=
QODUA\PDNMNA NA PÀJ RMQCJ AP@JCM NA @JKQOD@MÇÑAP A M\^AP Narm|~mkao~j na \acmçñap Rølcd`mp# R|jrmgmonm a ^q|dpkj
^MKD\DP GJKAP @JP^M
Na kdc rmcmu|mp m qkm dkmgak8 m |anqçàj nj ~av~j ap`|d~j om rqlcd`dnmna/
Pàj Rmqcj <2== •
<
^MKD\DP GJKAP @JP^M
Na kdc rmcmu|mp m qkm dkmgak8 m |anqçàj nj ~av~j ap`|d~j om rqlcd`dnmna/
^|mlmcfj na @jo`cqpàj na @q|pj mr|apao~mnj mj Narm|~mkao~j na \acmçñap Rølcd`mp# R|jrmgmonm a ^q|dpkj nm Ap`jcm na @jkqod`mçñap a M|~ap nm Qodua|pdnmna na Pàj Rmqcj# `jkj |a}qdpd~j rm|`dmc rm|m jl~aoçàj nj ~ë~qcj na Lm`fm|ac ak @jkqod`mçàj Pj`dmc fmldcd~mçàj ak Rqlcd`dnmna a R|jrmgmonm# pjl m j|dao~mçàj nj R|je/ N|/ Hjàj Cqëp Moxmoaccj @m||mp`jxm/ ⎪
Pàj Rmqcj <2== •
0
Kjojg|medm mr|apao~mnm ak ZZ*ZZ*ZZ
Ra|mo~a lmo`m avmkdomnj|m8
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ R|je/ N|/ Hjàj Cqëp Moxmoaccj @m||mp`jxm
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Kp/ Km|dm @|dp~dom Ndmp Mcuap
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ \qt Cdonaola|g
Jlpa|umçñap8
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
OJ^M ZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
>
Nand`j mjp kaqp rmdp a m Naqp# kaq Rmd ojp `äqp/
1
MG\MNA@DKAO^JP
Ak r|dkad|j cqgm|# mg|mnaçj m Naqp# }qa ka naq m gqdm a ej|çm oa`appí|dmp rm|m ap`|aua| `mnm rígdom nappa ~|mlmcfj/ Oàj fí rmcmu|mp pqed`dao~ap rm|m mg|mna`a| mjp kaqp rmdp# rj| ~a| ap~mnj mj kaq cmnj ak `mnm kjkao~j nm kdofm udnm# ka mrjdmonj `jk rmcmu|mp nj`ap jq ua|nmnap nq|mp/ ^mkläk nadvj |agdp~|mnm kdofm a~a|om g|m~dnàj mj kaq muþ# `qhmp cdçñap na udnm a jcfjp `fadjp na `m|dofj ka na|mk doprd|mçàj rm|m lqp`m| j mr|dkj|mkao~j `jkj pa| fqkmoj/ ^aofj `a|~axm }qa jp mohjp oj `äq ap~àj `qdnmonj naca/ Mg|mnaçj mjp r|jeappj|ap nj aopdoj eqonmkao~mc# kändj a nj `q|pdofj }qa m`|and~m|mk ak kdk a# r|do`drmckao~a# mjp }qa oàj m`|and~m|mk# rjdp ej|mk acap jp |aprjopíuadp racmp cjogmp fj|mp na ap~qnj/ Mg|mnaçj m `mnm qkm nmp rappjmp }qa ~j|om|mk kaqp kjkao~jp om A@M apra`dmdp8 Akdcdmom# Mkt# Gqdcfa|ka# Cdcdmo Ud`ao~doa# Dut# P~arfmoda a ~jnjp jp ldvjp a ldva~ap na rqlcd`dnmna km~q~doj <227/ M`dkm na ~qnj# mg|mnaçj mjp r|jeappj|ap }qa ka edxa|mk mkm| mdonm kmdp m r|jedppàj }qa ap`jcfd# apra`dmckao~a mj Aoaqp ^|donmna# Cqcd \mnemf|a|# Camon|j Lm~dp~m# Dpkm| Pjm|ap# \jpacd Eëgm|j# Nj|dofj a Hjàj @m||mp`jxm/ M ap~a øc~dkj nauj oàj pð qkm rm|`acm nm rmdvàj racm |anmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm a racm cd~a|m~q|m# `jkj j mkj| rj| appm kjojg|medm# }qa `|ap`aq m `mnm j|dao~mçàj# a j napahj na cmrdní+cm `jkj qkm ua|nmnad|m hðdm/ Kaq pdo`a|j mg|mna`dkao~j mjp |anm~j|ap }qa ka |a`ala|mk na l|mçjp mla|~jp rm|m mp ao~|audp~mp# apra`dmckao~a mj \qt Cdonaola|g# }qa m`ad~jq# gao~dckao~a# kaq `joud~a rm|m `jkrj| m lmo`m/ Kqd~jp ojkap uàj emc~m|# kmp oàj rjppj nadvm| na mg|mna`a| dondudnqmckao~a m `mnm rappjm }qa# na qkm ej|km jq jq~|m# `jo~|dlqdq `jk j r|apao~a ~|mlmcfj/ Âp mkdgmp a `jkrmofad|mp Km|dmom# ^fmëp# Nmodacca a Hm`}qacdoa/ Mj Kí|`dj# }qa# `jk m pqm `jkr|aaopàj# ka mhqnjq kmdp nj }qa dkmgdom/ Mj Mcavmon|a a mj Eacdra# }qa ap~dua|mk mj kaq cmnj ak kjkao~jp kqd~j ndeë`adp/ Mj \mrfmac# rj| ~a| ka aopdomnj m ~a| eä/ A# rj| edk# â Ea|omonm @modxm|ap# Ea|omonm Mo~qoap# Cqdxm# Gml|dacm# Dpmlaccm# ^mcd~m a ~jnjp }qa edxa|mk a emxak `mnm pagqonj om HW^ umca| m raom/
5
Y///[ qop raopmk }qa m dkmgak ä qk pdp~akm kqd~j |qndkao~m| ak |acmçàj â cëogqm9 jq~|jp# }qa m pdgoded`mçàj oàj rjna apgj~m| m |d}qaxm dondxëuac nm dkmgak/
\jcmon Lm|~fap
7
\APQKJ
@jkj jlha~duj `ao~|mc ap~a ~|mlmcfj lqp`m `jkr|aaona| mp ~|mopej|kmçñap nj ~av~j om rqlcd`dnmna a pqm |acmçàj `jk j mr|dkj|mkao~j nmp ~ä`od`mp udpqmdp/ Rm|m ap~|q~q|m| ~mc moícdpa ej|mk ao~|audp~mnjp padp |anm~j|ap l|mpdcad|jp `jk mojp na avra|dèo`dm oj ka|`mnj rqlcd`d~í|dj/ M rap}qdpm ap~í ndudndnm ak `do`j rdcm|ap8 pj`dj`qc~q|mc# a`joþkd`j# ka|`mnjcðgd`j# pdklðcd`j a ~a`ojcðgd`j9 `mnm }qmc nap~m`monj jp ndea|ao~ap rjo~jp na udp~m m`a|`m nappmp kjnded`mçñap/ Mp |aprjp~mp jl~dnmp ak `mnm rdcm| ej|mk |aej|çmnmp `jk mrjdj ~að|d`j a `|qxmnmp ao~|a pd# na kjnj m jl~a| qk rmoj|mkm kqc~dem`a~mnj njp `mkdofjp ra|`j||dnjp racj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj/ Nappm ej|km# mj edomc nj ap~qnj ä rjppëuac ao~aona| kmdp `cm|mkao~a `jkj pa naq m rmppmgak nm r|jrmgmonm ua|lmc rm|m m udpqmc a }qmdp pàj jp |qkjp nj ~av~j ap`|d~j ndmo~a nappm |amcdnmna/
Rmcmu|mp+`fmua8 cdogqmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# |anmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm# `jkqod`mçàj# rqlcd`dnmna# moøo`djp# këndm dkr|appm# dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm/
6
MLP^\M@^
Mp d~p kmdo jlha`~dua ~fdp wj|i paaip ~j qona|p~mon ~fa ~|mopej|km~djop je ~fa ~av~ do mnua|~dpdog mon d~p |acm~djo ~j ~fa dkr|juakao~ je udpqmc ~a`fod}qap/ ^j p~|q`~q|a ~fdp momctpdp wa|a do~a|udawan pdv L|mxdcdmo w|d~a|p wd~f m cjog avra|dao`a do mnua|~dpdog/ ^fa |apam|`f dp ndudnan do edua rdccm|p8 pj`dmc mon `qc~q|mc# a`jojkd`# km|ia~# ~a`fojcjgd`mc mon ptkljcd`# am`f joa fdgfcdgf~dog ndeea|ao~ udawp mljq~ ~fapa `fmogap/ ^fa |aprjopap jl~mdoan do am`f rdccm| wa|a p~|aog~faoan wd~f ~fa ~faj|a~d`mc pqrrj|~ mon `|jppan# do j|na| ~j jl~mdo m kqc~dem`a~an jua|udaw je ~fa rm~fp je `jrtw|d~dog/ ^fqp# m~ ~fa aon je ~fa p~qnt dp rjppdlca ~j qona|p~mon kj|a `cam|ct fjw wmp ~fa ~|mopd~djo e|jk ua|lmc ~j udpqmc mnua|~dpdog mon wfm~ m|a ~fa nd|a`~djop je ~fa w|d~~ao ~av~ lt ~fdp |amcd~t/
Iatwj|np8 cmogqmga je mnua|~dpdog# `jrtw|d~dog# `jkkqod`m~djop# mnua|~dpdog# r|do~# dkmga mnua|~dpdog/
4
CDP^MP NA EDGQ\MP A ^MLACMP
EDGQ\M = + CDU\J DKR\APPJ AK =502 EDGQ\M < + LMOFM UAMNJ + =671 EDGQ\M 0 +,C—AV@ACPDJ\# OJUM RFM\KM@DM NA MCGDLAD\M + =66> EDGQ\M > + @FJ@JCM^AP ^JCCA EDGQ\M 1 + HA@M ^M^QXDOFJ EDGQ\M 5 + EJ^JG\MEDMP OJ MOØO@DJ NA CQV + =40= EDGQ\M 7 + M DKMGAK @JKRCAKAO^MONJ J ^AV^J + =405 EDGQ\M 6 + MCC DKMGA + =440 EDGQ\M 4 + MOØO@DJ L\JKDCËMNMP + =4=6 EDGQ\M =2 + NÄ@DJ RDGOM^M\D + =417 EDGQ\M == + RA\@Q\PJ NJP KJNACJP NA MOÍCDPA NM DKMGAK RQLCD@D^Í\DM EDGQ\M =< + DKMGAK A ^AV^J HQO^JP OJ HJ\OMC EDGQ\M =0 + DKMGAK A ^AV^J HQO^JP AK AVRJPDÇÀJ EDGQ\M => + ACAKAO^JP @JOJ^M^DUJP OM DKMGAK EDGQ\M =1 + NDAPAC + <226 EDGQ\M =5 + FMUMDMOMP PRD\D^ + <2=2 EDGQ\M =7 + + M EQOÇÀJ NA \ACMDP OJ MOØO@DJ EDGQ\M =6 + J ^AV^J @JKRCAKAO^MONJ M DKMGAK EDGQ\M =4 + JP @ÐNDGJP NJ MOØO@DJP RQLCD@D^Í\DJ EDGQ\M <2 + @M\^MX @JOUJ@M^DUJ RM\M M \AUJCQÇÀJ NA =40< EDGQ\M <= + M APPÈO@DM NJ R\JNQ^J OJ MOØO@DJ NA RA\EQKA EDGQ\M << + M EQOÇÀJ R\AND@M^DUM OJ MOØO@DJ NA KM\@M @JOPMG\MNM EDGQ\M <0 + QK NJP MOØO@DJP NM @MKRMOFM QOD^AN @JCJ\P JE LAOA^^JO EDGQ\M <> + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 PRJ\^P DCCQP^\M^AN KMGMXDOA EDGQ\M <1 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 KM@]QM\DA QODUA\PD^T EDGQ\M <5 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 PRJ\^P DCCQP^\M^AN EDGQ\M <7 + ^Ë^QCJ8 @FQ\@FAP JE ^FA CJUA PDOGMRJ\A KJUAKAO^ EDGQ\M <6 + ^AV^J8 ^FA LJP^JO GCJLA EDGQ\M <4 + ^AV^8 @FQ\@FAP JE ^FA CJUA PDOGMRJ\A KJUAKAO^ EDGQ\M 02 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 ODIA EDGQ\M 0= + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 PJ@DMC WJ\I EDGQ\M 0< + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 NDAPAC EDGQ\M 00 + ^AV^J8 HQLDCAA KJUAKAO^/ EDGQ\M 0> + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 PJ@DMC WJ\I EDGQ\M 01 + ^Ë^QCJ8 EQONMÇÀJ ATA @M\A EDGQ\M 05 + ^Ë^QCJ8 A@IAP ODANA\ +JCK EDGQ\M 07 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 MNDNMP EDGQ\M 06 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 M]QAO^ EDGQ\M 04 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 \AUDP^M G\MONA \ARJ\^MGAK EDGQ\M >2 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 RA^D^ LM^AMQ EDGQ\M >= + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 AKD/ EDGQ\M >< + ^AV^J/ ICMLDO IDKLA\CAT/ EDGQ\M >0 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 KMRM PRJO^AV EDGQ\M >> + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 AMP^ ^DKJ\ ^JQ\DPK EDGQ\M >1 + ^Ë^QCJ8 OM^DJOMC OAWPRMRA\P JP D\ACMON EDGQ\M >5 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 MNAPE EDGQ\M >7 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 FM\UAT OD@FJCP EDGQ\M >6 + ^Ë^QCJ8 FMUMDMOMP EDGQ\M >4 + ^AV^J8 PDOGMRQ\A FJPRD^MC @JQO@DC EDGQ\M 12 + ^AV^J8 MMNFM\ MPPJ@DM^DJO
=7 <0 <> <> <1 <5 <6 02 00 01 >2 >= >= >0 >> >5 >7 >6 >4 >4 12 12 57 71 71 71 75 75 75 75 77 77 77 77 76 76 76 74 74 74 62 62 62 6= 6= 6< 6< 6< 60 60
=2
EDGQ\M 1= + ^AV^J8 UJCIPWMGAO EDGQ\M 1< + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 CQVJ\ FDGFCDGF^A\P EDGQ\M 10 + ^Ë^QCJ8 CM^DO P^J@I EDGQ\M 1> + ^Ë^QCJ8 KDCCA\ EDGQ\M 11 + ^AV^J8 MQGPLQ\GA\ MCCGAKADOA EDGQ\M 15 + ^Ë^QCJ8 NDVJOP P^J\AP G\JQR EDGQ\M 17 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 P^/ HJFO MKLQCMO@A EDGQ\M 16 + ^AV^J8 UJCIPWMGAO EDGQ\M 14 + R\JRJPDÇÀJ UDPQMC8 P^ACCM M\^JDP EDGQ\M 52 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 NDAPAC EDGQ\M 5= + R\JRJPDÇÀJ UDPQMC/ @CQL =6+02 EDGQ\M 5< + R\JRJPDÇÀJ UDPQMC8 RCMTP^M^DJO PJOT EDGQ\M 50 + R\JRJPDÇÀJ UDPQMC8 UJCIPWMGAO EDGQ\M 5> + R\JRJPDÇÀJ UDPQMC/ AKD/ EDGQ\M 51 + R\JRJPDÇÀJ UDPQMC8 CAGJ EDGQ\M 55 + R\JRJPDÇÀJ UDPQMC8 QC^\M ^DNA EDGQ\M 57 + R\JRJPDÇÀJ UDPQMC/ AOA\GDXA\ EDGQ\M 56 + R\JRJPDÇÀJ UDPQMC/ W\MOGCA\ EDGQ\M 54 + R\JRJPDÇÀJ UDPQMC/ LDCCLJM\N EDGQ\M 72 + @MPA \ARCMT/ @MOOAP <2=2/ EDGQ\M 7= + AVAKRCJ NA MOØO@DJ NM NÄ@MNM NA 52 @JK AP^\Q^Q\M M\DP^J^ÄCD@M EDGQ\M 7< + AVAKRCJ NA \AMNT+KMNA8 K^U EDGQ\M 70 + AVAKRCJ NA \AMNT KMNA + <2== EDGQ\M 7> + RMHA\J EQCC + KD^PQLDPFD/ <224 EDGQ\M 71 + MOØO@DJP NM @MKRMOFM NA P@\MLLCA/ <2=2/ EDGQ\M 77 + RÞP^A\AP NM MGAO@DM F+17 @\AM^DUA P^M^DJO/ <2=2/ EDGQ\M 75 + MOØO@DJ MNJLJ KMGMXDOA + <2=2 EDGQ\M 76 + MOØO@DJ EDM^ KDJ/ <2=2/ EDGQ\M 74 + LCJG RÄ OM KJNM# NM @J\ACCJ/ EDGQ\M 62 + LCJG CJQ@MP RJ\ CDOGA\DA# NM FJRA/ EDGQ\M 6= ‐ MLM NA A@JPRJ\^ Ä EÀ NAPPM RÍGDOM OJ EM@ALJJI/ EDGQ\M 6< + LCJG L\MDOP^J\K 4/
6> 6> 61 61 61 65 65 67 66 66 64 64 64 42 42 42 4= 4= 4< 4> 46 =2= =2< ==7 ==6 ==4 ==4 =<2 =<5 =<7 =<6 =<4
^MLACM = + CDKD^MÇÑAP NJP L\MPDCAD\JP RM\M M CAD^Q\M
==0
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MR\APAO^MÇÀJ
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=7
=/0 M ~|mha~ð|dm nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj oj L|mpdc =/0/= @jo~av~qmcdxmçàj =/0/< Njp `cmppded`mnjp âp dcqp~|mçñap =/0/0 Nj |índj â |ana kqondmc na `jkrq~mnj|ap =/0/> M cd~a|m~q|m om rqlcd`dnmna8 qk `mrë~qcj &}qmpa$ â rm|~a
<2 <2 <= <1 0=
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DKMGAOP8 M @JOP^\QÇÀJ UDPQMC NA PDGODED@MNJ
Ap~qnjp nm dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm
05
Naoj~mçàj a `joj~mçàj om dkmgak
>2
M cad~q|m nm dkmgak oj moøo`dj rqlcd`d~í|dj
>7
0
NMP RMCMU\MP ÂP DKMGAOP8 JP @DO@J RDCM\AP
10
0/= @jk m rmcmu|m# jp |anm~j|ap &ka~jnjcjgdm na rap}qdpm$ 0/=/= Jlha~duj 0/=/< Ej|kqcmçàj nj r|jlcakm 0/=/0 Ka~jnjcjgdm 0/=/> Mkjp~|mgak
10 10 10 1> 11
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Rdcm| pj`dj`qc~q|mc
15
0/0
Rdcm| a`joþkd`j
50
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41
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MEDOMC# J \ANM^J\ AP^Í AP@\AUAONJ KAOJP:
=2<
=24
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Jlpa|umçñap rm|`dmdp8 qkm kqnmoçm fdp~ð|d`m
=24
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==>
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@joua|gèo`dm8 jp ojujp |qkjp nj ~av~j `jcmlj|m~duj
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@JO@CQPÑAP EDOMDP8 M @\DM^DUDNMNA M@DKM NA ^QNJ
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=05
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=06
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=04
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=04
MOAVJP + AO^\AUDP^MP
=>2
MOAVJ M + ]qap~djoí|dj q~dcdxmnj
=>2
MOAVJ L + Ao~|audp~m Cqdx ^jcanj
=>=
MOAVJ @ + Ao~|audp~m @m|cjp Njkdogjp
=>>
MOAVJ N + Ao~|audp~m Aqgèodj Kjfmccak
=>7
MOAVJ A + Ao~|audp~m Eíldj L|monàj
=1<
MOAVJ E + Ao~|audp~m Eíldj Pmljtm
=10
MOAVJ G + Ao~|audp~m \qt Cdonaola|g
=11
=<
MR\APAO^MÇÀJ
]qmpa ~jnj r|jedppdjomc na rqlcd`dnmna ak mcgqk kjkao~j ä mr|apao~mnj mj `äcal|a moøo`dj |andgdnj racj avrcj|mnj| mogcj+d|cìonap A|oap~ Pfm`ica~jo# ak =422# lqp`monj |a`|q~m| fjkaop rm|m m pqm avrjpdçàj mj Rðcj Pqc/ J ~av~j ndxdm8 ,Oa`appd~mk+pa fjkaop rm|m qkm udmgak ra|dgjpm/ Pmcí|djp lmdvjp# e|dj do~aopj# cjogjp kapap ak `jkrca~m ap`q|dnàj# ra|dgj `jop~mo~a# |ag|appj nqudnjpj/ Fjo|m a |a`jofa`dkao~j ak `mpj na èvd~j‛ &LM\\A^J# <22># r/ =0$/ Dpao~j na dcqp~|mçñap# ap~a ä `jofa`dnj `jkj qk njp moøo`djp kmdp aed`mxap nm fdp~ð|dm# g|mçmp m pqm mlj|nmgak/ Racj kapkj kj~duj# aca ä m doprd|mçàj rm|m ap~a ap~qnj# }qa lqp`m ao~aona| rj|}qa moøo`djp `jkj appa ra|na|mk `mnm uax kmdp aprmçj rm|m jp na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc/ Napna j moj nm `jo`arçàj nappa ~av~j mjp ndmp m~qmdp# mp ej|kmp na `jkqod`mçàj mc~a|m|mk+pa pdgoded`m~dumkao~a/ Jp kä~jnjp ra|pqmpdujp pàj q~dcdxmnjp napna }qa mp |acmçñap na ~|j`m a uaonm pa ap~mlaca`a|mk# a a|mk# r|dj|d~m|dmkao~a# ua|lmdp m~ä j pä`qcj VDV/ Rj|äk# j napaoujcudkao~j nmp ~ä`od`mp dcqp~|m~dump a ej~jg|íed`mp mj cjogj nj pä`qcj pagqdo~a ~|mopej|kjq m |acmçàj ao~|a j ~av~j a m dkmgak om rqlcd`dnmna/ M }qap~àj ä8 m umcj|dxmçàj nj udpqmc `qckdojq om `jopa}qao~a napumcj|dxmçàj nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj: Appa }qap~djomkao~j oàj ä m~qmc# hí oj pä`qcj VV# ap~qndjpjp a r|jedppdjomdp do~ao~mumk |aprjona| m appm ra|gqo~m# `fagmonj m `jo`cqpñap jrjp~mp/ Ak kadj mjp naeaopj|ap nj ~av~j ap`|d~j# Lm||a~j &<22># r/ <$ m|gqkao~m8 ,Med|km+pa# mdonm fjha# }qa ‖qkm dkmgak umca kmdp }qa kdc rmcmu|mp— Y///[/ Oàj ak r|jrmgmonm/ Dkmgak mcgqkm ä `mrmx na uaona| omnm &av`açñap ap~m~dp~d`mkao~a r|audpëuadp$# pa oàj uda| m`jkrmofmnm na racj kaojp qkm cdofm na ~av~j‛/ Rj| jq~|j cmnj# Lm|~fap &=442$ do~ag|m j g|qrj rm|m j }qmc m dkmgak ~jkjq j aprmçj mo~ap j`qrmnj racm r|jrjpdçàj ua|lmc/ Pagqonj aca# fjha8 Y///[ j ~av~j ä qkm kaopmgak rm|mpd~m# nap~domnm m `joj~m| m dkmgak# dp~j ä# ,dopqecm|+cfa, qk jq uí|djp pdgoded`mnjp pagqonjp/ Kacfj| ndxaonj &a ~|m~m+pa na qkm dkrj|~mo~a doua|pàj fdp~ð|d`m$# m dkmgak hí oàj dcqp~|m m rmcmu|m9 ä m rmcmu|m }qa# ap~|q~q|mckao~a# ä rm|mpd~m nm dkmgak9 appm doua|pàj ~ak paq r|açj8 ojp kjcnap ~|mnd`djomdp na ,dcqp~|mçàj,# m dkmgak eqo`djomum `jkj qkm ujc~m ardpðnd`m â naoj~mçàj# m rm|~d| na qkm kaopmgak r|do`drmc &j ~av~j$# }qa a|m pao~dnj `jkj `joj~mnj# hí }qa oa`appd~mum r|a`dpmkao~a na qkm dcqp~|mçàj9 om |acmçàj m~qmc# m dkmgak hí
=0
oàj uak ap`cm|a`a| jq ,|amcdxm|, m rmcmu|m9 ä m rmcmu|m }qa uak pqlcdkm|# rm~a~dxm| jq |m`djomcdxm| m dkmgak Y///[/ Lm|~fap &=442# r/ <2$
Ndmo~a nappm nd`j~jkdm# j r|apao~a ~|mlmcfj momcdpm jp ndea|ao~ap kjkao~jp nj ~av~j ap`|d~j om fdp~ð|dm nm rqlcd`dnmna a m pqm |acmçàj `jk m dkmgak# `|qxmonj nmnjp }qa |auacmk `jk kmdp r|a`dpàj j paq rmrac om pj`danmna udpqmc/ Oj `mrë~qcj dod`dmc jlpa|um+pa j mnuao~j nj ~av~j ap`|d~j a pqm `jopjcdnmçàj# m~ä j kjkao~j ak }qa gmofm dkrj|~ìo`dm om rqlcd`dnmna a `jo~|dlqd rm|m j paq napaoujcudkao~j/ Napna jp r|dkad|jp `cmppded`mnjp mjp moøo`djp ndgd~mdp# jp r|do`drmdp kjkao~jp nm |anmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm l|mpdcad|m pàj kap`cmnjp `jk jp mr|dkj|mkao~jp nmp ~ä`od`mp g|íed`mp a ej~jg|íed`mp a mp doecqèo`dmp kø~qmp ao~|a m rqlcd`dnmna a m cd~a|m~q|m/ M pagqonm rm|~a |a~|m~m jp ap~qnjp pjl|a m dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# nap~m`monj jp |acm~dujp â `joj~mçàj a naoj~mçàj# ead~jp rj| \jcmon Lm|~fap a Qkla|~j A`j# a jp |acm`djomnjp â cad~q|m nm dkmgak# mr|apao~mnjp rj| Hm`}qap Nq|mon a Gaj|gap Räodojq/ M eqoçàj nappa `mrë~qcj ä nakjop~|m| mp `m|m`~a|ëp~d`mp m|gqkao~m~dump nm dkmgak }qa# mppdk `jkj j ~av~j# ~mkläk rjna pa| cdnm/ Oj ~a|`ad|j `mrë~qcj ä na~mcfmnj j jlha~duj# mppdk `jkj m ka~jnjcjgdm q~dcdxmnm omp ao~|audp~mp ak r|jeqondnmna |amcdxmnmp `jk padp |anm~j|ap l|mpdcad|jp na ga|mçñap ndp~do~mp/ Jp ao~|audp~mnjp |aprjona|mk m ra|gqo~mp ndudndnmp ak `do`j rdcm|ap8 pj`dj`qc~q|mc# a`joþkd`j# ka|`mnjcðgd`j# ~a`ojcðgd`j a pdklðcd`j# `mnm qk |auacmonj ndea|ao~ap rjo~jp na udp~m pjl|a mp kjnded`mçñap nj ~av~j/ J }qm|~j a øc~dkj `mrë~qcj |aøoa j mr|aondxmnj mn}qd|dnj omp ao~|audp~mp a om rap}qdpm ldlcdjg|íed`m ak `jo`cqpñap rm|`dmdp m`a|`m nm doua|pàj fdp~ð|d`m j`j||dnm ao~|a m q~dcdxmçàj nj ~av~j a nm dkmgak om rqlcd`dnmna/ Mcäk na |appmc~m| m dkrj|~ìo`dm na qk jcfm| |aojumnj| pjl|a m |acmçàj ao~|a rqlcd`d~í|djp a `jopqkdnj|ap om ojum |amcdnmna ak }qa j ~av~j pa ao`jo~|m/
=>
= RMCMU\MP8 J ÈVD^J NJ ^AV^J AP@\D^J J ,r|jg|appj, ä na ~drj ap`|d~q|ëp~d`j/ Kd`fmac na @a|~amq
=/=
J pq|gdkao~j nm a`jojkdm ap`|d~q|ëp~d`m
Rm|m dod`dm| j ra|`q|pj ak nd|açàj â |aecavàj pjl|a j }qap~djomkao~j mr|apao~mnj ak |acmçàj â napumcj|dxmçàj nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj# ~j|om+pa oa`appí|dj qk |a~j|oj â fdp~ð|dm nm ap`|d~m# `qhj jlha~duj ä nakjop~|m|# ak cdofmp ga|mdp# jp `mkdofjp }qa j ~av~j ap`|d~j ra|`j||aq# rmppmonj racj pq|gdkao~j nm dkr|aopm m~ä `fagm| â pqm cdgmçàj `jk m rqlcd`dnmna/ Qkm uax jlpa|umnj j `jo~av~j nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj om fdp~ð|dm# rjna+pa `jkaçm| m ao~aona| `jkj aca pa napaoujcuaq# mppdk `jkj j paq rmrac ojp ndmp m~qmdp/ Pmla+pa }qa mp r|dkad|mp ej|kmp na `jkqod`mçàj |akjo~mk â j|dgak nj fjkak/ Rm|m j rap}qdpmnj| @|m~j &=460$# ap~m ejd m pjcqçàj ao`jo~|mnm racjp g|qrjp oþkmnap rm|m `jop~|qd| mp ej|kmp r|dkd~dump na `jca~dudnmna/ M aujcqçàj nm cdogqmgak m`jkrmofjq m fdp~ð|dm nm fqkmodnmna/ Mp r|dkad|mp dop`|dçñap ak jppjp a ran|mp nm~mk na 02/222 mojp m/@/ a a|mk |ar|apao~mçñap nap~domnmp mjp m~jp |acdgdjpjp a kë~d`jp/ Mj cjogj njp pä`qcjp# ap~ap pëkljcjp pje|a|mk ~|mopej|kmçñap# rmppmonj m emxa| rm|~a nm |amcdnmna nmp pj`danmnap r|dkd~dump# |ar|apao~monj ~mkläk mpra`~jp nj paq `j~dndmoj/ Mdonm mppdk# j ~av~j pa kmodeap~mum na ej|km `jca~dum# nap~domnj â avrjpdçàj nm udnm ak `johqo~j# pak m edgq|m na qk mq~j|/ Pagqonj @|m~j &=460$# nm~m na `a|`m na 0/122 m/@/ mcgqkmp dkrj|~mo~ap kjnded`mçñap oj |qkj nm fqkmodnmna# `jkj m nap`jla|~m nj ea||j9 m panao~m|dxmçàj nmp ~|dljp oþkmnap a j napaoujcudkao~j nm emcm# hí j|gmodxmnm ak e|mpap do~acdgëuadp# j }qa caum â pqlj|ndomçàj nj g|medpkj â emcm/ M mg|d`qc~q|m pa napaoujcua# mp pj`danmnap ndudnak+pa ak `cmppap# `|ap`a j ~|mlmcfj ap`|muj/ Mp |ar|apao~mçñap kë~d`mp `anak `mnm uax kmdp aprmçj â |m`djomcdnmna/ Oappm ojum `joedgq|mçàj ~j|omk+pa oa`appí|djp ~mkläk jp ~av~jp j|gmodxmnj|ap# `jkj mp cadp ap`|d~mp/ M rm|~d| njp dnajg|mkmp# rmppmonj racm ap`|d~m momcë~d`m# pq|ga j mcemla~j/ Ä om eaoë`dm# `a|`m na =/122 mojp m/@/ }qa mrm|a`ak jp r|dkad|jp mcemla~jp# qpmnjp
=1
a mra|eadçjmnjp racjp fal|aqp# g|agjp a |jkmojp# nmonj j|dgak â kqc~drcd`dnmna na ~drjp g|íed`jp }qa ~akjp m~ä jp ndmp m~qmdp/ Kdcfm|ap na mojp parm|m|mk m kakð|dm `jca~dum ~|mopkd~dnm racm j|mcdnmna nm `jopjcdnmçàj nm |ar|apao~mçàj ap`|d~m nj |amc# kmp lmp~m|mk `a|`m na ~|do~m pä`qcjp rm|m m |ar|apao~mçàj kmoqmc nj ~av~j ap`|d~j rmppm| â |ar|jnqçàj ka`ìod`m/ J ~av~j pa kmodeap~mum ak kadjp om~q|mdp# um|dmonj `joej|ka m |agdàj a m ärj`m8 pq|gdq r|dkad|j ak jppjp# `jo`fmp a ejcfmp na rmckad|m# narjdp ak kmnad|m9 pqrj|~ap dgqmckao~a ndeë`adp na `jopa|um| a ~|moprj|~m|/ Oj J|dao~a fí r|andcaçàj racj mcgjnàj a m panm/ J rmrd|j a j ra|gmkdofj raca na modkmc r|arm|mnm rm|m m ap`|d~m pq|gak oj Agd~j a pa `jopjcdnmk/ Ap~a øc~dkj# ak apra`dmc# ra|kd~dq dojumçñap# `jkj mp dcqkdoq|mp &qkm kdp~q|m na`j|m~dum na `mcdg|medm a rdo~q|m$# q~dcdxmnmp r|do`drmckao~a omp ca~|mp `mrd~qcm|ap oj doë`dj na `mrë~qcjp ak cdu|jp a nj`qkao~jp/ J rmrac# hí qpmnj racjp `fdoapap napna j moj =21 n/@/ ä do~|jnqxdnj om Aq|jrm pjkao~a ak kamnjp nj pä`qcj VDD/ Oj ao~mo~j# m ap`|d~m `jo~doqmum kmoqmc/ @mla emxa| qk pmc~j rm|m j pä`qcj VU# j }qmc ejd# pak nøudnm# qk km|`j om fdp~ð|dm nm `jkqod`mçàj fqkmom/ @|m~j &=460$ med|km }qa oappa pä`qcj `jopjcdnm|mk+pa jp `mkdofjp ak nd|açàj â pj`danmna |agdnm racmp |ag|mp nm ap`|d~m/ M~ä ao~àj a|m om emcm }qa j rjna| pa kmodeap~mum# hí }qa m `qp~jpm |ar|jnqçàj njp cdu|jp ao`jo~|mum+pa omp kàjp njp kjogap `jrdp~mp a pqm m}qdpdçàj a|m ead~m racm Dg|ahm a rj| ojl|ap }qa rjppqëmk |a`q|pjp rm|m ~mc/ Nq|mo~a ~jnm m Dnmna Mo~dgm a rm|~a nm Dnmna Kändm m Dg|ahm njkdomum jp edädp rj| kadj nm acj}qèo`dm na paqp |ar|apao~mo~ap# }qa cdmk jp pa|kñap rm|m jp edädp aq|jraqp a# rjp~a|dj|kao~a# rm|m mp `jcþodmp/ M j|mcdnmna ndeqondm mp oj|kmp# mp oj~ë`dmp# jp `jp~qkap# m rjcë~d`m a m |acdgdàj/ M rmcmu|m cdnm ak ujx mc~m a|m m ua|nmna/ J ra|ëjnj nm Dnmna Kändm# cj`mcdxmnj ao~|a jp pä`qcjp U a VU# ejd appao`dmc om ~|mopej|kmçàj nappa r|j`appj/ M `fagmnm nj rmrac `fdoèp a m douaoçàj nm r|aopm kðuac na Hjfmoo Gq~akla|g |aujcq`djom|dmk m dkr|aopm a mp `jkqod`mçñap# `jopjcdnmonj m na`mnèo`dm nm ap~|q~q|m eaqnmc# j `|ap`dkao~j nm lq|gqapdm a m j|gmodxmçàj njp Ap~mnjp om`djomdp/ Mcäk ndppj# j |aomp`dkao~j `qc~q|mc `cmkmum racm |ar|jnqçàj na doej|kmçñap ak cm|gm ap`mcm/ Jlpa|um+pa }qa j `jo~av~j pj`dmc ap~mum â emuj| na qkm dojumçàj ka`ìod`m nm ap`|d~m/
=5
Gq~akla|g ejd j |aprjopíuac racj doë`dj nj }qa pa `jouaodjq `fmkm| na \aujcqçàj nm Dkr|aopm# m~|muäp nm do~|jnqçàj na ~drjp kðuadp rm|m m dkr|appàj na cdu|jp om Aq|jrm# rj| ujc~m na =>04/ Ejd ~mkläk j douao~j| nm r|aopm kðuac &r|j`appj g|íed`j }qa rjppdldcd~m m dkr|appàj njp ~drjp kðuadp ak `johqo~j$# rjppdldcd~monj m ndeqpàj ak kmppm na cdu|jp# oagð`dj cq`|m~duj rm|m m lq|gqapdm/ Pagqonj @|m~j &=460$# appm dojumçàj ra|kd~dm m r|jnqçàj na `ao~aomp na rígdomp ak qkm fj|m# j }qa a}qdumcdm m kapap na ~|mlmcfj njp `jrdp~mp/ @jk kmdp mgdcdnmna om dkr|appàj m `cmppa lq|gqapm `jopagqdm r|jnqxd| cdu|jp m `qp~jp m~|mao~ap# mppdk `jkj mn}qd|d+cjp m r|açjp m`appëuadp/ Ap~m em`dcdnmna naq ujx â lq|gqapdm# ujx ap`|d~m9 dkr|appm9 r|jrmgmnm rj| ~jnm m Aq|jrm a# rjp~a|dj|kao~a# rj| ~jnj j kqonj/ @jopa}qao~akao~a# j rjna| nj `ca|j ejd mkamçmnj# qkm uax }qa mp rappjmp oàj oa`appd~mumk kmdp na `jo~m~j nd|a~j `jk m Dg|ahm rm|m ~a| m`appj mjp ap`|d~jp pmg|mnjp# `qhj r|do`drmc |ar|apao~mo~a a|m m Lëlcdm/ M dkr|aopm pa ndeqondq |mrdnmkao~a rj| ~jnm m Aq|jrm/ Nao~|j na rjq`mp nä`mnmp fmudm pa aprmcfmnj racm D~ícdm# E|moçm a Aprmofm/ Jp r|agjad|jp# }qa ra|`j||dmk m Dnmna Kändm caumonj m rmcmu|m nj |ad a nm Dg|ahm# ra|na|mk rm|~a na pqm doecqèo`dm9 mp qodua|pdnmnap pa kqc~drcd`mumk# `jk j mrjdj njp cdu|jp dkr|appjp9 a j mc~j @ca|j ra|ndm j kjojrðcdj nm `qc~q|m/ Ap~m ojum |amcdnmna ejd udp~m `jk mr|aaopàj racm Dg|ahm/ Jp r|dkad|jp cdu|jp a mp ejcfmp &ej|km r|dkd~dum njp hj|omdp kjna|ojp$ r|judofmk na ð|gàjp gjua|omkao~mdp a a|mk |dgj|jpmkao~a `jo~|jcmnjp racm Dg|ahm a racj Ap~mnj &@\M^J# =460$/ M dkr|aopm pa napaoujcuaq ak kadj mj `jo~|jca nm Do}qdpdçàj# |ap~|dogdonj a# kqd~mp uaxap# av`cqdonj m cdla|nmna na avr|appàj a m dkr|appàj na cdu|jp/ Cjgj# paq `|ap`dkao~j naq+pa g|mnm~dumkao~a# ak kadj mjp kjom|`mp a mjp lq|gjp# aujcqdonj kmdp |mrdnmkao~a ak gjua|ojp kaojp `ao~|mcdxmnjp a kmdp cao~mkao~a ak kjom|}qdmp `jk ej|~a mq~j|dnmna `ao~|mc/ Mj cjogj njp pä`qcjp rjp~a|dj|ap j kqonj mppdp~dq â aujcqçàj nm ~drjg|medm# mj mra|eadçjmkao~j om ej|km na dopa|d| edgq|mp a `j|ap ojp cdu|jp &edgq|m =$# mj pq|gdkao~j nm cd~jg|medm &dkr|appàj m~|muäp na km|`mp g|mumnmp ak qkm km~|dx$# nm ej~jcd~jg|medm a nm dkr|appj|m m umrj|/
=7
Edgq|m = + Cdu|j dkr|appj ak =502
Kmp ejd mraomp oj doë`dj nj pä`qcj VUDDD }qa m douaoçàj na Gq~aola|g# m~ä ao~àj q~dcdxmnm mraomp rm|m m dkr|appàj na cdu|jp# rmppjq m pa| qpmnm ~mkläk rm|m hj|omdp/ J `|ap`dkao~j nap~a uaë`qcj doej|km~duj a pqm ndp~|dlqdçàj ak kmppm ejd qk dkrj|~mo~a rmppj rm|m m nakj`|m~dxmçàj nj `jofa`dkao~j a rm|m m `jkqod`mçàj kjna|om# lmpamnm om m}qdpdçàj na doej|kmçàj m~|muäp nm ap`|d~m/ Ejd dgqmckao~a dkrj|~mo~a rm|m m `jo}qdp~m nm cdla|nmna na dkr|aopm# }qa nq|mo~a j pä`qcj VDV pa ~|mopej|km|dm ,&///$ om dkr|aopm kjna|om8 m dkr|aopm j|gmodxmnm pagqonj jp kjcnap donqp~|dmdp nm r|jnqçàj# nm cdu|a `jo`j||èo`dm# nm jea|~m a nm r|j`q|m/, &@\M^J# =460# r/ 0=$/ Kmp pqm aujcqçàj ejd# ~mkläk# j eqodc rj| jona m ujx njp lq|gqapap a rjcë~d`jp rmppjq a m njp `mkrjoapap a r|jca~í|djp ed`jq rm|m ~|íp/ A# nappm ej|km# j rjna| nm rmcmu|m emcmnm rmppjq m ndudnd| aprmçj `jk m rmcmu|m ap`|d~m/
=/<
@a|~amq a m `jopjcdnmçàj nm a`jojkdm ap`|d~q|ëp~d`m
M nqmcdnmna rmcmu|m ap`|d~m * rmcmu|m emcmnm a pqmp dkrcd`mçñap oj kjnj na udua| `m|m`~a|ëp~d`j nmp pj`danmnap ejd mlj|nmnm rj| @a|~amq &=44>$/ Â ojum ej|km~mçàj nj kqonj kjna|oj# rmq~mnj racm `jo}qdp~m nm ap`|d~m# aca naq j ojka na ,a`jojkdm ap`|d~q|ëp~d`m,/ A`jojkdm ap~m }qa ejd m mcmumo`mnm racm dkr|aopm na
=6
Gq~akla|g# mlmemonj mp ujxap `j~dndmomp# }qa m~ä ao~àj njkdomumk j `j|rj pj`dmc/ Nappm ej|km# ä dkrj|~mo~a ao~aona| na }qa kjnj j ~av~j ap`|d~j r|juj`jq kqnmoçmp om pj`danmna a pa ~j|ojq qk njp kmdj|ap |aprjopíuadp racm ej|kmçàj nm pj`danmna udpqmc# mj cmnj na jq~|jp g|monap m`jo~a`dkao~jp pj`dmdp a `qc~q|mdp# `jkj j |aomp`dkao~j/ Om Dnmna Kändm j m`appj mjp cdu|jp a|m r|dudcägdj na rjq`jp a m kaopmgak ed`mum `ao~|mcdxmnm omp kàjp nj `ca|j# nm ojl|axm a# rjp~a|dj|kao~a# nm lq|gqapdm/ Mppdk# ,j ~av~j pa ao}qmn|mum om ~aj|dm nmp }qm~|j jq pa~a cad~q|mp }qa rjna|dm |a`ala|, &@A\^AMQ# =44># r/ >4$/ J cad~j| `jkqk a|m# ak ua|nmna# jqudo~a# naraonao~a nm do~a|r|a~mçàj na jq~|ak rm|m ~a| m`appj mj ~av~j a â ,ua|nmna,/ @a|~amq avakrcded`m ap~m |amcdnmna m~|muäp nmp Ap`|d~q|mp Pmg|mnmp# }qa a|mk `jofa`dnmp rj| kadj na qkm ujx# paonj# rj|~mo~j# emcmnmp# m~ä kamnjp nj pä`qcj VUD/ Jp edädp# ka|jp jqudo~ap# ao`jo~|mumk+pa â ka|`è na qk do~a|cj`q~j| }qa jp mr|jvdkmppa nm Ujx Ndudom/ M Lëlcdm na Gq~akla|g ejd m`cmkmnm oàj pjkao~a racm }qmcdnmna ~ä`od`m a ap~ä~d`m# kmp r|do`drmckao~a rj| nm| ej|km â appm Ujx/ @jk m ndppakdomçàj nm ap`|d~m a cad~q|m# em`dcd~mnm racjp mumoçjp ~a`ojcðgd`jp# j mracj qoded`mnj| pa apumdq mj cjogj njp pä`qcjp VUD+VUDD# nmonj cqgm| m qkm ojum `joedgq|mçàj pj`dmc# `jop~|qënm pjl mp ndua|pmp ujxap pqrj|~mnmp racm ap~|q~q|m ap`|d~q|ëp~d`m/ M pj`danmna kjna|om narm|m+pa# ao~àj# `jk qk g|mona napmedj8 mr|aona| m cdnm| `jk m mqpèo`dm na qkm ujx dnao~ded`mnj|m/ J r|dkad|j pdomc nap~m kqnmoçm ä j dpjcmkao~j nj rjuj# qkm uax }qa m j|mcdnmna# pqm r|do`drmc ej|km na `jkqod`mçàj a qodàj# ejd |anqxdnm m mraomp qk njp mpra`~jp nm a`jojkdm ap`|d~q|ëp~d`m a ,pa ~j|om rjna| omp kàjp na qkm 'lq|gqapdm' }qa `jcj`m m dop~|qkao~mcdnmna nm ca~|m oj cqgm| nj r|dudcägdj nj omp`dkao~j Y///[, &@A\^AMQ# =44># r/ <05$/ Oap~a rjo~j# ä uícdnj |appmc~m| }qa fí qkm dkrj|~mo~a ndp~doçàj ao~|a m j|mcdnmna a m ap`|d~m# na kjnj }qa oàj pa naua `jcj`m| mp nqmp pjl m kapkm mp`aonèo`dm/ Racj `jo~|í|dj# @a|~amq naeaona }qa rjppqak qkm ndea|aoçm }qmo~d~m~dum# paonj m øc~dkm `mrmx na mlm|`m| m r|dkad|m# ~mkmofm m pqm `mrm`dnmna na ndeqpàj/ nde qpàj/ Ra|`ala+pa }qa j ~av~j emx rm|~a nm fdp~ð|dm nm fqkmodnmna# a ä qpmnj rm|m ap`|auè+cm a kjnded`í+cm/ Jona fí mhqo~mkao~j na pa|ap fqkmojp# ä `jkqk ap~m| ~mkläk m ap`|d~q|m rm|m |agdp~|m| paqp ead~jp/ Nappm ej|km# mp pj`danmnap ca~|mnmp rmppm|mk m pa| `jop~|qënmp racj ~av~j# pahm udpqmc jq ap`|d~j/ R|jnqxdnj ak kmppm# aca `fagm m }qmpa ~jnmp mp rm|~ap# pjl mp kmdp ndua|pmp ej|kmp8 om cad~q|m na qk
=4
hj|omc jq |audp~m# om ~acm nm ~acaudpàj# omp jonmp nj |índj# om |ana kqondmc na `jkrq~mnj|ap a omp køc~drcmp ujxap moþodkmp }qa j `jop~|jak/ Nappm ej|km# m ap`|d~m ~j|ojq+pa qkm r|í~d`m kë~d`m9 qkm uax }qa jp kd~jp# ndp`q|pjp e|mgkao~mnjp }qa m|~d`qcmk mp r|í~d`mp na qkm pj`danmna a pàj rj| acmp m|~d`qcmnjp# mgj|m `jp~qkmk rmppm| rj| kadj nm ap`|d~m/ Edomckao~a# mrðp }qmpa `do`j pä`qcjp# j ldoþkdj r|jnqçàj+`jopqkj ejd ~|mnqxdnj ak ap`|d~m+cad~q|m# a ejd hqp~mkao~a m ~|mnqçàj na ~av~jp ao~|a cëogqmp ndp~do~mp }qa `jo~|dlqdq rm|m m `jopjcdnmçàj nappa r|j`appj/ Acm ~ak pdnj qk dkrj|~mo~a dop~|qkao~j rm|m m pqr|akm`dm nm a`jojkdm ap`|d~q|ëp~d`m# rjppdldcd~monj m ~|moprjpdçàj na lm||ad|mp cdogqëp~d`mp a `qc~q|mdp# `jkj mrjo~m @a|~amq &=44># r/ <1>+1$8 ^akjp m}qd qkm km}qdom|dm# mra|eadçjmnm oj na`j||a| nmp ga|mçñap/ Acm ra|kd~a rmppm| na qkm cëogqm rm|m jq~|m# acdkdom| m av~a|dj|dnmna ~|mopea|donj+m rm|m m do~a|dj|dnmna a ~|mopej|km| ak ,kaopmgaop &ap`|d~q|ëp~d`mp# r|jnqxdnmp a ‖`jkr|aaondnmp—$ jp ‖|qënjp— dopðcd~jp jq pak pao~dnj r|a`anao~ap nmp ujxap/
Fjha# oj kqonj gcjlmcdxmnj# rjna+pa `jopqkd| `jofa`dkao~j# oj~ë`dmp a kjnjp na udua| na jq~|mp `qc~q|mp rj| kadj nm cdogqmgak ~|mnqxdnm/ @jkj `jopa}qèo`dm# j ndp`q|pj j|ndoí|dj ä dpjcmnj a aoe|m}qa`dnj# mppdk `jkj j ndp`q|pj |a~ð|d`j# `qhjp jlha~dujp ra|pqmpdujp pàj j|mdp rj| appèo`dm/ @jkj jlpa|um @|m~j &=460# r/ =6$# –m ap`|d~m hí rjna g|mum| ~jnmp mp rmcmu|mp a dnadmp/‛ @jkj |apqc~mnj# ~ak+pa j ~av~j `jkj m~j dondudnqmc a |ar|jnq~duj# rj|~mnj| na qkm km~|dx rappjmc a ~|mopkd~dnj rm|m |a`ar~j|ap ~mkläk rm|~d`qcm|ap/ Ap`|aua| rmppjq m pa| pdoþodkj na r|jg|appj/ R|jedppñap# qodua|pdnmnap# kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj# nao~|a jq~|jp rdcm|ap pj`dmdp# pàj edcfjp nm a`jojkdm ap`|d~q|ëp~d`m/ Ap~m# rj| pqm uax# naua paq èvd~j m qkm pä|da na em~j|ap fdp~ð|d`j+ pj`dmdp# `jkj m aujcqçàj nm ~ä`od`m ~drjg|íed`m# j lm|m~amkao~j nj r|açj nj rmrac a njp hj|omdp # m kacfj|dm oj ~|moprj|~a na cdu|jp a hj|omdp ndppakdomçàj nm dkr|aopm
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j }qa em`dcd~jq m
a m ej|kmçàj na qk rølcd`j do~a|appmnj ojp
m`jo~a`dkao~jp nj kqonj/ J napaoujcudkao~j nm m~dudnmna rqlcd`d~í|dm# nao~|j nm a`jojkdm ap`|d~q|ëp~d`m# ap~í do~|ëopa`j mj mqkao~j nmp m~dudnmnap `jka|`dmdp/ Ejd nq|mo~a m Dnmna Kändm }qa mp r|í~d`mp ra|pqmpdump gmofm|mk ej|kmp kmdp `jopdp~ao~ap# naudnj mj dkrqcpj nmp udmgaop km|ë~dkmp a â ~|j`m na laop na `jopqkj mnudonjp nm nap`jla|~m na ~a||d~ð|djp &\MKMCFJ# <224$/ J ~av~j ap`|d~j `jkaçm m pa kjp~|m| qk
<2
dkrj|~mo~a mcdmnj nm r|jrmgmonm=/ @jk j mnuao~j nm dkr|aopm# jp r|dkad|jp ejcfa~dop a `m|~mxap pq|gd|mk rm|m nduqcgm| r|jnq~jp a pa|udçjp# r|dkad|j om Aq|jrm J`dnao~mc a# rjp~a|dj|kao~a# om Mkä|d`m `jcjodxmnm# do`cqpdua oj L|mpdc/ M}qd m m~dudnmna rqlcd`d~í|dm `jkaçjq m pa napaoujcua| ~m|ndmkao~a# ak |acmçàj â Mka|d`m nj oj|~a a Aq|jrm# oj ao~mo~j# m cdogqmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm l|mpdcad|m gmofjq `j|rj a |aojka# ~j|omonj+pa qkm |aea|èo`dm kqondmc/ Rj|~mo~j# ä uícdnj jlpa|um| jp r|do`drmdp kjkao~jp na paq napaoujcudkao~j# m edk na `jkr|aaona| `jkj pa naq appm rmppmgak a `jkj# rjp~a|dj|kao~a# m dkmgak dopa|dq+pa oappm cdogqmgak/
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M ~|mha~ð|dm nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj oj L|mpdc
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@jo~av~qmcdxmçàj
Ap~qnm| j `jkrj|~mkao~j nj ~av~j mj cjogj nm fdp~ð|dm nm rqlcd`dnmna l|mpdcad|m oàj ä qkm ~m|aem eí`dc# apra`dmckao~a naudnj â ap`mppax na nmnjp ednandgojp/
Ak
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rap}qdpmnj|ap# rj| avakrcj# ak |acmçàj mj r|dkad|j moøo`dj rqlcd`mnj oj rmëp# `jkj pa|í udp~j kmdp m ndmo~a/ Rj|~mo~j# `mla nap~m`m| }qa jp moøo`djp# nm~mp a nmnjp kao`djomnjp oap~a ~|mlmcfj ej|mk |a~d|mnjp r|do`drmckao~a njp ap~qnjp na Km|`jonap &<22=$# @m||mp`jxm &<225# <2=2$ a Pdkñap &<225$/ Pagqonj Km|`jonap &<22=$# m~ä m `fagmnm nm emkëcdm |amc rj|~qgqapm# ak =626# jp moøo`djp m`jo~a`dmk r|dj|d~m|dmkao~a om ej|km ua|lmc/ Oappa moj ejd dkr|appj j r|dkad|j hj|omc# dod`dmonj m dkr|aopm l|mpdcad|m/ M~ä appa kjkao~j# m `jcþodm oàj rjppqëm }qmc}qa| ~drj na dkr|aopm# jp hj|omdp a|mk r|jnqxdnjp om Dogcm~a||m a `fagmumk `jk racj kaojp 02 ndmp na m~|mpj# rjdp udofmk na omudj/ M ~a`ojcjgdm a|m r|a`í|dm# oàj fmudm kí}qdomp rm|m dkr|appàj a j rmrac ~dofm na pa| dkrj|~mnj/ M rm|~d| na ao~àj jp cdu|jp a hj|omdp kjp~|mk+pa av`acao~ap kadjp na r|jrmgmçàj na dnadmp# dnajcjgdmp a oj~ë`dmp a ä oappa `jo~av~j }qa pq|gak jp paqp =
