDROLOGÍA - GRUPO B (2018-1) HIDROLOGÍA Ing. Msc. PhD (c). MELQUISEDEC CORTÉS CORTÉS Z. Monitor: Andrés Felipe Ruiz Pidiache Pi diache
Sobre esta capa que se genera, realizaremos el resto del trabajo. En primer lugar, debemos definir la dirección de la red hídrica. Para ello, utilizaremos la herramienta Flow Direction. Direction. Dicha herramienta genera un ráster que contendrá la l a dirección de flujos en cada una de sus celdas. Como se ha dicho, lo realizaremos sobre la capa generada con Fill. Fill. Nuevamente, la guardamos en la carpeta del proyecto con el nombre del comando, en este caso abreviado para evitar conflictos del software. ArcToolbox > Spatial Analyst Tools > Hydrology > Flow Direction
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HIDROLOGÍA - GRUPO B (2018-1) HIDROLOGÍA Ing. Msc. PhD (c). MELQUISEDEC CORTÉS CORTÉS Z. Monitor: Andrés Felipe Ruiz Pidiache Pi diache El resultado será el siguiente:
Determinada la dirección del flujo, debemos determinar la acumulación de la red hídrica. Para ello, se utiliza la herramienta Flow Accumulation. Accumulation. Esta generará un ráster con el flujo acumulado para cada una de sus celdas. La capa de entrada que utilizaremos será la generada con Flow Direction. Direction. ArcToolbox > Spatial Analyst Tools > Hydrology > Flow Accumulation
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HIDROLOGÍA - GRUPO B (2018-1) HIDROLOGÍA Ing. Msc. PhD (c). MELQUISEDEC CORTÉS CORTÉS Z. Monitor: Andrés Felipe Ruiz Pidiache Pi diache El resultado de la operación será el siguiente:
Una vez hechos los cálculos anteriores, el siguiente paso será la delimitación de la Cuenca Hidrográfica. La delimitación automática de la cuenca se realiza con la herramienta Basin. Basin. El resultado de la operación será un ráster que delinea todas las cuencas hidrográficas en base a la red de drenaje. Como capa de entrada utilizaremos el ráster generado con la herramienta Flow Direction. Direction. ArcToolbox > Spatial Analyst Tools > Hydrology > Basin
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HIDROLOGÍA - GRUPO B (2018-1) HIDROLOGÍA Ing. Msc. PhD (c). MELQUISEDEC CORTÉS CORTÉS Z. Monitor: Andrés Felipe Ruiz Pidiache Pi diache El resultado será el siguiente:
Una vez hecho esto, debemos transformar el ráster de delimitación de cuencas a formato vectorial (shape). Para ello, utilizaremos la herramienta Raster to Polygon. Polygon . ArcToolbox > Conversion Tools > From Raster > Raster to Polygon
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HIDROLOGÍA - GRUPO B (2018-1) HIDROLOGÍA Ing. Msc. PhD (c). MELQUISEDEC CORTÉS CORTÉS Z. Monitor: Andrés Felipe Ruiz Pidiache Pi diache El resultado será el siguiente:
Ahora, recortamos la cuenca hidrográfica objeto de estudio. Dicha operación se pueda hacer de diversas formas, la haremos seleccionando la cuenca que cuenca que nos interese y la exportamos desde las propiedades de la capa. Para ello, haremos clic con el botón derecho sobre la capa y en seguida en Export Data. Data.
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HIDROLOGÍA - GRUPO B (2018-1) HIDROLOGÍA Ing. Msc. PhD (c). MELQUISEDEC CORTÉS CORTÉS Z. Monitor: Andrés Felipe Ruiz Pidiache Pi diache
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HIDROLOGÍA - GRUPO B (2018-1) HIDROLOGÍA Ing. Msc. PhD (c). MELQUISEDEC CORTÉS CORTÉS Z. Monitor: Andrés Felipe Ruiz Pidiache Pi diache
El resultado es el siguiente:
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HIDROLOGÍA - GRUPO B (2018-1) HIDROLOGÍA Ing. Msc. PhD (c). MELQUISEDEC CORTÉS CORTÉS Z. Monitor: Andrés Felipe Ruiz Pidiache Pi diache Una vez delimitado el espacio de trabajo, la cuenca c uenca hidrográfica, construiremos automáticamente la red de drenaje de la misma con la herramienta Raster Calculator. Calculator. Para ello, debemos tener en cuenta el tamaño del pixel del DEM. Consideraremos en este caso para construir la red primaria valores mayores que 1234 1234 y para la red secundaria mayores de 100. 100. Dependiendo de lo que se quiera resaltar, o de cómo se enfoque el análisis, se podrá jugar con dichos valores para que se resalten unos elementos u otros, ya que en algunos casos no genera drenajes; esto se debe a que cómo dijimos depende de la escala del DEM, si es necesario debe hacerse varias veces hasta obtener un resultado satisfactorio. La capa que utilizaremos para realizar la operación será la generada en Flow Accumulation. ArcToolbox > Spatial Analyst Tools > Map Algebra > Raster Calculator Las operaciones serán las siguientes: Red primaria: Flow Accumulation > 1234
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HIDROLOGÍA - GRUPO B (2018-1) HIDROLOGÍA Ing. Msc. PhD (c). MELQUISEDEC CORTÉS CORTÉS Z. Monitor: Andrés Felipe Ruiz Pidiache Pi diache El resultado obtenido será: (debemos desactivar capas superpuestas)
Red secundaria: Flow Accumulation > 100
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HIDROLOGÍA - GRUPO B (2018-1) HIDROLOGÍA Ing. Msc. PhD (c). MELQUISEDEC CORTÉS CORTÉS Z. Monitor: Andrés Felipe Ruiz Pidiache Pi diache El resultado obtenido será: (debemos desactivar capas superpuestas)
Al igual que hicimos con la cuenca hidrográfica, debemos convertir dichos ráster ’s a vector con la herramienta Raster to Polyline. Polyline.
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HIDROLOGÍA - GRUPO B (2018-1) HIDROLOGÍA Ing. Msc. PhD (c). MELQUISEDEC CORTÉS CORTÉS Z. Monitor: Andrés Felipe Ruiz Pidiache Pi diache Desactivando capas superpuestas tendremos:
Ahora la Red de Drenaje Secundaria:
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HIDROLOGÍA - GRUPO B (2018-1) HIDROLOGÍA Ing. Msc. PhD (c). MELQUISEDEC CORTÉS CORTÉS Z. Monitor: Andrés Felipe Ruiz Pidiache Pi diache
Finalmente, debemos recortar los shapes de la red re d principal y secundaria respecto a la cuenca. Para ello, utilizaremos la herrameinta Clip. Clip. Las capas de entrada serán la red (polilineas, en este caso la primaria está dentro del polígono así que ya no debemos recortarla) y la capa de recorte la cuenca
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HIDROLOGÍA - GRUPO B (2018-1) HIDROLOGÍA Ing. Msc. PhD (c). MELQUISEDEC CORTÉS CORTÉS Z. Monitor: Andrés Felipe Ruiz Pidiache Pi diache
El resultado final será el siguiente: (apagamos (apagamo s la capa de red secundaria completa)