Oap~a ~|mlmcfj jp ~a|kjp ,rqlcd`dnmna, a ,r|jrmgmonm, pàj q~dcdxmnjp `jkj pdoþodkjp/
<=
r|dkad|jp rm~|j`domnj|ap8 jp moqo`dmo~ap/ M rm|~d| na =612# jp hj|omdp l|mpdcad|jp `jkaçmk m pa kjna|odxm|# lmpamnjp ojp rmn|ñap e|mo`apap a dogcapap/ Oj ao~mo~j# jp lmdvjp ëond`ap na dop~|qçàj nm rjrqcmçàj a jp mc~jp umcj|ap nmp mppdom~q|mp hqp~ded`mumk m emc~m na `jopqkdnj|ap/ Pjkao~a mrðp m pagqonm nä`mnm nj pä`qcj VV jlpa|um+pa j mnuao~j njp kjnacjp na hj|omdp }qa `jofa`akjp fjha8 ak =4<= omp`a m Ejcfm na Pàj Rmqcj9 ak =4<1# J Gcjlj a j Ndí|dj na Pàj Rmqcj/ G|mona rm|~a nappa dkrqcpj naq+pa g|mçmp mj r|j`appj na kjna|odxmçàj a |aojumçàj `qc~q|mc om nä`mnm na =4<2/ M rqlcd`dnmna oj L|mpdc dopa|dq+pa `jkj j l|mçj doej|km~duj nj pdp~akm a`joþkd`j }qa pa do~|jnqxdm/ Ak qk `jo~av~j oj }qmc mp `dnmnap `|ap`dmk a mp rappjmp hí oàj pa `jofa`dmk kmdp racj ojka# ,Y///[ j hj|omc njkdojq m `jkqod`mçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm nj edomc nj pä`qcj VDV a na# racj kaojp# qk }qm|~j nj pä`qcj VV/, &KM\@JONAP# <22=# r/ =1$/ Hqo~j m aca# `jo`j||dmk jp `m|~mxap# jp rmoeca~jp# rmdoädp rdo~mnjp a jq~|jp kadjp akl|djoí|djp/ Nappm ej|km# `mla ua|ded`m| j napaoujcudkao~j nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj nao~|j njp ndea|ao~ap kadjp# na kjnj m ao~aona| paq rmrac ojp m`jo~a`dkao~jp pj`dmdp a `qc~q|mdp nj rmëp# mppdk `jkj m ej|km `jkj aca ejd doecqao`dmnj rj| appmp kqnmoçmp/ Rm|m appm jlpa|umçàj ejd |amcdxmnm qkm ndudpàj fdp~ð|d`m a ndní~d`m8 j r|dkad|j kjkao~j `jkaçm `jk jp `cmppded`mnjp/ J pagqonj pa dod`dm `jk j mnuao~j nj |índj# kadj na `jkqod`mçàj }qa km|`jq m fdp~ð|dm nm rqlcd`dnmna l|mpdcad|m# `jkj pa|í udp~j m pagqd|/ J ~a|`ad|j momcdpm mp doecqèo`dmp nm cd~a|m~q|m om cdogqmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm/
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Njp `cmppded`mnjp âp dcqp~|mçñap
Oj L|mpdc |a`äk+`jcjodxmnj# m aujcqçàj nj `jkä|`dj naq+ pa rj| kadj nm emcm/ Dp~j rj|}qa mraomp jp `jcjodxmnj|ap a|mk mcemla~dxmnjp a oàj fmudm oaofqkm ap~|q~q|m km~a|dmc a ~a`ojcðgd`m }qa rjppdldcd~mppa jq~|mp ej|kmp na jea|a`a| r|jnq~jp a pa|udçjp/ Mppdk# mp r|dkad|mp kmodeap~mçñap rqlcd`d~í|dmp pa nmumk racm udm j|mc/ A|mk jp emkjpjp r|agñap# ead|mp na |qm jona pa jea|a`dmk ~jnm m pj|~a na r|jnq~jp a pa|udçjp/
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Pagqonj Pdkñap &<225$# j r|dkad|j moøo`dj ap`|d~j }qa pa ~ak oj~ë`dm nm~m nj pä`qcj VDD# nap`jla|~j rj| Mkl|ðpdj Ea|omonap L|monàj# ak Gjdíp8 ,Palmp~dàj Rjo~ap pa ao`m||agm na km~m| `jk ndp`|dçàj a r|ap~axm na m`j|nj `jk m pagqdo~a ~mlacm8 l|mpdcad|jp# 122 kdc |ädp9 ap~|mogad|jp# 022 kdc |ädp9 ~q|`jp na g|mçm/, &PDKÑAP# <225# r/ <=$/ Mcäk nm av`ao~|d`dnmna nj moøo`dj# rjna+pa ra|`ala| qkm `m|m`~a|ëp~d`m }qa nd~m|dm m rqlcd`dnmna l|mpdcad|m rj| kqd~j ~akrj8 a|m ka|mkao~a doej|km~duj/ Ä dkrj|~mo~a oj~m| }qa# oappap `cmppded`mnjp# m cdogqmgak ap~í na m`j|nj `jk m q~dcdxmnm om `qc~q|m j|mc nm ärj`m# dond`monj }qa –Y///[ qk pdkrcap moøo`dj na `cmppded`mnj rjna ~mkläk |auacm|# ak pqmp rjq`mp cdofmp# na~mcfap nmp `jondçñap na udnm nm pj`danmna na jona aca aka|gdq‛ &@M\\MP@JXM# <2=2$/ Nappm ej|km# qkm uax }qa m `jo`j||èo`dm a|m lmdvm jq doavdp~ao~a &naraonaonj nj r|jnq~j$# jp moøo`djp# `fmkmnjp na mudpjp a |andgdnjp rj| hj|omcdp~mp# moqo`dmumk j r|jnq~j jq pa|udçj ndprjoëuac# mraomp nap`|auaonj pqmp r|do`drmdp eqoçñap# na ej|km }qa jp do~a|appmnjp rqnappak ~jkm| `jofa`dkao~j nj kapkj/ @jkj jlpa|umnj oj avakrcj mo~a|dj|# jp mudpjp `jp~qkmumk pa| `q|~jp# nd|a~jp a `jk }qmpa oaofqkm r|aj`qrmçàj ap~ä~d`m/ A|mk mgcq~domnjp# pak ndea|ao`dmc ao~|a qk a jq~|j# q~dcdxmumk mraomp ~av~jp a a|mk appao`dmckao~a doej|km~dujp/ Pagqonj Pdkñap &<225$# om nä`mnm na =602# pq|ga qk ndea|ao`dmc }qa `jkaçm|dm m kjnded`m| m mrm|èo`dm njp moøo`djp8 m r|dkad|m g|muq|m/ ^|m~mum+pa na qk `cd`fè na qkm kàj ea`fmnm# dond`monj j moøo`dj `jk j nanj dond`mnj|/ Ak =6>4# oj Ndí|dj nj \dj na Hmoad|j# ä rqlcd`mnj j r|dkad|j moøo`dj q~dcdxmonj `mdvm mc~m a ~ap~akqofmc/ Ap`|d~j rm|m j kand`mkao~j Pmcpmrm||dcfm na Pmonp# `jk ~ap~akqofj ä nj N|m/ Rmqcm @mondnj/ Kmp ä om nä`mnm na =612 nj }qa m r|jrmgmonm l|mpdcad|m `jkaçm m mr|apao~m| dkrj|~mo~ap aujcqçñap cdogqëp~d`mp# `jkj j pq|gdkao~j na moøo`djp ak ua|pjp |dkmnjp a ka~|ded`mnjp# a m dop~mq|mçàj nj ~ë~qcj `jkj acakao~j appao`dmc oj moøo`dj/ J moøo`dj rqlcd`mnj oj hj|omc rmqcdp~moj J Trd|mogm avakrcded`m8 J MEDMNJ\ KÍGD@J J medmnj| na }qm~|j rm|~ap# ran|m ka~ícd`m na mkjcm| nj n|/ @fmrkmo# ä qk m|~dgj `qhm pqra|dj|dnmna ä |a`jofa`dnm rj| ~jnjp a `jk m }qmc ~jnm rappjm rjna medm| pqmp omumcfmp jona }qa| }qa pa m`fa# pahm oj km|# jq ak ~a||m# pakr|a ~ak oj paq rqna| na `jopa|uí+cmp ak ra|ead~j ap~mnj/ &PDKÑAP# <225# r/ 04$
<0
Mcäk nm r|apaoçm nj ~ë~qcj# `mla nap~m`m| m kacfj| acmlj|mçàj nm cdogqmgak# `jkj m q~dcdxmçàj nm ka~íej|m &–j medmnj| kígd`j‛$# m r|apaoçm na acakao~jp na umcj|dxmçàj nj r|jnq~j &kígd`j# pqra|dj|dnmna$ a ~ä`od`mp ra|pqmpdump# mdonm }qa r|dkí|dmp &,///rjna medm| pqmp omumcfmp jona }qa| }qa pa m`fa,$/ Appap acakao~jp nakjop~|mk }qa jp moøo`djp na r|jnq~jp hí `jkaçmumk m pa ndea|ao`dm| njp `cmppded`mnjp# qkm uax }qa hí oàj a|mk ka|jp mudpjp/ Oappm kapkm nä`mnm# mrm|a`ak jp r|dkad|jp pcjgmop# `jkj j ,Pmdlm j }qa ~jnjp pmlak mj emxa| pqmp `jkr|mp,# nmp cjhmp Ej|~qom# om Lmfdm &PDKÑAP# <225# r/ >1$/ J hj|omc L|mpdc Dcqp~|mnj `jkaçm m rqlcd`m| `m|d`m~q|mp/ Uakjp }qa j ~av~j `jkaçm m ndudnd| aprmçj `jk mp dcqp~|mçñap# mdonm }qa ap~mp øc~dkmp ejppak q~dcdxmnmp `jkj `jmnhqumo~ap/ M eqoçàj nmp dkmgaop oàj a|m `jkrcakao~m| mj ~av~j# kmp pa| qk acakao~j nj cmtjq~ &m ~j~mcdnmna njp acakao~jp udpqmdp a ~av~qmdp nj moøo`dj rqlcd`d~í|dj8 ~ë~qcj# ~av~j# pcjgmo a dkmgaop$# `qhj rmrac a|m `fmkm| m m~aoçàj nj cad~j| rm|m j moøo`dj# na kjnj m ndea|ao`dí+cj nj `m|nqka na `cmppded`mnjp }qa rjujmumk jp hj|omdp &edgq|m <$/
Edgq|m < + Lmofm Uamnj + =671
M rqlcd`dnmna `jo~doqm m ~jkm| ej|km nq|mo~a j pä`qcj VDV# nd|a~mkao~a mppj`dmnm mj `|ap`dkao~j njp hj|omdp oj L|mpdc/ Pagqonj Km|`jonap &<22=$# oj edomc nj pä`qcj mp dcqp~|mçñap
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mr|dkj|mk+pa &edgq|m 0$/
Om ud|mnm nj pä`qcj# j ap~dcj nmp kaopmgaop gmofjq ojujp `jo~j|ojp/ Pq|gak mp r|dkad|mp |audp~mp# ej`mnmp ak `|þod`mp pj`dmdp# pí~d|mp# `fm|gap a pjoa~jp# ao~|a jq~|jp mppqo~jp/ Ä oacmp }qa mrm|a`ak jp r|dkad|jp moøo`djp na
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rígdom do~ad|m &edgq|m >$/ Acap nadvmk na pa| ka|mkao~a doej|km~dujp a pa ~|mopej|kmk ak kaopmgaop akl|qcfmnmp ak qk rm`j~a na acakao~jp }qa r|a`dpmk pa| mla|~jp a na`de|mnjp racj `jopqkdnj|/ M r|jrmgmonm `jkaçm m ~jkm| ej|km omp kàjp njp m|~dp~mp a rja~mp# }qa r|aao`fak jp moøo`djp `jk dcqp~|mçñap# edgq|mp na cdogqmgak# |dkmp a ~ä`od`mp ra|pqmpdump &@M\\MP@JXM# <225$/
Edgq|m 0 +,C—Av`acpdj|# ojum rfm|km`dm na mcgdlad|m + =66>
Edgq|m > + @fj`jcm~ap ^jcca
Oj `jkaçj nj pä`qcj VV fí qk ojuj pq|~j na dojumçàj8 jp pcjgmop a ~ë~qcjp mr|dkj|mk+pa9 j napaofj# ga|mckao~a qkm dcqp~|mçàj nj r|jnq~j# a m `m|d`m~q|m# nàj qk ~j}qa na fqkj| â kaopmgak/ Jp ~av~jp rjä~d`jp ~|mxak l|dcfj â cdogqmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm/ M `jopjcdnmçàj nmp |audp~mp `jonqx j r|j`appj g|íed`j m qkm kacfj|dm pdgoded`m~dum/ Mqkao~m j oøka|j na moøo`djp `jcj|dnjp# apra`dmckao~a m rm|~d| na =425 &PDKÑAP# <225$/ Na ej|km ga|mc# fí kmdp r|aj`qrmçàj `jk m }qmcdnmna njp
<1
cmtjq~p/ Jq~|m ojudnmna pàj jp r|dkad|jp moøo`djp na g|mkjejoap# uaondnjp `jkj m
,kmdj| douaoçàj nj pä`qcj VV‛/ Hí oj doë`dj nm nä`mnm na =4<2# pq|ga j Mckmom}qa Ldj~þod`j Ejo~jq|m# oj }qmc Kjo~ad|j Cjlm~j rqlcd`m m emkjpm fdp~ð|dm nj Ha`m ^m~qxdofj &edgq|m 1$# `jofa`dnm `jkj m kmdp cjogm om||m~dum nm fdp~ð|dm nm r|jrmgmonm l|mpdcad|m &@M\\MP@JXM9 FJEE# <224$/ @jk ap~a ra|pjomgak Cjlm~j nakjop~|m }qa m `jkldomçàj na cd~a|m~q|m a rqlcd`dnmna rjna |aona| ljop e|q~jp/
Edgq|m 1 + Ha`m ^m~qxdofj
Ak |apqkj# napna m `fagmnm nm Emkëcdm \amc m~ä jp mojp =4<2# j ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj pje|aq dkrj|~mo~ap kjnded`mçñap a rmppjq m `joudua| mj cmnj nm dkmgak# kmp a|m r|dkj|ndmckao~a ap`|d~j/ Oj ao~mo~j# m rm|~d| nappm nä`mnm# naudnj mjp r|dkad|jp a`jp nj |índj# aca ujc~m m pa| ~mkläk emcmnj/
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Nj |índj â |ana kqondmc na `jkrq~mnj|ap
Kapkj mo~ap nj |índj# jp moøo`djp kqpd`mnjp hí a|mk q~dcdxmnjp rm|m uaona| r|jnq~jp/ J r|dkad|j hdogca }qa pa ~ak oj~ë`dm nm~m na =4=7/ A|m qkm mnmr~mçàj nj pmklm ,Racj ^acaejoa,# na A|oap~j Pmo~jp# rm|m uaona| m `a|uahm Ednmcgm8 J `faea nm ejcdm
<5
racj ~acaejoa Kmonjq+ka ndxa|# ]qa fí ak ~jnm rm|~a @a|uahm Ednmcgm Rm|m pa lala| &PDKÑAP# <225# r/ 76$
J hdogca ~|m~mum+pa nm mr|jr|dmçàj na em~jp nj ndm+m+ndm# køpd`mp# jl|mp emkjpmp a cdogqmgak rjrqcm| rm|m `|dm| ~|a`fjp kqpd`mdp }qa nap~m`mumk mp r|do`drmdp `m|m`~a|ëp~d`mp na r|jnq~jp a pa|udçjp ndua|pjp/ Mj cmnj naca# m dkmgak a j ~av~j ap`|d~j `jo~doqmumk m aujcqd|/ Qk moøo`dj rqlcd`mnj ak M Ojd~a ed`jq `jofa`dnj `jkj j r|dkad|j mcc ~tra/ Ndxdm8 ,Ä dkrjppëuac }qa uj`è oàj pmdlm jona ä J @mkdpad|j/ <6 Mppaklcädm/, &PDKÑAP# <225# r/ 4<$/ Ak Pàj Rmqcj# ä dop~mcmnj j r|dkad|j rmdoac na ap~|mnm# rm|m j roaq Nqocjr# ak =4<5/ Ap~ap rmdoädp gmofm|dmk emkm mj cjogj njp mojp# mn}qd|donj j ojka racj j }qmc pàj fjha `jofa`dnjp8 ,jq~njj| ,/ ,/ Oacap `jouao`djojq+pa q~dcdxm| e|mpap `q|~mp a nd|a~mp# rm|m gm|mo~d| }qa m kaopmgak pa|dm `mr~mnm racjp kj~j|dp~mp/ M ej~jg|medm# r|apao~a ak ra|dðnd`jp aq|jraqp napna m nä`mnm na =6>2# mrm|a`a ak =4<4 om rqlcd`dnmna l|mpdcad|m# moj `jo~q|lmnj naudnj â `|dpa a`joþkd`m &PMO^M\ACCD# <224 r/ =<5$/ Ap~a em~j nakjop~|m m `mrm`dnmna nm r|jrmgmonm ak do`j|rj|m| mj ka|`mnj rqlcd`d~í|dj mp kjnded`mçñap ~a`ojcðgd`mp r|apao~ap om pj`danmna/ M do~|jnqçàj nm ej~jg|medm |ar|apao~jq qkm pdgoded`m~dum kacfj|dm om mrm|èo`dm njp moøo`djp# akr|ap~monj+cfap kmdp pjl|danmna &edgq|m 5$/
Edgq|m 5 + Ej~jg|medmp oj moøo`dj na Cqv + =40=
<7
Pagqonj @mpm}qd &<227$# om nä`mnm na 02 `jopjcdnm+pa j |índj `jkj qk kadj na `jkqod`mçàj/ Douao~mnj om nä`mnm na =4<2# ak paqp r|dkad|jp mojp j |índj a|m |ap~|d~j m `cqlap ea`fmnjp# paonj mla|~j rm|m m r|jrmgmonm `jka|`dmc pjkao~a ak =40# a|mk =<2 kdc mrm|acfjp |a`ar~j|ap oj L|mpdc &PDKÑAP# <225$/ Pqm avrmopàj ej|~mca`a jp hdogcap a pcjgmop# }qa a|mk r|j`cmkmnjp a `jop~mo~akao~a |ara~dnjp ak |ana om`djomc/ Jp moøo`djp na |índj & prj~p$# rjq`j m rjq`j nadvmk na pa| m |ara~dçàj na ~av~jp ap`|d~jp rm|m hj|omdp a |audp~mp a rmppmk m napaoujcua| cdogqmgak r|ðr|dm/ @jk j `|ap`dkao~j nj |índj ra|`ala+pa qkm dkrj|~mo~a kjnded`mçàj oj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj8 aca rmppm m pa| emcmnj# e mcmnj# ak ej|km na prj~ p a hdogcap/ Pa rj| qk cmnj appa em~j |ar|apao~m j |a~j|oj nm emcm om rqlcd`dnmna# `jkj m`jo~a`dm oj doë`dj nj pä`qcj VDV# dp~j oàj pdgoded`m m ujc~m nj rjna| nm j|mcdnmna j|ndoí|dm/ J ~av~j uad`qcmnj oj |índj ä ap`|d~j rj| kàjp na~ao~j|mp nj rjna| na avr|appàj a emcmnj m~|muäp nmp ujxap njp cj`q~j|ap &edgq|mp }qa mjp rjq`jp pa ~j|om|dmk ë`joap om`djomdp$ a ra|pjomcdnmnap nj `ë|`qcj m|~ëp~d`j l|mpdcad|j/ A|m# rj|~mo~j# kjojnd|a`djomc/ Mcäk ndppj# j ~av~j moqo`dmnj oj |índj rjppqëm qk jlha~duj apra`ëed`j# }qa a|m uaona| r|jnq~jp a pa|udçjp# paonj appao`dmckao~a ra|pqmpduj/ Nappm ej|km# mrapm| nm cdogqmgak rjrqcm| `m|m`~a|ëp~d`m nj |índj# j ~av~j a|m nd|a`djomnj âp kmppmp a oàj r|jnqxdnj rj| acmp/ Ak rm|mcacj# jp ~av~jp r|apao~ap ak hj|omdp a |audp~mp `jkaçmumk m mr|apao~m| m|gqkao~jp pqlha~dujp# mrapm| na mdonm pa|ak mnha~dumnjp mj av~|akj/ Jp moøo`djp ak ua|pj `jo~doqmumk `jkqop# `jkj ap~a rm|m Jnjc8 Nao~ap }qa aoead~mk j |dpj `jk l|dcfjp `cm|jp na pjc/// Rjq`j# rm|m dp~j# ä r|a`dpj8 m rmp~m a j cd}qdnj Jnjc/ &PDKÑAP# <225# r/ =21$
<6
M dkmgak nadvm na pa| mraomp qk na~mcfa rm|m pa ~|mopej|km| oj `jkrcakao~j nm kaopmgak ap`|d~m/ Oj moøo`dj mlmdvj &edgq|m 7$ rjna+pa oj~m| }qa ~av~j a dkmgak ~|mlmcfmk hqo~jp rm|m ao~|agm| mj cad~j| m kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm `jkrca~m/ J ~ë~qcj ,Mnj|íuac# ap~m cdoga|da-, emx |aea|èo`dm m qkm raçm ëo~dkm nm km|`m Umcdpä|a# nakjop~|mnm om edgq|m/ Mcäk ndppj# m dcqp~|mçàj mhqnm j `jopqkdnj| m ao~aona| }qa pa ~|m~m na qkm `joua|pm ao~|a nqmp kqcfa|ap# em~j `joed|kmnj racj ra}qaoj rm|íg|mej cjgj mlmdvj nj ~ë~qcj/ Oap~a `mpj# mraomp j ~av~j jq m dkmgak oàj pa|dm pqed`dao~a rm|m m `j||a~m `jkr|aaopàj nj moøo`dj/ Oj ao~mo~j# mdonm fí g|mona umcj|dxmçàj nj ~av~j# qkm uax }qa m dkmgak ä q~dcdxmnm rm|m avrcd`m| m kaopmgak ~av~qmc/
Edgq|m 7 + M dkmgak `jkrcakao~monj j ~av~j + =405
Pagqonj Pdkñap &<225$# ojp mojp =4>2 jp moøo`djp dkr|appjp na|mk qk ojuj pmc~j aujcq~duj8 cmtjq~p kmdp cauap# avrcj|mçàj nj l|mo`j# dcqp~|mçñap kmdp nacd`mnmp a kacfj|dm omp ~ä`od`mp na dkr|appàj/ Mj cmnj ndppj# em~jp kaoj|ap ~mkläk `jo~|dlqak rm|m nd|a`djom| m aujcqçàj nj ~av~j8 j pcjgmo rm|m dnao~ded`m| na~a|kdomnm km|`m
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e|mpa q~dcdxmnm
# pjcdnded`m+pa `jkj acakao~j ap`|d~j
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jl|dgm~ð|dj &a mcgqkmp uaxap pjcd~í|dj$ ak moøo`djp# apra`dmckao~a oj um|ahj# rj| pa| `q|~j a na |írdnm mlpj|çàj/ Pcjgmop `jkj ,Um|dg# Um|dg# Um|dg, &PDKÑAP# <225# r/ =14$ `jo}qdp~mk j `j|mçàj a m kao~a njp `jopqkdnj|ap a ao~|mk rm|m m fdp~ð|dm nm rqlcd`dnmna l|mpdcad|m/ Ak kqd~jp `mpjp# `jkj oj r|ðr|dj um|ahj# j pcjgmo pqlp~d~qd jp lcj`jp na ~av~j# mo`j|monj m dkmgak/ J }qa ga|m qkm pd~qmçàj `jo~|mnd~ð|dm8 mj kapkj ~akrj ak }qa j moøo`dj ~j|om+pa ndoìkd`j# m }qmo~dnmna
<4
na doej|kmçñap ao~|agqap rm|m j `jopqkdnj| ndkdoqak/ Cjgj# appa ~drj na moøo`dj rjna oàj pa| pqed`dao~a rm|m caum| j `jopqkdnj| â `jkr|m/ Oappa `mpj# m `jkqod`mçàj oa`appd~m na jq~|jp `momdp `jkrcakao~m|ap &|audp~m# hj|omc# |índj# `m|~mxap# ao~|a jq~|jp$/ Om nä`mnm na =4>2# jp hj|omdp a |audp~mp `jo~doqmk m `|ap`a|# m~|mdonj g|monap moqo`dmo~ap# `jkj Ej|n# Gjjn Tam|# Pjqxm @|qx# Oap~cä# L|mfkm/ J |índj `jopmg|m+pa ak pqm –nä`mnm na jq|j‛# r|do`drmckao~a naudnj mjp r|jg|mkmp na mqnd~ð|dj a âp |índj+ojuacmp/ J |índj ~|jqva qkm ojum empa mj rmrac nj hj|omcdpkj# rjdp ejd qk g|mona dop~|qkao~j |aujcq`djoí|dj# hí }qa dopa|dq jp oàj ap`jcm|dxmnjp ojp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj/ Pdgoded`jq m kmdj| dojumçàj nj rmëp a nm r|jrmgmonm# m~ä ao~àj# a ~aua `|ap`dkao~j |írdnj a ljklíp~d`j# ~|mopej|kmonj+pa om r|dkad|m mqndèo`dm na kmppm nj L|mpdc/ Rj|äk# m do~aopdnmna nm `fagmnm a avrmopàj njp ~acaudpj|ap |ar|apao~jq qkm kqnmoçm `jk r|jrj|çñap mdonm kmdj|ap }qa m `mqpmnm racj |índj/ J kj~duj rm|m ~mc uacj`dnmna ä }qa m ^U qoa m emcm â dkmgak# caumonj doej|kmçñap kmdp `jkrca~mp a m~|mao~ap rm|m mp `mpmp l|mpdcad|mp/ Mppdk `jkj m`jo~a`aq ak =4<<# j moj na =4>4 km|`m m fdp~ð|dm nm `jkqod`mçàj l|mpdcad|m/ Mppdp @fm~amql|dmon ml|a m r|dkad|m akdppj|m na ~acaudpàj nj rmëp# m ^qrd# ak Pàj Rmqcj# }qa pð ud|dm m ao~|m| jed`dmckao~a oj m| ak =6 na pa~akl|j nj moj pagqdo~a/ Md|~jo \jn|dgqap ejd j r|dkad|j gm|j~j+r|jrmgmonm nj rmëp# mj moqo`dm|# mj uduj# mp Ra|pdmomp @jcøkldm/ Nq|mo~a mojp jp moøo`djp rm|m ^U oàj rmppm|dmk na ~av~jp cdnjp ak e|ao~a âp `ìka|mp &KM\@JONAP# <22=$/ Pagqonj Pdkñap &PDKÑAP# <225$# ak =41># j L|mpdc hí `jo~mum `jk 012 kdc ~acaudpj|ap dop~mcmnjp/ Ak =411# appa oøka|j rqcjq rm|m `a|`m na 122 kdc/ Hí ak =414# m ua|lm rqlcd`d~í|dm qc~|mrmppmum m km|`m njp =22 kdcfñap na nðcm|ap# pagqonj ap~qnj ead~j racj Do~a|om`djomc Kmomgakao~ Ndgap~ &PDKÑAP# <225# r/ =7>$/ Nap~a umcj| j hj|omc |a`aldm <6!# j |índj =5!# m |audp~m =
02
Ak rm|mcacj mj `|ap`dkao~j nj |índj a nm ~acaudpàj# omp mgèo`dmp m do~|jnqçàj nm nqrcm na `|dmçàj# `jkrjp~m rj| qk |anm~j| a qk nd|a~j| na m|~a# `jkaçm m kjnded`m| g|mnm~dumkao~a m ej|km na pa raopm| qk moøo`dj8 pa mo~ap ~av~j a dkmgak qodmk+pa pjkao~a om øc~dkm a~mrm na `|dmçàj nm raçm rqlcd`d~í|dm# m rm|~d| na ao~àj mkljp rmppm|mk m pa| `jop~|qënjp ak `johqo~j# ga|monj m do~ag|mçàj ao~|a m kaopmgak ua|lmc a udpqmc/ Pq|gd|mk ~mkläk moøo`djp `qhj `jo`ad~j `|dm~duj ao`jo~|mum+pa pjkao~a om r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc# `jkj ä j `mpj njp moøo`djp na kjnm/ Om nä`mnm na 62# j `jkrq~mnj| kjp~|m+pa qkm dkrj|~mo~a ea||mkao~m ojp r|j`appjp g|íed`jp# ml|donj `mkdofj rm|m j pq`appj }qa d|dm mc`moçm| om nä`mnm na 42/ Hí jp mojp ojuao~m pàj na`dpdujp rm|m m `jopjcdnmçàj na qkm ojum ej|km na `jkqod`m| r|jnq~jp a pa|udçjp/ Qkm doedodnmna na kqnmoçmp ~a`ojcðgd`mp a ka|`mnjcðgd`mp doecqao`djq m rqlcd`dnmna na ej|km ga|mc a# `jopa}qao~akao~a# j ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj/ M `jo`j||èo`dm ao~|a jp hj|omdp a |audp~mp m`d||m+pa# na kjnj }qa ojujp `mna|ojp a |audp~mp apra`dmcdxmnmp pq|gak9 omp`a m ^U â `mlj a m ^U ak mc~m naedodçàj/ M avra|dkao~mçàj ojp moøo`djp `jkaçm m pa| avrcj|mnm oàj pjkao~a oj ~av~j# kmp ak ~jnjp jp pao~dnjp/ Ojujp ej|km~jp rqlcd`d~í|djp pàj avrcj|mnjp# `jkj moøo`djp }qa `qc~dumk jp pao~dnjp a m dkmgdomçàj# ä j `mpj nj moøo`dj mcc dkmga ojka racj }qmc ä `jofa`dnj j moøo`dj }qa `jo~äk pjkao~a dkmgaop
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rm|m j
Gqm|moí Mo~m|`~d`m Nda~ &edgq|m 6$/ Na ej|km ga|mc# m r|jrmgmonm `jkaçm m umcj|dxm| m avra|dèo`dm nj `jopqkdnj|/
Edgq|m 6 + mcc dkmga + =440
Kmp ä m do~a|oa~ m r|do`drmc raçm nj }qal|m+`mlaçm }qa pa |auacm mj `jopqkdnj| nq|mo~a m nä`mnm na 42 a doë`dj njp mojp
0=
`jo~m~j `jk jp `jopqkdnj|ap &LCMO@J# <220$/ Hí omp rj|~mp nj pä`qcj VVD# jp lmooa|p ndgd~mdp doumnd|mk j aprmçj jocdoa/ A|mk `ðrdmp njp moøo`djp uad`qcmnjp ak |audp~mp a hj|omdp# `jopa}qao~akao~a# oàj mnmr~mnjp mj kadj ak }qa pa dopa|dmk# napj|naomnjp a na rjppa na kqd~m doej|kmçàj rm|m rjq`j aprmçj/ Kapkj }qa j r|do`ërdj nm do~a|oa~ pahm m do~a|m~dudnmna# oàj a|m appm m |amcdnmna njp r|dkad|jp moøo`djp ndgd~mdp/ Kqd~mp uaxap oàj rjppqëmk pa}qa| qk cdoi na nd|a`djomkao~j rm|m }qa j qpqí|dj rqnappa nape|q~m| nj fdra|~av~j# `jo`ad~j }qa pa|í avrcd`mnj na~mcfmnmkao~a kmdp mndmo~a/ Fjha fí ra|`q|pjp doavrcj|mnjp# ao}qmo~j jq~|jp hí pa ao`jo~|mk napgmp~mnjp/ Oj ao~mo~j# mrapm| na pa med|km| }qa j aprmçj ndgd~mc aujcqdq# pmla+pa }qa aca mdonm aogm~dofm/
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M cd~a|m~q|m om rqlcd`dnmna8 qk `mrë~qcj &}qmpa$ â rm|~a
Rm|m jp jcfjp kaojp m~ao~jp r|jrmgmonm a cd~a|m~q|m rjppqak `mkdofjp lak ndp~do~jp# }qak pmla m~ä jrjp~jp/ Qkm ä ra|pqmpdum# uaonanj|m# jlha~dum/ M jq~|m ä cë|d`m# cdu|a# pqlha~dum/ Oj ao~mo~j# om fdp~ð|dm l|mpdcad|m ap~ap `mkdofjp ~èk pa `|qxmnj# apra`dmckao~a m rm|~d| nj pä`qcj VV# ga|monj doecqèo`dmp na mkljp jp cmnjp &@M\\MP@JXM9 FJEE# <224$/ Om cd~a|m~q|m m |anmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm umd lqp`m| doprd|mçàj rm|m ~av~jp kmdp acmlj|mnjp/ Ä m~|muäp njp rja~mp }qa j ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj gmofm m|gqkao~jp |a~ð|d`jp rm|m uaona| paqp r|jnq~jp# mo~ap moqo`dmnjp ak `cmppded`mnjp }qa mraomp aoqka|mumk jp qpjp a `m|m`~a|ëp~d`mp njp kapkjp/ Kmp oàj ä mraomp oappm |acmçàj ndp~mo`dmnm# lmpamnm om `jca~m na `m|m`~a|ëp~d`mp cd~a|í|dmp rj| rm|~a nm rqlcd`dnmna# }qa acmp pa ao`jo~|mk/ Om appèo`dm na `mnm qkm fí pdkdcm|dnmnap }qa mp mr|jvdkmk/ @a|~amq &=46>$ naeaona }qa jp kjnjp na emxa| pàj `jkj m rjapdm# }qa dkrña |ag|mp na |dkm a ka~|ded`mçàj rm|m ap~dkqcm| m `|dm~dudnmna nao~|j njp rmn|ñap r|jrjp~jp a em`dcd~m| mp dkr|judpmçñap/ Oappa pao~dnj# j kjnj na emxa| rqlcd`d~í|dj ä `jkj j emxa| rjä~d`j# â kandnm }qa `|dm |ag|mp na cdogqmgak a ej|km~j rm|m em`dcd~m| m `|dmçàj na dnadmp ojp rmn|ñap na~a|kdomnjp/ Jlpa|um+pa appm mr|jvdkmçàj ao~|a rqlcd`dnmna a rjapdm oj rjakm+
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moøo`dj |andgdnj rj| @mpdkd|j na Ml|aq a rqlcd`mnj oj @j||adj Ka|`mo~dc# ak =6 na eaua|ad|j na =616 &PDKÑAP# <225# r/ >>$8 Mf- Uaofmk# e|agqapapA uaofmk nar|appm# }qa m}qd oàj pa r|agm oak cjg|j# oak raçm/ ]qa|aonj pj|ua~a# pj|ua~a fàj na m`fm|# pj|ua~a ~àj e|dj# }qa jp fí na ape|dm|]qa|aonj `meä# ~mc }qmc `jkj ä kqd rq|j# kqd ljk# Mf- ]qa uaofmk â Emkm# }qa m}qd pð pa `fmkm# }qak ä nj ljk ~jk/ J L|mgm `í ap~í rjdp uaofmk r|m `í kmp ~|mgmk ndofad|j///
Pagqonj Pdkñap &<225$# appa ejd j r|dkad|j |agdp~|j na qk moøo`dj rjä~d`j mppdomnj# m~ä ao~àj ap~ap ~av~jp a|mk na mq~j|ap nap`jofa`dnjp/ Oaca ra|`alak+pa `m|m`~a|ëp~d`mp ~ërd`mp nm rjapdm# m emuj| nm rqlcd`dnmna8 |dkm9 njdp }qm|~a~jp a ~|èp ~a|`a~jp# ~ërd`jp nj pjoa~j9 ap`jcfm |aedomnm na rmcmu|mp &r|agm# ra`m# cjg|j# –fàj na m`fm|‛# –ljk ~jk‛$/ Mcäk na @mpdkd|j# jq~|jp rja~mp l|mpdcad|jp na|mk pqm `jo~|dlqdçàj rm|m aklacaxm| m kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm/ Nao~|a jp na kmdj| nap~m}qa ap~àj ojkap `jkj jp na Jcmuj Ldcm`# Lmp~jp ^dg|a# Akëcdj na Kaoaxap# Fa|kap Ejo~ap# Lmpëcdj Udmom a j ap`|d~j| Kjo~ad|j Cjlm~j# }qa akr|ap~jq pqmp rmcmu|mp r|do`drmckao~a om r|jpm rqlcd`d~í|dm/ Kqd~jp ap`|aua|mk rm|m m r|jrmgmonm rm|m `jkrcakao~m| paq jed`dj cd~a|í|dj# ak kmdj| jq kaoj| g|mq/ Mcgqop gmofm|mk oj~j|danmna# `jkj Lmp~jp ^dg|a# j rja~m+|anm~j| mq~j| nj `äcal|a pcjgmo ,Pa ä Lmta| ä ljk/, Lmp~jp ~j|ojq+pa
00
`jofa`dnj rj| pqmp rm|ðndmp# `jkj m }qa eax nj rjakm Jp Cqpëmnmp# rm|m j vm|jra L|jkdc# m }qmc `fmkjq ,L|jkdcëmnmp, &edgq|m 4$/ Ejd m rm|~d| naca a na jq~|jp rja~mp }qa m do~a|~av~qmcdnmna `jkaçjq m pa doedc~|m| doedc~| m| om rqlcd`dnmna &@M\\MP@JXM# <225$/
Edgq|m 4 + Moøo`dj L|jkdcëmnmp + =4=6
Ejd Jcmuj Ldcm` j rja~m kmdp |a}qdpd~mnj rm|m moøo`djp# oj pä`qcj VDV/ @jkj appa rm|m jp Eðpej|jp L|dcfmo~a &PDKÑAP# <225# r/ 5<$8 Mudpj m }qak ä eqkmo~a ^mo~j j R|ëo`dra na Gmccap @jkj j N|/ @mkrjp Pmccap Qpmk Eðpej|jp L|dcfmo~a/
M}qd pa jlpa|um# ojumkao~a# j qpj na |dkmp a m nap~|axm nj rja~m rm|m ao`jo~|m| jp ojkap dnadmp rm|m `jkrj| j moøo`dj &R|ëo`dra na Gmccap# N|/ @mkrjp Pmccap$/ Ldcm` |andgdq doøka|jp moøo`djp rjä~d`jp a `fagjq# do`cqpdua# m rm|~d`drm| na r|akdmçñap rqlcd`d~í|dmp# `jkj j `jo`q|pj na `m|~mxap |amcdxmnj racj vm|jra L|jkdcqk # ak =426 &KM\@JONAP# <22=$/ Mj cmnj njp rja~mp# m rm|~d`drmçàj na køpd`jp a `jkrjpd~j|ap ~j|ojq+pa qkm `jop~mo~a om `|dmçàj na hdogcap# mnmr~mçñap a rm|ðndmp na køpd`mp rm|m m rqlcd`dnmna/ Ä j `mpj na Ojac \jpm a Cmkm|~doa Lmlj/
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Jp ojkap a moøo`djp `d~mnjp pàj mraomp mcgqkmp avakrcded`mçñap rm|m dcqp~|m| `jkj rja~mp# ap`|d~j|ap a m~ä kapkj `jkrjpd~j|ap `jo~|dlqë|mk g|monakao~a rm|m m aujcqçàj nm cdogqmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm l|mpdcad|m/ Acap m doecqao`dm|mk `jk pqmp mppj`dmçñap ka~með|d`mp# momcjgdmp# |anap pakìo~d`mp a |dkmp/ M |dkm# ak apra`ëed`j# em`dcd~mum m kakj|dxmçàj nm kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# r|do`drmckao~a ak kadj mj rølcd`j pakd+mcemla~dxmnj/ Nappm ej|km# jlpa|ujq+pa }qa m `jo~|dlqdçàj nm cd~a|m~q|m rm|m m acmlj|mçàj a napaoujcudkao~j nm |anmçàj ak r|jrmgmonm ejd qkm ~aonèo`dm mj cjogj na ~jnj ~ jnj j pä`qcj VV# em~j }qa hqp~ded`m m dopa|çàj na edgq|mp cd~a|í|dmp om cdogqmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# mcgqkmp nmp }qmdp ra|kmoa`ak m~ä fjha# `jkj m mppj`dmçàj/ M rqlcd`dnmna ~mkläk pa eax r|apao~a om cd~a|m~q|m/ Ak =66< Km`fmnj na Mppdp `d~jq m m~dudnmna rqlcd`d~í|dm ak paq cdu|j ,Rmrädp muqcpjp,# ä j r|dkad|j |agdp~|j }qa pa ~ak nm r|jedppàj om cd~a|m~q|m l|mpdcad|m &PDKÑAP# <225$/ Mojp kmdp ~m|na# j cdu|j Njk @mpkq||j |auacm ~|mçjp kqd~j `m|m`~a|ëp~d`jp nmp ~ä`od`mp ra|pqmpdump rqlcd`d~í|dmp om edgq|m nj ra|pjomgak Lao~dofj8 kmodrqcmçàj nm cdogqmgak# ap`jcfm njp em~jp |auacmnjp a mr|jvdkmçàj `jk j cad~j|# `jkj nakjop~|mnj oj ~|a`fj m pagqd|8 Aoedk# `fagjq m fj|m nm ao`jkaonmçàj a nm rm|~dnm/ Pmo`fm }qdp naprand|+pa nj km|dnj# a j napapra|j nm}qaca cmo`a `jop~a|ojq m ~jnjp/ Kqd~jp fjkaop `fj|mumk ~mkläk# mp kqcfa|ap ~jnmp/ Pð @mrd~q# mkrm|monj m udøum# rm|a`dm uao`a|+pa m pd kapkm/ @jopjcmum m jq~|m# }qa|dm m||mo`í+cm nmcd/ M `joeqpàj a|m ga|mc/ Oj kadj nacm# @mrd~q jcfjq mcgqop dop~mo~ap rm|m j `mníua| ~àj edvm# ~àj mrmdvjomnmkao~a edvm# }qa oàj mnkd|m cfa pmc~mppak mcgqkmp cíg|dkmp rjq`mp a `mcmnmp/// &MPPDP# =466# r/ =6<$
Jlpa|um+pa }qa j om||mnj|+ra|pjomgak# Lao~dofj# lqp`m do`d~m| oj cad~j| m nøudnm }qmo~j â `jonq~m na @mrd~q# caumonj+j m m`|and~m| }qa acm pahm ndppdkqcmnm rj| –`jouao`a|+pa m pd kapkm‛/ kapkm‛/ Rm|m dppj# aca ap`jcfa avm~mkao~a avm~mkao~a }qa em~jp `jo~m| a pjl }qmc ð~d`m/ Mp |acmçñap ao~|a cd~a|m~q|m a r|jrmgmonm `jkaçm|mk m aoe|m}qa`a| â kandnm }qa m rqlcd`dnmna med|kjq+pa `jkj m~dudnmna `jop~d~qdo~a nm pj`danmna# a mn}qd|dq cdogqmgak r|ðr|dm# ~j|omonj+pa# acm kapkm# ë`joa/ Mrðp jp mojp =4>2 ed`m `cm|j }qa jp a`jp kjna|odp~mp# om cd~a|m~q|m# oàj gmofmk m kapkm ej|çm om rqlcd`dnmna/ Ao}qmo~j m r|dkad|m avmc~m m cdla|~mçàj om`djomc a ä |aujcq`djoí|dm a na umogqm|nm# m øc~dkm `jo~doqm m apracfm|+pa ak kjcnap aq|jraqp a apej|çm+pa rm|m
01
kmo~a| a uaona| j rmn|àj na udnm nm acd~a q|lmom &@M\\MP@JXM9 FJEE# <224$/ Mrðp m nä`mnm na 52# m rqlcd`dnmna rmppm m q~dcdxm| ~jnm m lmgmgak mn}qd|dnm rm|m ava|`a| pqm ra|pqmpàj ak ndua|pjp pa~j|ap nm pj`danmna# `jkj om dkr|aopm# om rjcë~d`m a m~ä kapkj oj kjudkao~j rjä~d`j `jo`|a~j# mdonm }qa ak kmodeap~mçñap `|ë~d`mp# kqd~mp uaxap &@M\\MP@JXM# <225$/ Ak rm|mcacj# m rjapdm ~j|om+pa udpqmc# `jk m r|apaoçm na `jcmgaop# edgq|mp a ej|~a mracj ~drjg|íed`j &edgq|m =2$/ M dkmgak mc`moçm m~ä kapkj j cqgm| jona m rmcmu|m a|m m om~q|mc njkdomnj|m/
Edgq|m =2 + Nä`dj Rdgom~m|d + =417
@jkj jlpa|umnj mj cjogj nap~a `mrë~qcj# j ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj ~ak pa mna}qmnj mj pq|gdkao~j njp ojujp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj# mjp mumoçjp ~a`ojcðgd`jp a âp kjnded`mçñap ojp ìkld~jp pj`dmdp a `qc~q|mdp/ Pa oj doë`dj nj pä`qcj VDV aca ao`jo~|mum+pa |ap~|d~j mj aprmçj njp hj|omdp# ejcfa~jp a `m|~mxap# fjha ap~í r|apao~a ak kqd~jp jq~|jp aprmçjp# `jkj omp |audp~mp# oj |índj# om ~acaudpàj# ojp jq~njj|p a om do~a|oa~/ J |índj cfa naq ujx9 m ~acaudpàj# kjudkao~j# a jp kadjp ndgd~mdp# do~a|m~dudnmna/ Paonj mppdk# j jlha~duj njp r|ðvdkjp `mrë~qcjp ä mr|jeqonm| j jcfm| pjl|a appmp ~|mopej|kmçñap# m `jkaçm| racj ap~qnj nm dkmgak# j }qmc lqp`m `jkr|aaona| `jkj pa ní m |acmçàj ao~|a j ua|lmc a j udpqmc om rqlcd`dnmna/
05
< DKMGAOP8 M @JOP^\QÇÀJ UDPQMC NA PDGODED@MNJ M jrjpdçàj l|q~mc nj ,udpqmc, a nj ,ua|lmc, ä pdkrcded`mnj|m/ @f|dp~dmo Ka~x
Ap~qnjp nm dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm
Mrðp jlpa|um| j napaoujcudkao~j nm rmcmu|m ap`|d~m a pqm ~|mopej|kmçàj oj `aoí|dj rqlcd`d~í|dj mj cjogj njp pä`qcjp VDV# VV a VVD# `mla qk ap~qnj pjl|a j `mkrj nm dkmgak a pqmp ej|kmp na `jop~|qd| pdgoded`mnj ak ndua|pjp `jo~av~jp/ M do~aoçàj nap~m rmppmgak oàj ä j mr|jeqonmkao~j om ~aj|dm nm dkmgak# `qhm `jkrcavdnmna a av~aopàj oàj m`|ap`ao~m|dmk â ka~m nap~a ~|mlmcfj/ J jlha~duj m}qd ä udpqmcdxm| qk rmoj|mkm }qa ra|kd~m `jkrm|m| j napaoujcudkao~j nj ~av~j a nm dkmgak ak rä na dgqmcnmna# rm|m }qa ojp r|ðvdkjp `mrë~qcjp ~j|oa+pa kmdp `|dp~mcdoj `jkj m |acmçàj ao~|a acap ~ak `mqpmnj kjnded`mçñap ak mkljp# oj }qa ndx |aprad~j âp pqmp eqoçñap om rqlcd`dnmna/ @jkj nap~m`m Pmo~m|accd &<224# r/ =<$8 @mla mdonm |appmc~m| }qa ap~qnjp na moícdpa njp ndp`q|pjp oàj+ua|lmdp a ua|lmdp r|jnqxdnjp racm rqlcd`dnmna pa ao}qmn|mk om `m~agj|dm na ap~qnjp njp r|j`appjp na pdgoded`mçàj# r|jnqçàj na doej|kmçàj a om r|jnqçàj a ra|ra~qmçàj na umcj|ap pj`dj`qc~q|mdp# mppdk ao~aona| appap r|j`appjp ä eqonmkao~mc rm|m m `jop~|qçàj na `mkdofjp na `jkr|aaopàj nm pj`danmna `jo~akrj|ìoam mppdk `jkj paqp kadjp na umcdnmçàj a pqp~ao~mçàj/
Ak paq ap~qnj pjl|a m doecqèo`dm nm dkmgak om rqlcd`dnmna na kjnm Pmo~m|accd &<224$ jr~m rj| momcdpm| m pakdð~d`m e|mo`apm/ Nj kapkj kjnj# j r|apao~a ~|mlmcfj pagqd|í ap~a `mkdofj/ Rm|~donj nappa r|appqrjp~j# pa|àj mr|apao~mnmp pq`do~mkao~a mp r|do`drmdp `j||ao~ap nm pakdð~d`m e|mo`apm &m pmla|8 pakdð~d`m ap~|q~q|mcdp~m a pakdð~d`m g|adkmpdmom$# mppdk `jkj mp empap a `jo`ad~jp kmdp |acaumo~ap rm|m j ap~qnj nm dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm/ Pagqonj Pmo~m|accd &<224$# m pakdð~d`m e|mo`apm ndudna+pa ak nqmp g|monap empap/ M r|dkad|m# `jofa`dnm `jkj pakdð~d`m ap~|q~q|mcdp~m# ejd domqgq|mnm racj cdogqdp~m Ea|omon na Pmqppq|a# `jk j cdu|j @q|pj na Cdogqëp~d`m Ga|mc# j|gmodxmnj m rm|~d| na ap~qnjp |amcdxmnjp ojp r|dkad|jp mojp nj pä`qcj VV/ Appm ojkao`cm~q|m mnuäk nj em~j na Pmqppq|a naeaona| }qa j pdp~akm cdogqëp~d`j pð ä rjppëuac racmp
07
do~a|+|acmçñap &ap~|q~q|mp$ na jrjpdçàj a a}qdumcèo`dm }qa avdp~ak ao~|a jp acakao~jp na qkm pj`danmna/ J r|do`drmc avrjao~a nap~m `j||ao~a ejd \jcmon Lm|~fap# `qhjp ap~qnjp pjl|a m `joj~mçàj a naoj~mçàj nm dkmgak pa|àj napaoujcudnjp mndmo~a oap~a `mrë~qcj/ M pagqonm empa# `jofa`dnm `jkj pakdð~d`m g|adkmpdmom jq pakdð~d`m om||m~dum a ndp`q|pdum# ~ak `jkj r|a`q|pj| Mcgd|nmp Hqcdao G|adkmp a ejd jed`dmckao~a domqgq|mnm om nä`mnm na =452# `jk j cdu|j Pakìo~d`m Ap~|q~q|mc/ G|adkmp pqlp~d~qdq m ojçàj na pdgoj rj| ~av~j# ,ao~aonaonj ~av~j `jkj qk jlha~j na pdgoded`mçàj# oàj oa`appm|dmkao~a ua|lmc/, &PMO^M\ACCD# <224# r/ <<$/ Oappa pao~dnj# j ~av~j ap~m|dm om |acmçàj ao~|a j rcmoj na `jo~aønj a na avr|appàj9 paonj j r|dkad|j j pdgoded`mnj nj ~av~j a j pagqonj pqm kmodeap~mçàj na ej|km ua|lmc# oàj+ua|lmc jq fa~a|jgèoam/ Ak qk r|dkad|j kjkao~j j pakdj`dp~m `jo`ao~|jq+pa pjkao~a ojp njkëodjp nj `jo~aønj# `qhm pdgoded`mçàj ä ga|mnm m rm|~d| na qk ra|`q|pj naedodnj `jkj8 Y///[ m a`jojkdm ga|mc na qkm ~aj|dm pakdð~d`m &jq mraomp cdogqdp~d`m$# umca ndxa|# m ndprjpdçàj na paqp `jkrjoao~ap qop `jk |acmçàj mjp jq~|jp# a dppj om ra|pra`~dum nm ga|mçàj# dppj ä# rjp~qcmonj }qa rjnaonj ~jnj jlha~j pakdð~d`j pa| naedodnj pagqonj j kjnj na pqm r|jnqçàj# jp `jkrjoao~ap }qa do~a|uèk oappa r|j`appj pa m|~d`qcmk qop `jk jp jq~|jp na m`j|nj `jk qk –ra|`q|pj‛ }qa umd nj kmdp pdkrcap mj kmdp `jkrcavj# nj kmdp mlp~|m~j
mj
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Ap~a ra|`q|pj ä `jkrjp~j rj| ~|èp oëuadp donaraonao~ap# kmp `qhm pdgoded`mçàj nj ~av~j naraona nm |acmçàj ao~|a acap/ J r|dkad|j ä j oëuac eqonmkao~mc &jp umcj|ap na lmpa$# j pagqonj j oëuac om||m~duj &m ap~|q~q|m om||m~dum ak pd$ a j ~a|`ad|j a kmdp `jkrcavj ä j oëuac ndp`q|pduj &aprmçj a ~akrj nm om||m~dum# ~akmp# ra|pjomgaop$/ J njkëodj nm avr|appàj rmppjq m pa| avrcj|mnj kmdp mndmo~a ojp ap~qnjp na G|adkmp# oj kjkao~j ak }qa pa ra|`alaq qkm |acmçàj ao~|a j rcmoj na avr|appàj a j rcmoj na `jo~aønj/ Ap~a `jo`ad~j# `fmkmnj na pakd+pdkljcdpkj# ejd naedodnj `jkj m ,Y///[ `joej|kdnmna ao~|a njdp rcmojp na cdogqmgak |a`jofa`dnm `jkj pa nmonj oàj ao~|a acakao~jp dpjcmnjp# `jkj m`jo~a`a omp pakdð~d`mp pdklðcd`mp# kmp ao~|a pqmp `m~agj|dmp Y///[‛ &G\ADKMP# p*n mrqn PMO^M\ACCD# <
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06
<224# r/ <>$0/ J pdp~akm pakd+pdklðcd`j mrcd`m+pa m ndua|pjp ~av~jp# `jkj j cd~a|í|dj# j hj|omcëp~d`j# m ej~jg|medm# m rdo~q|m# j napaofj# j `doakm# j ~am~|j a m rqlcd`dnmna/ Rjppqd |acmçàj `jk m eqoçàj rjä~d`m nm cdogqmgak# hí }qa ä m `mrm`dnmna na acmlj|m| j ~av~j &`jo~aønj$ na ndea|ao~ap ej|kmp avr|appdump/ Rj| appa kj~duj# j pdp~akm pakd+pdklðcd`j ä dkrj|~mo~a rm|m j ap~qnj nm dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# apra`ded`mkao~a m pakdð~d`m udpqmc rcmom|# }qa pàj mp kmodeap~mçñap g|íed`mp nmp kaopmgaop# om }qmc ap~àj do`cqpjp jp moøo`djp dkr|appjp/ M dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm ä ap~qnmnm om pakdð~d`m fí mr|jvdkmnmkao~a kadj pä`qcj a rjna pa| ndudndnm ak }qm~|j ra|ëjnjp ndp~do~jp/ @mla qkm |írdnm nap`|dçàj nappmp empap rm|m }qa ojp mr|jeqonakjp ojp kjkao~jp kmdp |acaumo~ap m ap~a ap~qnj/ M r|dkad|m empa ä km|`mnm racjp ap~qnjp na \jcmon Lm|~fap a Qkla|~j A`j/ Lm|~fap ejd j r|dkad|j pakdðcjgj m pa do~a|appm| racj rmrac nm rqlcd`dnmna a paqp ~|mlmcfjp aogcjlmk oàj pjkao~a m dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# kmp m |acmçàj nappm m~dudnmna `jk m pj`danmna/ Mndmo~a ojp mr|jeqonm|akjp ak njdp emkjpjp ~|mlmcfjp paqp8 j cdu|j Kd~jcjgdmp &=417$ a j m|~dgj \a~ð|d`m nm Dkmgak# rqlcd`mnj om andçàj na =45> nm |audp~m @jkkqod`m~djop/ J r|dkad|j ua|pm pjl|a jp jlha~jp kd~jcðgd`jp nm `qc~q|m na kmppm/ J pagqonj ä `jopdna|mnj j ~|mlmcfj eqonmnj| nm pakdð~d`m rqlcd`d~í|dm# caumo~monj `jo`ad~jp udpqmdp nao~|j nj moøo`dj# ~mdp ~ mdp `jkj m `joj~mçàj a m naoj~mçàj/ Qkla|~j A`j# mppdk `jkj Lm|~fap# mrcd`m m jlha~jp udpqmdp `jo`ad~jp pakdjcðgd`jp a jp momcdpm nao~|j nj `jo~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj/ Rm|m aca jp pdgojp d`þod`jp pàj ndp~do~jp njp jlha~jp |ar|apao~mnjp# fmuaonj ao~|a acap qkm |acmçàj `jop~|qënm m rm|~d| na ap~ëkqcjp paca`djomnjp a acdkdomnjp/ Cjgj# j ë`joa oàj pdgoded`m ak pd# pa|ua m qk jlha~duj apra`ëed`j# rjppqdonj# rj|~mo~j# pdgoded`mnj |a`j|~mnj# dgoj|monj mp jq~|mp rjppëuadp ra|`arçñap/ Naeaona }qa j `ðndgj rqlcd`d~í|dj naua pa| cdnj `jkj qk `johqo~j udpqmc &oëuac d`þod`j naoj~mnj# oëuac d`jojg|íed`j `joj~mnj a oëuac ~|jrjcðgd`j |a~ð|d`j$ a ua|lmc &oëuac ~ðrd`j# oëuac ao~dkakí~d`j$/ Ap~a `johqo~j pa|í nap`|d~j kmdp na~mcfmnmkao~a mj emcm|kjp nmp eqoçñap `joj~m~dump a naoj~m~dump oj moøo`dj/ A`j `jo`cqd }qa mp kaopmgaop &udpqmdp a ua|lmdp$ pàj |anqonmo~ap om rqlcd`dnmna# `joej|ka nap~m`m Pmo~m|accd &<224# r/ >5$8 0
G\ADKMP# M/ H/ Pakdð~d`m edgq|m~dum a pakdð~d`m rcíp~d`m/ Do8 JCDUAD\M# M/ @/ &j|g/$/ Pakdð~d`m rcíp~d`m/ Pàj Rmqcj8 Fm`ia| and~j|ap# p*n# r/ 40/
04
Appm `jo`cqpàj rjna pa| avrmondnm rm|m m |a~ð|d`m nm dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm ga|mc# }qa |anqonm m kaopmgak ua|lmc/ J |a`ar~j| na qkm kmoad|m ga|mc m`ad~m mp r|akdppmp cmoçmnmp racm |a~ð|d`m }qa napígqm pakr|a om dnajcjgdm nj `jopqkj/ Ak mcgqop moøo`djp jp oëuadp ao~dkakí~d`jp pàj ~àj `jkrcavjp }qa nded`dckao~a j nap~dom~í|dj `jopagqa emxa| qkm cad~q|m mna}qmnm `mdonj ak cad~q|mp `joj~m~dump hí `jouao`djomcdxmnmp racj gèoa|j rqlcd`d~í|dj/ Dppj caum qk }qap~djomkao~j â aed`í`dm nj ndp`q|pj rqlcd`d~í|dj/ Mppdk rm|m A`j# m rqlcd`dnmna }qa r|a~aona pa| ~àj |aujcq`djoí|dm ak ~a|kjp ap~ä~d`jp m`mlm pakr|a `mdonj ak pjcqçñap hí `jnded`mnmp/
M pagqonm empa nmp moícdpap pakdð~d`mp nm dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm ä km|`mnm racjp ap~qnjp na Hm`}qap Nq|mon a Gaj|gap Räodojq# ojp mojp 72/ Mkljp pagqd|mk jp rmppjp na Lm|~fap mj momcdpm| m |a~ð|d`m nm dkmgak# `jo`alaonj m rqlcd`dnmna `jkj qk jlha~j apra`ëed`j na rap}qdpm/ Ao}qmo~j Nq|mon `jo`ao~|jq+ pa om |a~ð|d`m udpqmc a pqmp edgq|mp# Räodojq momcdpjq mp rjppdldcdnmnap |a~ð|d`mp om rqlcd`dnmna `jkj qk ~jnj/ Jp `jo`ad~jp nap~ap njdp mq~j|ap }qa kmdp do~a|appmk mj ojppj ap~qnj pa|àj momcdpmnjp kmdp na~mcfmnmkao~a mndmo~a oap~a `mrë~qcj/ Om ~a|`ad|m empa# }qa pa napaoujcuaq mj cjogj njp mojp 62# jp ojkap kmdp |ar|apao~m~dujp pàj jp na Mcgd|nmp Hqcdao G|adkmp a Hamo Km|da Ecj`f/ ^|m~m+pa nj mr|jeqonmkao~j njp kjnjp na ra|pqmpàj# mcäk na qk ojuj jcfm| pjl|a m dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# m~|muäp njp `jo`ad~jp nm pakdð~d`m edgq|m~dum a rcíp~d`m na G|adkmp/ Ecj`f pagqa paqp rmppjp# mrcd`monj jp `jo`ad~jp nm pakdð~d`m udpqmc ak jlha~jp nj moøo`dj rqlcd`d~í|dj# `jkj j cjgj~drj/ Rj| edk# om }qm|~m empa# }qa pa napao|jcm m rm|~d| njp mojp 42# Mon|äm Pakr|dod a Km|~doa Hjct q~dcdxmk `jo`ad~jp mo~a|dj|ap rm|m cmoçm| ojump r|jrjp~mp pjl|a m dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm/ Hjct ej`jq+pa oj ra|`q|pj nm dkmgak ak nd|açàj mj pdgoded`mnj/ Hí j jlha~j na ap~qnj na Pakr|dod ejd mcäk nm rqlcd`dnmna rm|m momcdpm| m `jop~|qçàj na pdgoded`mnj m~|muäp nmp km|`mp/ Njp ap~qnjp mr|apao~mnjp &edgq|m ==$ ojp do~a|appm apra`dmckao~a jp ead~jp rj| Lm|~fap a A`j# ak |acmçàj â `joj~mçàj a naoj~mçàj# a jp |acm`djomnjp â cad~q|m nm dkmgak# mr|apao~mnjp rj| Räodojq a Nq|mon/ Ua|akjp# mndmo~a# `mnm qk nappap ap~qnjp kmdp na~mcfmnmkao~a/
>2
Edgq|m == + Ra|`q|pj njp kjnacjp na moícdpa nm dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm
Naoj~mçàj a `joj~mçàj om dkmgak
Lm|~fap &=442$ naeaona }qa m dkmgak ej~jg|íed`m ä qkm kaopmgak a# `jkj ~mc# rjppqd qkm ejo~a akdppj|m# qk `momc na ~|mopkdppàj a qk kadj |a`ar~j|/ Ap~m kaopmgak rjppqd ndua|pmp cad~q|mp# }qa naraonak na ~jnjp jp em~j|ap kao`djomnjp/ Qkm ej~jg|medm hj|omcëp~d`m rjna ~a| ndea|ao~ap pdgoded`mnjp pa ap~dua| om Ejcfm na Pàj Rmqcj jq oj Ap~mnàj9 pa ej| udp~m racm `cmppa M jq @/ Cjgj# m akdppàj a |a`arçàj nm ej~jg|medm pàj na j|nak pj`djcðgd`m/ Ä r|a`dpj ap~qnm| jp g|qrjp fqkmojp# m ej|km `jkj pa `jkrj|~mk a pqmp do~aoçñap# rm|m ao~aona| `jkj akd~ak a |a`alak qkm kaopmgak/ Ap~m `jkrcavm |acmçàj oàj ä j ej`j nj
>=
ap~qnj na Lm|~fap# rm|m }qak m ej~jg|medm oàj ä pjkao~a qk r|jnq~j jq kadj# kmp qkm ap~|q~q|m mq~þojkm# ka|a`aonj# `jkj ~mc# qk kä~jnj rm|~d`qcm| na moícdpa/ M kaopmgak ej~jg|íed`m oqo`m ap~í dpjcmnm/ Pahm oj hj|omc &edgq|m =<$# oj kqpaq &edgq|m =0$ jq kapkj ojp moøo`djp a omp |qmp# ap~í m`jkrmofmnm na ~av~j &~ë~qcj# cagaonm# m|~dgj# `jkao~í|dj a m~ä kapkj om emcm na }qak m uè$/ Na ej|km }qa ä oa`appí|dj ap~qnm| `mnm ap~|q~q|m &~av~j a dkmgak$ parm|mnmkao~a/ Ä oap~a kjkao~j }qa ojp narm|mkjp `jk m ~èoqa cdofm ao~|a m cad~q|m na qk ~av~j a na qkm dkmgak/ Rm|m ao~aona| appm |acmçàj ä oa`appí|dj `jofa`a| jp `jo`ad~jp na dkmgak naoj~mnm a `joj~mnm/
Edgq|m =< + dkmgak a ~av~j hqo~jp oj hj|omc
Edgq|m =0 + dkmgak a ~av~j hqo~jp ak avrjpdçàj
M ej~jg|medm# rj| naedodçàj# ~|mopkd~a j |amc# m r|ðr|dm `aom `jogacmnm oj ~akrj/ Ä `cm|j }qa ao~|a j jlha~j a pqm dkmgak fí qkm |anqçàj &na ~mkmofj# `j|# ra|pra`~dum# r|jrj|çàj$# kmp dppj oàj pdgoded`m }qa fmhm qk `ðndgj ao~|a acap/ M kaopmgak ä# rj|~mo~j# pak `ðndgj# `jo~ëoqm/ Rj|äk# av`a~qmonj+pa m ej~jg|medm hj|omcëp~d`m# ~jnmp mp jq~|mp kaopmgaop }qa rm|a`ak oàj rjppqd| `ðndgj# om
><
ua|nmna j rjppqak8 j `doakm# jp napaofjp# mp rdo~q|mp# j ~am~|j# ~jnjp rjppqak qk pao~dnj naoj~mnj# }qa ä m |ar|jnqçàj nj |amc# kmp ~mkläk qk pao~dnj `joj~mnj# }qa ä j jlha~duj nm kaopmgak/ M `joj~mçàj ap~í oj ,ap~dcj, nm dkmgak ⎪
m mnmr~mçàj }qa pa emx nj |amc
⎪
na kjnj m kjcní+cj na m`j|nj `jk j
~|mopkdppj|# a m lqp`m| m mnapàj nj |a`ar~j|# pahm m~|muäp na ,Y///[ qkm pdkljcjgdm qodua|pmc# pahm rj| qkm |a~ð|d`m na ärj`m‛ &LM\^FAP# =442# r/ =0$/ Pa rj| qk cmnj Lm|~fap naeaona }qa m dkmgak ej~jg|íed`m ä ~j~mckao~a naoj~m~dum &ao`a||m+pa ak pd a oàj rjna pa| nap`|d~m# rjdp }qmc}qa| ~ao~m~dum na nap`|dçàj# rj| kmdp ra|ead~m }qa pahm# oàj ä edac â naoj~mçàj nm dkmgak a m kjnded`m|dm# dopa|donj ~|mçjp na `joj~mçàj om emcm na }qak m nap`|aua$# rj| jq~|j |a`jofa`a }qa fí qk rm|mnjvj oap~m udpàj nm ej~jg|medm# qkm uax }qa acm ä ~mkläk `joj~mnm# mdonm }qa appm `joj~mçàj pahm dkrcë`d~m a na ndeë`dc ra|`arçàj/ Oappa pao~dnj# m~ä kapkj m ej~jg|medm nj`qkao~mc# hj|omcëp~d`m# rjna pa| `joj~mnm# na m`j|nj `jk j ~|m~mkao~j nm dkmgak# j jcfm| nj ej~ðg|mej# j uaë`qcj oj }qmc acm ap~í dopa|dnm# j ~av~j }qa m cagaonm a m ra|`arçàj nj |a`ar~j|/ Jq pahm# m ej~jg|medm ä mj kapkj ~akrj jlha~dum &naoj~m~dum$ a douap~dnm na umcj|ap &`joj~m~dum$/ Appa ä paq rm|mnjvj8 ,Y///[ m kaopmgak `joj~mnm &jq `jnded`mnm$ napaoujcua+pa# m}qd# m rm|~d| na qkm kaopmgak pak `ðndgj, &LM\^FAP# =442# r/=>$/ Mcgqop acakao~jp oàj doa|ao~ap â ej~jg|medm nàj donë`djp na pqm `joj~mçàj/ M rjpa nj kjnacj jq j ìogqcj ap`jcfdnj rm|m ej~jg|meí+cj pàj |ar|apao~mçñap na qkm kaopmgak# paonj# rj|~mo~j# `joj~mnjp/ Mp avr|appñap# gap~jp# kjudkao~jp jq m~d~qnap r|apao~ap om ej~jg|medm pàj pdgojp/ Jp jlha~jp ra|~ao`ao~ap â `aom donqxak â mppj`dmçàj na dnadmp# pàj acakao~jp na pdgoded`mçàj# pëkljcjp/ M ej~jgaodm ~mkläk ä qkm ~í~d`m rjppëuac# om }qmc m `joj~mçàj nm dkmgak ap~í oj aklacaxmkao~j njp paqp acakao~jp rj| ~ä`od`mp m|~ded`dmdp# `jkj dcqkdomçàj# `aoí|dj a edgq|doj/ J avakrcj avakrcj m pagqd| &edgq|m =>$ rjppqd mcgqkmp nappmp nappmp ~í~d`mp# oj }qmc j `aoí|dj a m rjppa nm kjnacj do`d~mk â na`mnèo`dm nj |jkmo~dpkj# ao}qmo~j paq edgq|doj# rao~amnj a m~ä kapkj m dcqkdomçàj nj cj`mc# |aka~ak m qkm ap~ä~d`m |jkìo~d`m/ M qodàj nap~ap pao~dnjp jrjp~jp ~|mx qk m| na kdp~ä|dj mj aopmdj/ Ap~ap a jq~|jp pàj |a`q|pjp mlqonmo~akao~a avrcj|mnjp om ej~jg|medm rqlcd`d~í|dm/
>0
Edgq|m => + acakao~jp `joj~m~dujp om dkmgak
Nappa kjnj# m pdgoded`mçàj ä pakr|a fdp~ð|d`m# e|q~j nm r|jhaçàj }qa emxakjp# om ej~jg|medm# na ojppjp pao~dkao~jp a umcj|ap/ M `jkldomçàj nap~ap em~j|ap ä |aeca~dnm om ua|lmcdxmçàj nm dkmgak/ Rj|~mo~j# acm pð avdp~a pa ua|lmcdxmnm# `joua|~aonj+pa ak qk m~j pj`dmc/ M dkmgak pð ä rjppëuac na pa| `jkr|aaondnm pj`dmckao~a/ Cjgj# pàj ~|èp mp `joj~mçñap rjppëuadp ak qkm ej~jg|medm8 m `joj~mçàj ra|`ar~dum ä m r|dkad|m cad~q|m ead~m nm dkmgak# nao~|j na pqm ka~mcdogqmgak do~a|om# j }qa m r|ðr|dm dkmgak ndx na pd rj| kadj nm cëogqm/ M `joj~mçàj `jgod~dum ä m cad~q|m ead~m na m`j|nj `jk j `jofa`dkao~j na kqonj na `mnm rappjm/ Rj| edk# m `joj~mçàj dnajcðgd`m ä ,Y///[ m}qacm }qa do~|jnqx om cad~q|m nm dkmgak |mxñap jq umcj|ap, &LM\^FAP# =442# r/ <0$/ Udp~j appap rjo~jp# jlpa|um+pa }qa rm|m Lm|~fap m kmdj| r|jlcakí~d`m nm dkmgak ap~í hqp~mkao~a om |acmçàj ao~|a pqm `joj~mçàj a naoj~mçàj# jq pahm# pa acm ä mraomp m |ar|jnqçàj na pëkljcjp mgcq~domnjp jq na pdp~akmp na pdgojp# qkm uax }qa `jopdna|m| m dkmgak pjkao~a `jkj qkm momcjgdm ä pdkrcð|dj/ Aca lqp`m |aprjona| m appm do~a||jgmçàj q~dcdxmonj `jkj lmpa m dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm8 Rj|}qa# ak rqlcd`dnmna# m pdgoded`mçàj nm dkmgak ä# `a|~mkao~a# do~ao`djomc8 pàj `a|~jp m~|dlq~jp nj r|jnq~j }qa ej|kmk m r|dj|d jp pdgoded`mnjp nm kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# a ap~ap pdgoded`mnjp nauak pa| ~|mopkd~dnjp ~àj `cm|mkao~a }qmo~j rjppëuac9 pa m dkmgak `jo~äk pdgojp# ~a|akjp `a|~axm }qa# ak rqlcd`dnmna# appap pdgojp pàj rcaojp# ej|kmnjp
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`jk udp~mp m qkm kacfj| cad~q|m8 m kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm ä e|mo`m# jq racj kaojp# aoeí~d`m/ &LM\^FAP# =422# r/ <6$
J moøo`dj rqlcd`d~í|dj `jo~äk ~|èp kaopmgaop8 m r|dkad|m ä cdogqëp~d`m/ M pagqonm ä m kaopmgak d`þod`m dkr|agomnm na pdgojp &pdgoded`mo~ap a pdgoded`mnjp$/ M ~a|`ad|m kaopmgak ä m |acmçàj njp jlha~jp rq|jp &pdgoded`mnjp$ `jk pqmp r|ðr|dmp dkmgaop ej~jg|memnmp &pdgoded`mo~ap$# jq pahm# ä m dkmgak pak `ðndgj# `qhj |a`jofa`dkao~j njp acakao~jp oa`appd~m ~àj pjkao~a na qk pmla| mo~|jrjcðgd`j# ä m kaopmgak cd~a|mc# d`þod`m oàj `jnded`mnm/ Cjgj# fí nqmp kaopmgaop d`þod`mp# kapkj }qa oàj pahmk dgqmckao~a ra|`ar~ëuadp8 m cd~a|mc a m pdklðcd`m# paonj m r|dkad|m# pqrj|~a nm pagqonm/ M dkmgak cd~a|mc ä naoj~mnm# ao}qmo~j m pdklðcd`m ä `joj~mnm/ Nappm ej|km# ,Y///[ j apra`~mnj| nm kaopmgak |a`ala mj kapkj ~akrj m kaopmgak ra|`ar~dum a m `qc~q|mc, &LM\^FAP# =442# r/ 0=$/ Oj moøo`dj nm Ndapac &edgq|m =1$ m kaopmgak cdogqëp~d`m pa ní racm mppdom~q|m –cdua emp~ ‛ &~|mnqçàj8 udum |írdnj$# racj cjgj~drj –Ndapac ej| pq``appeqcc cdudog ‛ &~|mnqçàj8 Ndapac rm|m qkm udnm na pq`appj$ a racm `fmkmnm rm|m j aona|açj aca~|þod`j – Fdgf praan pfjrrdog 8 ndapac/`jk‛ &~|mnqçàj8 `jkr|mp ak mc~m uacj`dnmna8 ndapac/`jk$9 jp jlha~jp rq|jp ej~jg|memnjp emxak rm|~a nj qodua|pj nm kjnm &m|m|mp# |jqrmp# kmoa}qdk$ a nm kand`dom &känd`j# qodej|ka# cdofm `d|ø|gd`m$9 a m kaopmgak d`þod`m pa ní racm |acmçàj nappap jlha~jp `jk m kaopmgak cdogqëp~d`m/
Edgq|m =1 + Ndapac + <226
M |a~ð|d`m nm dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm ä kmdp em`dckao~a ra|`aldnm om kaopmgak d`þod`m `jnded`mnm/ Jp pdgojp nappm kaopmgak pàj nap`jo~ëoqjp# qkm uax }qa acm ä ej|kmnm na ndea|ao~ap pdgoded`mo~ap# `qhjp pdgojp naraonak na qk mr|aondxmnj `qc~q|mc# kapkj }qa m kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm }qad|m ojp caum| m m`|and~m| }qa m pdgoded`mçàj mnuäk na qkm |acmçàj rq|m ao~|a j jlha~j a pqm |ar|apao~mçàj/ M
>1
dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm ä avrjp~m m qk g|qrj na rappjmp# }qa om ua|nmna rjnak `javdp~d| ak qkm øod`m rappjm# qkm uax }qa ,Y///[ m kapkm cavdm kjldcdxm cävd`jp ndea|ao~ap, &LM\^FAP# =442# r/ 06$/ Paonj cävd`j j `johqo~j na m~d~qnap }qa naedoak `jkj ä cdnm m kaopmgak8 avra|dèo`dmp# `qc~q|m# dnmna# `jofa`dkao~j/ J oøka|j a m dnao~dnmna nappap cävd`jp ej|kmk j dndjca~j na `mnm qk# jq pahm# m pqm ,cëogqm, `m|m`~a|ëp~d`m/ Oj moøo`dj `d~mnj# oj~m+pa }qa m km|`m moqo`dmnm uaona |jqrmp rm|m j rølcd`j hjuak a# rj|~mo~j# j jlha~duj nj kapkj ä emxa|+pa ao~aona| rj| appa rølcd`j/ Oappa `mpj m kaopmgak ~|mopkd~dnm ndx |aprad~j â uacj`dnmna `jk }qa jp m`jo~a`dkao~jp pa nàj oj ndm+m+ndm# naraonaonj nj `jofa`dkao~j nappap hjuaop m `a|`m njp jlha~jp a pd~qmçñap mr|apao~mnjp/ Nappm ej|km# m cëogqm nm dkmgak oàj ä ej|kmnm pjkao~a racmp rmcmu|mp a pdgojp akd~dnjp &m `joj~mçàj napahmnm racjp rqlcd`d~í|djp$# kmp ~mkläk racmp rmcmu|mp a pdgojp |a`aldnjp/ ^mcuax j pq`appj nm dkmgak &a m nded`qcnmna ak `cmppded`m| pqmp `joj~mçñap$ pahm racj em~j na }qa# kapkj ak qkm ~adm `jkrcavm na pdgojp# ~jnjp jp pdgoded`mo~ap rjppqak pdgoded`mnjp `jkqop ej|m nj ìkld~j nj moøo`dj8 qk kmoa}qdk pa|í qk kmoa}qdk oj moøo`dj# om km~ä|dm hj|omcëp~d`m# jq om cjhm/ Jq~|jp mgao~ap `jcmlj|m~dujp pàj jp `mkrjp mppj`dm~dujp# }qa kapkj dkrcë`d~jp om kaopmgak pàj dnao~ded`íuadp a `cmppded`íuadp ak `a|~jp advjp pakìo~d`jp8 qk moøo`dj }qa `jo~äk `a|~m d~mcdmodnmna dopa|a+pa oj kapkj advj na qk moøo`dj `jk l|mpdcdnmna/ Rj| jq~|j cmnj# m kaopmgak d`þod`m oàj+`jnded`mnm ä jeqp`mnm# rjdp kapkj }qa m dkmgak ap~ahm ak paq ap~mnj rq|j# om rqlcd`dnmna acm ä `jcj`mnm `jkj pdgoj# nadvmonj na pa| naoj~mnm/ Rj|~mo~j# m naoj~mçàj nm dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm ä q~ðrd`m/ Om dcqp~|mçàj ap~a em~j rjna pa| jlpa|umnj kmdp `cm|mkao~a# rjdp j napaofj ä# rj| naedodçàj# `joj~mnj/ Rj| kmdp edac }qa pahm# rjppqd qk ap~dcj# qk na~mcfa ap`jcfdnj# qkm ra|pra`~dum/ @jkj nakjop~|m j moøo`dj dcqp~|mnj rm|m Fmumdmomp Prd|d~ &edgq|m =5$# oj }qmc jp räp pàj |a~|m~mnjp ak r|jrj|çñap ndea|ao~ap nmp |amdp# na kjnj nm nap~m`m| j r|jnq~j/ Nappm ej|km# }qmonj fí# om rqlcd`dnmna# m jrçàj racm dcqp~|mçàj# ra|`ala+pa }qa fí mdonm kmdp do~aoçàj ak mc~a|m| m |amcdnmna# qkm uax }qa# pmcuj jrçàj na ap~dcj# m dcqp~|mçàj ä q~dcdxmnm }qmonj oàj ä ao`jo~|mnm om ej~jg|medm dkmgak a}qdumcao~a m }qa pa }qa| |a~|m~m|/
>5
Edgq|m =5 + Fmumdmomp Prd|d~ + <2=2
Donj mj ao`jo~|j njp ap~qnjp na Lm|~fap# Lmqn|dccm|n &=447# r/ =65$ naeaona }qa m dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm oàj |aka~a mj |amc# kmp pdk m jq~|m dkmgak# acm oàj ä ,Y///[ na kjnj mcgqk j `mkdofj kmdp `q|~j rm|m qk jlha~j# kmp pdk rm|m qkm jq~|m dkmgak‛/ Rj|~mo~j# j |apqc~mnj nappm nappm dkmgak ä m e|qp~|mçàj/ A`j &=447 mrqn PMO^M\ACCD# <224# r/ >=$># rj| pqm uax# dnao~ded`m ~|èp oëuadp udpqmdp oj moøo`dj rqlcd`d~í|dj# `joej|ka hí `d~mnj8 j oëuac d`þod`j# j d`jojg|íed`j a j ~|jrjcðgd`j/ J r|dkad|j ap~í |acm`djomnj â dkmgak oàj+`jnded`mnm nap`|d~m rj| Lm|~fap a# mppdk `jkj aca# A`j |a`jofa`a }qa –m `jopdna|mçàj nappa oëuac# om moícdpa nm dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# pð pa nm|í pa aca ~dua| qkm `m|gm ‖paopd~dum— acaumnm `jkj j ‖mra~d~a mrramc —#—# lmp~mo~a `jkqk om rqlcd`dnmna/‛ Jq pahm# appm moícdpa pjkao~a ä |acaumo~a `mpj mp `m|m`~a|ëp~d`mp fdra|+|amcëp~d`mp nm dkmgak nap~m}qak+pa oj moøo`dj/ Hí j oëuac d`jojg|íed`j ä `joj~m~duj# j }qmc rjppqd `jnded`mçñap fdp~ð|d`mp &~akrj# aprmçj# `qc~q|m# `jofa`dkao~j$ a rqlcd`d~í|dmp/ Rj| edk# j oëuac ~|jrjcðgd`j ä `jkrjp~j racmp edgq|mp na cdogqmgak# |apqc~mo~ap nmp `jkldomçñap ao~|a jp njdp oëuadp mo~a|dj|ap8 m ka~joëkdm rjna pa mr|apao~m| }qmonj ~jkm~ap pàj qpmnjp rm|m |ar|apao~m| d~mcdmodnmna a m ka~íej|m rm|m ~|mopej|km| rä|jcmp aoedcad|mnmp ak nao~ap l|mo`jp/ @mla mdonm nap~m`m| j }qa Lm|~fap raopm pjl|a m kaopmgak cdogqëp~d`m# j ~a|`ad|j acakao~j nm kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm/ ]qap~djom+pa pjl|a m eqoçàj nj ~av~j oj moøo`dj &pa ä |anqonmo~a jq `jkrcakao~m| â dkmgak$# mj rmppj }qa dnao~ded`m m pqm r|apaoçm ak ndua|pmp kmodeap~mçñap nmp `jkqod`mçñap na kmppm/ M kaopmgak cdogqëp~d`m ap~í om cagaonm na qk edcka# om oj~m na hj|omc# ojp ~ë~qcjp# km~ä|dmp a om rqlcd`dnmna8 ,Y///[ pjkjp mdonm# a kmdp nj }qa oqo`m# qkm `dudcdxmçàj >
A@J# Q/ M ap~|q~q|m mqpao~a/ 7¨ an/ Pàj Rmqcj8 And~j|m Ra|pra`~dum# =447/
>7
nm ap`|d~m# rj|}qa m ap`|d~m a m rmcmu|m pàj ~a|kjp `m||agmnjp na ap~|q~q|m doej|km`djomc, &LM\^FAP# =442# r/ 0<$/ Kmp rm|m aca pð m r|apaoçm nj ~av~j ä dkrj|~mo~a# oak j cqgm| }qa aca ap~í# oak pqm av~aopàj/ Pa om kaopmgak naoj~m~dum appa ~av~j pa|ua rm|m naojkdom| m `aom# mj oëuac pdklðcd`j aca j|dao~m m do~a|r|a~mçàj nm kaopmgak# cdkd~m m `joj~mçàj# ava|`aonj `jo~|jca pjl|a m kapkm/ ^ak m eqoçàj na edvm| m dkmgak# na |aprjona| ,j }qa, acm ä# na kjnj m oàj ra|kd~d| }qa pa dop~mq|ak pdgojp do`a|~jp# hí }qa ä r|a`dpj nd|a`djom| j cad~j| mj ljk ao~aondkao~j nm kaopmgak/ M kaopmgak cdogqëp~d`m rjppqd ~mkläk m eqoçàj na |acmdp# nap`|d~m rj| Lm|~fap `jkj m `jkrcakao~m|dnmna ao~|a rmcmu|m a dkmgak/ Oj moøo`dj mlmdvj &edgq|m =5$# rj| avakrcj# j ~av~j oj lmcàj kqnm na pao~dnj `joej|ka m rappjm }qa ap~dua| emcmonj/ M kaopmgak ap~í mla|~m a r|a`dpm nmp dop~ìo`dmp udpqmdp a ~av~qmdp rm|m pa| `jkr|aaondnj/ Oappa `mpj j ndícjgj ä appao`dmc# rj|}qa aca oàj mraomp cagaonm m dkmgak# kmp `jcmlj|m rm|m j napao|jcm| nm om||m~dum/ Ap~m ä m |mxàj racm }qmc j ~av~j `jkj |acmdp ä rjq`j qpmnj ak moøo`djp ap`|d~jp# paonj kmdp `jkqk om dkmgak ak kjudkao~j &edckap rqlcd`d~í|djp$ jq ak }qmn|dofjp a `fm|gap/
Edgq|m =7 + + m eqoçàj na |acmdp oj moøo`dj
M cad~q|m nm dkmgak oj moøo`dj rqlcd`d~í|dj
Räodojq &=47>$ a Nq|mon &=47>$ nakjop~|m|mk }qa m dkmgak ä qk ~av~j udpqmc a# `jkj ~mc# rmppëuac na cad~q|m/ Ao}qmo~j Räodojq ej`m ojp ndua|pjp ~drjp na
>6
dkmgak# nakjop~|monj }qa ap~ap ~drjp rjnak pa kap`cm|# Nq|mon ap~qnm mp edgq|mp na |a~ð|d`m udpqmdp/ Rm|m Räodojq m aujcqçàj nj gèoa|j rqlcd`d~í|dj rmppjq nj |a`cmka doej|km~duj j|mc &jq ~av~qmc$ rm|m m rqlcd`dnmna ~j~mckao~a ej`mnm om edgq|mçàj nj jlha~j/ J |a`cmka nj pä`qcj VDV rjppqëm cdgmçñap ap~|ad~mp `jk m cd~a|m~q|m nd~m doea|dj|/ M dkmgak a|m# ao~àj# naraonao~a# mppdp~ao~a nm kaopmgak r|do`drmc }qa a|m j ~av~j/ Fjha appm |acmçàj pa doua|~aq/ M dkmgak j`qrm cqgm| `ao~|mc# ä mj kapkj ~akrj rmdpmgak a kaopmgak8 ,Jcfm+pa m rqlcd`dnmna# kmdp `jo~akrcmnm nj }qa cdnm, &Räodojq # =47># r/ 5<$/ Appm doua|pàj rjna pa| ra|`aldnm oj moøo`dj na Umcdpa|a &edgq|m =6$/ Oj moøo`dj nm kapkm km|`m# `d~mnj oj r|dkad|j `mrë~qcj &edgq|m 7$# m dkmgak `jkrcakao~mum j ~av~j# hí oap~a m`jo~a`a j `jo~|í|dj/ Oappa pao~dnj# m `jo~akrcmçàj nm dkmgak ä m cad~q|m nmp doej|kmçñap `jo~dnmp oacm# }qa rjnak pa| nj ~drj pdgoded`mnm# dkrcd`m~dum# r|and`m~dum a pdgoded`mo~a/
Edgq|m =6 + J ~av~j `jkrcakao~monj m dkmgak
M doej|kmçàj pdgoded`mnm nj moøo`dj ä m pqm oa`appdnmna na rjppqd| qk pao~dnj ak pd kapkj/ M |mxàj na pa| nj moøo`dj rqlcd`d~í|dj ä emxa|+pa oj~m|/ Oappa pao~dnj# m dkmgak napakraofm rmrac r|dkj|ndmc/ Rj| kadj nacm apra|m+pa m~|dlqd| `|d~ä|djp na napakraofj nm kaopmgak/ Rj| jq~|j cmnj# j moøo`dj ä j kadj jona |arjqpm j pdgoded`mnj m pa| ~|mopkd~dnj a ä m qodàj na ndua|pjp `ðndgjp8 j `|jkí~d`j# j ~drjg|íed`j# j ej~jg|íed`j a j kj|ejcðgd`j &edgq|m =4$/
>4
`ðndgj `|jkí~d`j `ðndgj kjejcðgd`j a ~drjg|íed`j `ðndgj ej~jg|íed`j
Edgq|m =4 + Jp `ðndgjp nj moøo`djp rqlcd`d~í|dj
Cjgj# m oa`appdnmna nm rqlcd`dnmna na pa| mj kapkj ~akrj mrjdj rm|m j pdgoded`mnj a na pdgoded`m| mcgj avrcd`m m r|aea|èo`dm racm dkmgak om kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm/ Oj ao~mo~j# Räodojq naeaona }qa m q~dcdxmçàj na dkmgaop eqo`djom rj| kadj na `d`cjp# hí }qa m pqm dkrj|~ìo`dm um|dm `joej|ka j kjkao~j nj r|jnq~j8 cmoçmkao~j# edk na `jcaçàj# kmoq~aoçàj/ ]qmonj qk r|jnq~j ä cmoçmnj# rj| avakrcj# r|a`dpm pa| kjp~|mnj# cjgj m avrcj|mçàj na dkmgaop ä g|mona/ Rj| kmdp }qa dppj ~aonm m ndkdoqd|# m eqoçàj nqrcm nm dkmgak pa kmo~äk8 m na pdgoded`m| m doej|kmçàj# kmdp nj }qa r|jrmgí+cm/ M doej|kmçàj dkrcd`m~dum# }qmonj mppqkdnm oj ~av~j# ga|mckao~a ä |ar|apao~mnm racj dkra|m~duj/ Hí om dkmgak ä |ar|apao~mnm racj ra|pjomgak e|jo~mc# pahm aca qkm rappjm mppa|~dum# jq qk jlha~j/ Pqm eqoçàj ä avrcd`d~m| m kaopmgak &edgq|m <2$/ M dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# `jk m do~aoçàj na emxa| `jofa`a| a uaona| qk r|jnq~j# ä avrcë`d~m# avdga nj akdppj| qkm ~jkmnm na rjpdçàj/ Dppj rj|}qa acm pð pa `jkrca~m om r|apaoçm na qk nap~dom~í|dj a# rj|~mo~j# r|a`dpm pa| em`dckao~a `jkr|aaondnm/
Edgq|m <2 + @m|~mx `jouj`m~duj rm|m m \aujcqçàj na =40<
12
J r|jnq~j e|a}qao~akao~a ap~í r|apao~a om kaopmgak udpqmc rqlcd`d~í|dm# paonj ap~m m pqm doej|kmçàj r|and`m~dum/ Ä |m|j qk moøo`dj oj }qmc j jlha~j moqo`dmnj ap~ahm ndp~mo~a# pahm mraomp |aea|ao`dmc/ Oappa pao~dnj# m `jkr|aaopàj nm kaopmgak ä emuj|a`dnm# hí }qa m |anqonìo`dm &jlha~j `d~mnj a nakjop~|mnj$ ap`cm|a`a j jlha~duj nm kapkm/ Mcäk ndppj# m |anqonìo`dm mrm|a`a omp |acmçñap ao~|a dkmgak a ~av~j# ak }qa mkljp mrjdmk+pa rm|m }qa m `jkr|aaopàj nm kaopmgak pahm gm|mo~dnm/ Ak mcgqop `mpjp# m eqoçàj r|and`m~dum ä av~|akmnm# mr|apao~monj j jlha~j `jkj øod`j acakao~j nj moøo`dj/ Jlha~j a Pa| `joeqonak+pa# a j jlha~j ~j|om+pa pa|/ Em~j `jkqk ak moøo`djp }qa r|a`dpmk ~|mopkd~d| mraomp m appèo`dm nj jlha~j &edgq|m <=$# oj pdcèo`dj# a ak `mpjp na km|`mp `jopmg|mnmp &edgq|m <<$/ J |apqc~mnj ndppj ä m ,Y///[ |m|aemçàj nm rmcmu|m &e|a}qao~akao~a |anqxdnm mj ojka nm km|`m$# m mqpèo`dm m|gqkao~m~dum, &Räodojq# =47># r/ 71$/
Edgq|m << + M eqoçàj r|and`m~dum oj moøo`dj na km|`m `jopmg|mnm Edgq|m <= + M appèo`dm nj r|jnq~j oj moøo`dj na ra|eqka
Rj| edk# m doej|kmçàj pdgoded`mo~a |auacm+pa om `|dmçàj na pdgojp m rm|~d| na `jo~aønj om~q|mc/ Ä m mçàj nj ej~ðg|mej# om rqlcd`dnmna# om }qmc j`j||a m ~|mopej|kmçàj na ,Y///[ qkm dkmgak dop~d~qdo~a# }qa pa r|jrña m ~|mopej|km| qk r|jnq~j# ~jkmnm ak paq ap~mnj om~q|mc# doavr|appduj
⎪
⎪
`jdpm kmoqem~q|mnm# q~aopëcdj
ak pdgoj, &RÄODOJQ# =47># r/ 76$/
Rj|~mo~j# Räodojq dnao~ded`m }qm~|j doej|kmçñap rmppëuadp na pa|ak cdnmp om dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# mp }qmdp rjnak `javdp~d| nao~|j nj kapkj moøo`dj/
1=
Ak rm|mcacj# NQ\MON &=47>$ ap~qnm mp edgq|mp na |a~ð|d`m r|apao~ap om kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm/ Rm|m aca ä om rqlcd`dnmna }qa m |a~ð|d`m ao`jo~|m j aprmçj ra|ndnj om cd~a|m~q|m# mrðp m dop~mq|mçàj nj om~q|mc a nj pdo`a|j oj |jkmo~dpkj/ M rqlcd`dnmna# rj| jq~|j cmnj# jea|a`a â |a~ð|d`m mp `jondçñap dnamdp rm|m pqm dop~mcmçàj# rjdp ä ra|pqmpdum# ra|pqmpdum# panq~j|m# avmga|mnm/ avmga|mnm/ M |a~ð|d`m ä ap~qnmnm rj| Nq|mon ak pqm mrcd`mçàj udpqmc# om }qmc aca lqp`m ao`jo~|m| jp kapkjp acakao~jp nm |a~ð|d`m `cíppd`m ua|lmc/ Cjgj# mp `cíppd`mp edgq|mp na |a~ð|d`m ua|lmdp nàj ej|km âp edgq|mp na |a~ð|d`m udpqmdp/ M `jop~m~mçàj nappa em~j pa ní m~|muäp njp `jo`ad~jp |a~ð|d`jp caumo~mnjp rj| Lm|~fap a mrcd`mnjp â dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# ~mdp `jkj m ka~joëkdm# m ka~íej|m# m |ara~dçàj# m mo~ë~apa# j rm|mnjvj# m acdrpa# m fdrä|ljca# j aqeakdpkj# m fjkjcjgdm a j mppëona~j/ Mj ca| mp edgq|mp na |a~ð|d`m nm dkmgak# Nq|mon dnao~ded`m m r|apaoçm kmppdum nmp kapkmp ojp moøo`djp rqlcd`d~í|djp# mgdonj oàj pjkao~a `jkj rm|~a nj kapkj# kmp mrm|a`aonj# doøka|mp uaxap# `jkj `jo`ad~j `ao~|mc/ Appm dkrj|~ìo`dm ä r|jrjpd~mc# qkm uax }qa m |a~ð|d`m udpqmc ä q~dcdxmnm# oj moøo`dj# `jkj ea||mkao~m na ra|pqmpàj m~|muäp nm ~|mopg|appàj nj |amc/ Oj moøo`dj rqlcd`d~í|dj ~qnj ä rjppëuac a jp napahjp pàj mecj|mnjp m rm|~d| nm panqçàj nappa qodua|pj doedod~j/ Rjna+pa `jo`cqd| }qa qkm nmp eqoçñap nm |a~ð|d`m om dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm ä j napaoujcudkao~j na qk kä~jnj na `|dmçàj# |d`j ak rjppdldcdnmnap# `joej|ka `jkao~m Nq|mon &=47># r/ 10$8 J `mkrj na mrcd`mçàj nm |a~ð|d`m `cíppd`m a|m ap~|d~mkao~a cdkd~mnj â cdogqmgak/ Rm|m mrcd`m| mp edgq|mp na |a~ð|d`m mj njkëodj nm dkmgak# ejd oa`appí|dj nacm ej|oa`a| qkm naedodçàj kmdp mlp~|m~m kmp# g|mçmp m ap~m mlp~|mçàj# ndprjkjp mgj|m na qk dop~|qkao~j qodua|pmc }qa rjna ao`jo~|m| mrcd`mçàj oj kmdp um|dmnjp njkëodjp/
Ap~a –dop~|qkao~j qodua|pmc‛ ä m dkmgak# }qa mg|agm pdgoded`mnjp gcjlmdp mjp moøo`djp rqlcd`d~í|djp# g|mçmp m pqm `mrm`dnmna na |ar|apao~m| oj udpqmc# `jk ndomkdpkj a `cm|axm# jp kapkjp m|~deë`djp |a~ð|d`jp nj ~av~j j|mc a ap`|d~j/ Rj| kadj njp ap~qnjp na Nq|mon a Räodojq jlpa|um+pa }qa m dkmgak rjna pa| cdnm# ak pqm `jkrcavdnmna# nm kapkm ej|km }qa pa cè j ~av~j ap`|d~j/ M dkmgak ä qkm ej|km na emcm| `jk edgq|mp j }qa j ~av~j ap`|d~j ndx `jk rmcmu|mp# |apgqm|nmonj mp naudnmp r|jrj|çñap a mp rm|~d`qcm|dnmnap r|ðr|dmp nj `mkrj udpqmc a ua|lmc/
1<
Qkm uax `jkr|aaondnj j `aoí|dj oj }qmc pa napaoujcuaq j ~av~j a j rmrac nm dkmgak om rqlcd`dnmna# rjnakjp r|jppagqd| na ej|km m ao~aona| kacfj| jp rjo~jp na ao`jo~|j ao~|a acap/
10
0 NMP RMCMU\MP RMCMU\MP ÂP DKMGAOP8 JP @DO@J RDCM\AP Y///[ rmcmu|mp jq ca~|mp mn}qd|ak# ak r|jrmgmonm# qkm avdp~èo`dm udpqmc/ Hqcda~m na Gjnjt Cmnad|m
0/=
0/=/=
@jk m rmcmu|m# jp |anm~j|ap &ka~jnjcjgdm na rap}qdpm$
Jlha~duj
Oap~a `mrë~qcj pa|í ap~qnmnm m ~|mopej|kmçàj nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj pjl `do`j r|dpkmp8 pj`dj`qc~q|mc# a`joþkd`j# ka|`mnjcðgd`j# pdklðcd`j a ~a`ojcðgd`j/ Mp ao~|audp~mp |amcdxmnmp lqp`mk douap~dgm| m jrdodàj njp |anm~j|ap rqlcd`d~í|djp pjl|a m dkrj|~ìo`dm na `mnm qk njp `do`j em~j|ap oappa r|j`appj/
0/=/<
Ej|kqcmçàj nj r|jlcakm
Cmnad|m &=467# r/ =><$ `jkao~m }qa ,j rjna| auj`m~duj nmp rmcmu|mp ä kqd~j ej|~a,9 oj ao~mo~j# `jkj udp~j oj r|dkad|j `mrë~qcj# pqm dkrj|~ìo`dm ~ak pa mc~a|mnj mj cjogj nj ~akrj/ Mppdk# ap~a ~|mlmcfj douap~dgm mp rjppëuadp |aprjp~mp nm pagqdo~a }qap~àj8 J rjna| nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj ndkdoqdq ak udp~m nj mqkao~j nm dkrj|~ìo`dm nm dkmgak: Mj cmnj nappm ra|gqo~m ap~àj jq~|jp }qap~djomkao~jp8 }qmc j rmrac nm dkmgak omp ~|mopej|kmçñap j`j||dnmp oj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj: @jkj ~av~j a dkmgak pa |acm`djomk om `|dmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm# m~qmckao~a: Fjqua qkm doua|pàj oj }qa ndx |aprad~j â dkrj|~ìo`dm nj ~av~j pjl|a m dkmgak: d kmgak:
1>
0/=/0
Ka~jnjcjgdm
Lqp`m|akjp mp |aprjp~mp m appmp ra|gqo~mp douap~dgmonj jp `do`j rdcm|ap `d~mnjp8 pj`dj`qc~q|mc# a`joþkd`j# ka|`mnjcðgd`j# pdklðcd`j a ~a`ojcðgd`j/ Pj`dj`qc~q|mc# rjdp m rqlcd`dnmna ndmcjgm `jk jp umcj|ap pj`dmdp a `qc~q|mdp nm pj`danmna/ A`joþkd`j# rj|}qa ap~í nd|a~mkao~a cdgmnm â r|jnqçàj# r|jkjçàj a uaonm njp r|jnq~jp na `jopqkj/ Ka|`mnjcðgd`j# rjdp mp mc~a|mçñap oj pagkao~j dkrcd`mk ak kjnded`mçñap pdgoded`m~dump ak paq rmrac/ Pdklðcd`j# qkm uax }qa mp rjppdldcdnmnap nm cdogqmgak pàj cm|gmkao~a mr|juad~mnmp om r|jrmgmonm/ ^a`ojcðgd`j# rj|}qa m rqlcd`dnmna q~dcdxm jp |a`q|pjp ndprjoëuadp rm|m rmppm| pqmp kaopmgaop/
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pa|ak
ap~qnmnjp
parm|mnmkao~a# appap acakao~jp kap`cmk+pa ak kqd~jp kjkao~jp# rjdp qk kapkj m`jo~a`dkao~j rjna do`cqd| em~j|ap pj`dmdp a ~a`ojcðgd`jp# `jkj ua|akjp kmdp â e|ao~a/ M ap`jcfm nappa kä~jnj ap~í mrjdmnm om `joud`çàj na @mp~|j9 Gjkap &<227$ na }qa m m~dudnmna rqlcd`d~í|dm ap~í ak `jop~mo~a |acmçàj `jk jq~|jp em~j|ap nm pj`danmna# kjnded`monj+jp a paonj kjnded`mnm rj| acap/ Nm kapkm ej|km# m |anmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm naua pa| jlpa|umnm pjl appap mpra`~jp# rm|m }qa rjppmkjp `jkr|aaona| mp `jkrcavmp ~|mopej|kmçñap }qa ~|jqva|mk mj kjkao~j ak }qa fjha pa ao`jo~|m/ Rm|m douap~dgm| }qmdp ej|mk appmp kjnded`mçñap ej|mk |amcdxmnmp ao~|audp~mp `jk padp |anm~j|ap rqlcd`d~í|djp/ ^jnjp pàj r|jedppdjomdp |aprad~mnjp# |aea|èo`dmp ak |anmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm a }qa rjppqak avra|dèo`dm oj ka|`mnj# rjnaonj `jo~|dlqd| na ej|km pdgoded`m~dum `jk pqmp jrdodñap m`qkqcmnmp mj cjogj njp mojp na r|jedppàj/ Mp ao~|audp~mp ak r|jeqondnmna ej|mk |amcdxmnmp rappjmckao~a a dondudnqmckao~a# m~|muäp na qk }qap~djoí|dj+lmpa &MOAVJ M$/ M jrçàj racm rap}qdpm }qmcd~m~dum# `jk }qap~djoí|dj ndppa|~m~duj a ra}qaom mkjp~|mgak# ejd naudnj â `jkrcavdnmna nmp }qap~ñap aoujcudnmp# }qa avdgak kmdp qk `johqo~j na~mcfmnj na jrdodñap ap`cm|a`anj|mp }qa qkm g|mona }qmo~dnmna na |aprjp~mp ea`fmnmp# qkm uax }qa mp |aprjp~mp jl~dnmp om rap}qdpm oàj rjnak pa| }qmo~ded`mnmp/
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M r|dkad|m ra|gqo~m lqp`m ao~aona|# na ej|km ga|mc# `jkj jp |anm~j|ap uaak j ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj fjha# ak |acmçàj mj doë`dj na pqmp `m||ad|mp/ M pagqonm ~ak rj| jlha~duj ao~aona| `jkj acap jlpa|umk m |acmçàj ao~|a j ~av~j# m `qc~q|m a mp kqnmoçmp pj`dmdp/ M ~a|`ad|m dnao~ded`m m jrdodàj njp |anm~j|ap pjl|a `jkj m a`jojkdm ~ak mea~mnj m pqm r|jedppàj/ M }qm|~m ra|gqo~m douap~dgm m doecqèo`dm nmp r|akdmçñap om }qmo~dnmna a }qmcdnmna njp ~av~jp rqlcd`d~í|djp/ M }qdo~m dnao~ded`m jp mpra`~jp pdklðcd`jp nj ~av~j a nm dkmgak oj moøo`dj/ Rj| edk# m pav~m ra|gqo~m rap}qdpm m jrdodàj njp |anm~j|ap pjl|a mp kqnmoçmp ~a`ojcðgd`mp }qa doecqao`dmk m |anmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm/
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Mkjp~|mgak
Rm|m mp ao~|audp~mp ej|mk paca`djomnjp padp |anm~j|ap na ndea|ao~ap mgèo`dmp na rqlcd`dnmna/ Pàj acap8 \qt Cdonaola|g &Caj Lq|oa~~$# Cqdx ^jcanj &^jcanj R|jrmgmonm$# @m|cjp Njkdogjp &Mga Dpjlm|$# Emldj Pmljtm &^mcao~$# Eíldj L|monàj &HW^$ a Aqgèodj Kjfmccak &Kjfmccak*M|~rcmo$/ \qt Cdonaola|g dod`djq m `m||ad|m na |anm~j| ak =461# rmppmonj rj| mgèo`dmp na g|mona rj|~a# `jkj W*L|mpdc# NRX a ^mcao~/ Paq r|dkad|j napmedj `jkj nd|a~j| na `|dmçàj ejd om Tjqog%\qld`mk# pagqdnm nm NRX# W*L|mpdc a Caj Lq|oa~~# om }qmc j`qrm j `m|gj na Ud`a+r|apdnao~a na @|dmçàj# m~qmckao~a/ Cqdx ^jcanj dod`djq pqm `m||ad|m ak kamnjp nm nä`mnm na 72/ ^|mlmcfjq ak mgèo`dmp `jkj NRX# ^mcao~ a =>= Pjfj P}qm|a# jona j`qrjq j `m|gj na @fdae @|am~dua Jeed`a| &@@J$/ Ejd r|apdnao~a nj @cqla na @|dmçàj na Pàj Rmqcj omp
gap~ñap na =441 a =447/ ^aonj napead~j m rm|`ad|m `jk m =>= ak <2=2# ^jcanj fjha pa nand`m â r|ðr|dm mgèo`dm# m ^jcanj R|jrmgmonm/ Ej|kmnj ak Km|ia~dog# @m|cjp Njkdogjp dod`djq+pa `jkj |anm~j| ak =440# rmppmonj racm HW^# W*L|mpdc# Cjnq``m a NK4NNL/ M~qmckao~a ä pð`dj a nd|a~j| na `|dmçàj nm mgèo`dm Mga Dpjlm|/ Ä mq~j| na njdp cdu|jp pjl|a j qodua|pj rqlcd`d~í|dj8 @|dmçàj pak Rdp~jcàj# cmoçmnj ak <22=# a Jrj|~qodnmnap Ndpem|çmnmp# rqlcd`mnj ak <224/
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Emldj Pmljtm dod`djq m `m||ad|m ak =440 om NNL Oaanfmk# mrðp ej|km|+pa ak Rqlcd`dnmna a R|jrmgmonm/ Rmppjq ~mkläk racm ^mcao~ Ldx# NK4NNL a WK`@moo/ Ä |anm~j| om ^mcao~ a r|jeappj| om Kdmkd Mn P`fjjc * APRK/ Eíldj L|monàj `jkaçjq m ~|mlmcfm| `jk rqlcd`dnmna oj edomc njp mojp 42# rmppmonj rj| mgèo`dmp `jkj R|jrmgmonm \agdp~|mnm# Lm~ap L|mpdc a Edp`fa| Mkä|d`m/ Fjha j`qrm j `m|gj na nd|a~j| na `|dmçàj om HW^/ Aqgèodj Kjfmccak `jkaçjq ak r|jrmgmonm oj moj na =467 a ~|mlmcfjq ak mgèo`dmp `jkj NK4# ^mcao~ a Mckmr/ Eqonjq m edcdmc l|mpdcad|m nm mgèo`dm Emccjo/ Ak <224# mppj`djq+pa mj G|qrj M|~rcmo# }qa rmppjq m pa `fmkm| Kjfmccak*M|~rcmo/ Appm rm|`a|dm ejd napead~m |a`ao~akao~a# ak mgjp~j nap~a moj/ Rj|~mo~j# m mkjp~|mgak ap~í nacdkd~mnm ak |anm~j|ap fjkaop# `jk avra|dèo`dm ao~|a `a|`m na }qm|ao~m a njxa mojp oj ka|`mnj# ~jnjp hí ~aonj j`qrmnj `m|gjp na nd|a~j|dm# mcgqop njp }qmdp mdonm pa kmo~èk/
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Rdcm| pj`dj`qc~q|mc
Pagqonj Km|~do+Lm|la|j &=467$# m rm|~d| na =601# dod`dmckao~a om E|moçm# `jkaçm m pa raopm| oj rmrac njp mg|qrmkao~jp kmppdujp om pj`danmna/ Jp ap~qndjpjp nm ärj`m udmk m kmppm `jk kap`cm na nap`mpj a kanj# apra`dmckao~a rj| rm|~a nm `cmppa njkdomo~a/ Cjgj# lqp`monj ao~aona| j kjudkao~j }qa pa avrmondm# m acd~a do~aca`~qmc `jkaçjq m ap~qní+cj# ak qkm ~ao~m~dum na mrcm`m| appa `|ap`dkao~j/ Ao}qmo~j rm|m jp ap~qndjpjp aq|jraqp m kmppm pdgoded`mum m nag|mnmçàj nm `qc~q|m# rm|m jp oj|~a+mka|d`mojp a|m pdoþodkj na cdla|nmna a nakj`|m`dm/ Kj|do &=454# r/ =5$ nap~m`m }qa j ~a|kj –`qc~q|m na kmppm‛ `jkaçjq m pa| q~dcdxmnj racm pj`djcjgdm mka|d`mom mrðp m Pagqonm Gqa||m Kqondmc/ Aca naedoa appm `qc~q|m `jkj paonj Y///[ r|jnqxdnm pagqonj mp oj|kmp km`dçmp nm eml|d`mçàj donqp~|dmc9 r|jrmgmnm racmp ~ä`od`mp na ndeqpàj km`dçm &}qa qk ap~|mofj oajcjgdpkj mogcj+cm~doj# `fmkm na kmpp+kandm$9 nap~domonj+pa m qkm kmppm pj`dmc# dp~j ä# qk mgcjka|mnj gdgmo~ap`j na donduënqjp `jkr|aaondnjp m}qäk a mcäk nmp ap~|q~q|mp do~a|omp nm pj`danmna &`cmppap# emkëcdm# a~`/$/
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Oappa pao~dnj# m `qc~q|m na kmppm `jo`j||a|dm `jk mp `qc~q|mp om`djomc# fqkmodp~m a |acdgdjpm# ~jnmp ~mkläk `jkrjp~mp rj| mgcjka|mnjp/ @jkj ak ~jnmp mp `qc~q|mp# acm rjppqd `ðndgjp# kd~jp# qkm ap~|q~q|m r|ðr|dm# na ej|km ga|mc/ Mrapm| ndppj# ap~í do~ag|mnm om pj`danmna a# `jkj ~mc# |acm`djom+pa m ~jnj kjkao~j `jk jq~|mp kmodeap~mçñap `qc~q|mdp# pahm do~ag|monj acakao~jp nacmp jq doecqao`dmonj+mp/ M `qc~q|m na kmppm ä m kmdj| a kmdp ml|mogao~a `j||ao~a `qc~q|mc nj pä`qcj VV/ Pqm ej|çm `jo~doqjq m pa kmodeap~m| oj `jkaçj nj pä`qcj VVD# med|kmonj+pa `jkj qkm `j||ao~a jodr|apao~a# `mrmx na kjnded`m| j dkmgdoí|dj rjrqcm|# q~dcdxmonj+ pa na paqp kadjp na ndppakdomçàj# `jkj mp donøp~|dmp and~j|dmp# m |mndjndeqpàj a m donøp~|dm mqndjudpqmc/ Rjna+pa ndxa| }qa m `qc~q|m na kmppm ä |aprjopíuac rj| kqd~mp nmp kqnmoçmp pj`dj`qc~q|mdp njp øc~dkjp njdp pä`qcjp# do`cqpdua mp |acm`djomnmp â rqlcd`dnmna a# `jopa}qao~akao~a# mj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj/ Oj ao~mo~j# rm|m j |anm~j| a pð`dj nm mgèo`dm Mga Dpjlm|# @m|cjp Njkdogjp# m `qc~q|m na kmppm oàj ~èk mea~mnj pdgoded`m~dumkao~a j rmrac nj ~av~j om rqlcd`dnmna# qkm uax }qa# mrapm| na jp fíld~jp nmp rappjmp ap~m|ak kqnmonj# acmp –Y///[ `jo~doqmk rap}qdpmonj a pa doej|kmonj mo~ap na `jkr|m| qk r|jnq~j‛/ Fí# `jkj pakr|a fjqua# m oa`appdnmna na mna}qm| j ~av~j mj jlha~duj na `jkqod`mçàj# apra`dmckao~a om |amcdnmna m~qmc# ak }qa# rm|m aca –Y///[ m øod`m ej|km na uj`è `joudua| `jk appa kqonj `fadj na doej|kmçàj ä ap`jcfa| Y///[‛ }qmc kaopmgak ä ka|a`anj|m na m~aoçàj/ J |anm~j| Aqgèodj Kjfmccak `jkrcakao~m# |appmc~monj }qa# mej|m m }qap~àj nj momcemla~dpkj eqo`djomc# mp rappjmp kmo~èk j fíld~j nm cad~q|m8 –Y///[ jp cdu|jp `jo~doqmk uaonaonj r|m `m|mklm &pd` $ # m do~a|oa~ ap~í ~|mxaonj m cad~q|m/ Ao~àj# appa oagð`dj na }qa oàj pa gjp~m na ca| oàj avdp~a‛/ Hí rm|m j ud`a+r|apdnao~a na `|dmçàj nm Caj Lq|oa~~# \qt Cdonaola|g# mp ojump këndmp# }qa gmofm|mk ej|çm nao~|j nm `qc~q|m na kmppm# pàj |aprjopíuadp racmp kqnmoçmp pj`dj`qc~q|mdp/ Paq rjo~j na udp~m ä j kapkj nj |anm~j| nm ^mcao~# Emldj Pmljtm# }qa m`|ap`ao~m8 –M`fj }qa na em~j avdp~a qk kjudkao~j pj`dj`qc~q|mc }qa emx `jk }qa j ~drj na cdogqmgak ~aofm kqnmnj/ Ao~àj# fjha# `mnm uax kmdp pa r|dudcagdm m cdogqmgak na `cdrrdog nj }qa m cdogqmgak `jkj fdp~ð|dm# `jk `jkaçj# kadj a edk‛/ Aca m`|and~m }qa j ~av~j `jo~doqm paonj q~dcdxmnj# kmp ao`jo~|m+pa e|mgkao~mnj ojp kmdp um|dmnjp ej|km~jp &hj|omc# ~acaudpàj# |índj# |audp~m# lcjgp# lmooa|p ndgd~mdp# mçñap na |qm$# oj cqgm| na ap~m| `jo`ao~|mnj ak rjq`mp këndmp &hj|omc a ~acaudpàj$# `jkj m`jo~a`dm ojp mojp edomdp nj pä`qcj VV/
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Jp ap~qnjp na Km|~ëo+Lm|la|j &=447$ jea|a`ak mrjdj âp jlpa|umçñap ead~mp rj| Pmljtm a Cdonaola|g/ Oj cdu|j Njp Kadjp âp Kandmçñap ed`m `cm|j }qa jp kadjp `jkqod`mçàj a m `qc~q|m na kmppm ap~àj do~dkmkao~a cdgmnjp/ J rmrac njp r|dkad|jp oàj ä pjkao~a j na doej|km|# kmp j na pa| rjo~a# kandmçàj ao~|a ap~m `qc~q|m a m kmppm/ Rm|m aca# appm |acmçàj naq+pa m rm|~d| na qkm doua|pàj# om }qmc mp kmppmp rjrqcm|ap pa do~ag|m|mk âp `cmppap lq|gqapmp# ej|kmonj qkm øod`m kmppm8 ,M `qc~q|m na kmppm oàj mrm|a`a na |arao~a# `jkj qkm |qr~q|m }qa ra|kd~m paq `joe|jo~j `jk m `qc~q|m rjrqcm|/ J kmppduj ejd ga|mnj cao~mkao~a m rm|~d| nj rjrqcm|, &KM\^ËO+LM\LA\J# =447# r/ =54$/ Nappa kjnj# jp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj# }qa pq|gd|mk a `|ap`a|mk om `qc~q|m na kmppm# pàj napnjl|mkao~jp nm `qc~q|m rjrqcm|/ M ~acaudpàj# rj| avakrcj# |ar|apao~m jp ndícjgjp nj ndm+m+ndm a mcdkao~m j dkmgdoí|dj `jca~duj m~|muäp na pqmp edgq|mp uana~dxmnmp# mp }qmdp |ar|apao~mk j rjna| }qa m rjrqcmçàj gjp~m|dm na ~a|/ Ap~a eaoþkaoj pa emx r|apao~a oj L|mpdc a ak ~jnj j kqonj j`dnao~mc# ak ga|mc# qkm uax }qa mp ojçñap na rjna| a rjrqcm|dnmna# a mp ~ä`od`mp na |ar|apao~mçàj# pàj pdkdcm|ap ao~|a jp rmëpap j`dnao~mdp/ Fí# om pj`danmna m~qmc# qk r|j`appj na ao`q~q|mçàj# }qa pa ~|m~m nm mr|jr|dmçàj na qk kjnj na udua| ndppakdomnj racjp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj a oàj ä ~j~mckao~a |ar|appj|# hí }qa ä ead~j `jk j ,`jopao~dkao~j, nmp `cmppap rjrqcm|ap# aoujcudnmp racmp dkmgaop a kjudkao~jp nm donøp~|dm `qc~q|mc/ Nm kapkm ej|km# j rmrac nm rqlcd`dnmna oappa r|j`appj na ao`q~q|mçàj lqp`m j `jopao~dkao~j nj `jopqkdnj|/ Acm ap~í r|apao~a ojp cj`mdp jona j `jopqkdnj| ap~í# om ~ao~m~dum na m~|md| pqm m~aoçàj/ Ak `jo`j|nìo`dm â Cdonaola|g a Pmljtm# Cqdx ^jcanj# nd|a~j| nm mgèo`dm ^jcanj R|jrmgmonm# `jkao~m }qa m rqlcd`dnmna oàj ä kmdp ~àj ndní~d`m }qmo~j ejd oj rmppmnj/ Acm oàj lqp`m mraomp doej|km|# kmp dopa|d|+pa oj ap~dcj na udnm nmp rappjmp/ Rj| dppj# –Y///[ appm `jkqod`mçàj oàj pa |ap~|doga kmdp mj moøo`dj# mj edcka# ä qk kdv na `jdpmp‛/ Rjo~j oj }qmc @m|cjp Njkdogjp `jo`j|nm# hí }qa rm|m aca mp rappjmp `jo~doqmk do~a|appmnmp ak doej|kmçàj a fjha rjnak ao`jo~|í+cm ~mo~j oj moøo`dj dkr|appj# }qmo~j ak jq~|jp kadjp# `jkj om do~a|oa~/ Cjgj# oàj j`j||aq qkm kqnmoçm na `jo~aønj# kmp na ej|km# rjdp j ~av~j ao`jo~|m+pa e|mgkao~mnj/ Rm|m j nd|a~j| na `|dmçàj nm HW^# Eíldj L|monàj# appm e|mgkao~mçàj nmp këndmp a nj ~av~j rjna pa| avrcd`mnm na m`j|nj `jk m ojum j|nak pj`dmc8 –Oàj m`fj }qa m `mrm`dnmna na na`jnded`m| kaopmgaop ~aofm ndkdoqënj# jp `jopqkdnj|ap oàj
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ed`m|mk kmdp ‖lq||jp—# pð oàj gmp~mk ~mo~j ~akrj `jk qkm oj~ë`dm jq moøo`dj `jkj emxdmk mo~ap‛# `jopa}qao~akao~a# m ~|mopkdppàj nmp kaopmgaop r|a`dpm pa| kmdp ndoìkd`m a `q|~m/ \qt Cdonaola|g `jo`j|nm ak rm|~a a jlpa|um }qa fjha j donduënqj –Y///[ ap~í j ~akrj ~jnj `joa`~mnj# pahm oj `acqcm|# oj `jkrq~mnj|# om ~acaudpàj‛/ Kmp# rm|m aca# m `jopa}qèo`dm nappm em`dcdnmna na `joavàj ä hqp~mkao~a m ndkdoqdçàj nm cad~q|m rj| `jo~m nmp em`dcdnmnap ~a`ojcðgd`mp# qkm uax }qa mp rappjmp rjnak nadvm| na |a`j||a| m uaë`qcjp kmdp naopjp# `jkj j cdu|j# j hj|omc a m |audp~m# rm|m lqp`m| `jo~aønj kmdp ndoìkd`j a pqra|ed`dmc om do~a|oa~# rj| avakrcj/ Jp raopmkao~jp na Cdonaola|g a L|monàj ao`jo~|mk ak Lmqkmo &<22=$ qkm avrcd`mçàj ~að|d`m# rjdp# pagqonj aca# m pj`danmna kjna|om ao`jo~|m+pa ak qk ap~mnj na ecqdnax/ @jkj ~jnj ecqënj# acm kjcnm+pa na m`j|nj `jk m ~aopàj }qa pje|a8 Y///[ jp ecqënjp oàj pa m~èk kqd~j m }qmc}qa| ej|km a ap~àj `jop~mo~akao~a r|jo~jp a r|jraopjp m kqní+cm9 mppdk# rm|m acap# j }qa `jo~m ä j ~akrj# kmdp nj }qa j aprmçj }qa cfap ~j`m j`qrm|9 aprmçj }qa# medomc# r|aao`fak mraomp –rj| qk kjkao~j‛/ &LMQKMO# <22=# r/ 6$
J rjna|# om `jo`arçàj kjna|om# oàj ap~í kmdp r|apj mj aprmçj# kmp ao`jo~|m+pa `joedgq|mnj oj ap~dcj njp –paofj|ap mqpao~ap‛# jp }qmdp jlpa|umk paqp jlha~jp na `jo~|jca na jona ap~dua|ak a kqnmk |mrdnmkao~a/ Oappa ojuj `jo~av~j# j rjna| nm rqlcd`dnmna `joedgq|m+pa# ~mkläk# na ej|km mqpao~a/ Acm ap~í r|apao~a ak ~jnjp jp cqgm|ap# moqo`dmonj r|jnq~jp }qa pjkao~a pa|àj mc`moçmnjp racj m~j nm `jkr|m/ Jp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj pàj eqonmkao~mdp oappa `jo~|jca mqpao~a# rjdp ava|`ak rjna| pjl|a j dkmgdoí|dj rjrqcm|# rjnaonj mc~a|m| jp em~jp ud|~qmdp m ~mc rjo~j# }qa `fagmk m `joeqond+cjp `jk m |amcdnmna/ M rqlcd`dnmna lqp`m m`ad~mçàj a mna|èo`dm nj rølcd`j rj| kadj nm `ja|çàj pj`dmc/ Jq pahm# lqp`m dopa|d|+pa oj `j~dndmoj nmp rappjmp â kandnm }qa mp `jouao`a na }qa m cdla|nmna ap~í do~|ëopa`m â m`ad~mçàj pj`dmc/ Nappm ej|km# }qmo~j kmdp j donduënqj `jopjka jp r|jnq~jp nm donøp~|dm `qc~q|mc# kmdp r|ðvdkj ap~í njp rmn|ñap pj`dmckao~a m`ad~jp/ Oj ao~mo~j# jp kjnacjp nm kjna|odnmna cë}qdnm oàj pàj audnao~ap# oak nmnjp9 jp rjna|ap pa ndppjcua|mk a rmppm|mk nj km`|j mj kd`|j/ Rj| appa kj~duj# m ojçàj na –rølcd`j+mcuj‛ ap~í `mnm uax kmdp ndppjcudnm# hí }qa jp rmn|ñap na udnm# gjp~jp a napahjp nmp rappjmp ap~àj pa kjnded`monj `mnm uax kmdp |írdnj/
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Mo~ap na Lmqkmo# Kj|do &=454# r/ =6>$ hí `jcj`mum ak rmq~m m |acmçàj nm `jkqod`mçàj `jk mp kqnmoçmp pj`dmdp8 –Y///[ m ra|rä~qm do`d~mçàj m `jopqkd| a m kqnm| &rqlcd`dnmna# kjnmp# ujgmp a jonmp$# j ra|rä~qj ecqvj njp ecmpfap a nj paopm`djomc `johqgmk+pa oqk |d~kj m`aca|mnj ak }qa Y///[ ~qnj pa pqlp~d~qd kqd~j nar|appm‛/ J |d~kj m`aca|mnj na r|jnqçàj a napgmp~a }qa pa ní om donøp~|dm `qc~q|mc pa |aeca~a om m|~a8 j `doakm a paqp kjnacjp na edckap `jk |j~ad|jp pdkrcð|djp a nq|mçàj rmn|àj# m rdo~q|m `jk pqmp kmodeap~mçñap mlp~|m~mp# m rjapdm `jk ej|~a mracj udpqmc9 `jkj ejd j kjudkao~j `jo`|a~dp~m oj L|mpdc njp mojp =412 a =452/ A m~ä kapkj om rqlcd`dnmna# }qa q~dcdxm pqmp ~ä`od`mp rm|m moqo`dm| m oa`appdnmna `jop~mo~a na kqnmoçmp# `jkj j qpj mlqonmo~a na dkmgaop ap~a|aj~drmnmp a pqra|ed`dmdp# }qa gm|mo~ak m mlpj|çàj |írdnm nm kaopmgak/ Oappm ojum `joedgq|mçàj jp moøo`djp lqp`mk m~dogd| j donduënqj ak paqp napahjp kmdp r|jeqonjp# a oàj kmdp m kmppm fjkjgèoam/ M rqlcd`dnmna avmc~m jp umcj|ap dondudnqmdp# ap~í pakr|a nd|a`djomnm m acap a jea|a`a paqp r|jnq~jp `jkj ej|km na gm|mo~d| m avr|appàj nm dondudnqmcdnmna na kjnj rcaoj/ Pagqonj Lmqkmo &<22=$# appa em~j ä `jopa}qèo`dm nmp kjnded`mçñap om pj`danmna# hí }qa j donduënqj oàj ap~í kmdp r|aj`qrmnj `jk j }qa ä rølcd`j/ Ap~a `aoí|dj ä eä|~dc rm|m m ndppakdomçàj nm rqlcd`dnmna }qa pmdlm |aprjona| âp r|jhaçñap dondudnqmdp oj aprmçj rølcd`j/ Oj ao~mo~j# appmp pqgap~ñap âp mecdçñap nj donduënqj pàj# om ua|nmna# mkrcmp a `jca~dump/ Cqdx ^jcanj `jkao~m8 –Y///[ m `jkqod`mçàj fjha rmppjq m pa| j ndea|ao`dmc ao~|a qk r|jnq~j a jq~|j Y///[‛# rj|~mo~j# qkm uax }qa jp r|jnq~jp a pa|udçjp jea|a`dnjp ap~àj fjkjgèoajp# m øod`m ej|km na ndea|ao`dí+cjp ä mna}qí+cjp âp oa`appdnmnap dondudnqmdp/ Kmp dppj oàj ä ead~j paoàj rj| ~ä`od`mp kmppdump# `jkj j moøo`dj dkr|appj# m ~acaudpàj a j prj~ na |índj/ J `jo~aønj dondudnqmc ä nduqcgmnj ak kadjp `jca~dujp/ Rm|m Lmqn|dccm|n &=447$# mj kapkj ~akrj ak }qa m rqlcd`dnmna ä nd|a`djomnm mjp napahjp rappjmdp kmdp ëo~dkjp# pakr|a lqp`m j qodua|pmc# j napahj `jca~duj/ Napahm+pa pa| øod`j# napna }qa j –øod`j‛ ap~ahm nao~|j nj }qa ä pj`dmckao~a m`ad~j/ Napahm+pa av`cqpdudnmna# kmp m kapkm av`cqpdudnmna ä napahmnm rj| ~jnjp/ Dp~j rj|}qa m `qc~q|m na kmppm ä appao`dmckao~a `jca~dum/ Rj| appa kj~duj# jp kjnacjp qodua|pmdp na lacaxm# `jkrj|~mkao~j a ap~dcj na udnm pàj `jkqkao~a q~dcdxmnjp om rqlcd`dnmna/ Acm pa mr|jr|dm nappap kjnacjp a `jo~|dlqd rm|m ndppakdoí+cjp8 ,m rqlcd`dnmna Y///[ ä m pj`danmna na kmppm }qa# m~|muäp na qk pdgoj m|ld~|í|dj# pdp~akí~d`j# r|juj`m m paopdldcdnmna# kjldcdxm mp `jop`dèo`dmp a pa
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|a`jop~d~qd oap~a r|ðr|dj r|j`appj ao}qmo~j `jca~duj, &LMQN\DCCM\N# =447# r/ =4=$/ Ak `jo`j|nìo`dm `jk Lmqn|dccm|n# Km|~ëo+Lm|la|j &=447$ naeaona }qa j do~a|`ìkldj a`joþkd`j a `qc~q|mc ao~|a jp rmëpap j`dnao~mdp rjppdldcd~jq m ndppakdomçàj njp r|jnq~jp om`djomdp# mcäk njp `jp~qkap# ap~dcjp na udnm a `qc~q|mp nmp ndea|ao~ap omçñap/ Oj ao~mo~j# rm|m }qa oàj fmhm `joecd~jp `qc~q|mdp a rm|m }qa jp r|jnq~jp pa mnmr~ak a uaonmk ak ~a||d~ð|dj ap~|mogad|j# ~j|ojq+pa oa`appí|dm qkm cdogqmgak qodua|pmc# }qa pa kmodeap~m oàj pjkao~a oj ~av~j ap`|d~j# kmp ~mkläk om dkmgak# om r|jnqçàj# oj r|jnq~j a ak ~jnjp jp acakao~jp }qa j `jop~d~qak/ Om lqp`m racj }qa rjna pa| qodua|pmckao~a mppdkdcmnj# m dkmgak rjppqd umo~mgaop ak |acmçàj â ap`|d~m/ Acm ap~í ak ndua|pjp r|jnq~jp nm donøp~|dm `qc~q|mc8 ej~jg|medmp# edckap# ~acaojuacmp# raçmp na ~am~|j# rdo~q|mp# ao~|a jq~|jp/ Pagqonj Km|~ëo+Lm|la|j &=447$# m dkmgak ä em`dckao~a `jkr|aaondnm# rjdp ap~í cdu|a nm lm||ad|m cdogqëp~d`m# mrapm| na ap~m| pqhad~m âp ndea|ao~ap do~a|r|a~mçñap na m`j|nj `jk mp kqnmoçmp `qc~q|mdp# em~j }qa pa|í na~mcfmnj mndmo~a oap~a `mrë~qcj/ Jq~|j eaoþkaoj nm donøp~|dm `qc~q|mc }qa pa |auacm om rqlcd`dnmna ä j pdo`|a~dpkj/ Pagqonj Kj|do &=454# r/ 06$# ,pdo`|a~dpkj ä m rmcmu|m kmdp mr~m rm|m ~|mnqxd| m ~aonèo`dm m fjkjgaoadxm| pjl qk naojkdomnj| `jkqk m ndua|pdnmna na `jo~aønjp,/ J `doakm emx dppj dopa|donj ndua|pjp ~akmp nao~|j na qk gèoa|j &edcka na |jkmo`a `jk muao~q|m a `jkändm$/ Om rqlcd`dnmna rjna+pa ao`jo~|m| j pdo`|a~dpkj na ndua|pmp ej|kmp# `jkj ä j `mpj na `mkrmofmp `jk ~akmp um|dmnjp# lqp`monj m~dogd| j kmdj| oøka|j na rappjmp/ Dppj rjna rm|a`a|# â r|dkad|m udp~m# d| na ao`jo~|j â kjna|odnmna cë}qdnm a dondudnqmcdxmnm# qkm uax }qa j pdo`|a~dpkj ä qk eaoþkaoj na kmppm/ Oj ao~mo~j# mj mr|jeqonm| j jcfm| ra|`ala+pa }qa avrcj|monj ndua|pjp mppqo~jp nao~|j nj kapkj r|jnq~j `qc~q|mc `jopagqa+pa m~|md| m m~aoçàj na ndea|ao~ap rølcd`jp# hí }qa `mnm qk pao~a+pa dondudnqmckao~a ~j`mnj racm kaopmgak na ej|km ndp~do~m/ Nappa kjnj# m donøp~|dm `qc~q|mc pa `jo~|mndx8 mj kapkj ~akrj }qa mp ap~|q~q|mp ~ä`od`j+lq|j`|í~d`mp dkranak dojumçñap `jop~mo~ap a dondudnqmcdxmçàj nm r|jnqçàj# j `jopqkj avdga avm~mkao~a dondudnqmcdxmçàj a dojumçàj/ Rm|m kmp`m|m| m emc~m na r|jnq~jp ua|nmnad|mkao~a dondudnqmdp a ojujp# m donøp~|dm pa q~dcdxm na ~ä`od`mp# `jkj kjnded`m| aklmcmgaop# douap~d| ak ra}qaomp mc~a|mçñap a ak rqlcd`dnmna# m }qmc `|dm ndea|ao`dmçàj ao~|a jp r|jnq~jp# pahm om ej|km jq oj `jo~aønj nm kaopmgak/ M rqlcd`dnmna ä q~dcdxmnm oàj pð rm|m r|jkjua|# kmp
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~mkläk rm|m ndea|ao`dm| oj rcmoj dnajcðgd`j jp r|jnq~jp rmn|àj nm Donøp~|dm @qc~q|mc/ Oappa `mpj# m eð|kqcm na moøo`djp ,aea~dujp, ~jkm j cqgm| nm dojumçàj ~mkläk ak rqlcd`dnmna/ \acakl|monj j }qa ndx Cqdx ^jcanj# m rqlcd`dnmna ra|naq j `m|í~a| doej|km~duj rm|m pa ~|mopej|km| oj øod`j ndea|ao`dmc ao~|a njdp r|jnq~jp nm kapkm `m~agj|dm/ Rj|~mo~j# m rqlcd`dnmna akraofm+pa ak `jop~|qd| kd~jp# pahmk acap om ej|km udpqmc jq ap`|d~m/ Pagqonj Lm|~fap &<227$# `jop~d~qd+pa ak kd~j j pdp~akm pakdjcðgd`j pagqonj# oj }qmc j pdgoj nj pdp~akm pakdjcðgd`j r|dkad|j ~j|om+pa mraomp pdgoded`mo~a &ej|km$# }qa qodnj mj pdgoded`mnj &`jo`ad~j$# |apqc~m om pdgoded`mçàj/ Qk avakrcj pa|dm m edgq|m nm njom na `mpm8 oj pdp~akm pakdjcðgd`j r|dkad|j acm ä pdgoj# hí oj kd~j# ä pdgoded`mo~a# j }qmc# qodonj+pa mj `jo`ad~j |ar|apao~m~duj na pqm edgq|m# ~|mopej|km+pa ak pdgoded`mnj/ Qk `jo`ad~j kë~d`j rjna |aka~a| m uí|dmp ej|kmp a naua pa| |a`jofa`dnj rj| na~a|kdomnj g|qrj/ Oappa pao~dnj# m rqlcd`dnmna r|jnqx kd~jp `jop~mo~akao~a/ Ap~í pakr|a mppj`dmonj jp kapkjp `jo`ad~jp âp kmdp ndea|ao~ap ej|kmp a lqp`monj m m`ad~mçàj nj rølcd`j rm|m pa `jopjcdnm|/ Rj|~mo~j# j rqlcd`d~í|dj ä qk r|jnq~j| na kd~jp/ Qk moøo`dj mc`moçm paq jlha~duj }qmonj8 ,Y///[ rm|m j cad~j| nj kd~j# m pmënm ä ~j~mckao~a ndea|ao~a9 ~qnj pa rmppm `jkj pa m dkmgak r|juj`mppa om~q|mckao~a j `jo`ad~j a j pdgoded`mo~a `|dmppa j pdgoded`mnj Y///[, &LM\^FAP# <227# r/ <<=$/ Jq~|j avakrcj pa|dm j nj emkjpj `jwljt nm km|`m na `dgm||jp Kmclj|j/ M edgq|m kë~d`m# `|dmnm om nä`mnm na =412# ä ej|kmnm m rm|~d| nm hqoçàj nj pdgoded`mo~a &`jwljt mka|d`moj$ `jk j pdgoded`mnj &ud|dcdnmna# ej|çm$/ @jkj |aej|çm Cqdx ^jcanj# j }qa m rqlcd`dnmna uaona Y///[ rmppjq m pa| mcgj }qa km~a|dmcdxm qkm edcjpjedm na udnm/ A dppj `jk `a|~axm ~ak |acmçàj `jk kqnmoçmp pj`dmdp a `qc~q|mdp/ M rqlcd`dnmna# m r|jrmgmonm# om ua|nmna# ap~í pakr|a kqnmonj `jk m pj`danmna# acm ä qk |aecavj# j ~akrj }qa nakj|m r|m kjp~|m| dppj }qa kqnm# kmp acm ä qk |aecavj# ä mcgj }qa hí ap~í cm~ao~a omp rappjmp/
Pagqonj Kj|do &=454$# appa eaoþkaoj `jkaçjq m pa emxa| r|apao~a oj pä`qcj VV# }qmonj m pagqonm donqp~|dmcdxmçàj a m pagqonm `jcjodxmçàj pa na|mk mj oëuac nj aprë|d~j a nm mckm8 Oj `jkaçj nj pä`qcj VV# j rjna| donqp~|dmc ap~aonaq+pa rj| ~jnj j Gcjlj ^a||ap~|a/ M `jcjodxmçàj nm Íe|d`m# m njkdomçàj nm Ípdm `fagmk mj paq mrjgaq/ Adp }qa `jkaçm omp ead|mp na mkjp~|mp a kí}qdomp na oë}qadp m
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pagqonm donqp~|dmcdxmçàj8 m }qa pa r|j`appm omp dkmgaop a ojp pjofjp/ Y///[ M mckm ä m ojum Íe|d`m }qa `jkaçm m mgd~m| jp `d|`qd~jp njp `doakmp/ @do}qao~m mojp kmdp ~m|na qk r|jndgdjpj pdp~akm oa|ujpj pa `jop~d~qdq oj g|mona `j|rj rcmoa~í|dj8 mp rmcmu|mp a dkmgaop pmëmk mjp lj|lj~ñap njp ~aca~drjp# nmp |j~m~dump# nmp racë`qcmp# nmp ed~mp kmgoä~d`mp# nmp mo~aomp na |índj a na ~acaudpàj9 ~qnj }qa |jnm# omuagm# ujm ~|moprj|~m hj|omdp a |audp~mp9 oàj fí qkm kjcä`qcm na m| }qa oàj udl|a `jk mp kaopmgaop }qa qk mrm|acfj jq qk gap~j# ~j|omk cjgj mqnëuadp a udpëuadp/ &KJ\DO# =454# r/ =1$
Appm `jcjodxmçàj pð ä rjppëuac `jk j `jopao~dkao~j nmp rappjmp/ Oj `mpj nm rqlcd`dnmna# m pqm aea~dudnmna naraona nm mna|èo`dm nj `jopqkdnj| oàj pð â kaopmgak# kmp â –mckm‛ nj r|jnq~j a nm km|`m jea|~mnjp/ M`|ap`ao~monj# \qt Cdonaola|g oj~m }qa mp kqnmoçmp pj`dj`qc~q|mdp kqnm|mk ~mkläk jp do~a|appap njp |anm~j|ap rqlcd`d~í|djp/ Pagqonj aca# –Y///[ jp r|ðr|djp |anm~j|ap ap~àj kaojp r|aj`qrmnjp `jk j ~mkmofj nj ~av~j Y///[‛# rjdp m `jo`j||èo`dm m`d||mnm }qa avdp~a fjha eax aka|gd| qkm ga|mçàj na |anm~j|ap r|aj`qrmnjp `jk m –g|mona dnadm‛# donaraonao~a nj ej|km~j ak }qa acm ap~ahm/ Emldj Pmljtm m`|ap`ao~m8 –J mkldao~a ap~í `mnm uax kmdp |írdnj omp mgèo`dmp# mp rappjmp oàj ~ak ~akrj r|m ~|mlmcfm| qk ~av~j# }qa ä qkm `jdpm ndeë`dc a ~|mlmcfjpm‛/ Rm|m aca# jp |anm~j|ap ap~àj napmr|aonaonj m ap`|aua|# â kandnm }qa lqp`mk kmdp eð|kqcmp a kaojp ~ä`od`mp ra|pqmpdump/ Aqgèodj Kjfmccak avrmona appa rjo~j na udp~m rm|m m r|jedppàj `jkj qk ~jnj8 –Fjha uj`è oàj ml|a m |audp~m apra|monj ua| mcgqkm `jdpm ljm# pa ~dua| mcgj ljk# ä qkm pq|r|apm# Y///[ oàj fí j }qa gjp~m| om rqlcd`dnmna/ M`fj }qa m r|jrmgmonm ap~í nap~|qdonj jp |a`q|pjp nj ~av~j‛/ Pagqonj aca# m donøp~|dm `qc~q|mc ap~í pqlq~dcdxmonj jp paqp ~mcao~jp# rjdp ra|kd~a ap~ap pahmk `|dm~dujp napna }qa oàj pmdmk nj rmn|àj/
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Rdcm| a`joþkd`j
M \aujcqçàj Donqp~|dmc ra|kd~dq m avrmopàj nm r|jnqçàj a nj `jkä|`dj na ka|`mnj|dmp/ Pagqonj Km|`jonap &<22=$# `jk m kqc~drcd`mçàj njp laop na `jopqkj m rqlcd`dnmna rmppjq na doej|km~dum â ra|pqmpdum/ Pa mo~ap pqm eqoçàj a|m m na doej|km| j `jopqkdnj| nm avdp~èo`dm na qk r|jnq~j jq pa|udçj# fjha rm|~a
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nappm eqoçàj ä nap~m`í+cj ak kadj â `jo`j||èo`dm/ M r|jrmgmonm ud|jq dop~|qkao~j oa`appí|dj oj kqonj `mrd~mcdp~m# `joej|ka naeaona Km|`jonap &<22=# r/ 17$8 –Ym `jkra~dçàj m`d||mnm[ emx nm r|jrmgmonm oàj kmdp qkm m|km na `jkqod`mçàj# kmp qk `jkrjoao~a akr|apm|dmc ap~|m~ägd`j rm|m m `jo}qdp~m na ojujp ka|`mnjp a m gm|mo~dm na napakraofj rm|m mp akr|apmp,/ Rm|m Cqdx ^jcanj appm kqnmoçm ~|mx }qap~djomkao~jp kqd~j kmdj|ap }qa jp |acm`djomnjp mj ~mkmofj nj ~av~j8 –Mo~ap ~dofm kqd~j ~av~j# fjha oak pa emcm nj r|jnq~j/ Ao~àj aq m`fj }qa ~mcuax m }qap~àj oak pahm appm na kmdp jq kaojp ~av~j‛/ Eíldj L|monàj `jo`j|nm `jk ^jcanj a m`|ap`ao~m8 ^aj|d`mkao~a# jp r|jnq~jp a moqo`dmo~ap ~a|dmk kmdp j }qa ndxa| nj }qa fí qop mojp m~|íp/ Jp r|jnq~jp uèk `fadjp na ojudnmnap ~a`ojcðgd`mp/ Cjgj# jp ~av~jp naua|dmk pa| kmdj|ap/ J }qa m`jo~a`a ä }qa mp kaopmgaop pàj kmdp nd|a~mp# pak |jnadjp jq m|gqkao~jp na uaonmp |alqp`mnjp/
M `jo`j||èo`dm ~ak `jkj `jopa}qèo`dm j ljklm|namkao~j na moøo`djp }qa `fagmk m~ä j `jopqkdnj|# uaonaonj r|jnq~jp na qkm kapkm `m~agj|dm kqd~j pakacfmo~ap ao~|a pd/ Rj| appa kj~duj# }qmo~j kmdp nd|a~m a do~acdgëuac ej| m kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# kmdj| mp `fmo`ap na j `jopqkdnj| rm|m| rm|m r|ap~m| m~aoçàj oacm/ Rm|m mkljp jp |anm~j|ap# jp moøo`djp dkr|appjp ap~àj `mnm uax kmdp pa|udonj na –dp`m‛ rm|m m~|md| j `jopqkdnj| rm|m qkm kaopmgak }qa# om ua|nmna# ~ak `jo~doqdnmna ak jq~|jp kadjp# `jkj om do~a|oa~/ ^jcanj ndx8 –J moøo`dj omnm kmdp ä }qa qk moxjc r|m edpgm| j cad~j|/ Rj| dppj m r|aj`qrmçàj ak caum| j `m|m rm|m j r|dkad|j rm|íg|mej a narjdp rm|m j pagqonj Y///[‛ a mppdk rj| ndmo~a# rj|}qa m kdppàj nj moøo`dj ä napra|~m| oj cad~j| j do~a|appa ak pmla| kmdp pjl|a j r|jnq~j a `jo~doqm| doej|kmonj+pa pjl|a aca ak jq~|jp `momdp/ ^jcanj m`|and~m }qa j ~av~j `jo~doqm avdp~donj# mraomp ap~í e|mgkao~mnj/ Rj| `jo~m nappm ojum `joedgq|mçàj# –j |anm~j| oj eqonj ä qk r|jnq~j| na dnadmp# kmdp nj }qa na rmcmu|mp‛/ Rm|m L|monàj –m oa`appdnmna rj| avrcd`m| kmdp a kacfj| qk r|jnq~j mqkao~jq/ Kmp kqnjq+pa m kmoad|m na ava`q~m| appmp avrcd`mçñap‛/ Pagqonj Km|`jonap &<22=$# mp nqrcmp na `|dmçàj rjppdldcd~m|mk ojump ej|kmp na `jop~|qd| qk moøo`dj# qkm uax }qa mo~ap nacmp m |anmçàj a dcqp~|mçàj na qkm raçm a|m ead~m parm|mnmkao~a# cdkd~monj mp rjppdldcdnmnap `|dm~dump/ M rm|~d| nm dop~d~qdçàj nappa ej|km~j `mnm uax kmdp m `|dmçàj m`jo~a`a ak ~j|oj na qk `jo`ad~j
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`ao~|mc# oàj mraomp qk ~av~j cjogj a qkm dkmgak dcqp~|m~dum/ Rj| dppj# fjha# kmdp dkrj|~mo~a }qa j ~av~j ä m dnadm `|dm~dum# m ej|km ao`jo~|mnm rm|m m~|md| m m~aoçàj nj `jopqkdnj|/ LMQN\DCCM\N &=447# r/ =71$ `jcj`m m rqlcd`dnmna `jkj rm|~a nj pdp~akm na jlha~jp/ Rm|m aca m rqlcd`dnmna ä qk ndp`q|pj pjl|a j jlha~j# kmp ä ~mkläk qk jlha~j `qc~q|mc# g|mçmp mp pqmp `m|m`~a|ëp~d`mp8 ra|pjomcdxmçàj# ndea|ao`dmçàj ej|çmnm# ndppakdomçàj nj doappao`dmc/ Rm|m aca m eqoçàj r|dkí|dm nm rqlcd`dnmna ä doej|km| &eqoçàj jlha~dum$/ Kmp acm rmppjq m ava|`a| jq~|m eqoçàj8 m na ra|pqmnd| a gqdm| j `jkrj|~mkao~j &eqoçàj pqlha~dum$/ ^aonj qk jlha~duj avrcë`d~j &uaona| qk r|jnq~j*pa|udçj$ a qk dkrcë`d~j &pqp`d~m| qk raopmkao~j# lqp`m| kqnmoçm na `jkrj|~mkao~j# kmodeap~m| qkm `qc~q|m$# m rqlcd`dnmna ~mkläk pa ~|mopej|km ak r|jnq~j na `jopqkj# rj| kadj na pqmp fdp~ð|dmp8 ,Oàj kmdp pa ~|m~m na qkm cðgd`m nj aoqo`dmnj a nm r|jum# kmp pdk na qkm cðgd`m nm eílqcm a nm mnapàj,/ @jk dppj# aca acq`dnm qk rjo~j dkrj|~mo~a8 mp rappjmp oàj m`|and~mk om rqlcd`dnmna# kmp pa nadvmk caum| racm kapkm g|mçmp mj `qdnmnj }qa acm nakjop~|m mj avdld| paqp r|jnq~jp# aklmcmonj+jp ak m~|mao~ap aklmcmgaop `jka|`dmdp a |a~ð|d`mp# a jea|a`aonj+jp mj `jopqkdnj|# na kjnj m –mca|~í cj‛ nm oa`appdnmna na `jopqkd| ~mc ∜
ka|`mnj|dm/ Mppdk# }qmo~j kmdp `qdnmnjpj# r|ðvdkj nm cdogqmgak nj `jopqkdnj| a rappjmc ej| m `jkqod`mçàj# }qmo~j kmdp m km|`m edxa| j `jopqkdnj| `|a| ak pqm eílqcm# kmdp aca pa pao~d|í m~|mënj m ra|na| ~akrj `jk acm/ Qkm umo~mgak nm rqlcd`dnmna ä }qa# ao}qmo~j j r|jnq~j }qa acm jea|a`a ä uaondnj# acm ä jea|~mnm/ Cjgj# mp rappjmp rjnak `jopqkd+cm pak oa`appm|dmkao~a `jopqkd| j r|jnq~j/ M `jkqod`mçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm ä pakr|a nd|a`djomnm rm|m j `jopqkdnj| a# oappa `jo~av~j# m dkmgak kqd~j `jcmlj|m rm|m kmo~a| qk kqonj na mrm|èo`dmp/ M pqm eqoçàj cønd`m# nd|a`djomnj|m# `jk dkmgaop rjpd~dump# a m ao`aomçàj &om }qmc mp dkmgaop qc~|mrmppmk m oa`appdnmna ap~|d~m njp r|jnq~jp$# pa|uak â ujo~mna nm pj`danmna na jea|a`a| m pd kapkm rm|m pa| `jopqkdnm racm rqlcd`dnmna/ M dkmgak ä |írdnm a panq~j|m# aeèka|m &|agdp~|m mraomp qk kjkao~j$# rjna pa| em`dckao~a pqlp~d~qënm rj| jq~|m# ä nd|a~m# pdgoded`m~dum a |ar|apao~m~dum/ Rj|~mo~j# kqd~mp uaxap ä avrcj|mnm om `jkqod`mçàj na r|jnq~jp a pa|udçjp# ak na~|dkao~j nj ~av~j ap`|d~j# }qa avdga m~aoçàj# `jofa`dkao~j nm cëogqm a `jkr|aaopàj `j||a~m nj pao~dnj/ Rm|m \qt Cdonaola|g m rmcmu|m+`fmua ä –panqçàj‛ a acm pð ä rjppëuac pa jp |anm~j|ap pa m||dp`m|ak m pmd| nj `jkqk# }qa fjha ä hqp~mkao~a m umcj|dxmçàj
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avm`a|lmnm nm dkmgak8 –Y///[ mp rappjmp gjp~mk na pa| panqxdnmp racm rqlcd`dnmna# j }qa acmp oàj gjp~mk ä na ,ao`façàj na pm`j,# na pa|ak m~dogdnmp j ~akrj ~jnj rj| qk kjo~a na kaopmgaop }qa acmp oak `jopagqak r|ap~m| m~aoçàj‛/ Rm|m aca# }qmonj r|jnq~jp ap~àj ak qk oëuac kqd~j g|mona na `jo`j||èo`dm
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rjdp pàj
pakacfmo~ap a uaondnjp m r|açjp `jkrm~ëuadp# `jkj ä j `mpj nj ka|`mnj na mq~jkðuadp# rj| avakrcj
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m rqlcd`dnmna r|a`dpm pa| panq~j|m# rm|m `fmkm| m
m~aoçàj nj `jopqkdnj|/ Kmdp dkrj|~mo~a }qa m ej|km# ä m }qmcdnmna nm kaopmgak }qa `fagm m aca8 –Y///[ oàj dkrj|~m pa ä j uaonanj|# j |anm~j| jq j nd|a~j| na m|~a }qa panqx# kmp panqxd|‛/ Nappm ej|km# m `jo`j||èo`dm pa avm|`aljq oj `jopqkj# kmp om pj`danmna na `jopqkj rjq`jp r|jnq~jp `jopagqak pqra|dj|dnmna ~ä`od`m rj| kqd~j ~akrj/ Mppdk# pàj douao~mnmp ojump ej|kmp na panqxd| j `jopqkdnj|# m ~jnj kjkao~j# lqp`monj ndea|ao`dm| m gmkm na r|jnq~jp pakacfmo~ap/ M km|`m ä qkm nappmp mc~a|om~dump/ @joej|ka `jkao~m @m|cjp Njkdogjp8 J }qa umd ndea|ao`dm| jp r|jnq~jp ä m dkmgak }qa uj`è ~ak nacap a appm dkmgak ä ej|kmnm m~|muäp nm r|jrmgmonm a ~mkläk na jq~|mp kmoad|mp na pa |acm`djom| `jk j rølcd`j/ M ej|km na `|dm| appm dkmgak oàj ä qkm pð/ Y///[ @mnm km|`m naua ao`jo~|m| m pqm kmoad|m na `|dm| appa |acm`djomkao~j/
Rm|m aca# j `jopqkdnj| ap`jcfa ~jnm a }qmc}qa| km|`m }qa `jopjka a appm ap`jcfm pa ní racm `jkldomçàj nj |m`djomc a akj`djomc# rj|~mo~j m }qap~àj na kmdp jq kaojp ~av~j naraona nm `jkqod`mçàj nm km|`m# na `jkj m km|`m }qa| `jop~|qd| m pqm dkmgak8 –Y///[ rm|m mcgqkmp km|`mp na |arao~a ä pð ~av~j nd|a~j# rm|m jq~|mp pàj ~av~jp lak `qdnmnjp# lak ead~jp a rm|m jq~|mp ä pð dkmgak# jq~|mp oàj ~ak moøo`dj oaofqk‛/ Pagqonj Lmqn|dccm|n &=447$# m km|`m ~ak nqmp eqoçñap8 dond`m| j r|jnq~j &eqoçàj r|dkí|dm$ a kjldcdxm| mp `joj~mçñap mea~dump &eqoçàj pa`qoní|dm$# nappm ej|km ä qkm ap~|m~ägdm }qa ra|kd~a ndua|pmp ~í~d`mp oj oëuac pakìo~d`j a edgq|m~duj# om do~aoçàj na ndea|ao`dm| jp r|jnq~jp# fjha kqd~j pakacfmo~ap/ J ~av~j ap~í r|apao~a# nd|a~m jq dond|a~mkao~a# ak ~jnm km|`m# }qa `jkqod`m rj| kadj nj pëkljcj &udpqmc jq cdogqëp~d`j$ m pqm fdp~ð|dm# q~dcdnmna a kdppàj/ Rm|m napra|~m| j napahj nj `jopqkdnj| m km|`m r|a`dpm na qk rjpd`djomkao~j lak naedodnj/ Rjna+pa jlpa|um| kqd~jp avakrcjp nm `jop~|qçàj nappa rjpd`djomkao~j oj ka|`mnj na kjnm/ Aca ä qk avakrcj na `jkj jp
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r|jnq~jp# fjha `jk rjq`j ndea|ao`dmdp ~ä`od`jp# r|a`dpmk nmp ea||mkao~mp q~dcdxmnmp racmp km|`mp rm|m `|dm| ndea|aoçmp na rjpd`djomkao~j a kaopmgak/ Ej|qk# Xjjkr a Ndapac pàj km|`mp na hamop `jk rjq`jp m~|dlq~jp ndea|ao`dmdp ao~|a pd# pàj `jo`ad~qmnmp do~a|om`djomckao~a# q~dcdxmk ~a`dnjp na mc~m }qmcdnmna a uaonak m r|açjp a}qdrm|íuadp/ @mnm qkm nacmp gmofm udnm# ra|pjomcdnmna a ujo~mna r|ðr|dm g|mçmp m qk `johqo~j na m|~deë`djp# `jkj m q~dcdxmçàj nm r|jrmgmonm/ Ojp moøo`djp na kjnm `|djq+pa qk `jopaopj do~a|om`djomc ak q~dcdxm| dkmgaop `jkj acakao~j `ao~|mc/ M~ä kapkj racj |mkj na ka|`mnj# m dkmgak# om kjnm# ~ak rmrac na nap~m}qa om `jop~|qçàj nj ndp`q|pj ak |acmçàj â m|gqkao~mçàj ua|lmc/ Rm|m m kjnm j kadj dkr|appj pa|ua kacfj| }qa j mqndjudpqmc# rjdp ra|kd~a }qa j cad~j| uahm m dkmgak `jogacmnm nj jlha~j na napahj/ Mcäk ndppj# ra|`ala+pa j r|anjkëodj njp kadjp dkr|appjp ak |mxàj nm rjppdldcdnmna na kmdj| pagkao~mçàj nj rølcd`j a ~mkläk rj|}qa mp km|`mp na uap~qí|dj oak pakr|a rjppqë|mk ua|lm rm|m douap~d| ak kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj na kmppm `jkj m ~acaudpàj/ Ak mcgqop `mpjp j qpj nm dkmgak om kjnm rjna oàj pð pa| napahíuac# `jkj oa`appí|dj/ Ä j `mpj nm `mkrmofm nm Laoa~~jo# dnamcdxmnm rj| Jcduda|j ^jp`mod &edgq|m <0$/ Mon|äm Pakr|dod# <225 &mrqn PMO^M\ACCD# <224$1 nap~m`m j ~|mlmcfj nm km|`m# ao~|a jp mojp na =46> m =441# `jkj qk avakrcj do`jkqk }qmonj pa emcm ak rqlcd`dnmna na kjnm/ Q~dcdxmonj+pa na dkmgaop doqpd~mnmp# na `qofj pj`dmc# `qc~q|mc# rjcë~d`j a |acdgdjpj a ~aonj `jkj kaopmgak cdogqëp~d`m mraomp m e|mpa –Qod~an @jcj|p je Laoa~~jo‛# m `mkrmofm ga|jq dkrm`~j kdndí~d`j a kjudkao~jq m jrdodàj rølcd`m/
Edgq|m <0 + Qk njp moøo`djp nm `mkrmofm Qod~an @jcj|p je Laoa~~jo
1
PAKR\DOD# M/ M km|`m rðp+kjna|om/ Pàj Rmqcj8 Ap~mçàj nmp Ca~|mp# <225/
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Do~a|appmo~a oj~m| }qa m mppdom~q|m pa kmo~äk m kapkm mj cjogj njp mojp# kmp m dkmgak pa kjnded`m `jo~doqmkao~a/ Cjgj# oj~m+pa }qa m r|jrjpdçàj ua|lmc njp moøo`djp eqo`djojq# oj r|dkad|j kjkao~j# rm|m dopa|d| j rjpd`djomkao~j nm km|`m# paonj }qa `jqla âp dkmgaop m ~m|aem na `jo~doqm| pqp~ao~monj m kaopmgak# paonj j g|mona nap~m}qa nj moøo`dj/ Rj|~mo~j# appa ä qk `mpj na qkm `mkrmofm om }qmc j qpj na dkmgaop ejd r|jrjpd~mc a mna}qmnj mj jlha~duj m~dogdnj/ Acm rjppduackao~a oàj ~a|dm j kapkj dkrm`~j pa mp r|jrjpdçñap udpqmdp ~duappak pdnj ead~mp oj `mkrj cdogqëp~d`j/ Mo~ap nap~m `mkrmofm m km|`m pa ao}qmn|mum oj rmn|àj udgao~a nm rqlcd`dnmna na kjnm nm ärj`m8 mlj|nmgak hquaodc# umcj|dxmçàj nj `j|rj# `jkrj|~mkao~j fjkjgèoaj# kaopmgak mprd|m`djomc a dkmgaop `joj~m~dump/ A# rj| appa kj~duj# oàj `jopagqdm j nap~m}qa mc`moçmnj `jk Qod~an @jcj|p je Laoa~~jo/
Rm|m Aqgèodj Kjfmccak# oj ao~mo~j# j qpj nm dkmgak om rqlcd`dnmna ä qk eaoþkaoj }qa umd mcäk nm kjnm a ~ak |acmçàj nd|a~m `jk j `cdao~a8 M `qc~q|m nm dkmgak a j em~j na mcgqop moøo`djp pmë|ak `jk rjq`j ~av~j rj| dod`dm~dum nj `cdao~a rjna m`jo~a`a| Y///[/ J `cdao~a }qa| rmppm| j |a`mnj# pa aca hqcgm }qa pð j ~ë~qcj a m ej~j hí rmppm m doej|kmçàj# aca umd rand| rm|m uj`è oàj `jcj`m| j ~av~j/
Pagqonj aca# j r|jlcakm oàj ä qpm| dkmgaop# kmp jp avmga|jp8 –Y///[ aq oàj cdgj na emxa| r|jrmgmonm pð `jk dkmgak# hí edx qk kjo~a/ J }qa aq ap~jq do`jkjnmnj ä ndppj ud|m| j ~jnj nm r|jrmgmonm# }qmonj aca ä pð qkm rm|~a‛/ @jk appm jrdodàj aca nap~m`m qk }qap~djomkao~j udgao~a oj ka|`mnj8 jp moøo`djp na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc ap~àj nadvmonj na pa| mraomp qkm rm|~a nm r|jrmgmonm# mnmr~mnjp âp oa`appdnmnap nm km|`m# rm|m pa ~|mopej|km| om ej|km r|anjkdomo~a na moqo`dm|: Mlj|nm|akjp appa mppqo~j `jk kmdp r|jeqondnmna oj r|ðvdkj d~ak nap~a `mrë~qcj/ Mrapm| nj avakrcj nm Laoa~~jo# pmla+pa }qa oàj pàj ~jnmp mp km|`mp }qa `jopagqak emxa| `mkrmofmp na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc `jk `|dm~dudnmna a |a`jofa`dkao~j/ Rm|m Aqgèodj Kjfmccak# m rqlcd`dnmna ap~í kaojp `|dm~dum na ej|km ga|mc# kapkj mp }qa oàj rjppqak dkmgaop `jkj acakao~j `ao~|mc8 –Mp rj|`m|dmp }qa ap~mkjp uaonj fjha omp |audp~mp ~èk ~av~j# ~av~j |qdk‛/ M ~|mndçàj na moøo`djp |írdnjp# nd|a~jp# ead~jp oj `q|~j ~akrj jea|a`dnj nao~|j nmp mgèo`dmp na
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rqlcd`dnmna# m`mljq ud|monj paopj+`jkqk oj ka|`mnj# rj|}qa mp mgèo`dmp a nd|a~j|ap na `|dmçàj# mj douäp na –Y///[ ejkao~m|ak omp nqrcmp }qa acap ~èk }qa pmla| emxa| r|èkdj# kmp ~mkläk ~èk }qa pmla| emxa| j moøo`dj nj ndm+m+ndm# acap r|ðr|djp hí ap~dkqcmk m a}qdra m raopm| udpqmc/‛/ Dppj ga|m r|jlcakmp `jk jp moqo`dmo~ap a `jk j `jopqkdnj|# }qa kqd~mp uaxap apra|m moøo`djp kmdp acmlj|mnjp a dop~dgmo~ap/ Rm|m Kjfmccak j moqo`dmo~a oàj ap~í r|aj`qrmnj `jk m ap~ä~d`m nm kaopmgak# kmp `jk m pjcqçàj nj paq r|jlcakm8 Oàj avdp~a moqo`dmo~a# avdp~a rqlcd`d~í|dj/ Aq pjq rqlcd`d~í|dj j ndm do~ad|j# j `cdao~a ä moqo`dmo~a ak mcgqop kjkao~jp/ Y///[ J jlha~duj naca oàj ä m `|dm~dudnmna# m `|dm~dudnmna ä j kadj rm|m j moqo`dmo~a/
Emldj Pmljtm `jkrcakao~m m udpàj na Aqgèodj Kjfmccak# |appmc~monj }qa jp `cdao~ap kqd~mp uaxap oàj m`|and~mk }qa j moøo`dj uí pa| cdnj8 Jp `cdao~ap ~èk qkm ~aonèo`dm# oj L|mpdc# m pqlap~dkm| kqd~j j |a`ar~j| nm kaopmgak# pahm j cad~j| jq j |a`ar~j| nm ^U/ Jp `cdao~ap `jp~qkmk rm|~d| nj r|appqrjp~j na }qa mp rappjmp oàj uàj pa do~a|appm| racj moøo`dj na ~av~j cjogj/ R|m kdk dppj ä `jo~|mnd~ð|dj# rj|}qa aca ap~í ndxaonj }qa paq r|jnq~j oàj ~ak omnm na do~a|appmo~a }qa rjppm pa| nd~j a umcfm m raom pa| cdnj/
Kmp# rj| jq~|j cmnj# |a`jofa`a }qa m emc~m na `|dm~dudnmna a }qmcdnmna kqd~mp uaxap hqp~ded`m m |ar|jumçàj njp `cdao~ap# hí }qa j ~av~j `fagm rm|m aca m}qäk nj apra|mnj/ Qkm nmp `|ë~d`mp ead~mp rj| ^jp`mod &<221$ a|m hqp~mkao~a m emc~m na `|dm~dudnmna oj ka|`mnj rqlcd`d~í|dj/ Pagqonj aca# j jlha~duj r|dkad|j nm rqlcd`dnmna ä m uaonm a oàj m `|dm~dudnmna/ Rj|~mo~j fí aprmçj mraomp rm|m ndxa| mjp `jopqkdnj|ap }qa j moøo`dj ap~í cí rm|m acap# caumonj mp rappjmp m m`|and~m|ak }qa mn}qd|ak mraomp j }qa m~aona âp pqmp oa`appdnmnap/ Mppdk# ,m rqlcd`dnmna q~dcdxm `|dmnj|ap udgdmnjp racj km|ia~dog# do~dkdnmnjp m emxa| m uaonm nj r|jnq~j Y///[, &^jp`mod# <221# r/ =02$/ M mqpèo`dm na `|dm~dudnmna do~a|ea|a nd|a~mkao~a om }qmcdnmna nj moøo`dj a nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj8 dkmgaop rmn|jodxmnmp doumnak mp |audp~mp a hj|omdp# pcjgmop |ara~d~dujp mrm|a`ak m ~jnj kjkao~j a kaopmgaop pdkrcded`mnj|mp ljklm|nadmk j `jopqkdnj|/ @jkj `jopa}óèo`dm nappm |amcdnmna# kqd~jp rqlcd`d~í|djp a mgèo`dmp r|j`q|mk uícuqcmp na ap`mra rm|m j ava|`ë`dj na pqm m~dudnmna `|dm~dum/ Qkm nacmp ä m `|dmçàj na moøo`djp rm|m eap~dumdp# jp }qmdp ~èk `jkj r|do`ërdj r|akdm| mp
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`mkrmofmp kmdp `|dm~dump r|jnqxdnmp om`djomckao~a &eap~dumdp |agdjomdp$ jq do~a|om`djomckao~a/ Appm }qap~àj pa|í ndp`q~dnm m pagqd|/
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Qkm }qap~àj na |acauìo`dm oj ka|`mnj rqlcd`d~í|dj ä m nmp r|akdmçñap/ J kadj ap~í rjujmnj na g|monap r|èkdjp do~a|om`djomdp Cdjop# Ac Jhj# EDMR# @cdj Mwm|np
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a om`djomdp# oj `mpj l|mpdcad|j# j Moqí|dj nj
@cqla na @|dmçàj# R|èkdj @jcqodp~mp# R|èkdj Ml|dc na Rqlcd`dnmna# ao~|a jq~|jp/ Pagqonj Pdkñap &<225$# j r|dkad|j `jo~m~j nj L|mpdc `jk qk r|èkdj do~a|om`djomc ejd qkm kaoçàj fjo|jpm nand`mnm â mgèo`dm K`@moo A|d`ipjo rm|m m ∜
`mkrmofm nj Ðcaj Pmøna# nm Mona|pjo @cmt~jo# nq|mo~a m Ead|m Kqondmc na Ojum Dj|}qa# ak =404/ Na cí rm|m `í kqd~mp jq~|mp r|akdmçñap ej|mk `|dmnmp a `jo}qdp~mnmp nao~|j a ej|m nj rmëp/ Ak =4>2# m Mppj`dmçàj Rmqcdp~m na R|jrmgmonm cmoçm j `jo`q|pj ,J kacfj| moøo`dj rqlcd`mnj,/ Ak =4>># m |audp~m Rqlcd`dnmna ap`jcfa mp kacfj|ap `mkrmofmp nj moj/ Ojp mojp 72 j @cqla na @|dmçàj na Pàj Rmqcj and~m j paq r|dkad|j moqí|dj/^mkläk pq|ga j R|èkdj @jcqodp~mp/ Ak =47=# j L|mpdc `jo}qdp~m j r|dkad|j caàj na jq|j oj Eap~dumc na Pmwm &P`|aao Mnua|~dpdog Wj|cn Mppj`dm~djo$# m~qmc @mooap Cdjop# `jk j edcka ,fjkak `jk kmdp na >2‛# nm NRX/ M rm|~d| nappm nä`mnm# apra`dmckao~a om nä`mnm na =462 a ao~|a jp mojp =441 a <222 j L|mpdc ejd nap~m}qa oappa a ak jq~|jp g|monap eap~dumdp do~a|om`djomdp/ Rj| ~|èp mojp `jopa`q~dujp &=46=#=46< a =460$ ejkjp j pagqonj rmëp kmdp r|akdmnj oj Eap~dumc na @mooap/ J r|dkad|j G|mon R|dv uadj `jk m raçm na këndm dkr|appm na Odxmo Gqmomap a Km|`acj Pa|rm rm|m j gqm|moí M|~m|`~d`m Nda~# ak =440 &KM\@JONAP# <22=$/ J rmëp `jkaçjq m douap~d| om r|jnqçàj a dop`|dçàj na raçmp ak r|èkdjp# qkm uax }qa# mcäk na ~a|kþka~|j `|dm~duj# mp g|monap r|akdmçñap rmppm|mk m pa| qpmnmp `jkj mcmumo`m om `jo}qdp~m na ojump `jo~mp a oj mqkao~j nm udpdldcdnmna ndmo~a nj ka|`mnj/ @mnm qk mj paq kjnj# jp eap~dumdp doecqao`dmk m r|jnqçàj nmp mgèo`dmp a oappm |acmçàj `mla jlpa|um| `jkj j ~av~j ä mea~mnj/
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Rm|m \qt Cdonaola|g# mp r|akdmçñap rjppqak cdgmçàj nd|a~m `jk m ndkdoqdçàj njp ~av~jp om r|jrmgmonm8 –Y///[ jp r|èkdjp ud|m|mk qkm g|mona donøp~|dm/ A dppj doecqao`dm oj ~mkmofj njp ~av~jp# rj|}qa odogqäk }qa| emxa| qk mcc ~tra `jk kanj na oàj ca|ak‛/ Rj|~mo~j# }qmonj j jlha~duj ä j r|èkdj# m –pm`mnm `|dm~dum‛ ä kmdp dkrj|~mo~a }qa j em~j nj moøo`dj rjppqd| jq oàj ~av~j/ Cqdx ^jcanj `jo`j|nm }qa jp r|èkdjp umcj|dxmk m dkmgak ak na~|dkao~j nj ~av~j# apra`dmckao~a ak eap~dumdp do~a|om`djomdp8 –R|èkdjp do~a|om`djomdp mdonm ~èk m lm||ad|m nm cëogqm# ao~àj m`mlmk qpmonj m cdogqmgak qodua|pmc# }qa ä m dkmgak‛/ A# pjl|a m dkrj|~ìo`dm nj r|èkdj# m`|ap`ao~m8 A dppj ä `cm|j }qa m`mlm paonj qk km|`j }qa j r|ðr|dj ka|`mnj douao~jq r|m `|dm| ndea|aoçm ao~|a qkm mgèo`dm a jq~|m/ Qkm ljm rm|~a njp g|monap r|èkdjp pàj do`mlëuadp# oàj umcj|dxmk oak j r|jnq~j oak j moøo`dj a dppj ä 1! nm r|jnqçàj na qkm mgèo`dm/
Ap~m `jop~m~mçàj ä fdp~ð|d`m# `joej|ka |acakl|m Km|`jonap &<22=$8 ej|mk jp rmëpap na r|dkad|j kqonj }qa dod`dm|mk m ~|mndçàj na eap~dumdp# `jkj qkm ej|km na `jkrm|m| j napakraofj rqlcd`d~í|dj mj |anj| nj kqonj/ Kmp# rm|m Cqdx ^jcanj# m }qap~àj nm ndkdoqdçàj nj ~av~j ap~í r|apao~a om r|jrmgmonm napna }qa acm rmppjq nm doej|kmçàj â ra|pqmpàj8 –Doej|km| r|appqrña kmdp ~av~j# ra|pqmnd| hí rjna pa| kmdp `jdpmp/ Y///[ M rmcmu|m ä ‖ra|~doèo`dm—# ra|~doèo`dm ä ~qnj om r|jrmgmonm‛/ Rm|m aca# j ka|`mnj pakr|a ejd |agqcmnj racj ~|mlmcfj `|dmnj nao~|j nm mgèo`dm a mr|jumnj racj `cdao~a# rj|~mo~j j |apqc~mnj edomc ä rmq~mnj racj jlha~duj na `jkqod`mçàj nj r|jnq~j# oj }qmc kqd~mp uaxap oàj `mla j ~av~j cjogj a acmlj|mnj/ Eíldj L|monàj `jo`j|nm `jk ^jcanj8 M`fj }qa mp r|akdmçñap mhqnmk pdk m ndkdoqd| m }qmo~dnmna na ~av~jp/ Medomc# raçmp }qa uàj lak oappap `mkrajom~jp m`mlmk paonj kmdp udpqmdp a nd|a~mp/ Kmp oàj m`fj }qa dppj pahm j kj~duj na ndkdoqë|ak jp ~av~jp ojp moøo`djp }qa uakjp ndm|dmkao~a ak |audp~mp a hj|omdp/
Emldj Pmljtm# rj| pqm uax# caumo~m qk rjo~j dkrj|~mo~a8 d krj|~mo~a8 m fjkjgaoadxmçàj nm r|jrmgmonm# r|juj`mnm racjp eap~dumdp/ Rm|m aca –Y///[ fjqua qkm gcjlmcdxmçàj nm r|jrmgmonm# jp eap~dumdp m`mlm|mk mppqkdonj qkm cdogqmgak r|ðr|dm# qodua|pmc a oàj ~ak kmdp `jkj pmla| na jona acap Yjp moøo`djp[ uda|mk‛/ Rm|m Pmljtm# m }qap~àj nmp r|akdmçñap ä qkm nmp kmdp dkrj|~mo~ap oappm kqnmoçm# qkm uax }qa
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ejd m |aprjopíuac rj| qkm ga|mçàj na |anm~j|ap rm|m jp }qmdp j ~av~j oàj ä kmdp ~àj |acaumo~a/ Appa em~j caumo~m qk }qap~djomkao~j m`a|`m nm eqoçàj nm rqlcd`dnmna om pj`danmna/ Räodojq &=47>$ naeaona }qa# mrapm| na m rqlcd`dnmna pa mr|jvdkm| nm m|~a# rj| paq `m|í~a| rjä~d`j# acm oàj ä m|~ëp~d`m/ Paq jlha~duj ä `jkqod`m| a r|juj`m| qkm |amçàj nj |a`ar~j|# }qa oàj pahm m mnkd|mçàj rmppdum nj moøo`dj# kmp }qa ap~a `jopdna|a m `jkr|m nj r|jnq~j jq kjnded}qa pqm ra|`arçàj pjl|a na~a|kdomnj pa|udçj/ Rm|m ~mo~j# apra|m+pa }qa j moøo`dj pahm |acaumo~a rm|m j `jopqkdnj|# }qa m dkmgak# }qmonj q~dcdxmnm# pahm doänd~m/ Oj ao~mo~j mp dkmgaop rqlcd`d~í|dmp ap~àj `mnm uax kmdp rmn|jodxmnmp# |aka~aonj âp kapkmp ejo~ap# oaq~|mcdxmonj qkmp âp jq~|mp/ Nappm ej|km# m dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm fjkjgèoam# ~ërd`m njp moøo`djp na eap~dumc# rjppqd qkm xjom na doecqèo`dm cdkd~mnm/ cd kd~mnm/ Pagqonj Aqgèodj Kjfmccak# ap~a ~drj na moøo`dj ä em`dckao~a |a`jofa`dnj ao~|a jp rqlcd`d~í|djp# rjppqd qkm dkmgak `ao~|mc# ga|mckao~a do`jkqk# }qa `mqpm ap~|mofmkao~j9 m`jkrmofmnm m`jkrmofmnm na qk ~av~j ~av~j avrcd`m~duj# `jk e|a}qèo`dm `q|~j/ Rm|m aca# appa eaoþkaoj gmofjq ej|çm `jk m `|dmçàj nm `m~agj|dm –R|app%Rjp~a|‛ oj Eap~dumc na @mooap# ak =44<8 Y///[ jp `|dm~dujp `jkaçm|mk m ra|`ala| kqd~j |mrdnmkao~a }qa avdp~dm qk ~drj na moøo`dj `jk kmdp `fmo`a na gmofm| qk r|èkdj do~a|om`djomc/ Appa ~drj na moøo`dj a|m qk moøo`dj }qa ~|m~mppa ~akmp oàj+om`djomdp a qpmppa dkmgaop# rj|}qa m ej~j pa mq~j+~|mnqx Y///[/
M rm|~d| nappa kjkao~j mp dop`|dçñap oj |aea|dnj eap~dumc `jkaçm|mk m `joua|gd| rm|m moøo`djp na dkmgak# j }qa m`mljq rj| pa avrmond| rm|m jq~|mp r|akdmçñap/ @jkj `jopa}qèo`dm# mp ojump ga|mçñap ap~àj `|ap`aonj ak qk ka|`mnj }qa mp caum m `jo`cqd| }qa appm ä m øod`m ej|km rjppëuac na emxa| r|jrmgmonm# do`cqpdua ojp moøo`djp nj ndm+m+ndm# oàj nap~domnjp m r|èkdjp/ Pjl|a appm `jop~m~mçàj# Kjfmccak `jo`cqd8 –Y///[ }qmonj uj`è `jkaçm m jcfm| ~qnj racj r|dpkm ‖~ak dkmgak ä ljk# oàj ~ak dkmgak ä |qdk—# uj`è km~m qk kjo~a na `jdpm ljm# ap~|ad~monj m udpàj nmp rappjmp pjl|a j }qa ä r|jrmgmonm‛/ @joej|ka jlpa|umnj racjp |anm~j|ap# j Eap~dumc Do~a|om`djomc na @|dm~dudnmna @mooap Cdjop ä qpmnj `jkj |aea|èo`dm oj ka|`mnj rqlcd`d~í|dj/ Appa ä j kj~duj nm jrçàj rj| avmkdom| m |acmçàj ao~|a j ~av~j a m dkmgak ak moøo`djp r|akdmnjp oappa eap~dumc/ M~|muäp njp moøo`djp }qa gmofm|mk jq|j ao~|a jp mojp
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<222 a <2=2# a njp uao`anj|ap na G|mon R|dv nm `m~agj|dm R|app# oj kapkj ra|ëjnj# ao~aona|akjp kacfj| appm |acmçàj/
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J Eap~dumc Do~a|om`djomc na Rqlcd`dnmna# `jkj a|m `fmkmnj# pq|gdq ak =412# m`jo~a`aonj# r|dkad|mkao~a# ak ao`jo~|jp doej|kmdp/ @jk m dop~d~qdçàj nm P`|aao Mnua|~dpdog Wj|cn Mppj`dm~djo# m Pmwm# jp ao`jo~|jp rmppm|mk m ~a| `m|í~a| jed`dmc a j`j||a| ldaomckao~a/ Ak =41># jp edckap avdldnjp oj eap~dumc `jkaçm|mk m pa| r|akdmnjp ak r|dkad|j# pagqonj a ~a|`ad|j cqgm|# kmp pjkao~a ak =454 jp edckap rmppm|mk m pa| m ndudndnjp rj| `m~agj|dmp na r|jnq~jp# pq|gdonj jp emkjpjp cañap na jq|j# r|m~m a l|joxa/ J Pmwm ejd |amcdxmnj racm øc~dkm uax ak Uaoaxm# ak =46># a rmppjq m j`j||a|# nmcd ak ndmo~a# pjkao~a ak @mooap# om E|moçm# j `mpdàj nm kqnmoçm na paq ojka rm|m @mooap Cdjop/ J eap~dumc pa r|jedppdjomcdxjq mj cjogj njp mojp a pa rjpd`djojq `jkj j ao`jo~|j rqlcd`d~í|dj kmdp dkrj|~mo~a nj kqonj/ Ak =44<# rmppm|mk m ndprq~m| cañap ~mkläk jp moøo`djp dkr|appjp# `m|~mxap a jq~njj|# m~|muäp nm dkrcmo~mçàj nm `m~agj|dm R|app%Rjp~a|/ Appm pa|í m `m~agj|dm m}qd momcdpmnm# rjdp ä m }qa kacfj| ra|kd~a m `jkrm|mçàj ao~|a ~av~j a dkmgak/ Ak R|app pàj <6 `m~agj|dmp na r|jnq~jp ndea|ao~ap/ Rm|m `mnm qkm nacmp ä nmnj qk caàj na jq|j# qk na r|m~m a qk na l|joxa# hí m kacfj| raçm na ~jnmp `jo}qdp~m j G|mon R|dv/ J kapkj m`jo~a`a `jk jq~|mp `m~agj|dmp# `jkj edcka# |índj a `tla|/ Ak =446# ejd m uax nm dkrcmo~mçàj nj @tla| Cdjop# naudnj m dkrj|~ìo`dm }qa j kadj ndgd~mc `jkaçmum m gmofm| om rqlcd`dnmna/ Ak <220# j`j||aq m ap~|adm nj ^d~modqk Cdjop# qk r|èkdj rm|m m kacfj| `mkrmofm do~ag|mnm nj moj &|amcdxmnm ak racj kaojp ~|èp kadjp$/ Appa r|èkdj uadj rm|m m~aona| m qkm nakmonm }qa `jkaçjq m pa `joedgq|m| ojp øc~dkjp mojp nj pä`qcj VV8 m na `mkrmofmp }qa oàj kmdp pa ao`jo~|mumk `jo`ao~|mnmp ak qk øod`j kadj# kmp }qa ~dua|mk r|apaoçm |acaumo~a ojp ndua|pjp `momdp ndprjoëuadp8 moøo`djp dkr|appjp# edckap# |índj# jq~njj|# do~a|oa~# ao~|a jq~|jp/ @mooap ä j kmdp |ar|apao~m~duj r|èkdj do~a|om`djomc na rqlcd`dnmna# paonj# rj|~mo~j# qkm ejo~a `joedíuac om lqp`m racjp rjppëuadp rmn|ñap avdp~ao~ap ak raçmp
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uao`anj|mp ak r|akdmçñap/ Rm|m ~mo~j ejd q~dcdxmnj `jkj lmpa j caumo~mkao~j ead~j oj ^|mlmcfj na @jo`cqpàj na @q|pj na IJ^M &<221$# j|dao~mnj rj| Hjàj Moxmoaccj @m||mp`jxm# }qa ~mkläk lqp`mum `jkr|aaona| j rmn|àj na `|dm~dudnmna oj Eap~dumc na @mooap/ Jp moøo`djp dkr|appjp pàj ndudndnjp ak8 •
R|jrjpdçàj udpqmc8 oappa `mpj m dnadm nj moøo`dj ap~í r|anjkdomo~akao~a
om dkmgak/ Acm rjna jq oàj ap~m| m`jkrmofmnm na mcgqk acakao~j ua|lmc &~ë~qcj# ~av~j# pcjgmo# mppdom~q|m$ •
^ë~qcj8 m dnadm ap~í r|anjkdomo~akao~a oj ~ë~qcj# }qa rjna jq oàj ap~m|
m`jkrmofmnj na qkm dkmgak# kmp ap~m oàj ä j acakao~j r|do`drmc# ä mraomp qk m`jkrmofmkao~j/ •
^ë~qcj ) dkmgak8 oappa `mpj m dnadm nj moøo`dj pð m`jo~a`a om do~ag|mçàj
nj ~ë~qcj `jk m dkmgak/ Ndea|ao~a nj moøo`dj `jk r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc a ~ë~qcj# oappa `mpj m `jop~|qçàj na pdgoded`mnj r|a`dpm nj ~ë~qcj a nm dkmgak }qa ní pao~dnj mj ~ë~qcj/ •
^av~j8 ä j moøo`dj oj }qmc m dnadm a m|gqkao~mçàj ao`jo~|mk+pa oj ~av~j#
}qa rjna jq oàj ud| m`jkrmofmnj na ~ë~qcj a*jq dkmgaop/ ^mo~j j moøo`dj na ~ë~qcj }qmo~j j na ~av~j rjnak pa| `cmppded`mnjp `jkj mcc ~tra# napna }qa oàj rjppqmk oaofqkm dkmgak/ •
Do~a|m~duj8 pàj moøo`djp }qa lqp`mk mcgqkm ej|km na do~a|mçàj `jk j
`jopqkdnj|# rm|m }qa aca ao~aonm m kaopmgak/ Oappa `mpj oak j ~av~j# oak m dkmgak pàj jp acakao~jp kmdp dkrj|~mo~ap nj moøo`dj# kmp pdk m mçàj nj `jopqkdnj|# }qa umd |apqc~m| om `jkr|aaopàj nj moøo`dj/ Appa ~drj na moøo`dj gmofjq ej|çm ojp mojp 42 a uak paonj `mnm uax kmdp q~dcdxmnj# pagqdonj m ~aonèo`dm m~qmc# }qa lqp`m ga|m| avra|dkao~mçàj a paopmçñap rm|m j `jopqkdnj|/ Ä qkm ~ao~m~dum na `fmkm| m~aoçàj oàj qod`mkao~a racj udpqmc jq ua|lmc# kmp rj| acakao~jp }qa cauak j `jopqkdnj| m `fagm| m pqm r|ðr|dm `jo`cqpàj# m~|muäp na qk `mkdofj pqga|dnj oj moøo`dj/ Pàj moøo`djp mla|~jp# `qhj ea`fmkao~j naraona qod`mkao~a nm do~a|mçàj nj `jopqkdnj| a oàj pjkao~a nm m|gqkao~mçàj ead~m racj |anm~j| jq nj cmtjq~ ead~j racj nd|a~j| na m|~a/ Mlmdvj pa|àj mr|apao~mnjp jp moøo`djp na ~av~j# ~ë~qcj a ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak gmofmnj|ap nj caàj na jq|j ao~|a jp mojp na <222 a <2=2/ Ak <222# njp naxappadp moøo`djp }qa gmofm|mk jq|j# }qdoxa ej|mk na
71
r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc a qk na ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak &edgq|m <>$/ ^|m~mum+pa na qkm `mkrmofm rm|m Prj|~p Dccqp~|m~an Kmgmxdoa# `qhj ~ë~qcj ndxdm8 –^fa|a'p m 41 krf r|ajha`~dca p`|amkdog ~jwm|n fdp em`a/ Mon ~fa joct ~fdog fa'p me|mdn je dp ~ fm~ d~ kdgf~ oj~ fd~ fdk/ Tjq kmt oj~ ga~ d~# lq~ jq| <1 kdccdjo |amna|p nj‛ /
Edgq|m <> + ^ë~qcj ) dkmgak8 Prj|~p Dccqp~|m~an Kmgmxdoa
Ak <22=# ej|mk joxa moøo`djp na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc# njdp na ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak a njdp na ~av~j/ Jp uao`anj|ap `jk ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak ej|mk m `mkrmofm nm Km`}qm|da Qodua|pd~t &edgq|m <1$ a m `jo~doqmçàj nm `mkrmofm na <222 nm Prj|~p Dccqp~|m~an Kmgmxdoa &edgq|m <5$/
Edgq|m <1 + ^ë~qcj ) dkmgak8 Km`}qm|da Qodua|pd~t
Edgq|m <5 + ^ë~qcj ) dkmgak8 Prj|~p Dccqp~|m~an
75
Jp moøo`djp na ~av~j a|mk nj hj|omc Ljp~jo Gcjla &edgq|m <7$ a nj @fq|`fap Je ^fa Cjua Pdogmrj|a Kjuakao~# paonj }qa oap~a øc~dkj `mpj j r|dkad|j moøo`dj nm `mkrmofm ejd na ~av~j &edgq|m <6$ a jp jq~|jp na ~ë~qcj &edgq|m & edgq|m <4$/
Edgq|m <6 + ^av~j8 ^fa Ljp~jo Gcjla
Edgq|m <4 + ^av~8 @fq|`fap Je ^fa Cjua Pdogmrj|a Kjuakao~
Edgq|m <7 + ^ë~qcj8 @fq|`fap Je ^fa Cjua Pdogmrj|a Kjuakao~
Ak <22<# ej|mk }qdoxa moøo`djp `jk r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc a njdp `jk ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak# paonj qk nm Odia &edgq|m 02$ a jq~|j rm|m Pj`dmc Wj|i &edgq|m 0=$/
Edgq|m 02 + ^ë~qcj ) dkmgak8 Odia
77
Edgq|m 0= + ^ë~qcj ) dkmgak8 Pj`dmc Wj|i
Ak <220# njxa moøo`djp gmofmnj|ap na jq|j a|mk na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc# njdp na ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak# njdp na ~ë~qcj a qk na ~av~j/ Jp uao`anj|ap na ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak ej|mk m `jo~doqmçàj nm `mkrmofm rm|m Pj`dmc Wj|i &edgq|m 0<$ a qkm `mkrmofm rm|m m Ndapac &edgq|m 00$/ J na ~av~j ejd qk mcc ~tra rm|m j Hqldcaa Kjuakao~ &edgq|m 0>$ / Jp na ~ë~qcj ej|mk qk rm|m m Eqonmçàj Ata @m|a &edgq|m 01$ a jq~|j rm|m A`iap Odana| Jck &edgq|m 05$/ ∜
Edgq|m 0> + ^ë~qcj ) dkmgak8 Pj`dmc Wj|i
Edgq|m 0< + ^ë~qcj ) dkmgak8 Ndapac
Edgq|m 00 + ^av~j8 Hqldcaa Kjuakao~/
76
Edgq|m 01 + ~ë~qcj8 Eqonmçàj Ata @m|a
Edgq|m 05 + ^ë~qcj8 A`iap Odana| +Jck
Ak <22># qkm øod`m raçm r|akdmnm# nao~|a mp ~|axa ~ |axa gmofmnj|mp na jq|j# oàj a|m na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc/ ^|m~mum+pa na qk moøo`dj rm|m Mndnmp &edgq|m 07$/
Edgq|m 07 + ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak8 Mndnmp
74
Ak <221# }qm~j|xa moøo`djp r|akdmnjp a|mk na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc# }qm~|j na ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak &M}qao~ + edgq|m 06# \audp~m G|mona \arj|~mgak + edgq|m 04# Ra~d~ Lm~amq + edgq|m >2# AKD + edgq|m >=$ a qk ~av~j &Icmldo Idkla|cat + edgq|m ><$/
Edgq|m 06 + ^ë~qcj ) dkmgak8 M]QAO^
Edgq|m 04 + ^ë~qcj ) dkmgak8 \audp~m G|mona \arj|~mgak
Edgq|m >2 + ^ë~qcj ) dkmgak8 Ra~d~ Lm~amq
62
Edgq|m >= + ^ë~qcj ) dkmgak8 AKD/
Edgq|m >< + ^av~j/ Icmldo Idkla|cat/
Ak <225# ej|mk 7 `mkrmofmp na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc r|akdmnmp# nqmp na ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak
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^jq|dpk &edgq|m >>$
qkm rm|m Kmrm Prjo~av &edgq|m >0$ a jq~|m rm|m Amp~ ^dkj| # a qkm na ~ë~qcj# rm|m Om~djomc Oawprmra|p jp D|acmon &edgq|m
⎪
>1$/
Edgq|m >0 + ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak8 Kmrm Prjo~av
6=
Edgq|m >> + ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak8 Amp~ ^dkj| ^jq|dpk
Edgq|m >1 + ^ë~qcj8 Om~djomc Oawprmra|p jp D|acmon
Ak <227# jd~j uao`anj|ap a|mk na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc# ao}qmo~j njdp a|mk na ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak &MNAPE + edgq|m >5# Fm|uat Od`fjcp + edgq|m >7$# qk na ~ë~qcj &Fmumdmomp + edgq|m >6$ a qk na ~av~j &Pdogmrq|a Fjprd~mc @jqo`dc + edgq|m >4$/
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Edgq|m >5 + ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak8 MNAPE
Edgq|m >7 + ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak8 Fm|uat Od`fjcp
Edgq|m >6 + ~ë~qcj8 Fmumdmomp
60
Edgq|m >4 + ~av~j8 Pdogmrq|a Fjprd~mc @jqo`dc
Ak <226# padp njp ojua uao`anj|ap a|mk na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc/ Njdp a|mk na ~av~j# qk rm|m m MMNFM\ Mppj`dm~djo &edgq|m 12$# jq~|j rm|m m Ujcipwmgao &edgq|m 1=$ a qk na ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak rm|m Cqvj| Fdgfcdgf~a|p &edgq|m 1<$/
Edgq|m 12 + ~av~j8 MMNFM\ Mppj`dm~djo
6>
Edgq|m 1= + ~av~j8 Ujcipwmgao
Edgq|m 1< + ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak8 Cqvj| Fdgfcdgf~a|p
Ak <224 ej|mk 4 moøo`djp na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc r|akdmnjp `jk jq|j/ Njdp a|mk na ~ë~qcj &Cm~do P~j`i + edgq|m 10# Kdcca| + edgq|m 1>$ a qk na ~av~j &Mqgplq|ga| Mccgakadoa Oawprmra| + edgq|m 11$/
61
Edgq|m 10 + ~ë~qcj8 Cm~do P~j`i
Edgq|m 1> + ~ë~qcj8 Kdcca|
Edgq|m 11 + ~av~j8 Mqgplq|ga| Mccgakadoa
65
Hí ak <2=2# pa~a `mkrmofmp r|akdmnmp a|mk na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc# ao}qmo~j qkm a|m na ~ë~qcj# qkm na ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak a qkm na ~av~j# |apra`~dumkao~a8 Ndvjop P~j|ap G|jqr &edgq|m edgq|m 15$# P~/ Hjfo Mklqcmo`a &edgq|m 17$ a &edgq|m 16$/
Edgq|m 15 + ~ë~qcj8 Ndvjop P~j|ap G|jqr
Edgq|m 17 + ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak8 P~/ Hjfo Mklqcmo`a
67
Edgq|m 16 + ~av~j8 Ujcipwmgao
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G|mon R|dv
J G|mon R|dv ä j r|èkdj kívdkj nmnj m qkm `m~agj|dm oj Eap~dumc na @mooap/ Pdgoded`m }qa m}qacm raçm# nao~|a ~jnmp mp uao`anj|mp nj moj# ejd `jopdna|mnm m kmdp `|dm~dum racj hø|d/ Jlpa|um| jp gmofmnj|ap nm `m~agj|dm R|app ä dkrj|~mo~a rm|m `jkr|aaona| }qmc ä j ~drj na moøo`dj ga|mckao~a ~dnj `jkj emuj|d~j oj eap~dumc# jp na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc jq ua|lmc/ Rm|m ~mo~j `jofa`a|akjp nax raçmp# na <222 m <2=2# lqp`monj ao`jo~|m| qk rmn|àj ao~|a acmp/ Oj moj <222 m uao`anj|m nj G|mon R|dv ejd m `mkrmofm rm|m m `a|uahm P~accm M|~jdp# na r|jrjpdçàj ua|lmc &edgq|m 14$/
66
Edgq|m 14 + R|jrjpdçàj udpqmc8 P~accm M|~jdp
Ak <22=# m uao`anj|m ejd m `mkrmofm na ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak rm|m m km|`m na hamop Ndapac &edgq|m 52$/
Edgq|m 52 + ^ë~qcj ) dkmgak8 Ndapac
64
Ak <22<# j G|mon R|dv ejd rm|m m `mkrmofm na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc nj @cql =6+02 &edgq|m 5=$/
Edgq|m 5= + R|jrjpdçàj udpqmc/ @cql =6+02
M raçm na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc `|dmnm rm|m j Rcmtp~m~djo Pjot# do~d~qcmnm '\ald|~f'# ejd m uao`anj|m ak <220 &edgq|m 5<$/
Edgq|m 5< + R|jrjpdçàj udpqmc8 Rcmtp~m~djo Pjot
Oj moj na <22> m raçm uao`anj|m# do~d~qcmnm –@jrp‛# a|m na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc# rm|m j Rjcj# nm Ujcpwmgao &edgq|m 50$/
Edgq|m 50 + R|jrjpdçàj udpqmc8 Ujcipwmgao
42
M `mkrmofm nm g|mumnj|m AKD gmofjq j G|mon R|dv na <221# na ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak &edgq|m 5>$/
Edgq|m 5> + R|jrjpdçàj udpqmc/ AKD/
Ak <225 m raçm –Ra|dp`jra‛# na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc# m||akm~jq j r|èkdj rm|m m CAGJ &edgq|m 51$/
Edgq|m 51 + R|jrjpdçàj udpqmc8 CAGJ
M `mkrmofm rm|m Qc~|m ^dna# na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc# ejd m uao`anj|m na <227 &edgq|m 55$/
Edgq|m 55 + R|jrjpdçàj udpqmc8 Qc~|m ^dna
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Ak <226# m gmofmnj|m nj G|mon R|dv na R|app ejd m `mkrmofm rm|m Aoa|gdxa|# na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc &edgq|m 57$/
Edgq|m 57 + R|jrjpdçàj udpqmc/ Aoa|gdxa|
M `mkrmofm na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc ead~m rm|m m W|mogca| ejd m gmofmnj|m na <224 &edgq|m 56$/
Edgq|m 56 + R|jrjpdçàj udpqmc/ W|mogca|
Rj| edk# ak <2=2 m `mkrmofm gmofmnj|m ejd rm|m m Ldccljm|n Kmgmxdoa# ~mkläk na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc &edgq|m 54$/
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Edgq|m 54 + R|jrjpdçàj udpqmc/ Ldccljm|n
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\apqc~mnjp
Momcdpmonj ~jnmp mp raçmp mr|apao~mnmp jlpa|um+pa qk rmn|àj/ Nao~|a jp cañap na jq|j# 0> nmp =12 `mkrmofmp r|akdmnmp ao~|a <222 a <2=2 oàj a|mk na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc/ Oj `mpj nj G|mon R|dv appa oøka|j `md rm|m mraomp nqmp raçmp na ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak nao~|a mp joxa `mkrmofmp gmofmnj|mp/ Rj|~mo~j# mnkd~donj }qa appap joxa mojp jea|a`ak qk rmoj|mkm pagq|j njp rmn|ñap jlpa|umnjp oj eap~dumc mj cjogj njp øc~dkjp mojp# rjnakjp `jo`cqd| }qa jp moøo`djp na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc pàj jp emuj|d~jp njp hq|mnjp# paonj `jopdna|mnjp# rj| acap# jp ~|mlmcfjp na këndm dkr|appm kmdp `|dm~dujp dop`|d~jp oj eap~dumc/ Appa em~j umd mj ao`jo~|j nmp jrdodñap na \qt Cdonaola|g a Aqgèodj Kjfmccak# rm|m }qak mp r|akdmçñap pàj mp kmdj|ap |aprjopíuadp racm umcj|dxmçàj na raçmp udpqmdp oj ka|`mnj/ M dkmgak ä qkm cdogqmgak qodua|pmc a rjna pa| em`dckao~a ao~aondnm rj| qk hq|mnj na }qmc}qa| om`djomcdnmna# cjgj# m `fmo`a na qk moøo`dj `qhm dnadm r|do`drmc ap~í om dkmgak uao`a| qk `jo`q|pj do~a|om`djomc ä kmdj| }qa m na qk moøo`dj mcc ~tra jq na ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak/ Jlpa|um+pa }qa# ak pqm
40
kmdj|dm# kapkj jp uao`anj|ap }qa oàj pàj na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc rjppqak rjq`j ~av~j a `jo~doqmk mr|apao~monj m dkmgak `jkj qk njp acakao~jp `ao~|mdp# av`a~qmonj+pa jp moøo`djp qod`mkao~a na ~av~j/ Ä j `mpj nj moøo`dj nm Ndapac# uao`anj| nj G|mon R|dv ak <22=/ Oj ao~mo~j# m mqpèo`dm ~j~mc na ~av~j j`j||a `jk kaojp e|a}qèo`dm# nakjop~|monj }qa pàj rjq`jp jp r|jnq~jp `qhm kaopmgak rjna pa| `jkr|aaondnm qod`mkao~a m~|muäp na qkm dkmgak a qk cjgj~drj/ Jq~|j rmn|àj ra|`ar~ëuac ä m mqpèo`dm na acakao~jp/ Ra|`ala+pa }qa m kmdj|dm njp cmtjq~p mr|apao~mnjp rjppqd qkm dkmgak &}qmonj fí$# qk ~av~j &}qmonj fí$ a j cjgj~drj nj r|jnq~j jq km|`m moqo`dmnj/ Paonj }qa mp kapkmp raçmp# }qmonj uad`qcmnmp# pàj r|aao`fdnmp `jk jq~|jp acakao~jp# `jkj ~av~j cagmc# ~av~jp avrcd`m~dujp a cjgjp# a m`mlmk ra|naonj j mracj udpqmc/ Jq~|m `jo`cqpàj |a~d|mnm njp moøo`djp mr|apao~mnjp ä m umcj|dxmçàj nm |ara~dçàj/ Uakjp }qa ä `jkqk mp `mkrmofmp uao`anj|mp pa|ak `jo~doqmçñap na mojp mo~a|dj|ap# `jkj mp `mkrmofmp na <22< a <220 rm|m m Pj`dmc Wj|i a na <222 a <22= rm|m m Prj|~p Dccqp~|m~an Kmgmxdoa/ Dppj nakjop~|m }qa mp |ar|jnqçñap mcgqkmp uaxap pàj kmdp umcj|dxmnmp }qa mp ojump dnadmp/ Oj ao~mo~j# appm `jop~m~mçàj ~mkläk |auacm }qa ljmp `mkrmofmp na ~ë~qcj ) dkmgak# }qmonj |a`jofa`dnmp# pàj r|ap~dgdmnmp ak kmdp na qk eap~dumc# `mpj kmo~aofmk m }qmcdnmna/ Qkm `jop~m~mçàj dkrj|~mo~a ä }qa m moícdpa oàj dond`m }qa jp moøo`djp na ~av~j ap~àj paonj kaojp ead~jp ojp øc~dkjp mojp# qkm uax }qa m }qmo~dnmna na ~av~j pa kmo~aua oduacmnm mj cjogj njp joxa øc~dkjp mojp# dond`monj }qa m r|aea|èo`dm rj| moøo`djp na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc ä mcgj }qa pa kmo~äk mj cjogj nm `m~agj|dm R|app ak @mooap# `jkj hí ejd |appmc~mnj rj| Kjfmccak/ @joej|ka nap~m`mnj rj| Cqdx ^jcanj# m }qap~àj nm ndkdoqdçàj nj ~av~j ä mcgj }qa avdp~a om rqlcd`dnmna `jkj qk ~jnj# rjdp kqd~mp uaxap j ~av~j oàj `mla ojp jlha~dujp nj `cdao~a/ Rj|~mo~j# ä em~j }qa jp moøo`djp rm|m r|èkdjp `jp~qkmk mr|apao~m| kaoj| }qmo~dnmna na ~av~j# kmp dppj oàj ä rm|ìka~|j rm|m mumcdm| ~jnjp jp moøo`djp r|jnqxdnjp oj ka|`mnj# rjdp mp r|akdmçñap do~a|om`djomdp
⎪
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apra`dmckao~a mp
pàj mraomp qkm rm|~a nm |amcdnmna rqlcd`d~í|dm/ Mj `jo~|í|dj nj
}qa naeaona Aqgèodj Kjfmccak# mj ndxa| }qa m rm|~a ap~í pa ~j|omonj j ~jnj nm rqlcd`dnmna# a }qa jp eap~dumdp ap~àj ~|mopej|kmonj j ka|`mnj mj umcj|dxm| moøo`djp udpqmdp# @m|cjp Njkdogjp raopm }qa appm umcj|dxmçàj nm dkmgak –oàj ä `qcrm nj
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r|èkdj# j moøo`dj pmd mppdk nm mgèo`dm# umd r|j `cdao~a mppdk# umd r|m |qm mppdk a gmofm j r|èkdj‛/ Kmp# rm|m @m|cjp Njkdogjp# appm |amcdnmna ap~í kqnmonj8 ,Fjha j }qa ap~í gmofmonj @mooap pàj `jdpmp kmdp acmlj|mnmp# m ärj`m nj |írdnj hí rmppjq‛/ Pagqonj aca# qkm uax }qa jp moøo`djp na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc# ead~jp |mrdnmkao~a# ~j|om|mk+pa m –eð|kqcm nj pq`appj‛ ojp eap~dumdp# m ~aonèo`dm ä }qa acap ra|`mk aprmçj m `mnm moj# rjdp ap~àj nadvmonj na pa| ojudnmna/ Dppj oàj pdgoded`m }qa ua|akjp kmdp moøo`djp na ~av~j gmofmonj r|èkdjp# kmp }qa mp `mkrmofmp kmdp `jkrcavmp pa|àj `mnm uax kmdp umcj|dxmnmp# hí }qa m dnadm# `jkj qk ~jnj# ndp~|dlqënm ojp ndea|ao~ap kadjp ndprjoëuadp# ap~í gmofmonj aprmçj oj ka|`mnj rqlcd`d~í|dj8 –J moøo`dj `jk ~av~j `jkj aca a|m mo~dgmkao~a# m`fj }qa oàj avdp~a kmdp ~àj dpjcmnj‛# `jkao~m Njkdogjp/ Qk avakrcj njp r|dkad|jp rmppjp nappm kqnmoçm rjna pa| ao`jo~|mnj om fdp~ð|dm |a`ao~a na @mooap/ Ak <2=2 j `mpa nm mgèo`dm ^LWMS@fdm~SNmt# rm|m Gm~j|mna &edgq|m 72$# gmofjq j r|èkdj kívdkj ak nqmp `m~agj|dmp nj Eap~dumc8 Rqlcd` \acm~djop &\acmçñap Rølcd`mp$ a R|jkj~djomc &R|jkjçàj$/ M `mkrmofm do~d~qcmnm \arcmt r|jkjuaq# ak pqm r|dkad|m empa# j |aao`jo~|j na njdp ~dkap na eq~aljc+mka|d`moj r|ä+qodua|pd~í|dj# }qdoxa mojp mrðp j øc~dkj aoe|ao~mkao~j/ Kmp ~jnm m mçàj ejd mcäk nm rm|~dnm ak pd# do`cqdonj ~|adomkao~j nm a}qdra# qk av~aopj ~|mlmcfj na |acmçñap rølcd`mp a qpj na ndua|pmp këndmp# `jkj qk fj~pd~a# qk nj`qkao~í|dj rm|m ~acaudpàj a qk mrcd`m~duj oj Em`aljji# |apqc~monj ak qk ~|mlmcfj do~ag|mnj }qa `qckdojq om rm|~dnm edomc ao~|a jp ~dkap |dumdp/
Edgq|m 72 + @mpa \arcmt/ @mooap <2=2/
41
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Rdcm| pdklðcd`j
Napna jp r|dkad|jp `cmppded`mnjp oj doë`dj nj pä`qcj VDV m~ä jp acmlj|mnjp moøo`djp na fjha# fjqua kqnmoçmp pdgoded`m~dump oj }qa ndx |aprad~j â cdogqmgak a mj m`appj â doej|kmçàj/ Qkm nmp r|do`drmdp ndea|aoçmp ä }qa jp `cmppded`mnjp doej|kmumk m avdp~èo`dm na qk r|jnq~j jq pa|udçj a a|mk r|j`q|mnjp om pappàj na moøo`djp njp hj|omdp# m }qmc `jp~qkmum ap~m| parm|mnm oj `jkaçj jq edomc njp kapkjp/ Hí jp moøo`djp oj ej|km~j m~qmc do~a||jkrak m cad~q|m/ Acap oàj pàj r|j`q|mnjp# l|j~mk ao~|a qkm oj~ë`dm a jq~|m/ Cjgj# r|a`dpmk pa| ljod~jp a eí`adp na ao~aona|# rm|m }qa rjppmk m~|md| m m~aoçàj nj cad~j|/ Pagqonj Cmnad|m &=467$# m dopa|çàj na dkmgaop ojp moøo`djp `jcmlj|jq rm|m em`dcd~m| j ao~aondkao~j nm kaopmgak# rjdp pàj em`dckao~a kmodrqcíuadp# na kjnj }qa j cad~j| rjna `fagm| â `jo`cqpàj napahmnm racm km|`m rj| `jo~m r|ðr|dm# hí }qa mp dkmgaop pàj ~av~jp mla|~jp/ Ak jq~|jp `mpjp# dkmgak a ~av~j pa `jkrcakao~mk/ `jkrcakao~mk/ Oappm |acmçàj# mkljp ~|mlmcfmk hqo~jp om `jop~|qçàj nj pdgoded`mnj# hí }qa j ~av~j m~qm `jkj cdkd~mnj| nj pdgoded`mnj mla|~j nm dkmgak# ao}qmo~j acm m~qm `jkj cdkd~mnj|m nj pdgoded`mnj mla|~j }qa j ~av~j ~mkläk rjppqd/ Oj ao~mo~j# Lcmo`j &<220# r/ <6$ `fmkm m~aoçàj rm|m j em~j na }qa m pdgoded`mçàj nm dkmgak m`jo~a`a pjkao~a m~|muäp nm do~a|r|a~mçàj/ Rj|~mo~j# acm ~mkläk r|a`dpm pa| cdnm rm|m pa| `jkr|aaondnm# kapkj }qa appm cad~q|m pa nè na ej|km ndea|ao~a oj ua|lmc a oj udpqmc8 –Ao}qmo~j m cad~q|m nm rmcmu|m rana qkm nd|a`djomcdnmna &nm ap}qa|nm rm|m m nd|ad~m$# m nm dkmgak ä kqc~dnd|a`djomnm# pqp`a~ëuac mj jcfm| na `mnm ‖cad~j|—‛/ @joej|ka `joed|km Lm|~fap &<227$# rmcmu|m a dkmgak pàj pdgojp a `jop~d~qak qkm cdogqmgak+jlha~j# `jo~|dlqdonj nm kapkm kmoad|m rm|m m ej|kmçàj nj kd~j# rj|~mo~j mkljp pàj rmppëuadp na cad~q|m/ M ej|km `jkj pa ní m `jop~|qçàj na pdgoded`mnjp oj moøo`dj# m~|muäp nm cad~q|m nj ~av~j ap`|d~j a nm dkmgak# ä j ~akm nappm moícdpa pdklðcd`m nao~|j nj `jo~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj/ M jrdodàj nj |anm~j| Aqgèodj Kjfmccak ä na }qa j`j||aq m doua|pàj nj rmrac nj ~av~j a nm dkmgak oj moøo`dj rqlcd`d~í|dj/ Dppj pa naq m~|muäp nj mnuao~j nmp nqrcmp na `|dmçàj# rjdp mo~ap nacmp |anmçàj a dcqp~|mçàj a|mk ead~mp parm|mnmkao~a/ Mcäk ndppj# racm om~q|axm nm r|jedppàj# jp |anm~j|ap
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Y///[ ak ga|mc ~dofmk qkm `mrm`dnmna na ndmcjgm| kmdj| }qa m nj nd|a~j| na m|~a# j |anm~j| ap~í kmdp r|ðvdkj nj moqo`dmo~a `jkj cdogqmgak/ Ao~àj# m kmdj|dm njp nd|a~j|ap na `|dmçàj a|mk |anm~j|ap# m~ä rj|}qa `jopagqdmk uaona| kacfj|# m~ä rj| }qap~àj donqp~|dmc# ak }qa m rmcmu|m a|m kmdp dkrj|~mo~a om r|jrmgmonm# rj|}qa oàj nmum rm|m qpm| dkmgak/ A Yg|mçmp m[ appm kmdj| m|~d`qcmçàj nj |anm~j| rm|m `joua|pm| `jk j `cdao~a# j |anm~j| a|m qk `m|m na umcj|# rj|}qa uaondm mp dnadmp rm|m j `cdao~a/
@jk m ra|ra~qmçàj nappa ej|km~j a|m om~q|mc }qa j ~av~j j`qrmppa rmrac na nap~m}qa om rqlcd`dnmna/ Rj|äk# â kandnm }qa m r|jnqçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm gmofjq pjedp~d`mçàj g|íed`m# apra`dmckao~a m rm|~d| nj pä`qcj VV# j nd|a~j| na m|~a rmppjq m pa| kmdp umcj|dxmnj a# nq|mo~a qk ra|ëjnj# j ~|mlmcfj na mkljp ejd a}qdcdl|mnj# lqp`monj dnadmp# dondea|ao~a na pa|ak udpqmdp jq ~av~qmdp/ Kmp# rm|m Kjfmccak# qk em~j dkrj|~mo~a nm fdp~ð|dm nm rqlcd`dnmna kjnded`jq appm |acmçàj8 –Y///[ `jk j mnuao~j nj eap~dumc na @mooap na këndm dkr|appm# pa nap`jl|dq m}qd oj L|mpdc }qa j had~j na gmofm| r|èkdj a|m emxaonj `jdpmp na dkmgak/ @jkaçjq# oj L|mpdc# m umcj|dxmçàj nj nd|a~j| na m|~a Y///[‛/ Ap~a `jkaçjq m j`qrm| `m|gjp na nd|açàj omp mgèo`dmp# `jcmlj|monj mdonm kmdp rm|m m umcj|dxmçàj m dkmgak/ Pagqonj Kjfmccak appm doua|pàj ~|jqva qkm `jopa}qèo`dm8 jp edckap rqlcd`d~í|djp rdj|m|mk# rjdp jp |anm~j|ap# }qa pàj jp |aprjopíuadp racm `jop~|qçàj nj |j~ad|j# rmppm|mk m pa| nd|dgdnjp rj| r|jedppdjomdp kmdp r|aj`qrmnjp `jk m ap~ä~d`m nj }qa `jk m fdp~ð|dm/ Rm|m aca# –~qnj ä `jopa}qèo`dm na uj`è ragm| qkm em`a~m nj ~|mlmcfj rqlcd`d~í|dj# }qa ä j r|èkdj do~a|om`djomc# a ap~d`m| aca rm|m uap~d| m ojppm |amcdnmna do~ad|m‛/ Jq pahm# ~mo~j jp edckap }qmo~j jp moøo`djp dkr|appjp ap~àj pagqdonj rmn|ñap ap~a|aj~drmnjp racjp `jo`q|pjp do~a|om`djomdp# }qa umcj|dxmk m dkmgak# j }qa oak pakr|a pdgoded`m j kacfj| `mkdofj m pagqd|/ @jkrm|~dcfmonj nm jrdodàj na Kjfmccak# Emldj Pmljtm `jkao~m8 –Pa uj`è jcfm| fdp~j|d`mkao~a# j `m|m }qa |a`aldm j hjl a|m j |anm~j|/ Y///[ M dkrj|~ìo`dm nj ~av~j a|m audnao~a‛/ Rm|m aca m aujcqçàj `|dm~dum# do`cqdonj m `|dmçàj ak nqrcmp# doua|~aq m dkrj|~ìo`dm nj ~av~j a nm dkmgak om rqlcd`dnmna a j ~av~j pmdq ak napumo~mgak8 –Y///[ m`fj }qa `mnm uax kmdp j ~av~j ap~í pa ra|naonj/ M}qd kapkj om ^mcao~ aq jlpa|uad appm kqnmoçm# fí =2 mojp }qmonj ~|mlmcfad m}qd acm pagqdm j kjnacj ua|lmc# mgj|m }qa ujc~ad ud }qa appm pd~qmçàj pa doua|~aq‛/ Mppdk `jkj Kjfmccak# Pmljtm uè appm doua|pàj na ej|km oagm~dum rm|m j ~av~j a `joeappm8 –Pdo`a|mkao~a apra|j }qa dppj pahm `ë`cd`j/ Om r|jrmgmonm pakr|a pa lqp`m j
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ndea|ao~a# ao~àj ~mcuax m kmoad|m ndea|ao~a na emxa| moøo`dj pahm emxa| moøo`djp ~av~qmdp# rj|}qa acap oàj pàj kmdj|dm fjha‛/ Lmqn|dccm|n &=447$ avrcd`m }qa qkm |mxàj rm|m m umcj|dxmçàj nm dkmgak ä qk em~j| doa|ao~a m qkm nmp eqoçñap nm rqlcd`dnmna8 qkm uax }qa j moøo`dj pa ao`jo~|m ak kadjp ojp }qmdp j `jopqkdnj| oàj ap~í oa`appm|dmkao~a ndprjp~j m |a`ala| m doej|kmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm# ä r|a`dpj }qa aca em`dcd~a m mlpj|çàj aprjo~ìoam/ J moøo`dj ~ak rj| eqoçàj gm|mo~d| j `j||a~j ao~aondkao~j nm kaopmgak# kapkj ak mkldao~a fjp~dc/ Rj| appa kj~duj# Lmqn|dccm|n mnkd~a }qa m pdkrcd`dnmna nm cdogqmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm ä qkm nmp |mxñap nj paq pq`appj/ ]qmo~j kmdp pdkrcap# kmdp aed`mx ä m cdogqmgak/ Rj|}qa acm `cmppded`m# ä ej|kmcdxmnm oj `ðndgj lmpamnj ak jlha~jp# j p~mondog # jq pahm# j r|ap~ëgdj pj`dmc# p~m~qp/ M rqlcd`dnmna fjha kana mp rappjmp racj paq ap~m~q~j &p~m~qp$/ Pa j jlha~j ä mgj|m dond`m~duj na p~m~qp kmdp }qa jq~|jp pdp~akmp &omp`dkao~j# umcj|ap pj`dmdp# kj|mdp# cdogqmgak$# ao~àj ä om~q|mc }qa m rqlcd`dnmna pa ~j|oa kmdp udpqmc# rm|m kjp~|m| jp jlha~jp a pqmp pd~qmçñap na `jopqkj/ ]qmonj j moøo`dj emcm `jk jp napahjp nj `jopqkd|# q~dcdxmonj+pa na |a`q|pjp em`dcd~mnj|ap# `jkj m dkmgak# mp `fmo`ap na m~|md| m m~aoçàj nj kapkj mqkao~mk/ Mcäk ndppj# Lmqn|dccm|n &=447# r/ <20$ m`|and~m }qa8 Y///[ m avmqp~àj r|jg|appdum njp jq~|jp pdp~akmp &na omp`dkao~j# na `cmppa# na eqoçàj$# m av~aopàj nm `jo`j||èo`dm# m kmdj| kjldcdnmna pj`dmc# m uao~dcmçàj m`aca|mnm na g|qrjp pj`dmdp# m dop~mldcdnmna nmp cdogqmgaop a pqm kqc~drcd`mçàj# ~j|omum oa`appí|dm m dop~d~qdçàj na qk `ðndgj na |a`jofa`dkao~j `cm|j# pak |jnadjp# qodua|pmc/
Oj ao~mo~j# fí j jq~|j cmnj nm kjanm/ Appa `ðndgj qodua|pmc ~|mx m pdkrcded`mçàj |mnd`mc nm cdogqmgak/ M kqc~drcd`mçàj na moøo`djp `jk r|jrjpdçñap udpqmdp ap~a|aj~drmnmp &apra`dmckao~a ak eap~dumdp$# nakmpdmnmkao~a avrcj|mnmp# akrjl|a`a m cdogqmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm/ Rj| appm |mxàj# kqd~mp uaxap ä oa`appí|dj qk ~av~j }qa ava|çm m eqoçàj na pql~ë~qcj# ao|d}qa`aonj j ndp`q|pj/ Mcäk ndppj# aca ä kaojp pqp`a~ëuac m ndua|pmp do~a|r|a~mçñap# |ap~|dogdonj jp pdgoded`mnjp mj }qa }qa| }qa pa ao~aonm/ J |anm~j| Cqdx ^jcanj `jo`j|nm ak rm|~a `jk Kjfmccak a Pmljtm# mj naeaona| }qa m qodàj nj nd|a~j| na m|~a a nj |anm~j| ak nqrcmp doecqao`djq ej|~akao~a m |acmçàj nm dkmgak d kmgak a nj ~av~j oj moøo`dj# a oappm kqnmoçm }qak pmdq ak umo~mgak oàj ejd qk jq jq~|j# a pdk m dnadm8 –Oàj m`fj }qa m dkmgak ~aofm
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pmënj gmofmonj/ M`fj }qa mkljp gmofmk‛/ Rm|m ^jcanj# fjha kqd~mp uaxap m dnadm pa}qa| pmd nm nqrcm na `|dmçàj8 –Y///[ kqd~mp uaxap m dnadm pmd m~ä nj rcmoahmkao~j# a dppj ä qk eaoþkaoj kjna|oj Y///[‛/ Jlpa|umonj+pa j ra|`q|pj fdp~ð|d`j njp moøo`djp# ra|`ala+pa }qa ^jcanj ~ak |mxàj mj med|km| }qa m rqlcd`dnmna `mkdofjq rm|m m umcj|dxmçàj nj `jo`ad~j `|dm~duj/ Oj L|mpdc j `jo`ad~j pq|gdq ojp mojp =452 a do`ao~dujq m `|dm~dudnmna &rmcmu|m+`fmua oappm nä`mnm$# mcäk nm do~a|cdgmçàj ao~|a ~av~j a dkmgak# }qa hqo~jp avrcd`mumk m dnadm nj moøo`dj/ @m||mp`jxm &<225# r/ =21$ avrcd`m }qa ,appm eqpàj ao~|a m |anmçàj a m m|~a rqlcd`d~í|dm umd pjl|arj|+pa mj ao~àj pdp~akm na m|gqkao~mçàj |m`djomc &|ampjo wft $ Y///[‛/ Ejd ~mkläk j ra|ëjnj ak }qa pa mnj~jq naedod~dumkao~a m eqoçàj `jom~dum a m ap~|q~q|m m|dp~j~äcd`m na avð|ndj# om||mçàj# r|jump# a ra|j|mçàj jq arëcjgj &|apra`~dumkao~a ~ë~qcj# ~av~j# `jkrcakao~m| mj ~ë~qcj# a `fmkmnm jq mppdom~q|m$# `joej|ka avakrcded`m m edgq|m 7=/
Edgq|m 7= + Avakrcj na moøo`dj nm nä`mnm na 52 `jk ap~|q~q|m m|dp~j~äcd`m
Omp nä`mnmp na =472 a =462 m do~ag|mçàj ao~|a dkmgak a ~av~j# dod`dmnm ak 52# ud|m |ag|m/ A ak rm|mcacj mjp moøo`djp `jk ~av~j cjogjp# jp moøo`djp pjkao~a `jk ~ë~qcj njp mojp =4<2 `jkaçm|mk m ujc~m|# pagqonj @m||mp`jxm &<225$/ Hí ojp mojp =442 m ~ä`od`m rmcmu|m+rqvm+rmcmu|m gmofm nap~m}qa a `jk dppj m cdogqmgak ao|d}qa`a/ Ä ~mkläk qk moj na kqd~mp kqnmoçmp8 mj cmnj njp moøo`djp
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~|mnd`djomdp pq|gak moøo`djp ndea|ao`dmnjp# do~a|m~dujp# ao`m|~ap# jq~njj|p `jk mrcd}qap/ J `jo`ad~j a m panqçàj nj moøo`dj ~|moprj|~mk+pa qod`mkao~a nj ~av~j rm|m ~jnj j `jo~aønj/ M rqlcd`dnmna rmppm m lqp`m| `jop~mo~akao~a ojujp acakao~jp rm|m do`j|rj|m| ak pqm cdogqmgak/ M jrdodàj na \qt Cdonaola|g ä kmdp j~dkdp~m ak |acmçàj m Emldj Pmljtm# mj |a`jofa`a| }qa j |anm~j| rqlcd`d~í|dj rm|a`a oàj ap~m| kmdp ndprjp~j m emxa| ~av~jp cjogjp# ao}qmo~j j nd|a~j| na m|~a ap~í do~a|appmnj pjkao~a om ap~ä~d`m9 kmp dppj oàj pdgoded`m }qa qk njp cmnjp pmdm ra|naonj8 –Y///[ m`fj }qa m qodàj njp njdp# j ~|mlmcfj ak nqrcm# ä kqd~j dkrj|~mo~a a kqd~j ljk rm|m jp njdp Y///[‛/ A naeaona8 –Qkm dnadm oàj r|a`dpm oa`appm|dmkao~a pmd| na qk |anm~j|# na |arao~a rjna pmd| na qk `mkdofj udpqmc# rj| }qa oàj:‛/ Rm|m Cdonaola|g j dkrj|~mo~a ä qk |apqc~mnj pm~dpem~ð|dj# qk moøo`dj –Y///[ }qa pahm panq~j| a }qa mhqna m `jkqod`m| j r|jnq~j# rj|}qa ~mkläk oàj mndmo~m omnm j moøo`dj pa| cdonj# kmp oàj ~ak &pd` $ `jo~aønj‛/ @joej|ka naeaondnj rj| Cdonaola|g# m kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm naua ndmcjgm| `jk mp oa`appdnmnap nj `jopqkdnj|/ M `jop~|qçàj na }qmc}qa| ~av~j ä ead~m `jk j r|appqrjp~j }qa pa|í cdnj rj| jq~|ak# mcäk na }qak j ap`|auaq/ Ä dppj }qa `jond`djom m ead~q|m na qk ~av~j# apra`dmckao~a j ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj# }qa lqp`m `jouao`a| j aoqo`dm~í|dj a# rm|m dppj# q~dcdxm qkm pä|da na ~ä`od`mp ndp`q|pdump/ Rj|~mo~j# m cdogqmgak naraona ~j~mckao~a nj aoqo`dm~í|dj/ Lm|qeemcnd &<225$ nap`|aua mcgqkmp ~ä`od`mp q~dcdxmnmp ak na~a|kdomnjp pagqdkao~jp8 •
Kj|mndm8 jp moøo`djp `jp~qkmk q~dcdxm| ~a|kjp ap~|mogad|jp# rm|m
mg|agm| umcj| mj r|jnq~j/ M pjedp~d`mçàj rm|a`a ud| nm mr|jr|dmçàj nappa ap~|mogad|dpkj/ •
Pmøna8 fí r|anjkdoìo`dm na ~a|kjp ~ä`od`jp# }qa ~|mopkd~ak
`joedmoçm# a ~a|kjp ap~|mogad|jp &apra`dmckao~a ojp ojkap njp r|jnq~jp a pa|udçjp$/ •
Cj`mdp rm|m mcdkao~mçàj8 avmc~mçàj nm hjudmcdnmna# cdogqmgak
nd|a`djomnm m rappjmp }qa lqp`mk pjedp~d`mçàj mj `jka|# }qa pàj avdgao~ap/ Hí }qa# av`a~qmonj+pa mp |anap na emp~+ejjn # j rølcd`j nap~ap moøo`djp pàj mnqc~jp/ •
Dop~d~qdçñap na aopdoj pqra|dj|8 |appmc~mk j m`appj â ~a`ojcjgdm# j
njkëodj nm cëogqm rj|~qgqapm a ej`mk oj eq~q|j# r|j`q|monj m~aona| âp avra`~m~dump nj r|ä+qodua|pd~í|dj/
=22
•
Uap~qí|dj8 m kjnm ap~í oj njkëodj nj rjna|# rjna| pao~d|# rjna| pa|#
rjna| |ar|apao~m|/ M rqlcd`dnmna oàj nap~m`m j ml|dgj nm |jqrm# kmp j p~m~qp nacm# ap~dcj# }qmcdnmna# avdgèo`dm/ J mracj nm dkmgak ä avrcj|mnj/ •
^q|dpkj8 j cmxa| ä `jcj`mnj `jkj nd|a~mkao~a |acm`djomnj mj rjna|
m}qdpd~duj# doprd|monj j `jopqkdnj| m lqp`m| qkm jrçàj na cmxa| na m`j|nj `jk paq p~m~qp pj`dmc/ •
@acqcm|ap a jra|mnj|mp8 ä avdldnj qk `jopdna|íuac `jofa`dkao~j na
~a`ojcjgdm# `joua|pmonj `jkj j napahj nj `jopqkdnj| na `joa`~m|+pa `jk kqonj ak }qa udua `jk j këodkj apej|çj/ Ap~ap avakrcjp ra|kd~ak mr|aaona| }qa j `jopqkdnj| ä ndoìkd`j a# nm kapkm ej|km# naua pa| m cdogqmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm/ Appm `jop~m~mçàj umd na m`j|nj `jk j }qa raopm @m|cjp Njkdogjp# rm|m }qak m |acmçàj ao~|a ~av~j a dkmgak um|dm na m`j|nj `jk j r|jnq~j moqo`dmnj/ Aca avakrcded`m8 Y///[ }qmonj mrm|a`a mcgqk r|jnq~j ojuj# `jkj qk dRmn# uj`è oàj }qa| pmla| na oaofqk ~ë~qcj `|dm~duj# na ~av~j oaofqk# uj`è }qa| pmla| j }qa j r|jnq~j ~ak/ J }qa aca ä# j }qa ä qk ~mlca~ / Pa ä qk r|jnq~j ojuj# }qa mp rappjmp oàj ~ak |aea|èo`dm# aca ä `jkqod`m~duj `jkj a|m oj pä`qcj VUDDD# oàj ~ak had~j/ J }qa m`jo~a`a ä }qa fjha ~ak kqd~j kaojp r|jnq~jp }qa pàj ojudnmnap nm ej|km `jkj a|m om}qaca pä`qcj a kqd~jp r|jnq~jp dgqmdp# ao~àj m ej|km ä `fmkm| m m~aoçàj m~|muäp na qkm dkmgak ej|~a/
Rj| jq~|j cmnj }qmo~j kmdp dkmgaop fjqua| oj moøo`dj# kaojp doej|kmçàj aca `m||agm# ak ga|mc mp doej|kmçñap pàj umgmp# âp uaxap `jkrcd`mnmp/ @jkj nap~m`m Lm|~fap &<227# r/ =27$8 ,Y///[ `mr~m| qk dop~mo~a rm|a`a g|m~qd~j# do~ao`djomc nakmdp# e|q~j na qk napahj na cdogqmgak }qa do`jkjnm# a appmp dkmgaop ra|ead~mp oàj r|jnqxak aead~j oaofqk pjl|a oðp Y///[‛/ Mrapm| na `jopdna|m| dkrj|~mo~a j qpj nm dkmgak oj `jo~av~j m~qmc# Njkdogjp m`|and~m }qa j `jopqkdnj| ap~í kmdp avdgao~a# `mnm uax kmdp r|aj`qrmnj ak ao~aona| `jkj ä j r|j`appj na r|jnqçàj njp laop na `jopqkj8 –M na`dpàj nm `jkr|m oàj ä kmdp pð m dkmgak ljod~m# ao~àj mp `jdpmp ap~àj kqnmonj‛/ Hí rm|m Eíldj L|monàj m |acmçàj ao~|a ~av~j a dkmgak ~mkläk um|dm `joej|ka j moøo`dj# kmp ä pakr|a na av`cqpàj8 –Ak r|jrmgmonm# kaojp ä kmdp/ Pa m dnadm r|a`dpm na dkmgak# j dnamc ä |apjcua| pð `jk dkmgak/ Pa m dnadm r|a`dpm na ~av~j# pa|dm kacfj| |apjcua| pð `jk ~av~j‛/ Pagqonj aca# appa em~j ä e|q~j na kqnmoçmp pj`dj`qc~q|mdp8 –Y///[ j `jopqkdnj| oàj ~ak ~akrj a oàj }qa| ra|na| ~akrj `jk |anqonìo`dmp &ej~j cagaonm$‛/ Ak mcgqop `mpjp# `jkj oj moøo`dj nj Gqm|moí
=2=
M|~m|`~d`m# `d~mnj mo~a|dj|kao~a &edgq|m &edgq|m v$# v$# appm |ag|m jl~äk pq`appj/ Ak jq~|jp# oj ao~mo~j# m r|apaoçm nj ~av~j a nm dkmgak pàj oa`appí|djp# rjdp hí mkljp rjppqak eqoçñap ndp~do~mp/ @jkj nap~m`m K`Cqfmo# j ~av~j lak ap`|d~j m~|md j cad~j| a j ~ë~qcj a pcjgmo# `jo~|dlqak rm|m appa jlha~duj# rjdp pàj kmdp `q|~jp a nd|a~jp/ Hí m dkmgak ä na |írdnj ao~aondkao~j a `fj`m# cjgj `jo~|dlqd rm|m m kakj|dxmçàj nj moøo`dj/ Dkrj|~mo~a |appmc~m| }qa kapkj ak moøo`djp na r|jrjpdçàj ua|lmc # `qhj pdgoded`mnj oàj rjna|dm pa| ~|mopkd~dnj nm kapkm ej|km racm dkmgak# kqd~jp ~av~jp rqlcd`d~í|djp |appjmk ~av~jp mo~a|dj|ap/ ^|m~m+pa nj |amnt+kmna# nap`|d~j rj| @m||mp`jxm &<226$# `jkj paonj m mr|jr|dmçàj na `jo`ad~jp# `aomp# dkmgaop# nd~mnjp rjrqcm|ap# køpd`mp# ~av~jp a jq~|jp acakao~jp hí r|jo~jp# pahm om cd~a|m~q|m# om køpd`m# oj `doakm# rm|m moqo`dm| r|jnq~jp/ J ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj q~dcdxm ndua|pjp ,~|q}qap, nappap gèoa|jp rj|äk jp ~|mopej|km m pqm kmoad|m# q~dcdxmonj rm|m pqmp edomcdnmnap# `joej|ka nakjop~|mnj oj moøo`dj mlmdvj &edgq|m 7<$/
Edgq|m 7< + Avakrcj na |amnt+kmna8 K^U
Oappa avakrcj j |anm~j| rqlcd`d~í|dj mr|jr|djq+pa na qk ~av~j rjä~d`j# oj `mpj j emkjpj pjoa~j na @mkñap# a na qkm køpd`m nj g|qrj Cagdàj Q|lmom# `fmkmnm Kjo~a @mp~acj/ J arëcjgj ndx8 –Uj`è ä eà na cad~q|m/ Pð oàj pmldm ndppj/ Napcdgqa m ^U a uí ca| qk cdu|j‛/ Uakjp }qa ak qk øod`j moøo`dj `joua|gak ndua|pmp |aea|èo`dmp/ Kapkj }qa mp |dkmp# ecj|adjp# ~av~jp ~|mlmcfmnjp a moøo`djp
=2<
rjä~d`jp ~aofmk `mënj ak napqpj om rqlcd`dnmna# m |anmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm `jo~doqm lalaonj na jq~|mp ejo~ap/ J qpj e|a}qao~a nj |amnt+kmna om rqlcd`dnmna m~qmc naua+pa# ak rm|~ap# â oa`appdnmna na pa `|dm| na ej|km `mnm uax kmdp |írdnm a nd|a~m/ @jkj pqga|a @m||mp`jxm &<226# r/ ==1$8 ,^mcuax acm mnuaofm nm m~qmc oa`appdnmna na jp `|dm~dujp ao`jo~|m|ak dnadmp }qa nakmonak kaoj| ~akrj a apej|çj jq }qa ~|mgmk ak paq ljhj acakao~jp `qc~q|mdp hí nagcq~dnjp racj rølcd`j‛/ J moøo`dj mlmdvj &edgq|m 70$# ejd `|dmnj racm NNL na Nqlmd cjgj mrðp m kj|~a na P~aua Hjlp/ Aca ä qk avakrcj na `jkj qk ë`joa `jofa`dnj ejd |mrdnmkao~a ~|mopej|kmnj ak moøo`dj/ M edgq|m `ao~|mc ä qk acakao~j `jofa`dnj ao~|a jp qpqí|djp njp `jkrq~mnj|ap nm Mrrca# oj ao~mo~j# pqm avr|appàj ejd doua|~dnm ak |acmçàj â j|dgdomc# rm|m nakjop~|m| m ~|dp~axm |acm`djomnm â kj|~a na Hjlp/
Edgq|m 70 + avakrcj na |amnt kmna + <2==
Mcäk na pa| r|í~d`j rm|m jp rqlcd`d~í|djp# ä ~mkläk qkm ej|km na kap`cm| ra|pqmpàj a ao~|a~aodkao~j# oj cqgm| na mraomp doej|km|/
0/5
Rdcm| ~a`ojcðgd`j
J |anm~j| @m|cjp Njkdogjp m`|and~m }qa# mrapm| nmp `jop~mo~ap kqnmoçmp ~a`ojcðgd`mp# mp rappjmp `jo~doqmk lqp`monj doej|kmçàj# rj|~mo~j# `jo~doqmk
=20
–caonj‛/ J }qa kqnjq ejd j ej|km~j nappm cad~q|m# }qa ap~í ndprjoëuac ak qk oøka|j `mnm uax kmdj| na kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj/ Rj| appa kj~duj# j ~av~j ap`|d~j ~a|dm ra|ndnj m |aprjopmldcdnmna na pa| j øod`j `momc doej|km~duj# hí }qa –Y///[ mkrcdjq+pa m ej|km na rmppm| doej|kmçàj# j }qa oàj pdgoded`m }qa j hj|omc jq j ~av~j g|mona oàj rjna &pd` $ pa| mdonm m kacfj| ej|km na `jkqod`m| mcgqkm `jdpm‛/ Rj|~mo~j# rm|m Njkdogjp# oàj ejd j fíld~j na cad~q|m nmp rappjmp }qa pa kjnded`jq# a pdk m ej|km `jkj m doej|kmçàj `fagm m~ä acmp# kmp# mrapm| ndppj aca |ad~a|m8 –Jlpa|ua mp rappjmp# acmp ap~àj caonj ak ~jnjp jp cqgm|ap‛/ c qgm|ap‛/ @jo`j|nmonj `jk @m|cjp Njkdogjp# Cqdx ^jcanj raopm }qa j ~av~j fjha ap~í pa `jkrcakao~monj ak ndua|pjp kadjp# do`cqpdua om do~a|oa~ }qa# rm|m aca8 –Y///[ rmppm m pa| qk `jkrcakao~j emo~íp~d`j nj paq moøo`dj# nj paq edcka na 02/ Mcäk nacm# jp |a`q|pjp udpqmdp rðp+`jkrq~mnj| em`dcd~m|mk kqd~j m dcqp~|mçàj njp moøo`djp‛/ J `jkrq~mnj| kjnded`jq m `|dmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm kapkj mo~ap nm ndppakdomçàj nm Wj|cn Wdna Wal/ Do~|jnqxdnj omp mgèo`dmp l|mpdcad|mp om nä`mnm na 42# `joea|dq kmdj| uacj`dnmna a kmdp }qmcdnmna mjp moøo`djp dkr|appjp# ra|kd~donj cmtjq~p jqpmnjp a dnadmp }qa mo~ap oàj rjna|dmk pa| ava`q~mnmp/ Appm dojumçàj mqkao~jq m `jo~|dlqdçàj nmp kaopmgaop udpqmdp ojp moøo`djp# ndkdoqdonj j aprmçj mo~ap nand`mnj mj ~av~j/ Kmp mo~ap njp `jkrq~mnj|ap# j |índj a m ~acaudpàj hí rjppqëmk rm|~d`qcm|dnmnap }qa mc~a|m|mk mp `jkqod`mçñap# `mnm qk m paq ~akrj/ J |índj `jk pqm |agdjomcdnmna# rjppdldcd~jq emcm| `jk kqd~mp rappjmp pak ra|na| j ~jk na do~dkdnmna/ M ~acaudpàj ejd j r|dkad|j g|mona kadj `mrmx na emcm| `jk }qmpa =22! nm rjrqcmçàj/ Hí m |audp~m emcm `jk pagkao~jp apra`ëed`jp# rjppdldcd~monj m~dogd| j rølcd`j }qmpa }qa dondudnqmckao~a/ d ondudnqmckao~a/ Rm|m ^jcanj m pagkao~mçàj njp kadjp ä qkm ej|km na kjnded`m| j dkmgdoí|dj `jca~duj# udp~j }qa m r|jrmgmonm fjha8 Y///[ emx rm|~a nj r|jnq~j# oj pao~dnj }qa kqd~mp uaxap j øod`j ndea|ao`dmc }qa j r|jnq~j ~ak rmppm m pa| m `jkqod`mçàj naca/ Y///[ Rj| dppj ~mcuax ~mkläk j udpqmc gmofa qkm dkrj|~ìo`dm kmdj|# rj|}qa om ua|nmna uj`è raopm `jk rmcmu|mp# kmp pjofm `jk dkmgaop/
Kj|do &=454$ ~aj|dxm m`a|`m njp `jo`ad~jp caumo~mnjp rj| ^jcanj# naeaonaonj }qa jp kadjp aca~|þod`jp# `jkj j `doakm# j |índj a m ~acaudpàj# rjppdldcd~mk m |ar|jnqçàj nm udnm ak paqp kjudkao~jp |amdp/ Rm|m aca# j rjna| njp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj dod`djq qkm aprä`da na –`jcjodxmçàj nm mckm‛# }qa ä ~jkmnm
=2>
rj| ~qnj j }qa mnuäk nap~ap kadjp/ Ap~ap `jo~|jcmk m ojum pj`danmna/ Rj|~mo~j mp km|`mp }qa }qad|mk qk cqgm| om pj`danmna na kmppm r|a`dpmk `|dm| umcj|ap pdklðcd`jp# rjujm| j dkmgdoí|dj pj`dmc# rm|m pa nap~m`m|ak na jq~|mp km|`mp/ A rm|~a pdgoded`m~dum ~|mlmcfj ä ead~j m~|muäp njp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj/ Ä oappap kadjp }qa m dkmgak ao`jo~|m ~a||aoj rm|m pqlp~d~qd| m eqoçàj |a~ð|d`m ra|pqmpdum nj ~av~j j|mc a ~|mopej|km+pa om pqm ua|pàj kjna|om# ~|moprj|~monj rm|m pd mp jl|dgmçñap }qa mo~ap a|mk nm rmcmu|m &RÄODOJQ# =47>$/ Oj ao~mo~j# mrapm| na e|mgkao~mnj a ndudndonj aprmçj `jk m dkmgak# j ~av~j `jo~doqm r|apao~a# `joej|ka |acakl|m ^jcanj8 –Y///[ j ~av~j ra|`j||a m `jkqod`mçàj do~ad|m fjha# aca ap~í na qk had~j om ^U# umd r|m |audp~m na jq~|j had~j Y///[ Kmp aca umd edc~|monj mp xjomp na do~a|appa Y///[/ Mo~ap ~dofm }qa ~a| ~qnj oj r|ðr|dj moøo`dj Y///[‛/ Pagqonj Km|~ëo+Lm|la|j &=447$ appm kjnded`mçàj pa naq m~|muäp nmp kjnded`mçñap pj`dmdp# `qhjp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj m~qmk `jkj kandmnj|ap/ Ap~mkjp pd~qmonj jp kadjp oj ìkld~j nmp kandmçñap# dp~j ä# oqk r|j`appj na ~|mopej|kmçàj `qc~q|mc }qa oàj pa dod`dm oak pq|ga m~|muäp nacap# kmp oj }qmc acap rmppm|àj m napakraofm| qk rmrac dkrj|~mo~a m rm|~d| na qk `a|~j kjkao~j + jp mojp <2/ &KM\^ËO+LM\LA\J# =447# r/ =4=$
Qk avakrcj nap~a kjudkao~j ej|mk mp ~|mopej|kmçñap j`j||dnmp ojp AQM oj doë`dj nj pä`qcj VV/ Ejd oappa rmëp }qa jp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj ao`jo~|m|mk ~a||aoj eä|~dc rm|m `|ap`a|# rjdp hí ojp mojp =4<2 r|j`cmkmumk m cdla|nmna na doej|kmçàj a na akr|apm/ Cjgj# jp AQM ~dofmk uj`mçàj dkra|dmc oap~ap njdp }qapd~jp# j }qa acaujq j ap~dcj na udnm mka|d`moj mj kjnacj nm `qc~q|m na kmppmp j`dnao~mc/ Pagqonj Km|~ëo+Lm|la|j &=447$# ndua|pjp em~j|ap fdp~ð|d`jp `jo~|dlqë|mk rm|m }qa dppj m`jo~a`appa8 ak r|dkad|j cqgm|# ndea|ao~a na kqd~jp jq~|jp rmëpap# jp AQM pa ed|km|mk `jkj omçàj pak qkm m|dp~j`|m`dm jq dop~d~qdçñap om`djomdp ej|~ap# pak qkm `cmppa a`jojkdm `jk g|mona rjna| a `jop`dao~a ndppj# pak ~|mndçàj a `jk `qc~q|m ujc~mnm rm|m m dojumçàj/ Appap em~j|ap `jo~|dlqë|mk rm|m j napaoujcudkao~j donqp~|dmc nj rmëp# g|mona j|gmodxmçàj r|jnq~dum# umcj|dxmçàj nm emkëcdm `jkj `ao~|j na |aea|èo`dm a nm `qc~q|m nm ka|d~j`|m`dm/ ^qnj dp~j# do`cqpdua j dpjcmkao~j ak emkëcdm# ga|jq qkm pj`danmna dondudnqmcdp~m# kmp ~mkläk kmdp nap`ao~|mcdxmnm a `jk m a`jojkdm kmdp mla|~m/ Oappa ra|ëjnj# `fmkmnj na ,mnj|íuadp mojp <2, fjqua mlqonìo`dm ~a`ojcðgd`m a na `|änd~jp# j }qa ml|dq j kqonj nj `jopqkj rm|m mp kmppmp/ @jk m aoj|ka }qmo~dnmna na r|jnq~jp a
=21
dojumçñap# a|m oa`appí|dj anq`m| mp kmppmp }qa m~ä ao~àj nd|a`djomumk pqmp a`jojkdmp rm|m m rjqrmoçm/ Oappa pao~dnj# m rqlcd`dnmna `jkaçjq m m~qm| `jkj qk dkrj|~mo~a anq`mnj| nmp kmppmp8 Y///[ rmppjq m doumnd| ~qnj# ~|mopej|kmonj m `jkqod`mçàj do~ad|m ak ra|pqmpàj/ Nadvmonj na doej|km| pjl|a j r|jnq~j# m rqlcd`dnmna pa nand`m m nduqcgm| jp jlha~jp nmonj ej|km â nakmonm# `qhm km~ä|dm r|dkm umd nadvmonj na pa| ej|kmnm racmp oa`appdnmnap a rmppm m pa| `jop~d~qënm rj| napahjp# mkldçñap a e|qp~|mçñap nj pqhad~j/ &KM\^ËO+LM\LA\J# =447# r/ =40$
Qkm uax }qa jp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj ao~|mk om pj`danmna# acap qodua|pmcdxmk j kjnj na udnm/ A j napaoujcudkao~j pa r|jrmgm `jk m mhqnm njp kadjp/ Na pdkrcap kandmçàj nmp |acmçñap nj kqonj |amc# jp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj rmppm|mk m pdkqcm| a napm~dum| appmp |acmçñap/ Rm|m j |anm~j| Eíldj L|monàj `mla mjp |anm~j|ap pa mnmr~m|ak âp kqnmoçmp njp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj8 –Pa j kadj aujcqd a jea|a`a ojump rjppdldcdnmnap# ä `cm|j }qa dppj d|í mea~m| j ~|mlmcfj na }qak `|dm rm|m j kadj‛/ Fí mcgqop mojp j ~av~j rjna|dm pa| m øod`m ej|km }qa j `cdao~a pak ua|lm ~dofm rm|m rmppm| pqm kaopmgak `jkrca~m# kmp –fjha jp `qp~jp ndkdoqë|mk a mp rjppdldcdnmnap mqkao~m|mk/ Qk ~av~j m`mlm paonj kmdp qkm ej|km na rmppm| qkm kaopmgak/ Oàj kmdp m øod`m‛/ M `fagmnm nm ~acaudpàj oj L|mpdc# rj| avakrcj# do`j|rj|jq ~|mçjp nj |índj rm|m `jop~|qd| pqm r|ðr|dm cdogqmgak# `jkj nap~m`m Aqgèodj Kjfmccak8 –M ojppm r|jrmgmonm ä ua|lmc# m ~acaudpàj ä emcmnm# ojppj fqkj| ä emcmnj# ~qnj j|dgak nj |índj/ J l|mpdcad|j gjp~m na ~av~j Y///[‛/ Mj mppdp~d| â ^U j apra`~mnj| apra|m ao`jo~|m| ao~|a~aodkao~j# rj|~mo~j j `jka|`dmc naua lqp`m| ao~|a~a| rm|m pa mna}qm| â cdogqmgak nappa kadj/ M `fagmnm nm do~a|oa~ ä jq~|j avakrcj na `jkj qkm aujcqçàj ~a`ojcðgd`m rjna `jo~|dlqd| rm|m kjnded`m| j ~|mlmcfj nj |anm~j| rqlcd`d~í|dj/ @jk acm m kaopmgak nmp km|`mp gmofm ojujp `jo~j|ojp# mp km|`mp rjnak pa |acm`djom| `jk j `jopqkdnj| na ej|km kmdp mr|jvdkmnm# ap~|ad~monj cmçjp mea~dujp/ J m`appj mj ao~|a~aodkao~j# pa|udçj a doej|kmçàj pa mkrcdm# ra|kd~donj }qa m kaopmgak pa ndppdra/ Jp lmo`jp na nmnjp ra|kd~ak }qa j `jopqkdnj| pahm kjod~j|mnj ak paqp rmppadjp racmp |anap# ra|kd~donj }qa j rølcd`j+mcuj pahm naedodnj kmdp r|a`dpmkao~a/ Rj| jq~|j cmnj# Aqgèodj Kjfmccak `jo`j|nm }qa fjqua kqnmoçmp r|jrj|`djomnmp racjp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj# kmp rm|m aca j dkrj|~mo~a ä oàj pa
=25
nadvm| napcqkl|m| racmp rjppdldcdnmnap njp ojujp kadjp }qa pq|gak# rj|}qa acap oàj av`cqak m dkrj|~ìo`dm njp mo~a|dj|ap8 Aq m`fj }qa këndm ä `m|~ad|j# aq ao~|agj kdofm `m|~dofm rm|m aca# aca umd cí a ao~|agm m kdofm kaopmgak rm|m m rappjm/ J }qa do~a|appm ä m `m|~m a ka do~a|appm pmla| }qa j `m|~ad|j umd ao~|agm| m `m|~m rm|m m}qacm rappjm }qa aq }qa|j/ Ao~àj# aq oqo`m cdgqad kqd~j rm|m }qmc ä m këndm/
Rj| appa kj~duj# Kjfmccak ä `jo~|m m pqra|umcj|dxmçàj nm do~a|oa~# rjdp j kmdp dkrj|~mo~a ä m kaopmgak `fagm| mj `jopqkdnj|/ Aca m`|and~m }qa jp kadjp na ndeqpàj oàj rjnak ~jkm| j cqgm| nm kaopmgak# }qa naua `jo~doqm| paonj j r|do`drmc acakao~j nm `jkqod`mçàj/ Rj|~mo~j# j mnuao~j na qk kadj oàj av`cqd jp mo~a|dj|ap/ Mppdk `jkj m ~acaudpàj oàj m`mljq `jk j |índj# m do~a|oa~ oàj umd av~dogqd| m ~acaudpàj8 –M gao~a umd ~ao~monj ao~aona| `jkj j `m|~ad|j eqo`djom Y///[ Oàj mndmo~m ap`jcfa| j `m|~ad|j racm kjnm‛/ Rm|m aca m do~a|oa~ mdonm oàj eqo`djom pjxdofm# hí }qa ä qk `momc rj| jona mp rappjmp emcmk nj }qa m`jo~a`aq ak jq~|mp këndmp/ Lcmo`j &<220$ |appmc~m }qa m do~a|oa~ ä qk eaoþkaoj |acm~dumkao~a ojuj# rj|~mo~j mdonm rjq`j avrcj|mnj/ Jp mr|dkj|mkao~jp g|íed`jp a na `joavàj njp `jkrq~mnj|ap pa napaoujcua|mk pjkao~a ojp mojp 42 a `jo~doqmk m pa mr|dkj|m| m~ä jp ndmp na fjha/ J qpj nm do~a|oa~ `jkj ea||mkao~m na km|ia~dog ~mkläk pq|gdq ojp r|dkad|jp mojp nappm nä`mnm/ Ak rm|mcacj# j fdra|~av~j# pdp~akm `jo~ëoqj a do~a|cdgmnjp na ~av~jp omp rígdomp ndgd~mdp# `jkaçjq m ~|mopej|km| m ej|km na cad~q|m a ap`|d~m/ Cjgj# ä em`dckao~a jlpa|uíuac }qa m ecqdnax njp m`jo~a`dkao~jp om |ana kqondmc na `jkrq~mnj|ap ga|m# m ~jnj kjkao~j# ojump rjppdldcdnmnap na do~a|mçàj/ Rj|~mo~j mdonm ä `anj rm|m ndxa| }qa m do~a|oa~ rjna pa pqp~ao~m| `jkj qk kadj na `jkqod`mçàj dpjcmnj/ M naraonèo`dm na jq~|jp kadjp emx rm|~a nm |amcdnmna ndgd~mc nj L|mpdc# qkm uax }qa j rmëp mdonm oàj pmla cdnm| na ej|km r|jnq~dum `jk j |írdnj mumoçj ~a`ojcðgd`j/ Rm|m j ud`a+r|apdnao~a na `|dmçàj nm Caj Lq|oa~~# \qt Cdonaola|g# jp ojujp kadjp ap~àj |aeca~donj m ecqdnax njp m`jo~a`dkao~jp oj kqonj a nadvmonj+jp mdonm kmdp |írdnjp8 Aq oàj pjq `jo~|m m do~a|oa~# racj `jo~|í|dj# kmp m`fj }qa acm nadvm ~qnj kmdp |írdnj mdonm/ @jk m do~a|oa~ uj`è ap~í `joa`~mnj j ~akrj ~jnj# emxaonj uí|dmp `jdpmp mj kapkj ~akrj# ao~àj dppj `jo~|dlqd rm|m }qa m kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm `j||m j |dp`j na rmppm| lm~dnm/
=27
Mcäk nm do~a|oa~# Cdonaola|g `jkao~m }qa m ~acaudpàj `jo~doqm `jo~|dlqdonj rm|m m r|jcdea|mçàj na kaopmgaop pdkqc~ìoamp a udpqmdp# ao}qmo~j j |índj pa kmo~äk qk kadj dkrj|~mo~a# `jk `jo~aønj do~a|appmo~a a lmp~mo~a ~av~j# mrapm| na m r|jrmgmonm oappa kadj oàj |aeca~d| m dkrj|~ìo`dm nj kapkj# rjdp ~|mx moøo`djp –Y///[ ga|mckao~a ljljp# `jk rdmnmp e|m`mp# køpd`mp aohjm~dump‛/ M udpàj na Emldj Pmljtm ndua|ga njp jq~|jp ao~|audp~mnjp# rjdp rm|m aca jp kadjp oàj kqnm|mk m dkrj|~ìo`dm nj ~av~j# rj|}qa m `mrm`dnmna na m|gqkao~mçàj ä oa`appí|dm ak }qmc}qa| kadj na `jkqod`mçàj8 Y///[ aq m`fj }qa rqlcd`dnmna# m rqlcd`dnmna ua|lmc racj kaojp# ä lmpd`mkao~a m|gqkao~mçàj a m m|gqkao~mçàj oàj kqnjq kqd~j Y///[# m appèo`dm oàj kqnjq# m`fj }qa m r|jrmgmonm ua|lmc# m|gqkao~m~dum# ~ak qk oø`caj# pahm oj |índj# om ~acaudpàj# jq om do~a|oa~/
@jo`j|nmonj `jk Pmljtm# Ra|ad|m &<224# r/ 55$ naeaona }qa ,Y///[ ndea|ao~ap cdogqmgaop rm|m ndea|ao~ap kadjp jlana`a|àj m qk `johqo~j na r|do`ërdjp `jkqop‛/ Rj|~mo~j# rm|m ao~aona| `jkj pa nàj mp om||m~dump ak `mnm kadj ndgd~mc ä dkrj|~mo~a ap~qnm| m cdogqmgak nap~ap kadjp# `jkj qk `johqo~j kmdp jq kaojp fjkjgèoaj na këndmp `jk `m|m`~a|ëp~d`mp pakacfmo~ap/ A rm|m `jkr|aaona| m cdogqmgak nap~ap kadjp ä r|a`dpj jlpa|um|# mppdk `jkj rm|m jp kadjp ~|mnd`djomdp &^U# |índj# hj|omc$# j aprmçj }qa acap j`qrmk/ Oj pä`qcj VUDDD j aprmçj aprmçj nj moøo`dj a|m j hj|omc# j `m~ícjgj# jp `m|~mxap na kq|jp a ljonap/ Hí ojp pä`qcjp VDV a VV j oøka|j na aprmçjp pa kqc~drcd`jq8 |audp~mp# |índj# ^U/ @mnm qk nap~ap ~drjp na moøo`dj ao`jo~|jq pqm cdogqmgak/ Oj pä`qcj VVD j napmedj nm rqlcd`dnmna ä ao`jo~|m| m cdogqmgak nj `dla|aprmçj# hí }qa m cdogqmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm r|a`dpm pa mnmr~m| mj aprmçj }qa j`qrm rm|m pa| `jkr|aaondnm racjp qpqí|djp a `jopqkdnj|ap rj~ao`dmdp/ @joej|ka |appmc~mnj mo~a|dj|kao~a# ap~a ap~qnj rm|~a nj r|do`ërdj na }qa mp |acmçñap om rqlcd`dnmna pa nàj m rm|~d| nmp kmdp um|dmnmp `jkldomçñap ao~|a jp `do`j rdcm|ap ap~qnmnjp/ Rj|~mo~j# emx+pa oa`appí|dj qk `mrë~qcj oj }qmc pahmk ndp`q~dnjp mcgqop njp r|do`drmdp em~j|ap caumo~mnjp omp ao~|audp~mp
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jp }qmdp
kap`cmk acakao~jp pj`dmdp# `qc~q|mdp# ~a`ojcðgd`jp# a`joþkd`jp# ka|`mnjcðgd`jp a pdklðcd`jp
# mcäk na pqga|d| rjppëuadp `mkdofjp rm|m }qa j ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj pa
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ao}qmn|a â |amcdnmna ak }qa fmld~m/ @jk lmpa oappmp `jop~m~mçñap ~|èp em~j|ap pa
=26
nap~m`mk8 m qomodkdnmna njp |anm~j|ap ak |acmçàj m doua|pàj nm dkrj|~ìo`dm nj ~av~j a nm dkmgak# m oa`appdnmna na qkm |amumcdmçàj nj rmrac nj |anm~j| rqlcd`d~í|dj a m |acauìo`dm nj ~av~j om `qc~q|m e|mgkao~mnm/
=24
> MEDOMC# J \ANM^J\ AP^Í AP^Í AP@\AUAONJ AP@\AUAONJ KAOJP: Y///[ pjkjp mdonm# a kmdp nj }qa oqo`m# qkm `dudcdxmçàj nm ap`|d~m/ \jcmon Lm|~fap
>/=
Jlpa|umçñap rm|`dmdp8 qkm kqnmoçm fdp~ð|d`m
Mj avmkdom| jp |apqc~mnjp nmp `do`j ra|gqo~mp |acm`djomnmp mjp rdcm|ap pj`dj`qc~q|mc# a`joþkd`j# ka|`mnjcðgd`j# pdklðcd`j a ~a`ojcðgd`j9 a qodonj appmp `jop~m~mçñap âp |aprjp~mp nm r|dkad|m ra|gqo~m# }qa lqp`jq `jofa`a| m avra|dèo`dm njp |anm~j|ap ao~|audp~mnjp ak |acmçàj â }qmo~dnmna a }qmcdnmna njp ~av~jp }qa |andgdmk a jlpa|umumk oj doë`dj nm pqmp `m||ad|mp a fjha# rjnakjp `fagm| m jlpa|umçñap rm|`dmdp m`a|`m nmp kjnded`mçñap j`j||dnmp om |anmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm/ Na ej|km qoìodka# ~jnjp jp |anm~j|ap `jo`j|nmk }qa fjqua kqnmoçmp om dkrj|~ìo`dm nj ~av~j om rqlcd`dnmna/ J }qa um|dm pàj jp rjo~jp na udp~m pjl|a jp kj~dujp a dkrm`~jp nappm kqnmoçm/ Rm|m \qt Cdonaola|g j ~av~j ra|naq dkrj|~ìo`dm na ej|km ga|mc# oàj pð om rqlcd`dnmna/ Mrapm| na pa| ua|nmna }qa fjha j oøka|j na akr|apmp hí ~|mnd`djomdp &a }qa# rj|~mo~j# oàj r|a`dpmk `jkqod`m| paqp r|jnq~jp `jk ~mo~jp na~mcfap$ ä kmdj| }qa oj doë`dj nj pä`qcj VV# pagqonj m pqm udpàj appm kjnded`mçàj pa naq# r|do`drmckao~a# racm hqoçàj na em~j|ap pj`dj`qc~q|mdp a ~a`ojcðgd`jp/ Ak r|dkad|j cqgm|# m m~aoçàj nj `jopqkdnj| ap~í e|mgkao~mnm# rjdp pa mo~ap aca ~dofm rjq`jp kadjp rm|m pa doej|km|# fjha m rjppdldcdnmna na kadjp pa kqc~drcd`jq `jk j mumoçj nmp akr|apmp na ~acaejodm `acqcm|# m avrmopàj nm do~a|oa~# j napaoujcudkao~j na ~mlca~p a jq~|jp ndprjpd~dujp kðuadp# j mnuao~j nm ~acaudpàj do~a|m~dum# mp |índjp
jocdoa# mp |audp~mp qc~|m+pagkao~mnmp# jp hj|omdp g|m~qd~jp a rjrqcm|ap# ao~|a jq~|jp/ M doej|kmçàj `fagm mj `jopqkdnj| kmdp eí`dc a |mrdnmkao~a# rj| jq~|j cmnj m pqm m~aoçàj ndppdrm+pa a m kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm ao`jo~|m kmdp nded`qcnmna rm|m m~|më+ cj# `joej|ka `jkao~m Cdonaola|g8 –Aq `jp~qkj ndxa| }qa j kmdj| lak }qa ~akjp fjha ä j ~akrj/ Rj| }qa oðp &rqlcd`d~í|djp$ r|a`dpmkjp nj ~akrj nmp rappjmp a acmp hí ~èk rjq`j ~akrj rm|m mp pqmp m~dudnmnap# r|m rqlcd`dnmna ao~àj‛/
==2
Ak udp~m nappm e|mgkao~mçàj# ä `jkqk }qa jp rqlcd`d~í|djp lqp}qak ojump ej|kmp na emcm| `jk j `jopqkdnj|/ Qkm nacmp ä m umcj|dxmçàj nj umcj| pdklðcd`j nm kaopmgak# ak na~|dkao~j nj umcj| `jka|`dmc/ M ndkaopàj pdklðcd`m nj moøo`dj ra|kd~a }qa pahmk nmnjp ndua|pjp pao~dnjp mjp jlha~jp |aea|dnjp# j }qa `jkqkao~a kmodeap~m+pa ak dkmgaop# oàj dkrandonj }qa mppqkmk ej|km ~av~qmc/ @mp~|j9 Gjkap &<227# r/ =2$ avrcd`mk }qa8 M dop~ìo`dm pdklðcd`m akr|ap~m mj ndp`q|pj qk rmrac ëkrm|# om kandnm ak }qa oaca pa `|qxmk doej|kmçñap `jo`|a~mp a kjudkao~jp ra|pqmpdujp }qa lqp`mk |aeca~d| do~a|appap a gjp~jp nj rølcd`j a paopdldcdxí+cj rm|m }qa mhm mnapàj mj }qa cfa a jea|~mnj/
M ndkaopàj pdklðcd`m ä# ao~àj# qkm nmp ej|kmp }qa m rqlcd`dnmna ao`jo~|m na r|juj`m| qkm |amçàj nj `jopqkdnj|/ M eqoçàj `jka|`dmc# }qa ä m pqm ua|nmnad|m |mxàj na pa|# ed`m kmp`m|mnm racj ndp`q|pj rqlcd`d~í|dj/ ]qmonj m eqoçàj nm kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm a|m r|dkj|ndmckao~a doej|km~dum# j paq umcj| pdklðcd`j oàj a|m ~àj avrcj|mnj `jkj fjha/ Rm|m Emldj Pmljtm m rqlcd`dnmna ~j|ojq+pa kaojp ua|lmc racm r|ðr|dm ej|kmçàj njp |anm~j|ap# `joej|ka nap~m`m8 –Kqd~jp udofmk na jq~|mp í|amp# `jkj hj|omcdpkj# ap`|d~j|ap e|qp~|mnjp# dppj om nä`mnm na 52# 72/ Y///[ J ~av~j a|m qkm ea||mkao~m kqd~j dkrj|~mo~a na ra|pqmpàj‛/ Pagqonj Pmljtm# mp ojump ga|mçñap ap~àj pa m`jp~qkmonj `jk j rmn|àj pagqdnj ak eap~dumdp do~a|om`djomdp# `qhm cdogqmgak ndoìkd`m# |írdnm# `q|~m a qodua|pmc# oàj ml|a aprmçj rm|m raçmp `jk ~av~jp cjogjp# pmcuj av`açñap/ M rm|~d| nappa `jp~qka# jp |anm~j|ap rqlcd`d~í|djp ap~àj r|m~d`monj kaojp m ap`|d~m oj ndm+m+ndm a# `jopa}qao~akao~a# m }qmo~dnmna na ljop ~av~jp ~ak ndkdoqënj/ Rj|~mo~j# appm kjnded`mçàj pa|dm eqonmkao~mnm r|do`drmckao~a ak ~|mopej|kmçñap njp r|jedppdjomdp na `|dmçàj a oàj ak em~j|ap pj`dj`qc~q|mdp# hí }qa rm|m aca j `jopqkdnj| oàj ap~í caonj kaojp# kmp pdk caonj mraomp j }qa j do~a|appm a j ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj oàj ap~í kmdp emxaonj rm|~a nappa g|qrj# m rm|~d| nj kjkao~j ak }qa pàj kmc ~|mlmcfmnjp# ~ä`od`jp a |mpjp/ Aqgèodj Kjfmccak m`|and~m }qa ~mo~j j ~av~j cjogj }qmo~j j ~av~j `q|~j ra|na|mk dkrj|~ìo`dm om rqlcd`dnmna/ Rm|m aca m umcj|dxmçàj nj |anm~j| a nj hj|omc m~ä j edomc nj pä`qcj VV umcj|dxmumk ~mkläk j moøo`dj `jk ~av~j# hí }qa jp |anm~j|ap ~dofmk r|arjona|ìo`dm pjl|a jp nd|a~j|ap na m|~a# j`qrmonj `m|gjp na ga|èo`dm# kmo~aonj cmçjp ap~|ad~jp `jk j `cdao~a a `jcmlj|monj rm|m m mr|jumçàj
===
nappa ~drj na moøo`dj/ Fjha appm eqoçàj ndudna+pa ao~|a jp njdp/ Rm|m Kjfmccak j rdcm| ka|`mnjcðgd`j ~aua g|mona dkrm`~j oappm doua|pàj# apra`dmckao~a m rm|~d| nj kjkao~j ak }qa @mooap# j kmdj| eap~dumc do~a|om`djomc na rqlcd`dnmna# rmppjq m mumcdm| ~mkläk jp moøo`djp dkr|appjp/ Jp rqlcd`d~í|djp ra|`ala|mk }qa fmudm qk ~drj na moøo`dj
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j na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc
⎪
}qa pa nap~m`mum a rmppm|mk m q~dcdxí+
cj `jkj rmn|àj nj –ljk moøo`dj‛/ Paonj mppdk# Kjfmccak `jo`j|nm `jk Pmljtm mj ra|`ala| }qa j rmn|àj mnj~mnj ak r|akdmçñap do~a|om`djomdp ap~í `|dmonj ga|mçñap na |anm~j|ap }qa napmr|aona|mk m emxa| moøo`djp `jk ~av~j oj ndm+m+ndm# `jkj `jkao~m8 –Y///[ appa ~drj na raçm ~ak qk r|jlcakm# rj|}qa ap~í m~|jedmonj m kqp`qcm~q|m njp r|jedppdjomdp na `|dmçàj‛/ Rm|m aca m dkrj|~ìo`dm nj ~av~j a nm dkmgak ejd doua|~dnm ~mo~j oj moøo`dj dkr|appj# }qmo~j om ~acaudpàj# `qhjp |j~ad|jp fjha r|dj|dxmk j qpj nm dkmgak na `acal|dnmnap oj cqgm| na `jo~m| fdp~ð|dmp/ @m|cjp Njkdogjp ~mkläk jlpa|ujq m ra|nm na dkrj|~ìo`dm nj ~av~j/ Rm|m aca m r|jrmgmonm |aeca~a mp kqnmoçmp pj`dmdp a `qc~q|mdp }qa m`jo~a`ak oj kqonj# rj|~mo~j# qkm uax }qa m ej|km na `jopqkd| doej|kmçàj pa kjnded`jq# m r|jrmgmonm rmppjq m |aeca~d| appm ojum |amcdnmna# `joej|ka ap`cm|a`a8 Y///[ j }qa m`jo~a`aq `jk j kqonj oappap øc~dkjp mojp ä }qa m ej|km na `jopqkd| doej|kmçàj kqnjq# oàj pð kmdp m~|muäp na ~av~j# kmp m~|muäp na ~av~j# m~|muäp na këndm# m~|muäp na qk ~|mlmcfj ndea|ao~a qpmonj uí|dmp këndmp# ao~àj aq m`fj }qa m ej|km nmp rappjmp `jopqkd|ak doej|kmçàj kqnjq a dppj dkrm`~jq om r|jrmgmonm/
Dppj pdgoded`m }qa mp rappjmp `jo~doqmk caonj# kmp oàj kmdp ak qk jq njdp pqrj|~ap &cdu|jp a hj|omdp$/ M ~aj|dm na K`Cqfmo &=477$ umd mj ao`jo~|j nj rjo~j na udp~m na Njkdogjp# mj med|km| }qa m umcj|dxmçàj nm dkmgak ä qkm }qap~àj fdp~ð|d`m a `qc~q|mc/ Rm|m aca# m emcm ~j|ojq+pa dkmgak napna }qa m rmcmu|m `jkaçjq m pa| ap`|d~m a# rj|~mo~j# |ar|apao~mnm ak pëkljcjp udpqmdp dkr|appjp# ndppakdomnm rm|m m kmppm/ M pj`danmna pa `joua|~aq `mnm uax kmdp ak qkm mcnadm gcjlmc a udpqmc/ M umcj|dxmçàj nm dkmgak m`jo~a`a# ao~àj# om~q|mckao~a# hí }qa j kqonj udpqmc ä# rj| naedodçàj# ap~í~d`j/ Aca oàj ~ak j ndomkdpkj r|ðr|dj nj }qa ä j|mc# qkm uax }qa pjkao~a j mqnd~duj ga|mckao~a pdgoded`m kjudkao~j# hí j udpqmc ap~í ndprjoëuac m }qmc}qa| kjkao~j# rjnaonj jq oàj pa| udp~j# jlpa|umnj/ Cjgj# ak qkm pj`danmna udpqmc a ca~|mnm# j donduënqj `md oj `joej|kdpkj nj }qa ä udpëuac# nj }qa ä ~í~dc a mc`moçíuac racm udpàj/ Appa ä j mkldao~a oj }qmc m rqlcd`dnmna `|ap`aq# apra`dmckao~a ojp rmëpap j`dnao~mdp# hí ca~|mnjp a `jk |agdkap na rjna| kmdp
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cdla|mdp/ Ä qk mkldao~a r|jrë`dj rm|m j `jopqkdnj| mgd| na m`j|nj `jk j }qa uè a rm|m pa| udp~j# kapkj }qa# ak raopmkao~j# oàj `jo`j|na/ Nappa kjnj# kapkj }qa j ~av~j ~aofm pa ~j|omnj udpqmc# m dkmgak `jo~doqm pa|udonj kacfj| â eqoçàj# rj|}qa mj jlpa|uí cm j `jopqkdnj| `jopagqa pa aova|gm| om kapkm rjpdçàj# pahm ∜
nm njom na `mpm lak pq`andnm# nj kj~j|dp~m na qk `m||j 2ik jq kapkj na qkm kjnacj `jk m raca cdpdofm/ Hí mp rmcmu|mp ap~dkqcmk j raopmkao~j# ä r|a`dpj r|dkad|j ca|# narjdp mlpj|ua|# rm|m ak pagqdnm dkmgdom| m pd~qmçàj nap`|d~m/ Rj| jq~|j cmnj# Njkdogjp mnkd~a }qa jp |anm~j|ap ap~àj pa nand`monj kaojp m emxa| ~av~jp `jkrcavjp# pahm racj |d~kj m }qa pàj pqlka~dnjp omp mgèo`dmp# jq racm emc~m na do~a|appa/ Doum|dmuackao~a# dppj ga|m ~av~jp kmdp pqra|ed`dmdp# }qa oàj `joua|pmk `jk mp oa`appdnmnap nj `jopqkdnj| a m`mlmk oàj napra|~monj j do~a|appa nj kapkj/ Hí rm|m Cqdx ^jcanj m kqnmoçm ejd om ej|km `jkj mp rappjmp pa `jkqod`mk# rj|~mo~j pj`dj`qc~q|mc a ~a`ojcðgd`m/ Aca naeaona }qa uduakjp ak qkm pj`danmna }qa cè rjq`j# `joej|ka avrcd`m8 Umkjp em~dm| j acaemo~a8 r|dkad|j m kmdj| |audp~m nj rmëp ~ak qkm ~d|mgak na qk kdcfàj a kadj na avakrcm|ap ak qk rmëp na =42 kdcfñap na fmld~mo~ap/ Jp kmdj|ap naxappadp hj|omdp hqo~jp pjkmnjp nàj qk kdcfàj a kadj/ Pð j Oaw Tj|i ^dkap pjxdofj ~ak appm ~d|mgak/ M gao~a mdonm ~ak qk oøka|j g|mona na momcemla~jp# jp `fmkmnjp momcemla~jp eqo`djomdp# }qa oak rjnak pa| `jopdna|mnjp mcemla~dxmnjp/ Ao~àj `jdpmp pdkrcap# qk `cmppded`mnj# qk \G# oàj pmlak ca|# oàj ä oak `jdpm ndeë`dc# ä uj`mlqcí|dj/ A# kqd~mp uaxap# kapkj caonj qk ~av~j# oàj pmlak r|j`appm| m}qaca `jo~aønj/ Kapkj }qa dppj ~mcuax ~aofm m~ä kacfj|mnj# oàj rdj|mnj/ Pjl|a cdu|m|dmp8 Lqaojp Md|ap ~ak kmdp cdu|m|dmp }qa oj L|mpdc ~jnj# pð r|m oàj d| kqd~j cjoga/ Ao~àj m `jkqod`mçàj ap`|d~m pakr|a ~aua mcgqop r|jlcakmp om appèo`dm/
Kapkj ndmo~a nappm |amcdnmna# ^jcanj m`|and~m }qa fjha pa cè kmdp# rjdp j m`appj â cad~q|m ejd em`dcd~mnj/ Paq raopmkao~j umd mj ao`jo~|j nj na @a|~amq &=44>$ rm|m }qak m ap`|d~m a m cad~q|m ap~í `mnm ndm kmdp dopa|dnm om pj`danmna `mrd~mcdp~m# mklmp pàj eqonmkao~mdp rm|m m anq`mçàj oappm pj`danmna/ Oj `mpj nj L|mpdc m nakj`|m~dxmçàj nm cad~q|m ä qk r|j`appj mdonm ak monmkao~j/ M rqlcd`mçàj na cdu|jp oj rmëp `jkaçjq ~m|ndmkao~a/ Pjkao~a `jk m udonm nm emkëcdm |amc rj|~qgqapm# ak =626# m dkr|aopm om`djomc `jkaçjq m pa napaoujcua| a `jk m `j|~a uda|mk mcgqop cdu|jp nj m`a|uj }qa rjp~a|dj|kao~a do~ag|m|dm m Ldlcdj~a`m Om`djomc/ Oj ao~mo~j# kapkj `jk m Dkr|aopm \ägdm# m dkr|appàj na cdu|jp a|m pa`qoní|dm/ M r|dj|dnmna a|mk jp nj`qkao~jp jed`dmdp/ M~ä j edomc nj pä`qcj VDV m kmdj| rm|~a njp
==0
cdu|jp and~mnjp oj L|mpdc a|mk dkr|appjp ak Rj|~qgmc jq om E|moçm/ Rj|~mo~j# m donøp~|dm and~j|dmc l|mpdcad|m rjppqd rjq`j kmdp na njdp pä`qcjp na avdp~èo`dm a mdonm ä rjq`j napaoujcudnm/ Kapkj `jk mq~j|ap dkrj|~mo~ap a cdu|jp na pq`appj# m |amcdnmna and~j|dmc l|mpdcad|m pakr|a ap~aua naraonao~a nm acd~a do~aca`~qmc nj rmëp# oqo`m ejd qkm }qap~àj rjrqcm|/ Mj ap~qnm| m cad~q|m oj L|mpdc# Cdonjpj &<22>$ naeaona }qa j r|jlcakm oàj ä m ndua|pdnmna nm jea|~m na cdu|jp# kmp }qa ap~ap ap~àj dom`appëuadp rm|m m kmdj|dm nm rjrqcmçàj/ Ap~àj# ak pqm kmdj|dm# omp kàjp na g|monap a kändmp and~j|mp }qa uaonak m r|açjp mc~jp a ak cj`mdp `jo`ao~|mnjp/ Dp~j# caumonj ak `jopdna|mçàj mp ka~|ðrjcap# hí }qa omp ra}qaomp `dnmnap m pd~qmçàj ed`m mdonm rdj| `jk m ap`mppax na cdu|m|dmp a ldlcdj~a`mp/ M rap}qdpm \a~|m~jp nm Cad~q|m oj L|mpdc# rqlcd`mnm racj Dop~d~q~j R|ð+Cdu|j ak <226# |auacm }qa =2! njp kqod`ërdjp l|mpdcad|jp oàj rjppqak oaofqkm ldlcdj~a`m/ J oøka|j na momcemla~jp a momcemla~jp eqo`djomdp ~mkläk ä qk r|jlcakm caumo~mnj rj| Cdonjpj8 Y///[ mrapm| nj mqkao~j nm |ana na ap`jcmp rølcd`mp a rm|~d`qcm|ap# dppj mdonm ejd dopqed`dao~a rm|m m a||mnd`mçàj `jkrca~m nj momcemla~dpkj a nm }qmcdnmna r|a`í|dm na g|mona rm|~a nmp ap`jcmp a nj aopdoj }qa acmp r|jrj|`djomk/ &CDONJPJ# <22># r/ 41$
Appm `jop~m~mçàj ä `jkr|jumnm racm ~mlacm mlmdvj// ^mlacm = + cdkd~mçñap njp l|mpdcad|jp rm|m m cad~q|m
Nmnjp nm rap}qdpm \a~|m~jp nm Cad~q|m oj L|mpdc/ <226/ Lmpa8 =7
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Naxappadp rj| `ao~j njp ao~|audp~mnjp na`cm|jq ca| kqd~j naumgm|# ao}qmo~j pa~a rj| `ao~j ndppa }qa oàj `jkr|aaona m kmdj| rm|~a nj }qa cè/ Dppj nakjop~|m }qa j r|j`appj na mcemla~dxmçàj oj L|mpdc mdonm rjppqd kqd~jp r|jlcakmp ap~|q~q|mdp/ Mdonm# }qdoxa rj| `ao~j nm mkjp~|m oàj ä mcemla~dxmnm jq oàj pmla ca|/ Nmnjp nm kapkm rap}qdpm |auacmk }qa oj moj <222 j oøka|j na cad~j|ap na`cm|mnjp oj rmëp a|m na <5 kdcfñap# `jk m kändm na =#6 cdu|j cdnj rj| cad~j|# mj moj/ Hí ak <227 appa oøka|j fmudm pqldnj rm|m 55#1 kdcfñap na cad~j|ap a 0#7 cdu|jp cdnjp rj| cad~j|# mj moj/ Dppj dond`m }qa ^jcanj ap~í `j||a~j mj jlpa|um| }qa jp l|mpdcad|jp ap~àj caonj kmdp/ Hí m rqlcd`dnmna# rm|m aca# pakr|a lqp`jq m `jo`dpàj# rj|~mo~j oqo`m ~aua `jkj jlha~duj do`ao~dum| m cad~q|m# apra`dmckao~a oappa kjkao~j ak }qa m r|jrmgmonm dop~d~q`djomc ap~í paonj pqlp~d~qënm racm na um|ahj/ ^jcanj m`|ap`ao~m }qa j qpj nm do~a|oa~ `jkj ea||mkao~m na km|ia~dog `jo~|dlqdq rm|m m ndkdoqdçàj njp ~av~jp ak moøo`djp# hí }qa acm rjppdldcd~m m `jo~doqmçàj nm kaopmgak nj dkr|appj/ Rj|~mo~j# om do~a|oa~# ak lcjgp a pd~ap# j ~av~j ~aona m pa| kmdj|/ ^jcanj `jo`cqd8 –Y///[ m`fj }qa m ~a`ojcjgdm kqnjq m ej|km nmp rappjmp pa `jkqod`m|ak/ Kmp dppj oàj pdgoded`m }qa ndkdoqdq j ~|mlmcfj nj |anm~j|‛/ Dkrj|~mo~a oj~m| }qa m kqnmoçm nj kjnj na ~|mlmcfj nj |anm~j| ejd |appmc~mnm racjp ao~|audp~mnjp kmdp nj }qa m pqra|umcj|dxmçàj nm dkmgak/ Qkm nmp |mxñap nappm ra|pra`~dum pa naua â ap`jcfm nm mkjp~|mgak nm rap}qdpm# `jkrjp~m mraomp rj| |anm~j|ap/ Oj ao~mo~j# appa em~j oàj doumcdnm m ua|m`dnmna nm doej|kmçàj# hí }qa m ~|mopej|kmçàj nj rmrac nj |anm~j|# na `jop~|q~j| na ~av~jp m r|jnq~j| na dnadmp# ä m |amcdnmna jlpa|uíuac oj ndm+m+ndm nmp mgèo`dmp na rqlcd`dnmna/
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\anm~j|ap a cad~j|ap8 m dkrj|~ìo`dm na qkm ojum |acmçàj
M aka|gèo`dm na qkm |aojumçàj om |acmçàj ao~|a |anm~j|ap na r|jrmgmonm a paqp cad~j|ap ejd |appmc~mnm om rap}qdpm/ Na ej|km ga|mc# m`|and~m+pa }qa m r|anjkdoìo`dm na moøo`djp `jk r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc# jp }qmdp gmofm|mk aprmçj
==1
g|mçmp m r|jcdea|mçàj na r|akdmçñap do~a|om`djomdp# ä qkm |amcdnmna }qa hí oàj m~aona â nakmonm nj `jopqkdnj|# `mnm ndm kmdp do~a|appmnj ak doej|kmçàj/ Ndmo~a ndppj# jp |anm~j|ap ao~|audp~mnjp# }qa fjha j`qrmk `m|gjp na |acauìo`dm ak g|monap mgèo`dmp# `fmkmk m m~aoçàj pjl|a m dkrj|~ìo`dm na qk ojuj raopmkao~j# }qa oàj kmdp ap~ahm ej`mnj ak emxa| r|jrmgmonm rm|m rqlcd`d~í|djp# kmp }qa m~aonm âp oa`appdnmnap nj `jopqkdnj| a r|j`q|a# na kjnj dojumnj|# lqp`í+cj ak paqp kjkao~jp nj ndm+m+ndm# `jo}qdp~monj qkm rm|`acm nj paq ~akrj ap`mppj# jea|a`aonj m aca doej|kmçàj |acaumo~a/ @joej|ka udp~j ojp ap~qnjp na Lm|~fap &=442$# j ~av~j ap`|d~j `jo~doqm r|apao~a ak ojppm pj`danmna# mjp |anm~j|ap rqlcd`d~í|djp `mla pmla| q~dcdxí+cj na ej|km `|dm~dum a m~|mao~a/ Oj moøo`dj dkr|appj# mdonm dondpraopíuac om rqlcd`dnmna# rjna+pa |a~d|m| ndua|pjp avakrcjp m~qmdp }qa |auacmk m r|aj`qrmçàj `jk jp |qkjp ~jkmnjp racj ~av~j om rqlcd`dnmna/ J ud`a+r|apdnao~a na `|dmçàj nm Caj Lq|oa~~# \qt Cdonaola|g# ejd qk njp r|dkad|jp m caumo~m| appm ndp`qppàj mj |andgd| j `jofa`dnj moøo`dj –^ak gao~a m`fmonj }qa uj`è ä momcemla~j# a uj`è oak nap`joedm‛# rm|m j hj|omc Umcj| A`joþkd`j a j @cqla na @|dmçàj na Pàj Rmqcj# ak <22=/ Pjl|a appa ~|mlmcfj# aca `jkao~m8 Oàj pad pa uj`è hí caq j Umcj| A`joþkd`j# kmp aca ä qk hj|omc na kqd~j `jo~aønj# lak naopj# `jk kqd~jp ~av~jp do~a|appmo~ap# ao~àj m gao~a }qa|dm pmla| pa mp rappjmp dmk rm|m| r|m ca| qk moøo`dj# ejd raopmnj r|m dppj# r|m hqp~mkao~a ml|d| jp jcfjp rm|m appap moøo`djp `fadjp na udpqmc/ A naq `a|~j/ Pmëkjp nm mgèo`dm qkmp nax nm ojd~a a j moøo`dj ejd rm|m j uaë`qcj# hí âp padp a kadm `fagjq j r|dkad|j a+kmdc a oàj rm|jq kmdp na `fagm|/ M~ä edx qkm `jkrm|mçàj do~a|appmo~a `jk m Uahm# }qa ~dofm kqd~j kmdp cad~j|ap a oàj `fagjq m ~a| oak pappao~m |aprjp~mp m pqm km~ä|dm na `mrm# ao}qmo~j oðp ~duakjp kmdp na }qm~|j`ao~mp/ Dppj r|m kdk ä m r|jum na }qa# kapkj j ~av~j ~aonj ra|ndnj aprmçj# m rmcmu|m mdonm ä kqd~j umcdjpm }qmonj lak qpmnm/
@jk appm rmppmgak Cdonaola|g |auacm }qa m ap`jcfm rj| qk moøo`dj qod`mkao~a na ~av~j# `jofa`dnj `jkj mcc ~tra# ejd do~ao`djomc/ J ~av~j }qa pagqa mlmdvj# |auacm m r|aj`qrmçàj nm nqrcm `|dm~dum ak `fmkm| m m~aoçàj nj ka|`mnj a nj `jopqkdnj| rm|m qkm udpàj ndp~j|`dnm nj rmrac nm rqlcd`dnmna om udnm nmp rappjmp/
==5
^ak gao~a m`fmonj }qa uj`è ä momcemla~j# a uj`è oak nap`joedm/ Pakmom rmppmnm# aq |a`ald qk `joud~a rm|m emxa| qk moøo`dj rm|m uj`è/ Om ua|nmna# oðp8 aq &kaq ojka ä \qt$ a j nd|a~j| na m|~a Hmuda| ^mcmua|m# ~mkläk nm W*L|mpdc/ Më# `jcj`mkjp jp räp ak `dkm nm kapm# rjdp ä mppdk }qa pa emx omp mgèo`dmp na r|jrmgmonm }qmonj ä r|a`dpj raopm| oqk mppqo~j kqd~j dkrj|~mo~a/ J ~akm a|m cdu|a# rjna|ëmkjp moqo`dm| }qmc}qa| `jdpm }qa }qdpäppakjp# hí }qa j aprmçj ~dofm pdnj `andnj racj hj|omc Umcj| A`joþkd`j rm|m ap~dkqcm| m `|dm~dudnmna oj ka|`mnj rqlcd`d~í|dj/ Oðp oak ~ëofmkjp `jkaçmnj j ~|mlmcfj# a qkm `jdpm hí rm|a`dm |apjcudnm8 lmp~mumk qk ~ë~qcj do~|dgmo~a# qk udpqmc do~a|appmo~a# nqmp cdofmp na ~av~j# a j moøo`dj ap~m|dm r|jo~j/ Rjdp ä avm~mkao~a dppj }qa mcgqkmp rappjmp dkmgdomk }qa uj`è apra|m na qk moøo`dj/ A appmp rappjmp pàj mp kapkmp }qa ~èk emcmnj mcgqkmp `jdpmp lak napmg|mníuadp pjl|a uj`è omp pmcmp na |aqodàj/ Aq ~aofj ap`q~mnj }qa uj`è oàj gjp~m kqd~j na ca|# }qa ~ak r|agqdçm na ~av~jp cjogjp# }qa hmkmdp ra|na|dm paq ~akrj caonj r|jrmgmonm/ Rj| do`|ëuac }qa rm|açm# }qak ~ak emcmnj dppj ä gao~a lak do~ao`djomnm# pàj ga|ao~ap na km|ia~dog# njojp na akr|apmp# rappjmp }qa gm|mo~ak }qa `jofa`ak uj`è `jkj odogqäk# }qa edxa|mk rap}qdpmp# emcm|mk `jk paqp mkdgjp# `jofa`ak pqm kqcfa|# paqp fíld~jp ak na~mcfap/ Pàj r|jedppdjomdp pä|djp# gao~a }qa na`dna r|jrmgmonm# j }qa uj`è umd ua| oqk moøo`dj# j }qa umd ca| a ~mkläk j }qa oàj umd ca|/ Aq `joeappj }qa# oappmp j`mpdñap# ~aofj ndp`q~dnj kqd~j# dopdp~dnj ak ndxa| }qa# mcäk na ca| hj|omc ~jnjp jp ndmp# uj`è ~mkläk gjp~m na ca| oj~ë`dmp nj r|jnq~j }qa umd `jkr|m|/ Aklj|m aq oàj ~aofm dop~d~q~j na rap}qdpm# oàj `jofaçm uj`è rappjmckao~a# oàj pmdlm pqm dnmna# oak kapkj pa uj`è ä fjkak jq kqcfa|# na qkm `jdpm aq ~aofj `a|~axm8 uj`è ä qkm rappjm paopëuac# do~a|appmo~a a# r|do`drmckao~a# mcemla~dxmnm/ ^aofj gm|mo~dnj mjp `cdao~ap }qa uj`è mr|a`dm j fqkj|# gjp~m a r|a`dpm na doej|kmçàj# mnj|m ca| a ä hqp~mkao~a rj| dppj }qa mppdom jq `jkr|m hj|omc/ ^aofj cq~mnj rm|m }qa jp moøo`djp oàj pmdmk nmp pmcmp na |aqodàj e|djp# lq|j`|í~d`jp# `fm~jp# pak g|mçm oak akjçàj/ Mgj|m# `joeappj }qa uí|dmp uaxap ~aofj pdnj na||j~mnj oappmp ndp`qppñap# caumonj `jkj cdçàj na `mpm m ~m|aem na ndkdoqd| j ~av~j rm|m < jq 0 cdofmp a mqkao~m| j cjgj~drj nj `cdao~a ak > jq 1 uaxap/ Rj| dppj# j Hmuda| a aq na`dndkjp oàj emxa| qk moøo`dj oap~m rígdom uaonaonj mcgqkm `jdpm# kmp |apjcuakjp mr|juad~m| ap~a aprmçj rm|m `jo~m| ~qnj dp~j rm|m uj`è# rm|m kjp~|m| j }qa monmk emcmonj a raopmonj na uj`è/ A oàj avdp~a aprmçj kacfj| rm|m dppj nj }qa mp rígdomp na qk hj|omc/ Rj| dppj# pa uj`è caq ap~a moøo`dj m~ä m}qd# rm|m oðp ä qkm g|mona ud~ð|dm/ ^akjp `a|~axm }qa# pa ap~duäppakjp emcmonj na qk r|jnq~j do~a|appmo~a rm|m qkm rappjm do~a|appmnm `jkj uj`è# aca ~a|dm pdnj cdnj kapkj }qa j ~av~j ejppa ~àj cjogj `jkj ap~a/ Rj| dppj# jl|dgmnj rj| uj`è ~a| `joed|kmnj }qa oðp ap~íumkjp `a|~jp/ A# pa uj`è }qdpa| mr|juad~m| m jrj|~qodnmna rm|m |aej|çm| paq rjo~j na udp~m# kmona qk a kmdc rm|m m gao~a# rjdp# om r|ðvdkm uax }qa qk `cdao~a emcm| }qa uj`è oàj cè# oðp umkjp kjp~|m| m aca j paq narjdkao~j/ Umkjp r|jum| }qa ~ak gao~a do~acdgao~a caonj moøo`djp# pdk# paofj|# gao~a }qa gjp~m na jqud| qkm ljm m|gqkao~mçàj# gao~a }qa mnj|m nm| |dpmnm ndmo~a na qk moøo`dj ndua|~dnj# gao~a }qa }qa| pa akj`djom|# gao~a }qa# mo~ap na pa| @cmppa L=# nj pavj kmp`qcdoj# `jk |aondkao~j na =2 pmcí|djp a dnmna ao~|a <1 a 11 mojp# ä gao~a/ Gao~a }qa oàj }qa| pa| ~|m~mnm `jkj momcemla~m oak napcdgmnm pð rj|}qa j kqonj ap~í `mnm uax kmdp |írdnj# kmdp udpqmc a kmdp dop~mo~ìoaj/ Kmona paq a kmdc/ ^mcuax mppdk oðp ~aofmkjp moøo`djp kacfj|ap a `jopqkdnj|ap kmdp lak doej|kmnjp/ @jkj uj`è# rj| avakrcj/ ∜
∜
∜
Cdonaola|g `jkao~m# mdonm# }qa j ~av~j cjogj a m ndmg|mkmçàj ap`jcfdnm ej|mk r|jrjpd~mdp# na kjnj }qa rjna|dmk `jkr|jum| }qa jp cad~j|ap nj hj|omc ca|mk ~jnj j moøo`dj `mpj jl~duappak oøka|j `jopdna|íuac na |aprjp~mp/ A ejd j }qa m`jo~a`aq8 moþodkjp# r|jedppdjomdp nm anq`mçàj# nm `jkqod`mçàj# hjuaop# dnjpjp#
==7
nd|a~j|ap na km|ia~dog# ao~|a jq~|jp# nadvm|mk kmdp na }qm~|j`ao~jp `jkao~í|djp om `mdvm rjp~mc na \qt Cdonaola|g a Hmuda| ^mumca|m/ Kapkj }qa dond|a~mkao~a fí jq~|m kaopmgak oappa moøo`dj# m na }qa qk ~av~j lak ap`|d~j ä `mrmx na panqxd| j `jopqkdnj| a `jkqod`m| m kaopmgak nj moqo`dmo~a/ Oàj pa rjna ap}qa`a| }qa j |aea|dnj moøo`dj ejd uad`qcmnj ak qk hj|omc# }qa ä# rj| appèo`dm# qk uaë`qcj na `jo~aønj ~av~qmc/ Appm jlpa|umçàj ä dkrj|~mo~a rj|}qa pmla+pa }qa paqp cad~j|ap ap~mumk kmdp r|jraopjp â cad~q|m nj }qa jp na jq~|jp uaë`qcjp# `jkj m |audp~m# rj| avakrcj/ Oj ao~mo~j# j ~av~j na Cdonaola|g gmofjq emkm a pa ndppakdojq ak a+kmdcp# lcjgp a pd~ap om do~a|oa~# rjdp ejd j r|dkad|j m emcm|# ak qk uaë`qcj na `jkqod`mçàj `jo`ad~qmnj# na ej|km jlha~dum a jqpmnm pjl|a j mppqo~j/ M rm|~d| naca jq~|jp r|jedppdjomdp rmppm|mk m umcj|dxm| m m|gqkao~mçàj ~av~qmc `jkj qkm dkrj|~mo~a m|km na ra|pqmpàj a mr|jvdkmçàj `jk j `jopqkdnj|# rmrac m~ä ao~àj nadvmnj r|dj|d~m|dmkao~a omp kàjp nm |a~ð|d`m udpqmc/ Ä j `mpj nj mcc ~tra ead~j rm|m j Rmha|j Eqcc &edgq|m 7>$# `qhj ~ë~qcj do~|dgmo~a oàj ap~í cdgmnj m qkm dkmgak# kmp m qk ~av~j ~ av~j `jkrcakao~m|/
Edgq|m 7> + Rmha|j Eqcc + Kd~pqldpfd/ <224
Mrapm| na rjppqd| m dkmgak na qkm rj|`m mq~jkj~dum# acm oàj eqo`djom na kjnj `joj~m~duj# oak kapkj ä j acakao~j r|do`drmc/ Oappa `mpj# `jkj a|m ojp r|dkad|jp mojp nj pä`qcj VV# m dkmgak rjppqd mraomp m eqoçàj na na`j|m| j moøo`dj# `qhm kaopmgak ao`jo~|m+pa appao`dmckao~a oj ~av~j/
==6
Mcäk na pa|ak avrcj|mnjp oj ndm+m+ndm# jp moøo`djp na r|jrjpdçàj ua|lmc ujc~m|mk m pa| dop`|d~jp ak eap~dumdp do~a|om`djomdp# `jo}qdp~monj r|èkdjp dkrj|~mo~ap/ Umca `d~m| j rjcèkd`j `mpj nj moøo`dj na P`|mllca &edgq|m 71$/ Rm|m uaona| j hjgj na ~mlqcad|j ak }qa njdp hjgmnj|ap lqp`mk km|`m| rjo~jp ej|kmonj rmcmu|mp do~a|cdgmnmp# m mgèo`dm Jgdcut nj Kävd`j `|djq qkm pä|da na moøo`djp `jk fdp~ð|dmp ej|kmnmp rj| rmcmu|mp }qa `jo~dofmk pjkao~a m ujgmc –M‛# m ujgmc –A‛ jq m ujgmc –J‛/ M `mkrmofm `fagjq m gmofm| j G|mon R|dv na këndm dkr|appm oj Eap~dumc na @mooap Cdjop na <2=2# kmp m nd|açàj nj eap~dumc pqpraonaq j r|èkdj mrðp nap`jl|d| }qa mp raçmp hí fmudmk pdnj dop`|d~mp ak <224# pak `fagm| m ao~|m| rm|m j pfj|~ cdp~ # m cdp~m na edomcdp~mp na @mooap/
Edgq|m 71 + Moøo`djp nm `mkrmofm na P`|mllca/ <2=2/
Appa avakrcj oàj pð napra|~m m |aecavàj pjl|a jp `|d~ä|djp nmp r|akdmçñap# `jkj nakjop~|m j }qàj dop~íuac ä m |acmçàj ao~|a moøo`djp na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc a ~av~qmc# udp~j }qa m `mkrmofm uao`anj|m nj GR# ak pqlp~d~qdçàj m appm# a|m ej|kmnm racmp hí `d~mnmp raçmp na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc rm|m m |audp~m Ldccljm|n/ Oj ao~mo~j# kapkj ndmo~a nj }qa rm|a`a pa| qk kjkao~j na dopagq|moçm# kqd~jp moøo`djp dond`mk }qa j ~av~j rjna pa| |d`mkao~a avrcj|mnj/
==4
Jp avakrcjp mlmdvj q~dcdxmk ca~|mp a rmcmu|mp rm|m ej|km| dkmgaop# kap`cmonj mkljp jp acakao~jp na ej|km a}qdcdl|mnm/ Oj moøo`dj rm|m m |audp~m Mnjlj &edgq|m 75$ mp rmcmu|mp `jo~mk m fdp~ð|dm nj cjgj~drj nm Odia ej|kmonj qk ~èodp nm km|`m/ Hí ojp rþp~a|ap `|dmnjp racm mgèo`dm F+17 @|am~dua P~m~djo &edgq|m 77$# nm D~ícdm# mp ca~|mp na ndea|ao~ap ejo~ap# `jkj Facua~d`m# Ljnjod a Lq|amq Akrd|a# ej|kmk napaofjp doprd|mnjp ak P~m| Wm|p/
Edgq|m 75 + Moøo`dj Mnjlj Kmgmxdoa + <2=2
Edgq|m 77 + Rþp~a|ap nm mgao`dm F+17 @|am~dua P~m~djo/ <2=2/
=<2
J |anm~j| nm mgèo`dm ^mcao~# Emldj Pmljtm# `jo`j|nm `jk \qt Cdonaola|g mj naeaona| }qa m m|gqkao~mçàj `jo~doqm paonj dkrj|~mo~a# mrapm| na kqd~jp hjuaop |anm~j|ap oàj m~ao~m|ak m appa em~j/ Aca `jkao~m8 –Y///[ ap`|aua| ~av~j pdgoded`m j|gmodxm| kacfj| m m|gqkao~mçàj a do`cqpdua mhqnm m naeaona| kacfj| qkm raçm m~ä kapkj `jk j `cdao~a Y///[‛/ Aqgèodj Kjfmccak `jkrcakao~m# nakjop~|monj pqm r|aj`qrmçàj `jk m ojum ga|mçàj na |anm~j|ap8 –Naeaona| qkm ~apa ä qk ~a||d~ð|dj kqd~j kmdp nm rmcmu|m }qa nm dkmgak a aq oàj uahj qkm ga|mçàj }qa pmdlm emxa| dppj‛/ M~ä kapkj jp |anm~j|ap ap~àj `jop`dao~ap nappm |amcdnmna a kqd~jp `cdao~ap ap~àj ml|mçmonj `mkrmofmp na ~av~j/ J moøo`dj mlmdvj &edgq|m 76$ ä qk avakrcj m~qmc lmpamnj oj kapkj raopmkao~j naeaondnj rj| Cdonaola|g# ak <22=/ Napna j ~ë~qcj rjna+pa ra|`ala| }qa aca dop~dgm j cad~j| m |amcdxm| qkm mçàj `jo~|í|dm m }qa ap~í `d~monj/ Aca nakjop~|m }qa j |anm~j|# j nd|a~j| na m|~a a j `cdao~a ~èk `jop`dèo`dm na }qa m }qmo~dnmna na ~av~j rjna napudm| m m~aoçàj nj cad~j|*`jopqkdnj|# kmp m`ad~mk j |dp`j# rj|}qa m`|and~mk }qa appm pahm m kacfj| ej|km na rmppm| ~jnm m doej|kmçàj }qa r|a`dpmk/
Edgq|m 76 + Moøo`dj Edm~ Kdj/ <2=2/
Rm|m j pð`dj+nd|a~j| nm mgèo`dm Mga# @m|cjp Njkdogjp# m a|m nmp dkmgaop |írdnmp ap~í ed`monj rm|m ~|íp a j ka|`mnj r|a`dpm ap~m| m~ao~j rm|m qkm ojum `joedgq|mçàj8 Y///[ j }qa gmofm r|èkdj ä j }qa pmd nj `jkqk/ Pa ~jnj kqonj ap~í emxaonj moøo`dj `jk dkmgak# emxa| moøo`dj `jk ~av~j ä ap~|m~ägd`j# do~acdgao~a/ Emxa| qk moøo`dj `jk qk ~av~j a qk ~ë~qcj }qa `fmka m m~aoçàj nmp rappjmp# umd gmofm| r|èkdj/
Njkdogjp ap~í pa |aea|donj m qk eaoþkaoj hí ap~qnmnj om ~aj|dm nm `jkqod`mçàj# `fmkmnj |akandmçàj &LJC^A\9 G\QDPDO# =446 mrqn RA\AD\M#
=<=
<224$5/ Pagqonj appm ~aj|dm# qk ojuj kadj pakr|a dkd~m `m|m`~a|ëp~d`m na qk kadj mo~a|dj| mo~ap na pa med|km|/ Nappm ej|km# m |acmçàj ao~|a acap pa|dm rm|mnjvmc# mj kapkj ~akrj na kap`cm a |qr~q|m/ Mppdk# oj `jkaçj nj |índj# m cdogqmgak pa mr|jvdkmum nm q~dcdxmnm ak hj|omdp a |audp~mp/ Ejd oa`appí|dj mcgqk ~akrj m~ä m cdogqmgak |mndjeþod`m naprjo~m| na ej|km øod`m a mr|jr|dmnm mj aprmçj nj kadj/ Nm kapkm ej|km# m ~acaudpàj q~dcdxjq m cdogqmgak nj |índj# do`cqpdua paqp m~j|ap a hj|omcdp~mp/ A mojp mrðp paq pq|gdkao~j# m ^U pa pjl|arþp mj kadj nj }qmc ~aua m cdogqmgak akr|ap~mnm/ M fdp~ð|dm nmp këndmp pa `jop~|ðd `jk lmpa oj r|j`appj na |akandmçàj a j kapkj m`jo~a`a `jk jp ~av~jp }qa pa `jop~|jak nao~|j nmp këndmp/ Jp r|dkad|jp moøo`djp ap`|d~jp pa mppakacfmumk mjp r|agjap emcmnjp# mp r|dkad|mp dcqp~|mçñap mo`j|mumk j ~av~j ap`|d~j# cagaonmonj+j# mp dkmgaop ej|mk j napaoujcudkao~j nmp dcqp~|mçñap a rmppm|mk m `jkrcakao~m| j ~av~j/ Cjgj narjdp jp moøo`djp na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc napudo`qcm|mk+pa nj ~av~j }qa mo~ap `jkrcakao~mumk/ M dkmgak mn}qd|a cdogqmgak r|ðr|dm# `jk pqmp edgq|mp na |a~ð|d`m udpqmc a paq mpra`~j pdklðcd`j# nap~m`mnj ak pqm eqoçàj `joj~m~dum/ Acm rmppm m pa| cdnm# mppdk `jk j ~av~j j a|m/ Rj|~mo~j# ä om~q|mc }qa j ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj ap~ahm `mkdofmonj ak qkm ojum nd|açàj }qa rm|~m nm r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc/ J napmedj njp |anm~j|ap a nd|a~j|ap na m|~a ä dnao~ded`m| }qmc appa `mkdofj a pa aca m~aona mjp napahjp njp `jopqkdnj|ap/ Jp kadjp ndgd~mdp a j qpj }qa pa emxak nacap rjnak ojp jea|a`a| dond`mnj|ap na }qmdp aprmçjp ra|`j||a|/ Mppdk `jkj j kmppduj pq|gdq m rm|~d| nj rjrqcm|# `joej|ka udp~j ojp ap~qnjp na Km|~ëo+Lm|la|j &=447$# mp ojump ~a`ojcjgdmp rm|a`ak |akandm| kqd~jp uaë`qcjp na `jkqod`mçàj ak `johqo~j8 m cdogqmgak na |audp~mp a hj|omdp ak rj|~mdp a lcjgp# jp ej|km~jp nj |índj ~|mnd`djomc ak rjn`mp~p &`jo~aønj g|mumnj ak ej|km~j na íqndj$ a ~|mopkdppñap mj uduj racm do~a|oa~# mp ~ä`od`mp nm cdogqmgak ~acaudpdum rm|m moøo`djp a uënajp ead~jp apra`dmckao~a rm|m jp kadjp ndgd~mdp/ Appap ojujp kadjp ap~àj kqnmonj m ej|km `jkj m `qc~q|m na kmppm ä `jopqkdnm# pqmp rjppdldcdnmnap pàj |d`mp a mdonm fí kqd~j }qa avrcj|m|# na kjnj }qa acap ao`jo~|ak pqm r|ðr|dm cdogqmgak/ Oj ao~mo~j# ä do~a|appmo~a jlpa|um| }qa jp kadjp na kmppm pa mr|jr|dmk na `m|m`~a|ëp~d`mp r|ðr|dmp nj `dla|aprmçj# `jkj m do~a|m~dudnmna/ Nappm ej|km# j eaoþkaoj }qa pa ní m~qmckao~a# 5
LJC^A\# Hmt N/9 G\QPDO \// \akandm~djo8 Qona|p~mondog Oaw Kandm/ @mkl|dnga# Kmpp* Cjon|ap# Dogcm~a||m8 KD^# =446/
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om |acmçàj ao~|a kadjp ndgd~mdp a kadjp na kmppm# mcäk nm |akandmçàj# do`cqd qkm ~|j`m ldnd|a`djomc/ Appa r|j`appj ä fdp~ð|d`j a ä do~aopded`mnj omp këndmp ndgd~mdp racmp pqmp `m|m`~a|ëp~d`mp fël|dnmp a eqgmxap/ Kqd~mp mgèo`dmp ap~àj m~ao~mp âp dojumçñap a hí rjppqak narm|~mkao~jp ndgd~mdp do~ag|mnjp `jk j |ap~mo~a nm a}qdra# `jkaçmonj m r|jnqxd| `mkrmofmp ua|nmnad|mkao~a fël|dnmp# eaoþkaoj mdonm ojuj oj L|mpdc/ Ap~m kqnmoçm na `jkrj|~mkao~j oàj ä |írdnm# rjdp avdga }qa ~jnj qk pdp~akm ka|`mnjcðgd`j# hí j|gmodxmnj m }qmpa kadj pä`qcj ak ~j|oj nm r|dkmxdm nm ^U# pa |aej|kqca ak ~j|oj nmp këndmp ndgd~mdp }qa pàj |írdnmp a# kqd~mp uaxap# `jkrcavmp/
>/0 @joua|gèo`dm8 jp ojujp |qkjp nj ~av~j `jcmlj|m~duj
M~ä rjq`j ~akrj m `jkqod`mçàj a|m qodnd|a`djomc/ J cad~j| cdm m |audp~m# j ~acapra`~mnj| mppdp~dm â ~acaudpàj# j jqudo~a ap`q~mum j |índj/ Mppdk a|m m rqlcd`dnmna oappap kadjp# m kaopmgak nj moqo`dmo~a a|m cmoçmnm ak qkm øod`m nd|açàj a apra|mum+pa j |apqc~mnj rm|m ndxa| mj `cdao~a }qa paq moøo`dj jl~aua qkm ~d|mgak na kdcfm|ap na avakrcm|ap# }qa paq prj~ ejd jqudnj rj| `ao~aomp na kdcfm|ap a paq `jka|`dmc ejd udp~j rj| qkm mqndèo`dm na naxaomp na rjo~jp/ Jp øc~dkjp mojp nj pä`qcj VV a jp r|dkad|jp nj pä`qcj VVD r|jum|mk }qa m fa|moçm na Gq~akla|g ap~í pa kjnded`monj/ M dkr|aopm `jkj øod`m r|jnq~j|m na `jo~aønj m~duj udp~j rj| cad~j|ap rmppdujp# ap~í nadvmonj na pq|~d| aead~j pjl|a appap øc~dkjp/ M donøp~|dm nj ao~|a~aodkao~j a nm rqlcd`dnmna ap~í uduaonj ak qkm ojum |amcdnmna# om }qmc ä r|a`dpj dopa|d| j `jopqkdnj| om r|jnqçàj na `jo~aønj/ Pa mo~ap jp rqlcd`d~í|djp oàj ap~mumk do~a|appmnjp om mq~j+avr|appàj njp `jopqkdnj|ap# fjha `jkaçmk m pjcd`d~m| pqmp jrdodñap# rand| rm|~d`drmçàj# lqp`m| rj| acap omp |anap pj`dmdp# ojp hjgjp# ojp pd~ap# ojp `momdp na ~acaudpàj rmgm/ J pq`appj nmp `mkrmofmp ap~í g|mnm~dumkao~a nadvmonj na pa| kandnj mraomp ak uaonmp nd|a~mp/ Kj|do &=454# r/ =27$ naeaona }qa ,j ojuj `q|pj ~aona m kqc~drcd`m| jp `jo~m~jp ao~|a m `qc~q|m na kmppm a paqp `jopqkdnj|ap/, Jq pahm# m `jkqod`mçàj oap~ap kadjp ap~í pa ~j|omonj `mnm ndm kmdp `j|ndmc# kmdp `joudnm~dum a emkdcdm|/ Oj pä`qcj VV m
=<0
`j|ndmcdnmna nj |índj ~jkmum ej|km om ujx na paqp cj`q~j|ap# m ~acaudpàj a|m pdkrí~d`m rj| kadj na paqp m~j|ap a gm|j~jp+r|jrmgmonm# mp |audp~mp avdldmk pj||dnao~ap kjnacjp ak ej|km/ Kmp m rm|~d`drmçàj nj `jopqkdnj| oàj a|m pjcd`d~mnm/ M r|jvdkdnmna ao~|a jp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj a paqp qpqí|djp# }qmonj avdp~dm# a|m dcqpð|dm# rjdp m kaopmgak `jo~doqmum m pa| `jopqkdnm rmppdumkao~a/ Appa kjnacj na `jkqod`mçàj ap~í ra|naonj aprmçj rm|m j }qa Haoidop &<226$ `fmkm na `qc~q|m nm `joua|gèo`dm# }qa aca naedoa `jkj paonj |aea|ao~a Y///[ mj ecqvj na `jo~aønjp m~|muäp na køc~drcjp pqrj|~ap kdndí~d`jp# â `jjra|mçàj ao~|a køc~drcjp ka|`mnjp kdndí~d`jp a mj `jkrj|~mkao~j kdg|m~ð|dj njp rølcd`jp njp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj# }qa uàj m }qmpa }qmc}qa| rm|~a ak lqp`m nmp avra|dèo`dmp na ao~|a~aodkao~j }qa napahmk/ &HAOIDOP# <226# r/ <7$
M `joua|gèo`dm oàj ap~í |ap~|d~m mraomp â rqlcd`dnmna/ Acm ä j gqm|nm+`fqum pjl j }qmc rjnak pa| avrcd`mnmp mp ~|mopej|kmçñap j`j||dnmp ojp oëuadp pj`dj`qc~q|mdp# ka|`mnjcðgd`jp# ~a`ojcðgd`jp# pdklðcd`jp a a`joþkd`jp nm donøp~|dm kdndí~d`m/ M `joua|gèo`dm ä j rjo~j na ao`jo~|j nappap rdcm|ap }qa `javdp~ak a# ak `johqo~j# doecqao`dmk m |acmçàj njp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj a nmp km|`mp `jk j rølcd`j/ M~ä kapkj j `jo`ad~j na do~a|m~dudnmna ra|na j pao~dnj }qmonj pa ~|m~m nm `joua|gèo`dm/ M do~a|mçàj r|appqrña m do~a|uaoçàj ak qk jlha~j na do~a|appa hí `jop~|qënj/ Do~a|mgd| `jk m ~acaudpàj pdgoded`m ap`jcfa| }qmc j edcka nm Pappàj nm ^m|na# qkm uax }qa fí pjkao~a nqmp jrçñap rjppëuadp/ M |acmçàj ao~|a r|jnq~j| a `jopqkdnj| na doej|kmçàj pa kmo~äk/ Mcäk ndppj# appm do~a|mçàj ga|mckao~a m`jo~a`a dpjcmnmkao~a# fí `jo~m~j ao~|a j `jopqkdnj| a j pqrj|~a kdndí~d`j# kmp oàj ao~|a j r|dkad|j a jq~|jp `jopqkdnj|ap/ Hí om `qc~q|m rm|~d`drm~dum j `jopqkdnj| mppj`dm+pa# na mcgqkm ej|km# mj r|j`appj r|jnq~duj nj `jo~aønj }qa aca a jq~|jp uàj `jopqkd|# mdonm }qa mp `j|rj|mçñap `jo~doqak ava|`aonj rjna| pjl|a m r|jnqçàj/ Mp akr|apmp ap~àj ra|`alaonj m `mnm ndm m dkrj|~ìo`dm nj `jopqkdnj| `jkj rm|~a m~dum oj r|j`appj na `jkqod`mçàj/ Pagqonj Haoidop &<226# r/02+0=$# m `qc~q|m nm `joua|gèo`dm lqp`m ndppjcua| mo~dgjp rm|mndgkmp }qa hí oàj ap~àj ak `jopaopj `jk m pj`danmna rðp+kjna|om8 –Pa j rm|mndgkm nm |aujcqçàj ndgd~mc r|apqkdm }qa mp ojump këndmp pqlp~d~qd|dmk mp mo~dgmp# j aka|gao~a rm|mndgkm nm `joua|gèo`dm r|apqka }qa ojump a mo~dgmp këndmp d|àj do~a|mgd| na ej|kmp `mnm uax kmdp `jkrcavmp‛/ Appa `jo`ad~j umd mj
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ao`jo~|j nj }qa j |anm~j| Aqgèodj Kjfmccak naeaona pjl|a mp |acmçñap ao~|a jp ojujp a jp mo~dgjp kadjp/ Rm|m aca j mnuao~j na qk ojuj kadj oqo`m av`cqdq j mo~a`appj|# udp~j }qa mkljp rjnak `javdp~d|/ Qkm uax ap~mlaca`dnj# qk kadj oàj pa ra|na oj ~akrj# j }qa kqnmk pàj mp pqmp ~a`ojcjgdmp/ Mppdk# m ~acaudpàj oàj km~jq j |índj# mppdk `jkj j `doakm oàj acdkdojq j |índj/ Racj `jo~|í|dj# j |índj ap~í `jo~doqmkao~a mr|dkj|monj paqp dop~|qkao~jp a lqp`monj ojump ~a`ojcjgdmp# nmp }qmdp pàj avakrcjp mp |índjp jocdoa/ M `joua|gèo`dm ap~í ap~|q~q|mnm om pjkm/ Pjkm na kadjp# pjkm na qpqí|djp# pjkm na `jopqkdnj|ap# pjkm na r|jnq~j|ap/ Acm `jkaçm m kjnded`m| jp kjnjp na r|jnqçàj a `jopqkj njp r|jnq~jp kdndí~d`jp/ Oj kadj ndgd~mc mp km|`mp ap~àj r|ap~monj kmdp m~aoçàj â ej|km `jkj jp qpqí|djp nappa kadj `jopjkak r|jnq~jp kdndí~d`jp8 –Oj rmppmnj jp r|jnq~j|ap na këndm emcmumk ak ‖dkr|appñap—/ Fjha# ap~àj avrcj|monj j `jo`ad~j na ‖avr|appñap— nj rølcd`j# ~ao~monj ao~aona| `jkj a rj| }qa j rølcd`j |amga mjp `jo~aønjp‛ &HAOIDOP# <226# r/ 45$/ J kä~jnj na kandçàj rj| dkr|appñap ä dkr|a`dpj ~mo~j om do~a|oa~ }qmo~j ak jq~|jp kadjp# `mpj pahm mrcd`mnj m acap/ Dkr|appñap kanak j oøka|j na rappjmp }qa ml|d|mk na~a|kdomnm rígdom `jk qk lmooa|# m }qmo~dnmna na rappjmp `jk m ~acaudpàj cdgmnm }qmonj rmppjq na~a|kdomnj `jka|`dmc# j oøka|j na `m||jp }qa rmppm|mk rj| na~a|kdomnj jq~njj|/ M dkr|appàj oàj kana m |amc avra|dèo`dm }qa mp rappjmp ~dua|mk `jk j `jo~aønj }qa cfap ejd rmppmnj# a ä appa j ~drj na kandçàj `mnm uax kmdp oa`appí|dj ak qkm |amcdnmna e|mgkao~mnm/ Haoidop `jkao~m }qa ojp Ap~mnjp Qodnjp j `jopqkj na këndm m`jo~a`dm ojp r|do`drmdp `momdp na ^U mla|~m# hí fjha# `jk m r|jcdea|mçàj na `momdp na ^U rmgjp a jq~|jp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj# ap~dkm+ pa }qa j `jopqkj na këndm m`jo~açm ak qkm kändm na =1 `momdp/ Oappm ojum |amcdnmna jp moqo`dmo~ap ap~àj ra|naonj# m `mnm ndm# j aprmçj om kao~a njp `jopqkdnj|ap/ @jkj j nd|a~j| na `|dmçàj nm HW^# Eíldj L|monàj# jlpa|um8 –Y///[ j }qa ra|`alj ä }qa j `jopqkdnj| rqcm na rqlcd`mçàj rm|m rqlcd`mçàj jq na pd~a rm|m pd~a `jkj }qa xmradm m ~acaudpàj‛/ Ap~mkjp `mkdofmonj rm|m qkm ojum `joedgq|mçàj# om }qmc ä j `jopqkdnj| }qak emx j `joud~a rm|m j moqo`dmo~a ao~|m| ak pqm udnm/ A appa `joud~a pa|í ead~j â kandnm }qa mp km|`mp avrcj|m|ak jp køc~drcjp `momdp na `jo~m~j `jk j `jopqkdnj|# `qc~dumonj j mea~j nacap na ej|km avrmopdum/ Om `qc~q|m nm `joua|gèo`dm –j ~jnj umca kmdp nj }qa m pjkm nmp rm|~ap‛ &HAOIDOP# <226# r/ =><$ a fí kj~dumçñap rm|m dppj# rjdp m donøp~|dm nj ao~|a~aodkao~j cq`|m kmdp }qmonj
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pqmp e|mo}qdmp ap~àj ak pqrj|~ap kdndí~d`jp ndua|pded`mnjp/ Rj|~mo~j# }qmo~j kmdp avra|dèo`dmp mp km|`mp r|jrj|`djom|ak mjp `jopqkdnj|ap jea|a`dkao~j na ao~|a~aodkao~j
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rj| kadj nj
kmdp acmp rjnak qpí+cjp rm|m paqp jlha~dujp na
km|ia~dog/ Mp `joavñap ap~àj nadvmonj na pa| km~akí~d`mp a rmppmonj m pa| akj`djomdp/ M doe|m+ap~|q~q|m ~a`ojcðgd`m hí ap~í r|jo~m rm|m m `qc~q|m nm `joua|gèo`dm# mppdk `jkj j rølcd`j# mrapm| na m donøp~|dm mdonm ap~m| |acq~mo~a/ Jp avakrcjp na avra|dèo`dmp ~|mopkdndí~d`mp oàj pàj kqd~jp# kmp hí rjnakjp jlpa|um|# oj L|mpdc# }qa kqd~mp km|`mp ap~àj nadvmonj na lqp`m| j `jopqkdnj| mraomp ojp kadjp ~|mnd`djomdp# douap~donj ak ojump ej|kmp na ao~|a~aodkao~j/ Oappm ojum |amcdnmna ä dkrj|~mo~a pmla| |a`jofa`a| }qmdp jp kacfj|ap `mkdofjp m pagqd|# mp kacfj|ap jrj|~qodnmnap a m kacfj| ej|km na q~dcdxm| j ~av~j ojp ndea|ao~ap kadjp# pak ndpra|pm| j do~a|appa j `jopqkdnj|/ J m~qmc pq`appj njp lcjgp `jkj qk ej|km~j na `jo~aønj ä qk avakrcj na `jkj j ~av~j mdonm ä |acaumo~a rm|m m `jkqod`mçàj rappjmc a akr|apm|dmc a na `jkj aca rjna pa| ~|mlmcfmnj na ej|km aed`mx ojp kadjp ndgd~mdp/ Pagqonj rap}qdpm ead~m racm Wmua K`@moo ># ak <224# 5
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`jcmlj|mçàj m~dum njp cad~j|ap/ Kapkj }qa kqd~jp pd~ap rjppqmk aprmçj rm|m j `jopqkdnj| pa kmodeap~m|# ojp lcjgp appa ä j jlha~duj `ao~|mc/ M jrdodàj njp `jopqkdnj|ap oàj pð ä em`dcd~mnm racj ej|km~j# `jkj ä umcj|dxmnm a# ak kqd~jp `mpjp# ap~qnmnm m eqonj/ Kqd~jp lcjgp uàj mcäk# lqp`monj njp cad~j|ap ojujp mppqo~jp# ~av~jp a ojump ~aonèo`dmp# `jop~|qdonj m kaopmgak nm km|`m oappa kadj m }qm~|j kàjp/ Ojp lcjgp na akr|apmp# m mq~j|dnmna nm km|`m qoa+pa mj napahj nmp rappjmp na emxa| rm|~a na mcgj m~dumkao~a# `jkj ~aj|dxm Lmqkmo &<22=# r/ >5+ >7$# rm|m }qak j donduënqj na fjha rjppqd –Y//[ m oa`appdnmna napapra|mnm na ‖emxa| rm|~a nm |ana—/ @jkrm|~dcfm| do~dkdnmnap Y///[ ~aona m pa| j kä~jnj r|aea|dnj# a ~mcuax j øod`j }qa |ap~m# na ‖`jop~|qçàj nm `jkqodnmna—‛/ Raopmonj ak mqkao~m| m pqm `jkqodnmna na `jopqkdnj|mp a ednacdxm| mp hí avdp~ao~ap m km|`m na `mcçmnjp @j|accj `|djq qk lcjg ujc~mnj rm|m kqcfa|ap eàp nm kjnm rm|m jp räp/ J –Rä om Kjnm‛ &edgq|m 74$ `jo~m `jk qkm a}qdra na and~j|ap }qa rjp~mk km~ä|dmp |acm`djomnmp mj qodua|pj njp pmrm~jp# ljcpmp a m`appð|djp/ Fí }qm~|j mojp oj m|# j lcjg |a`ala qkm kändm na
Edgq|m 74 + Lcjg Rä om Kjnm# nm @j|accj/ f~~r8**www/`j|accj/`jk/l|*raomkjnm
Rm|m m km|`m# m ea||mkao~m ä qkm ej|km na `jkrcakao~m| mp këndmp ~|mnd`djomdp# `jkj m |audp~m a j hj|omc/ Rm|m mp `jopqkdnj|mp# ä qkm jrj|~qodnmna jl~a| doej|kmçñap `joedíuadp pjl|a j mppqo~j }qa gjp~mk# m~|muäp nm mq~j|dnmna dkr|appm racm km|`m }qa mnkd|mk/ Ä# ~mkläk# qkm kmoad|m na kmo~a|+pa doej|kmnm pjl|a jp cmoçmkao~jp nm km|`m# `jk qkm cdogqmgak }qa pa mr|jvdkm nm qpmnm omp `joua|pmp ao~|a mkdgmp/
7
Ejo~a8 f~~r8**kdg|a/ka*5
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Jq~|j avakrcj ä j nm Fjra }qa# raopmonj ak |aej|kqcm| pqm dkmgak# `|djq j lcjg –Cjq`mp rj| Cdoga|da‛ &edgq|m 62$# ak hqcfj na <2=2# kmo~aonj qkm kändm na <1 kdc m`appjp rj| kèp6/
Edgq|m 62 + Lcjg Cjq`mp rj| Cdoga|da# nm Fjra/ f~~r8**www/cjq`mprj|cdoga|da/`jk/l|*
Jlpa|um+pa }qa kapkj j ka|`mnj na kjnm# appao`dmckao~a udpqmc# ap~àj q~dcdxmonj ea||mkao~mp na `jo~aønj rm|m emcm| `jk paqp `jopqkdnj|ap# jea|a`aonj m acap doej|kmçñap }qa uàj mcäk nm mq~j+r|jkjçàj na paqp r|jnq~jp/ Mcäk ndppj# appap aprmçjp ga|mk `joua|pmp ao~|a jp `jopqkdnj|ap# `|dmonj mdonm kmdp ~av~jp a mqkao~monj j rj~ao`dmc na ndppakdomçàj nm kaopmgak nm km|`m/ Kmp oàj ä mraomp m donøp~|dm nm kjnm }qa ap~í douap~donj ak `jo~aønj ndgd~mc# akr|apmp `jkj m CG &f~~r8**lcjgcga/`jk/l|*$# @j`m+@jcm &www/ml|mmeacd`dnmna/gcjlj/`jk*$# ^a`odpm &www/lcjg~a`odpm/`jk/l|*$ a m~ä uaë`qcjp na `jkqod`mçàj ~|mnd`djomdp# `jkj j hj|omc Ap~mnàj &www/ap~mnmj/`jk/l|*lcjgp*$ ap~àj q~dcdxmonj j lcjg `jkj qkm ea||mkao~m na `jkqod`mçàj/ Mp km|`mp ap~àj ~mkläk pa mr|jr|dmonj nm mq~j|dnmna `|dmnm racjp eàp }qa pa kmodeap~mk ak lcjgp a omp |anap pj`dmdp a `jo}qdp~mk m `joedmoçm na jq~|jp eàp/ Ä j `mpj na A`jPrj|~ }qa rjppqd ndua|pmp rígdomp aprmcfmnjp rj| ~jnj j L|mpdc# kqd~mp njp }qmdp rmppmk kmdp doej|kmçñap pjl|a j `m||j nj }qa jp r|ðr|djp `momdp jed`dmdp nm Ej|n/ M~ao~m m dppj# m km|`m na`dndq mr|jr|dm|+pa nj pq`appj hí 6
Ejo~a8 f~~r8**kd f~~r8**kdg|a/ka*5
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ap~mlaca`dnj racjp eàp# `|dmonj pacjp na mq~ao~d`dnmna rm|m mp kacfj|ap rígdomp na A`jPrj|~/ M `mkrmofm ndgd~mc –A`jPrj|~ ä eà nappm rígdom‛ &edgq|m 6=$ ä qk avakrcj na `jkj mp km|`mp ap~àj `jkaçmonj m ed`m| m~ao~mp rm|m j pq`appj nmp këndmp oàj+~|mnd`djomdp# `jkj mp |anap pj`dmdp a jp lcjgp/
Edgq|m 6= ‐ Mlm na A`jPrj|~ ä eà nappm Rígdom oj Em`aljji/ www/em`aljji/`jk*Ej|nA`jPrj|~
Kapkj jp lcjgp ujc~mnjp rm|m j ka|`mnj rqlcd`d~í|dj# eqo`djomk `jkj qkm ud~|doa rm|m jp ~av~jp e|mgkao~mnjp nmp km|`mp/ Jp lcjgp q~dcdxmk+pa na pqm mq~j|dnmna `jk jp cad~j|ap# }qa rj| pqm uax ä ej|kmnm `jk j `jopao~dkao~j njp kapkjp# rm|m rmppm| doej|kmçñap }qa pàj `joedíuadp rm|m acap/ Rm|m Lmqkmo &<22=$# j ~apjq|j kmdp r|j`q|mnj racm pj`danmna kjna|om ä j `jopacfj nm mq~j|dnmna/ Adp j kj~duj nj pq`appj nappap lcjgp/ Acap nd~mk ~aonèo`dmp# emcmk pjl|a `mpap na pq`appj# kqd~jp njp }qmdp m`jo~a`ak ak ndea|ao~ap këndmp/ M rm|~d| na pqm mq~j|dnmna jp lcjgqad|jp q~dcdxmk+pa na e|mgkao~jp ao`jo~|mnjp ak ndua|pjp kadjp rm|m `jop~|qd| paqp r|ðr|djp `momdp na doej|kmçàj# }qa mg|agmk jp ~av~jp e|mgkao~mnjp r|jnqxdnjp ak `mkrmofmp kqondmdp a om`djomdp/ Ä j `mpj nj lcjg l|mpdcad|j L|mdop~j|k 4 &edgq|m 6<$# apra`dmcdxmnj ak km|ia~dog# rqlcd`dnmna# dojumçàj# |anap pj`dmdp a ~a`ojcjgdm/ J lcjg m~qmckao~a m`qkqcm = kdcfàj na rígdomp udp~mp mj kèp a `jo~m `jk qkm a}qdra na and~j|ap }qa# mcäk nmp ~|mnd`djomdp rjp~mgaop ndí|dmp# mcdkao~mk qkm ^U ndgd~mc# qkm rígdom oj Em`aljji# qk ra|edc oj ^wd~~a| a qk `momc oj
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Tjq~qla4/ Kapkj }qa mp km~ä|dmp `jo~aofmk dkmgaop a uënajp# g|mona rm|~a nj `jo~aønj ä ak ~av~j# `jkr|jumonj }qa j ~av~j ap`|d~j mdonm ä |acaumo~a rm|m `cdao~ap# `jopqkdnj|ap a rqlcd`d~í|djp/
Edgq|m 6< + Lcjg L|mdop~j|k 4/ www/l|mdop~j|k4/`jk/l|
M `qc~q|m nm `joua|gèo`dm ~mkläk ap~í pa kmodeap~monj omp r|akdmçñap rqlcd`d~í|dmp ak ~jnj j kqonj/ M `m~agj|dm ^d~modqk % Do~ag|m~an Cdjop# nj Eap~dumc na @mooap ä qkm r|jum ndppj/ @|dmnm rm|m r|akdm| `mkrmofmp do~ag|mnmp# appm `m~agj|dm umcj|dxm m dnadm a j qpj nmp këndmp ak `johqo~j# oàj mraomp m ava`qçàj ak qkm këndm apra`ëed`m/ ^aonèo`dm }qa hí pa |auacmum ak ~jnj j kqonj ojp r|dkad|jp mojp nj pä`qcj VVD/ Qk njp r|dkad|jp uao`anj|ap jed`dmdp na ^d~modqk % Do~ag|m~an Cdjop# ak <221# ejd j `mpa @jqo~a|ead~ Kdod @jjra|p# |amcdxmnj racm mgèo`dm mka|d`mom @|dprdo Rj|~a| ) Ljgqpit/ M `mkrmofm `jkrcakao~jq+pa ak ndua|pmp këndmp8 ~acaudpàj# do~a|oa~# |audp~mp# hj|omdp a m~ä ak NUN/ M dnadm `ao~|mc pa lmpamum om anq`mçàj njp kj~j|dp~mp }qmo~j mjp kjnacjp –emcpded`mnjp‛ nj Kdod @jjra|# mrjdmnm racm j|gmodxmçàj ed`~ë`dm –@jqo~a| @jqo~a|ead~ @jkkdppdjo &@@@$‛/ J `jka|`dmc rm|m ~acaudpàj nd|a`djomum j `jopqkdnj| mj pd~a nm @@@# oj }qmc aca ao`jo~|mum kmdp doej|kmçñap a nap`jl|dm }qa rjna|dm `jkr|m| j NUN `mpj }qdpappa pa mr|jeqonm| 4
Ejo~a8 f~~r8**www/l|mdop~j|k4/`jk/l|*moqo`da*
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oj mppqo~j/ Oj kèp pagqdo~a mj cmoçmkao~j nm `mkrmofm mp uaonmp nj `m||j |agdp~|m|mk qk `|ap`dkao~j na >>! ak |acmçàj mj kapkj kèp oj moj mo~a|dj| =2/ J pq`appj nappm `mkrmofm a pqm r|akdmçàj |auacmk }qa ak <221 j ~av~j e|mgkao~mnj hí a|m umcj|dxmnj kqondmckao~a# oj ao~mo~j# oj L|mpdc# mp `mkrmofmp do~ag|mnmp ap~àj `jkaçmonj m gmofm| aprmçj/ R|jum ndppj ä }qa# mrapm| nm ~|mndçàj }qa j rmëp rjppqd ak eap~dumdp# j ojppj r|dkad|j ^d~modqk ejd `jo}qdp~mnj pjkao~a ak <2=2# `jk m `mkrmofm Vdvd oj Lmofj/ J `mpa `|dmnj racm mgèo`dm E*Omx`m Pmm~`fd*Pmm~`fd# rm|m m Eqonmçàj PJP Km~m M~cìo~d`m# |a`alaq j caàj na r|m~m om `m~agj|dm/ Lqp`monj do`ao~dum| j qpj `jop`dao~a nm ígqm# m kaopmgak `ao~|mc naeaondm }qa j vdvd naua|dm pa| ead~j nq|mo~a j lmofj/ Rm|m dppj m këndm pa avrmondq mcäk njp ej|km~jp ~|mnd`djomdp# gmofmonj aprmçj oj Hj|omc Om`djomc# mcäk na qk edcka ak modkmçàj# mçñap ak lmofad|jp `jca~dujp# dop~mcmçñap# l|donap a këndm aprjo~ìoam ak ndua|pjp uaë`qcjp om`djomdp a do~a|om`djomdp==/ Jq~|j avakrcj na `jkj m `qc~q|m nm `joua|gèo`dm ap~í mr|juad~monj j ~av~j ä j `mpa ^wacrej|`a# rm|m m cjhm mka|d`mom nj pagkao~j na um|ahj# Lap~ Lqt/ Uao`anj|m nj G|mon R|dv om `m~agj|dm ^d~modqk % Do~ag|m~an Cdjop ak <2=2# m `mkrmofm q~dcdxjq j ^wd~~a| `jkj r|do`drmc ea||mkao~m# m~|muäp na qk pa|udçj na |aprjp~mp# pakacfmo~a m qk PM@# ead~j racjp uaonanj|ap nm cjhm nd|a~mkao~a om |ana pj`dmc/ Mcäk na nakjop~|m| j rjna| nm rcm~mej|km ndgd~mc rm|m m rqlcd`dnmna# appm `mkrmofm `jkr|jum }qa j ~av~j `jo~doqm ra|kamonj jp `momdp na `jkqod`mçàj# kapkj }qa |apqkdnj m =>2 `m|m`~a|ap/ Nappm ej|km# jlpa|um+pa }qa m `|dmçàj nm `m~agj|dm ^d~modqk % Do~ag|m~an Cdjop ak @mooap ä qk |aecavj nmp kjnded`mçñap j`j||dnmp oj ka|`mnj rqlcd`d~í|dj ojp øc~dkjp mojp/ Kqd~mp `mkrmofmp oàj m`jo~a`ak kmdp ak mraomp qk kadj# kmp pqmp kaopmgaop ojp ndea|ao~ap uaë`qcjp pjkmk+pa ak r|jc nm kaopmgak r|do`drmc nj r|jnq~j/ A m `mnm ojum doej|kmçàj# kmdp ~av~jp pàj r|jnqxdnjp/ Ä `cm|j }qa oàj rjnakjp nadvm| na cmnj j em~j na }qa appa ojuj ej|km~j pa| |a`jofa`dnj ak eap~dumdp do~a|om`djomdp ä qkm nmp kj~dumçñap rm|m jp `|dm~dujp mrjp~m|ak oaca/ Pagqdonj appm cðgd`m# ak rjq`j ~akrj mp mgèo`dmp ap~m|àj lqp`monj `mkrmofmp do~ag|mnmp `jk j jlha~duj øod`j na dop`|auè+cmp ak r|èkdjp/ Oappa `mpj# kqnm m eð|kqcm# kmp m rmn|jodxmçàj lmpamnm ak r|akdmçñap pa kmo~äk/ Rm|m }qa dppj oàj m`jo~açm ä dkrj|~mo~a ä }qa mp r|akdmçñap oàj pa ~j|oak j ~jnj nm =2 ==
Ejo~a8 f~~r8**kdg|a/ka*50gPC Ejo~a8 f~~r8**kdg|a/ka*50d|t
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rqlcd`dnmna# }qmonj nauak pa| mraomp qkm ua|~ao~a# `joej|ka `jkao~mnj rj| Aqgèodj Kjfmccak ak pqm ao~|audp~m/ \a~j|omonj m Haoidop &<226$# j ~av~j ä dkrj|~mo~a rm|m m `qc~q|m nm `joua|gèo`dm# rj|}qa j rølcd`j oàj ra|naq j do~a|appa d o~a|appa rj| fdp~ð|dmp8 Fdp~ð|dmp pàj eqonmkao~mdp ak ~jnmp mp `qc~q|mp fqkmomp# j r|do`drmc kadj racj }qmc ap~|q~q|mkjp# `jkrm|~dcfmkjp a `jkr|aaonakjp ojppmp avra|dèo`dmp `jkqop/ Y///[ ap~mkjp nap`jl|donj ojump ap~|q~q|mp om||m~dump# }qa `|dmk `jkrcavdnmna mj avrmond|ak m av~aopàj nmp rjppdldcdnmnap om||m~dump# ak uax na pagqd|ak qk øod`j `mkdofj# `jk `jkaçj# kadj a edk/ &Haoidop# <226# r/ =51$
Rj|~mo~j# j |anm~j| `jo~doqm paonj qk r|jnq~j| na kd~jp a appmp ojump om||m~dump ap~àj m`jo~a`aonj ak ndua|pjp pqrj|~ap kdndí~d`jp/ Jp ojujp jlha~jp kd~jcðgd`jp nm `qc~q|m na kmppm# kapkj }qa oàj pahmk ~àj ej|~ap `jkj jp nm `qc~q|m rjrqcm|# kmo~èk+pa m|~d`qcmonj mp r|í~d`mp nm pj`danmna a j `jopqkdnj| `jo~doqm `jopqkdnj+jp ak pqmp ndua|pmp ej|kmp/ Kmp ä `cm|j }qa oak ~jnmp mp fdp~ð|dmp r|a`dpmk pa| `jo~mnmp ak kmdp na qkm rcm~mej|km# j dkrj|~mo~a ä jea|a`a| mj `jopqkdnj| `jo~aønj na }qmcdnmna racj }qmc aca pdo~m+pa m~|mënj ak jlpa|um| a rm|~d`drm|/
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@JO@CQPÑAP EDOMDP8 M @\DM^DUDNMNA M@DKM NA ^QNJ
Pjkjp fjha# kmdp nj }qa oqo`m# qkm pj`danmna njkdomnm racm ap`|d~m# `jkj naeaondnj rj| Lm|~fap a @a|~amq: Jq m dkrj|~ìo`dm nj ~av~j a nm dkmgak pa doua|~aq m ~mc rjo~j }qa j r|dkad|j rmppjq m `jkrcakao~m| m pagqonm# `joej|ka med|kmnj racj r|ðr|dj Lm|~fap: Mrðp ap~qnm| j mppqo~j# m `jo`cqpàj kmdp m`a|~mnm rm|a`a pa| m na }qa mklmp mp med|kmçñap ap~àj `j||a~mp/ Ak qk kqonj `mnm uax kmdp e|mgkao~mnj# j ~av~j oàj r|a`dpm ap~m| r|apj m qkm øod`m eqoçàj# mcäk ndppj# pqmp |acmçñap `jk mp dkmgaop pàj `jkrcavmp a um|dmnmp/ Rj| appa kj~duj# m rap}qdpm |amcdxmnm lqp`jq ojp |anm~j|ap mp cqxap rm|m `jkr|aaona| kacfj| `jkj appmp |acmçñap pa nàj ojp ìkld~jp pj`dmdp# `qc~q|mdp# a`joþkd`jp# ka|`mnjcðgd`jp# pdklðcd`jp a ~a`ojcðgd`jp/ Mrðp jlpa|um| j ra|`q|pj fdp~ð|d`j nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj oj L|mpdc a jp ap~qnjp avdp~ao~ap pjl|a m dkmgak om rqlcd`dnmna# ejd rjppëuac `jkr|aaona| `jkj m |acmçàj ao~|a mkljp pa naq mj cjogj na pqmp fdp~ð|dmp/ Naudnj mj mra|eadçjmkao~j g|íed`j a ej~jg|íed`j# a `jk j pq|gdkao~j na ojujp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj &~acaudpàj# |índj# |audp~mp# jq~njj|# do~a|oa~$ j ~av~j pa kjnded`jq# kmp `jo~doqjq r|apao~a/ Rj| jq~|j cmnj# m dkmgak ~j|ojq+pa qkm rjna|jpm ea||mkao~m na ra|pqmpàj# paonj acm qk ~av~j udpqmc a# rj|~mo~j# rmppëuac na cad~q|m# `joej|ka udp~j ojp ap~qnjp na Räodojq a Nq|mon/ M dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# `joj~mnm# ä qkm cdogqmgak qodua|pmc# na kmdp eí`dc `jkr|aaopàj a m`appj }qa j ~av~j/ Rj|~mo~j# j ra|`q|pj om~q|mc ejd j nm doua|pàj na rmrädp9 pa mo~ap m dkmgak `jkrcakao~mum j ~av~j# fjha# }qmonj oj kapkj aprmçj# m ~aonèo`dm ä }qa j ~av~j mnd`djoa â dkmgak/ Qkm `jkr|aaopàj kmdp r|jeqonm nm }qap~àj uadj m~|muäp nmp ao~|audp~mp |amcdxmnmp/ Pj`dj`qc~q|mckao~a# jp ao~|audp~mnjp dnao~ded`m|mk }qa mp rappjmp `jo~doqmk do~a|appmnmp racm cad~q|m# kmp caak j }qa ä na paq do~a|appa/ Na ej|km }qmpa qoìodka# jp |anm~j|ap `jo`j|nmk }qa jp ojujp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj# mppdk `jkj m ecqdnax njp m`jo~a`dkao~jp nm pj`danmna kjna|om# ~èk r|dudcagdmnj ~av~jp kmdp e|mgkao~mnjp# rj|~mo~j# kmdp `q|~jp/ Mppdk# aklj|m jp `jopqkdnj|ap ~aofmk kaojp ~akrj rm|m pa nand`m| â cad~q|m na qk moøo`dj# j do~a|appa racm doej|kmçàj pa kmo~äk/ Rj| jq~|j cmnj# pagqonj acap# mp ojump ga|mçñap na
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|anm~j|ap ap~àj napmr|aonaonj m ap`|aua| ~av~jp cjogjp a ap`|auaonj kaojp# na ej|km ga|mc/ Mcäk ndppj# jp ao~|audp~mnjp m`|and~mk }qa m rqlcd`dnmna# `jkj rm|~a nm pj`danmna# |aeca~a j }qa oacm pa rmppm a fjha# `joej|ka |acm~mnj rj| Km|~ëo+ Lm|la|j a Kj|do# acm ao`jo~|m+pa fjkjgaoadxmnm/ Rj|~mo~j# m dkmgak# `jkj dop~|qkao~j qodua|pmc# ao`mdvm+pa oappm |amcdnmna/ A`jojkd`mkao~a# j mqkao~j nm `jo`j||èo`dm &g|mçmp âp pakacfmoçmp ao~|a jp laop na `jopqkj na qkm kapkm `m~agj|dm$# jp r|jnq~jp hí `jofa`dnjp# a m g|mona }qmo~dnmna na akr|apmp ~|mnd`djomdp# emxak `jk }qa m kaopmgak pahm kmdp nd|a~m/ M km|`m ä qkm nmp kmoad|mp ao`jo~|mnmp rm|m ndea|ao`dm| appap r|jnq~jp a panqxd| j `jopqkdnj|# rjnaonj pa kmodeap~m| rj| kadj nj ~av~j jq nm dkmgak/ Rm|m j moqo`dmo~a# oj ao~mo~j# j dkrj|~mo~a ä }qa m pqm kaopmgak pahm ao~|agqa# donaraonao~a nm ej|km/ Mrapm| ndppj# kqd~jp `cdao~ap oàj m`|and~mk }qa j `jopqkdnj| cadm ~av~jp g|monap# ak rm|~a rj|}qa appap ~av~jp `fagmk m~ä acap pak m }qmcdnmna ~ä`od`m oa`appí|dm rm|m napra|~m| j do~a|appa nj cad~j|/ Jp |anm~j|ap ao~|audp~mnjp ~mkläk jlpa|umk }qa jp ojujp aprmçjp rqlcd`d~í|djp emxak `jk }qa j douap~dkao~j ak këndm ndppjcum+pa# j }qa `jcmlj|m rm|m m e|mgkao~mçàj nj ~av~j/ Oappap aprmçjp m dkmgak j|dao~m j `jopqkdnj| m qk `jopqkj cønd`j# rjpd~duj a panq~j|# rjnaonj pa| eí`dc a |mrdnmkao~a pqlp~d~qënm# `joej|ka udp~j ojp ap~qnjp na Lmqn|dccm|n/ Na ej|km ga|mc# ~jnjp jp ao~|audp~mnjp `jo`j|nmk }qa mp r|akdmçñap pàj j r|do`drmc em~j| ka|`mnjcðgd`j }qa mea~m m r|apaoçm nj ~av~j ojp moøo`djp/ M~|muäp nm moícdpa njp moøo`djp dkr|appjp a njp G|mon R|dv uao`anj|ap nmp øc~dkmp joxa andçñap nj Eap~dumc na @mooap# `jo`cqdq+pa }qa m dkmgak ä umcj|dxmnm# rjdp ä qkm cdogqmgak qodua|pmc/ Acm oàj r|a`dpm pa| ~|mnqxdnm# ä nd|a~m a ~|mopkd~a kmdp em`dckao~a jp ap~a|að~drjp r|apao~ap om pj`danmna/ Kmp paq qpj avm`a|lmnj ga|jq qkm `qc~q|m na moøo`djp+eð|kqcm rm|m r|èkdjp# jp }qmdp pàj lmpamnjp ak r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc/ Mrapm| na appa em~j| oàj mc~a|m| ~j~mckao~a jp moøo`djp r|jnqxdnjp oj ndm+m+ndm# ä |aprjopíuac racj raopmkao~j `|dm~duj fjkjgaoadxmnj/ fjkjgaoadxmnj/ ]qmo~j mj rdcm| pdklðcd`j# m kmdj|dm njp |anm~j|ap `jo`j|nm }qa m |acmçàj ao~|a j ~av~j a m dkmgak pa doua|~aq a dppj ga|jq napnjl|mkao~jp8 j ~av~j ra|naq aprmçj# mj rmppj }qa j njkëodj nm m|~a gmofjq/ Kmp m qodàj nj nd|a~j| na m|~a `jk j |anm~j|# ak nqrcmp# umcj|dxjq m dnadm `|dm~dum nj moøo`dj# donaraonao~a na pqm ej|km/ Na }qmc}qa| kjnj# ej|m nj `d|`qd~j nmp r|akdmçñap# m }qmo~dnmna na ~av~j
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um|dm na m`j|nj `jk j r|jnq~j8 pa ä ojuj oj ka|`mnj# pa rjppqd kqd~jp `jo`j||ao~ap# pa oa`appd~m na dkmgaop avrcd`m~dump/ ^a`ojcjgd`mkao~a# jp |anm~j|ap `jo`j|nmk }qa m~qmckao~a m kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm `jkrcakao~m+pa ojp ndua|pjp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj ndprjoëuadp/ Mppdk# j ~av~j ap`|d~j ra|naq m |aprjopmldcdnmna na doej|km| pjxdofj/ Mrapm| na jp ojujp kadjp |aeca~d|ak m ndomkd`dnmna a cd}qdnax nm pj`danmna ~av~jp kmdp `q|~jp
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j }qa pa ~|mnqx ak
# j ~av~j `jo~doqm avdp~donj oappap kadjp# pahm emcmnj om ^U a
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oj |índj# ak ej|km na dkmgaop `joj~mnmp omp |audp~mp a hj|omdp# jq# m~ä kapkj# kmdp cjogjp om do~a|oa~/ M rm|~d| nappmp jlpa|umçñap rm|`dmdp# ej|mk `jkrdcmnmp mcgqkmp nmp r|do`drmdp `jop~m~mçñap nm rap}qdpm/ Ak |apqkj# ~jnjp jp |anm~j|ap `jo`j|nmk }qa fjqua qkm kjnded`mçàj nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj# pahm ak |acmçàj m pqm ndkdoqdçàj# jq â ra|nm na pqm dkrj|~ìo`dm rm|m m dkmgak/ Jp r|do`drmdp kj~dujp caumo~mnjp ej|mk jp ojujp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj# m m~aoçàj e|mgkao~mnm nj `jopqkdnj|# j mqkao~j nm `jo`j||èo`dm# m doecqèo`dm nmp r|akdmçñap# m emc~m na r|í~d`m nmp ojump ga|mçñap na |anm~j|ap a m kqnmoçm om ej|km na `jopqkd| doej|kmçàj/ Mcäk ndppj# ejd med|kmnj }qa |anm~j|ap a `cdao~ap nauak ua| jp `jopqkdnj|ap `jk jq~|j jcfm|# mppqkdonj }qa acap rjnak pa do~a|appm| racj ~av~j# kapkj }qa cjogj/ Rj|~mo~j# mcäk na mdonm ap~m| do~a|appmnj om cad~q|m# j `jopqkdnj| ao`jo~|m+pa ak cj`mdp ojp }qmdp m dkmgak kqd~mp uaxap oàj ä j kmdp dkrj|~mo~a# `jkj om do~a|oa~ &pd~ap# rjn`mp~p# lcjgp$# a ä r|a`dpj }qa jp |anm~j|ap ap~ahmk r|arm|mnjp rm|m `|dm| rm|m appmp ea||mkao~mp mdonm rjq`j avrcj|mnmp/ Rjna+pa ao~aona| kacfj| `jkj j ~av~j eqo`djom oappmp ea||mkao~mp# jcfmonj pjl|a j r|dpkm nm `joua|gèo`dm na kadjp/ Om `qc~q|m nm `joua|gèo`dm jp ndua|pjp pqrj|~ap kdndí~d`jp qoak+pa rm|m ~|mopkd~d| jp r|jnq~jp nm `qc~q|m na kmppm/ Oappm ojum `joedgq|mçàj j `jopqkdnj| gmofm kmdp dkrj|~ìo`dm `jkj rm|~a nj r|j`appj `|dm~duj a j ~av~j gmofm ojump ej|kmp# apra`dmckao~a oj kadj ndgd~mc# `jkj ak lcjgp/ lcjgp/ Appmp kjnded`mçñap ap~àj
pa
|aeca~donj ojp r|èkdjp# }qa `jkaçmk m umcj|dxm| j qpj `johqo~j njp kadjp a m aea~dudnmna nm dnadm# oj cqgm| c qgm| njp rmn|ñap udpqmdp/ Ak qk kqonj `mnm uax kmdp ecqënj# oàj rjnakjp `fagm| m |aprjp~mp naedod~dump pjl|a j eq~q|j nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj# kmp nqmp cdçñap r|do`drmdp ej|mk |a~d|mnmp nappa ap~qnj/ M r|dkad|m |aea|a+pa â `joud`çàj na }qa m dnadm ~|mlmcfmnm `|dm~dumkao~a# `jk udp~m m pm~dpemxa| jp do~a|appap njp `jopqkdnj|ap# ä j }qa m
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r|jrmgmonm ~ak na kmdp umcdjpj# donaraonao~a nj kadj q~dcdxmnj/ Rm|me|mpamonj ^jcanj# m km~ä|dm+r|dkm nj `|dm~duj ä m dnadm/ M dkmgak rjna pa| kmdp |acaumo~a }qa j ~av~j jq j ~av~j kmdp |acaumo~a }qa m dkmgak# j dkrj|~mo~a ä pmla| dnao~ded`m| appmp oa`appdnmnap a eqgd| njp rmn|ñap pm~q|mnjp/ M~ä kapkj ^jp`mod# }qa r|a`jodxm j edk nm rqlcd`dnmna+`mníua|# lqp`m m `|dm~dudnmna ak paqp ~|mlmcfjp na `|ë~d`m pj`dmc/ M pagqonm cdçàj ä m na }qa j ~av~j ap`|d~j oàj pa|í av~do~j nm rqlcd`dnmna# rjdp kapkj }qa m dkmgak pahm qkm cdogqmgak qodua|pmc# j ~av~j ä dondpraopíuac rm|m m ~|mopkdppàj nm kaopmgak/ Oàj pð mp ao~|audp~mp |amcdxmnmp r|jumk dppj# kmp ~mkläk jp moøo`djp }qa uakjp ~jnjp jp ndmp omp |qmp# pahmk acap mcc ~trap jq na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc# ~jnjp oa`appd~mk nj ~av~j# mdonm }qa rm|m mrjdm| m dkmgak/ M m|gqkao~mçàj ä oa`appí|dm ak }qmc}qa| ej|km na `jkqod`mçàj# rm|m `jouao`a|# `jo~m| fdp~ð|dmp a kmo~a| j `jopqkdnj| m~ao~j âp kaopmgaop e|mgkao~mnmp/ Nj kapkj kjnj# m ra|pqmpàj ä qkm nmp m|kmp appao`dmdp nm r|jrmgmonm/ Mklmp# m|gqkao~mçàj a ra|pqmpàj# rjnak pa| aea~dump }qmonj ~|mlmcfmnmp ak dkmgaop# kmp pakr|a pa|àj rjna|jpmp ak rmcmu|mp/
=05
\AEA\ÈO@DMP LDLCDJG\ÍED@MP
Cdu|jp MPPDP# Km`fmnj na/ Njk @mpkq||j/ Pàj Rmqcj8 @ë|`qcj nj cdu|j# =466/ LM\\A^J# \jla|~j Kaoom/ @|dm~dudnmna ak r|jrmgmonm/ =<¨/ an/ Pàj Rmqcj8 Pqkkqp# <22>/ ZZZZZZ/ J `jrt `|dm~duj8 =77 kmgoëed`jp ~av~jp na r|jrmgmonm &rm|m ua| pa uj`è edomckao~a mr|aona m |andgd| qk$/ \dj na Hmoad|j8 ]qmcd~tKm|i# <22>/ LM\^FAP# \jcmon/ Kd~jcjgdmp/ 0¨ an/ Pàj Rmqcj8 Ndeac# <227/ ZZZZZZ/ J ðludj a j jl~qpj8 aopmdjp `|ë~d`jp DDD/ ^|mnqçàj na Cäm Ojumap/ \dj na Hmoad|j8 Ojum E|jo~ad|m# =442/ LMQN\DCCM\N# Hamo/ J Pdp~akm na Jlha~jp/ 0¨ andçàj/ Pàj Rmqcj8 Ra|pra`~dum# r/# =447/ r/ =70 <=2/ ∜
LMQKMO# Xtgkqo~/ Kjna|odnmna Cë}qdnm / \dj na Hmoad|j8 Hj|ga Xmfm|# An/ <22=/ @M\\MP@JXM# Hjàj Moxmoaccj/ M aujcqçàj nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj8 m mppj`dmçàj na rmcmu|mp `jkj acakao~j na panqçàj/ 6¨ an/ Pàj Rmqcj8 Eq~q|m# <225/ ZZZZZZ/ Nj `mjp â `|dmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm 8 r|j`appj `|dm~duj# rcígdj a |amnt kmna om rqlcd`dnmna/ Pàj Rmqcj8 Pm|mdum# <226/ ∜
ZZZZZZ9 FJEE# ^/K/@/ A`jp nm cd~a|m~q|m om rqlcd`dnmna l|mpdcad|m omp r|dkad|mp nä`mnmp nj pä`qcj VV/ Do8 @MP^\J# G/ G/ P/9 LM@@AGM K/ M/ &j|g/$/ @jkqod`mçàj a `jopqkj omp `qc~q|mp cj`mdp a gcjlmc / Pàj Rmqcj8 APRK# <224/ Ndprjoëuac ak8 3f~~r8**kdg|a/ka*56Kk@?/ M`appj ak8 24 na oju/ na <2==/
=07
@MPM]QD# Umona|/ Fdp~ð|dm nm r|jrmgmonm l|mpdcad|m8 njp em~jp â cdogqmgak/ Do8 RA\AX# @9 LM\LJPM# D/ P/ &j|g/$/ Fdra|rqlcd`dnmna8 eqonmkao~jp a do~a|em`ap/ u/=/ Pàj Rmqcj8 ^fjkpjo Cam|odog# <227/ @MP^\J# Km|dm Cëcdm Ndmp na9 Gjkap# Oaqpm Nakm|~dod/ Rqlcd`dnmna8 qk jcfm| ka~jnjcðgd`j/ Do8 RA\AX# @9 LM\LJPM# D/ P/ &j|g/$/ Fdra|rqlcd`dnmna8 eqonmkao~jp a do~a|em`ap/ u/=/ Pàj Rmqcj8 ^fjkpjo Cam|odog# <227/ @A\^AMQ# Kd`fac na/ M Douaoçàj nj `j~dndmoj8 m|~ap na emxa|/ ^|mnqçàj na Arf|mdk Ea||ad|m Mcuap/ Ra~|ðrjcdp8 Ujxap# =44>/ =44>/ @\M^J# Oqoj/ M Dkr|aopm/ Cdpljm8 R|apaoçm# =460/ NQ\MON# H/ –\a~ð|d`m a dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm‛/ Do8 KA^X# @/ a~ mc/ M moícdpa nmp dkmgaop/ Ra~|ðrjcdp8 Ujxap# =47>/ r/ =4 14/ ∜
EDJ\DO# Hjpä Cqdx/ Cdogqmgak a Dnajcjgdm/ Pàj Rmqcj8 Í~d`m# =466/ DOP^D^Q^J R\Ð+CDU\J/ \a~|m~jp nm cad~q|m oj L|mpdc / Pàj Rmqcj# <226/ HAOIDOP# Fao|t/ @qc~q|m nm `joua|gèo`dm / ^|mnqçàj na Pqpmom Mcavmon|dm/ Pàj Rmqcj8 Mcarf/ <226 CMNAD\M# Hqcda~m na Gjnjt/ @jo~m~j dkandm~j `jk `|dmçàj na r|jrmgmonm / Pàj Rmqcj8 Gcjlmc# =467/ CDONJPJ# Eacdra/ J L|mpdc rjna pa| qk rmëp na cad~j|ap: 8 Rjcë~d`m rm|m m `qc~q|m/ Rjcë~d`m rm|m j cdu|j/ Pàj Rmqcj8 Pqkkqp/ <22>/ KM\@JONAP# Rt|/ Qkm Fdp~ð|dm nm R|jrmgmonm L|mpdcad|m / \dj na Hmoad|j8 Andjq|j# <22=/ KM\^ËO+LM\LA\J# Hapøp/ Njp kadjp âp kandmçñap8 `jkqod`mçàj# `qc~q|m a fagakjodm/ \dj na Hmoad|j8 QE\H# =447/ K@CQFMO# Km|pfmcc/ M gmcívdm na Gq~aola|g8 m ej|kmçàj nj fjkak ~drjg|íed`j/ ^|mnqçàj na Caþodnmp Gjo~dhj na @m|umcfj a Moëpdj ^advad|m/ Pàj Rmqcj8 Om`djomc# =477/
=06
KA^X# @/ –Mcäk nm momcjgdm# m dkmgak‛/ Do8 M moícdpa nmp dkmgaop / Ra~|ðrjcdp8 Ujxap# =47>/ r/ 7 =6/ ∜
KJ\DO# Angm|/ @qc~q|m na kmppmp oj pä`qcj VV 8 j aprë|d~j nj ~akrj/ Pàj Rmqcj8 Ej|aopa# =454/ RÄODOJQ# G/ –Eëpd`m a ka~meëpd`m nm dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm‛/ Do8 KA^X# @/ a~ mc/ M moícdpa nmp dkmgaop/ Ra~|ðrjcdp8 Ujxap# =47>/ r/ 52 6=/ ∜
RA\AD\M# Udoë`dqp Mon|mna/ Cdogqmgaop rqlcd`d~í|dmp a jp kadjp ndgd~mdp/ Do8 @MAKR &j|g/$/ L|muj kqonj ojuj8 ojump `joedgq|mçñap nm `jkqod`mçàj a nj `jopqkj/ Pàj Rmqcj8 Mcmkanm# <224# r/ 50+6=/ PDKÑAP# \jla|~j/ M r|jrmgmonm oj L|mpdc 8 aujcqçàj fdp~ð|d`m/ J|g/ na \jla|~j @j||èm/ Pàj Rmqcj8 APRK*And~j|m \aea|èo`dm# <225/ ^JP@MOD# Jcduda|j/ M rqlcd`dnmna ä qk `mníua| }qa ojp pj||d / ^|mnqçàj na Cqdx @mumc`mo~d na K/ Gqa||m/ 5¨ andçàj/ \dj na Hmoad|j8 Andjq|j# <221/ W*L\MPDC/ ^ak gao~a m`fmonj }qa uj`è ä momcemla~j a uj`è oak nap`joedm / Pàj Rmqcj8 W*L|mpdc# <22=/
^apap a Ndppa|~mçñap LM\QEEMCND# Umonm Lm|~mcdod/ J aoqo`dm~í|dj |aeca~dnj oj apracfj 8 qk ap~qnj pakdð~d`j nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj/ <225/ <41 e/ ^apa na njq~j|mnj# R|jg|mkm na Rðp g|mnqmçàj ak Cdogqëp~d`m a Pakdð~d`m nm Em`qcnmna na Edcjpjedm# Ca~|mp a @dèo`dmp Fqkmomp nm Qodua|pdnmna na Pàj rmqcj# Pàj Rmqcj# <225/ ∜
IJ^M# Km|`dj Iad~d/ Rmn|àj @mooap na `|dm~dudnmna8 moícdpa njp `mkdofjp `|dm~dujp q~dcdxmnjp racjp moøo`djp gmofmnj|ap na G|mon R|dv a na Cañap na Jq|j oj Eap~dumc na @mooap na <222 m <221/ <221/ =04 e/ ^|mlmcfj na @jo`cqpàj na @q|pj# A@M*QPR# Pàj Rmqcj# <221/ KQ@@DCCJ# Mcappmon|m na Rmqcm/ Moøo`djp emo~mpkmp8 jp rqlcd`d~í|djp mrcmqnak# kmp j rølcd`j oàj uè/ <221/ =>1 e/ ^|mlmcfj na @jo`cqpàj na @q|pj# A@M*QPR# Pàj
=04
Rmqcj# <221/ PMO^M\ACCD# @f|dp~dmoa Rmqcm Gjndofj/ R|j`appjp na moícdpa nm dkmgak g|íed`m8 qk ap~qnj `jkrm|m~duj nm rqlcd`dnmna na kjnm/ <224/ <=5 e/ ^apa na Njq~j|mnj# A@M*QPR# Pàj Rmqcj# <224/
Nj`qkao~jp QODUA\PDNMNA NA PÀJ RMQCJ/ Nd|a~|dxap rm|m mr|apao~mçàj na ndppa|~mçñap a ~apap nm QPR 8 nj`qkao~j aca~|þod`j a dkr|appj Rm|~a D &MLO^$/
Walg|medm LCMO@J# @|dp~dom Cjrax/ M |acmçàj ~av~j dkmgak om rqlcd`dnmna jocdoa/ And~j|dmc/ @mna|ojp na Rðp G|mnqmçàj ak Ca~|mp &Km`iaoxda$ # Pàj Rmqcj# u/ <# o/ =# r/ <0 0># <220/ Ndprjoëuac ak8 3f~~r8**kdg|a/ka*>j
∜
@M\\MP@JXM# Hjàj Moxmoaccj/ M moqo`dmçàj kdndí~d`m/ @írpqcmp rm|m `jopqkj / RRG@JK APRK/ o/ =>/ <2=2/ Ndprjoëuac ak8 3f~~r8**kdg|a/ka*56K|}? / M`appj ak8 24 na oju/ na <2==/ \MKMCFJ# \jla|~j/ M Rqlcd`dnmna jo~ak a fjha/ 3f~~r8**kdg|a/ka*56K}A? / M`appj ak8 =7 na ml|/ na <2==/
Ndprjoëuac
ak8
www/ml|mmeacd`dnmna/gcjlj/`jk f~~r8**mnpje~fawj|cn/`jk* f~~r8**lcjgcga/`jk/l| www/lcjg~a`odpm/`jk/l| www/l|mdop~j|k4/`jk/l| www/`mooapcdjop/`jk f~~r8**``pr/`jk/l| www/`jcj|dlqp/`jk www/`j|accj/`jk/l|*raomkjnm www/ap~mnmj/`jk/l|*lcjgp www/cjq`mprj|cdoga|da/`jk/l|
=>2
MOAVJP + AO^\AUDP^MP
MOAVJ M + ]qap~djoí|dj q~dcdxmnj
m$ Ojka8 l$ Moj na doë`dj om `m||ad|m8 `$ Dod`dmckao~a# gjp~m|dm }qa emcmppa pjl|a m pqm avra|dèo`dm ak |acmçàj â }qmo~dnmna njp ~av~jp rqlcd`d~í|djp }qa |andgdm a }qa jlpa|umum om këndm# na ej|km ga|mc# oj doë`dj nm pqm `m||ad|m a fjha/
n$ Gjp~m|dm }qa ka ndppappa pa ra|`ala kqnmoçmp pj`dmdp a*jq `qc~q|mdp }qa rjnak ~a| doecqao`dmnj j ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj nj `jkaçj pä`qcj VV m~ä fjha/
a$ Uj`è rjna|dm emcm| qk rjq`j pjl|a m pqm ra|`arçàj nm |acmçàj a`jojkdm &cdu|a `jo`j||èo`dm$ v ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj/
e$ Rjna|dm ka ndxa| `jkj ra|`ala m doecqèo`dm nmp r|akdmçñap# na qk kjnj ga|mc# pjl|a m j`j||èo`dm# j ~mkmofj a m }qmcdnmna nj ~av~j oj moøo`dj/
g$ J }qa uj`è rjna ka ndxa| pjl|a m pqm ra|`arçàj nm `jkrcakao~m|dnmna jq av`cqpàj om |acmçàj ~av~j v dkmgak# ak qk moøo`dj rqlcd`d~í|dj &dkr|appj jq oàj$/
f$ Na }qa kjnj uj`è m`fm }qa j napaoujcudkao~j ~a`ojcðgd`j njp kadjp &|índj# ~acaudpàj# do~a|oa~# r|j`appj g|íed`j$ doecqao`djq m |anmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm:
=>=
MOAVJ L + Ao~|audp~m Cqdx ^jcanj @jkaçj nm @m||ad|m8 kamnjp nm nä`mnm na 72 Ra|gqo~m =/ \aprjp~m8 M`fj }qa oj~ad qkm kqnmoçm pdk/ ]qmonj uj`è emcjq `jkdgj m r|dkad|m uax `jka`ad m raopm| oappa mppqo~j/ A m`fj }qa ä ua|nmna rj|}qa m gao~a udua oqkm pj`danmna }qa cè rjq`j/ Umkjp em~dm| j acaemo~a8 r|dkad|j m kmdj| |audp~m nj rmëp ~ak qkm ~d|mgak na qk kdcfàj a kadj na avakrcm|ap ak qk rmëp na =42 kdcfñap na fmld~mo~ap/ Jp kmdj|ap naxappadp hj|omdp hqo~jp pjkmnjp nàj qk kdcfàj a kadj/ Pð j Oaw Tj|i ~dkap pjxdofj ~ak appm ~d|mgak/ M gao~a mdonm ~ak qk oøka|j g|mona na momcemla~jp# jp `fmkmnjp momcemla~jp eqo`djomdp# ao~àj oak rjnak pa| `jopdna|mnjp mcemla~dxmnjp/ Ao~àj `jdpmp pdkrcap# qk `cmppded`mnj# qk \G# oàj pmlak ca|# oàj ä oak `jdpm ndeë`dc# ä uj`mlqcí|dj/ A# kqd~mp uaxap# kapkj caonj qk ~av~j oàj pmlak r|j`appm| m}qaca `jo~aønj/ Kapkj }qa dppj ~mcuax ~aofm m~ä kacfj|mnj# oàj rdj|mnj/Pjl|a cdu|m|dmp8 Lqaojp Md|ap ~ak kmdp cdu|m|dmp }qa oj L|mpdc ~jnj# pð r|m oàj d| kqd~j cjoga/ Ao~àj m `jkqod`mçàj ap`|d~m pakr|a ~aua mcgqop r|jlcakmp om appèo`dm/ Aq m`fj }qa fjha pa cè kmdp nj }qa mo~ap# kmp oàj rj| `mqpm nj moøo`dj# jq kacfj|# nm r|jrmgmonm/ Ao~àj umkjp em~dm| na ojuj8 r|jrmgmonm/ M r|jrmgmonm pakr|a ejd qk ava|`ë`dj na `jo`dpàj# odogqäk rm|m rm|m ca| moøo`dj# pð oðp rqlcd`d~í|djp cjq`jp/ Rj| |mxñap ðludmp m gao~a pakr|a ~aua qk ava|`ë`dj na `jo`dpàj# cjgj# }qmo~j kaoj| j ~av~j# kacfj| r|m `jopagqd| rmppm| m kaopmgak/ Appa ä jq~|j dog|andao~a rm|m m ojppm |a`ad~m/ Mgj|m# `jk m ojppm ojum `cmppa kändm# oàj pad pa uj`è `jofa`a qk cdu|j `fmkmnj ,M Rjo~a,: Aca `jcj`m mp `jdpmp na qkm ej|km lak do~a|appmo~a# rj| avakrcj8 om ^U j ca~|ad|j pa|ua rm|m `jkrcakao~m| m doej|kmçàj# kmp oàj eqo`djom/ Mp rappjmp oàj `jopagqak r|j`appm| nappm ej|km/ Ljk# appap pàj mcgqop r|jlcakmp/ Rj| jq~|j cmnj ~ak m }qap~àj nm r|ðr|dm `jkqod`mçàj na km|`m ap~m| ndkdoqdonj kqd~j# jq m dop~d~q`djomc/ Pa uj`è jcfm| j hj|omc# j um|ahj ap~í ~jkmonj `jo~m/ @m||jp kapkj# }qa pakr|a ~dua|mk `mkrmofmp `jo`ad~qmdp# mgj|m ä ~qnj um|ahj/ Fjha ap~í m~ä kmdp ujc~mnj rm|m m r|jrmgmonm na `jo`appdjoí|dm }qa na kjo~mnj|m/ @jk `acqcm|ap ap~í m`jo~a`aonj j kapkj8 ~akjp =42 kdcfñap na `acqcm|ap oj L|mpdc/ A fjha# oj rmëp# `acqcm| ä kmdp ä r|açj/ Jp g|monap moqo`dmo~ap fjha pàj na um|ahj8 Ràj na Mçø`m|# @m||aejq|/ Ao~àj jp moøo`djp }qa ~mcuax uj`è ~aofm ~dnj `jkj |aea|èo`dm# `jk kmdp ~av~j# `jk m acmlj|mçàj nj ~av~j# oj um|ahj r|m~d`mkao~a oàj pa ao`jo~|m/ Mcdíp# j øc~dkj @aopj }qa pmdq mgj|m# uj`è uè }qa 44#4! njp cm|ap l|mpdcad|jp ~èk aoa|gdm acä~|d`m a rj| jq~|j cmnj pð 11! ~ak pmoamkao~j lípd`j# jq pahm# 44! ~ak m`appj â \ana Gcjlj a pð ka~mna ~ak apgj~j/ Uakjp më ~mkläk jp r|jlcakmp pj`dmdp nj rmëp/ Rj| jq~|j cmnj# jp ~av~jp kmdj|ap a appm acmlj|mçàj ~jnm avdp~dmk r|do`drmckao~a mo~ap nm do~a|oa~/ Fjha m do~a|oa~ ä m `jo~doqmçàj njp ojppjp moøo`djp/ Ao~àj appm `jo`dpàj fjha ä m~ä rjppëuac rj|}qa uj`è rjna `jcj`m| ~jnjp jp gmo`fjp a moxðdp a j do~a|appmnj rjna `jo~doqm| om do~a|oa~/ Cjgj# m do~a|oa~ ä qkm ej|km kqd~j kmdp |d`m na rmppm| m doej|kmçàj/ Rj| avakrcj# ak akr|aaondkao~jp dkjldcdí|djp ~jnmp mp doej|kmçñap ~dofmk }qa ap~m| om}qacm rígdom na moøo`dj/ Fjha uj`è rjna jea|a`a| qk øod`j laoaeë`dj a appa do~a|appmnj rjna ao`jo~|m| ~jnj j |ap~j om do~a|oa~/ Ao~àj# rj| qk cmnj# ap~í pa caonj kmdp# ap~í pa ap`|auaonj kmdp/ Aq# `jk =5 mojp# pa }qdpappa emcm| `jk mcgqäk ndp~mo~a ~dofm }qa ap`|aua| qkm `m|~m/ Fjha kdofm edcfm `jk =5 mojp ap`|aua a cè ndm|dmkao~a# `jk m}qacm cdogqmgak , do~a|oa~ad|m ,# kmp pa `jkqod`m <> fj|mp rj| ndm# |a`alaonj a+ kmdcp# oj Em`aljji# oj J|iq~# cjgj m`mljq pa ap`|auaonj kmdp ~mkläk/ Ao~àj m`fj }qa m ~a`ojcjgdm kqnjq m ej|km nmp rappjmp pa `jkqod`m|ak/ Kmp dppj oàj pdgoded`m }qa ndkdoqdq j ~|mlmcfj nj |anm~j|/
Ra|gqo~m < / \aprjp~m8 M `jkqod`mçàj fjha rmppjq m pa| j ndea|ao`dmc ao~|a qk r|jnq~j a jq~|j# kqd~mp uaxap/ J r|jnq~j umd ed`m| kacfj| jq rdj| naraonaonj# kqd~mp uaxap# qod`mkao~a nm `jkqod`mçàj/ Rj|}qa jp r|jnq~jp M# L a @ pàj r|m~d`mkao~a dgqmdp# ~èk jp kapkjp r|açjp# jea|a`ak jp kapkjp laoaeë`djp# ~ak jp kapkjp m~|dlq~jp# ao~àj j }qa ndea|a qk r|jnq~j na jq~|j ä m `jkqod`mçàj/ J cmnj ndní~d`j nm `jkqod`mçàj |amckao~a pa ra|naq qk rjq`j# kmp mdonm avdp~a/ Ujq ~a dcqp~|m|8 uj`è ~ak qk Km`ljji# pa gmofm| qkm `mkdpa~m ap`|d~j ,Km`do~jpf, `mrmx na uj`è d| r|m lmcmnm `jk acm# mgj|m pa
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uj`è gmofm qkm `mkdpa~m nm Nacc# qpm r|m nj|kd|/ A dppj }qak eax: Aq oàj pad }qmo~jp lt~ap# kakð|dm jq ,VR^J, ~ak qk jq jq~|j# kmp m `jkqod`mçàj `|djq qkm ndea|aoçm ao~|a jp njdp/ A appm `jkqod`mçàj oàj pa |ap~|doga kmdp mj moøo`dj# mj edcka# ä qk kdv na `jdpmp/ M kmoad|m `jkj acm rmppjq m emxa| mp `jdpmp# m m~d~qna/ M r|ðr|dm Odia# `jkaçjq m emcm| ak m~d~qna# ak ,m pqm udnm ä j kjudkao~j, a j ~èodp# }qa ä j }qa acap uaonak# rmppjq m pa| mcgj }qa km~a|dmcdxm qkm edcjpjedm na udnm/ A dppj `jk `a|~axm ~ak |acmçàj `jk kqnmoçmp pj`dmdp a `qc~q|mdp/ M rqlcd`dnmna# m r|jrmgmonm# om ua|nmna# ap~í pakr|a kqnmonj `jk m pj`danmna# acm ä qk |aecavj# j ~akrj }qa nakj|m r|m kjp~|m| dppj }qa kqnm# kmp acm ä qk |aecavj# ä mcgj }qa hí ap~í cm~ao~a omp rappjmp/
Ra|gqo~m 0 / \aprjp~m8 Âp uaxap jp moøo`djp na um|ahj m~ä ~èk kqd~j ~av~j# kmp ä m}qacm rjcqdçàj udpqmc# ä jq~|m `jdpm# oàj ä m}qacm `jdpm m~|m~dum/ Jq~|j avakrcj pàj jp moøo`dj na `a|uahm# }qa fjha pàj uaondnjp m}qd oj L|mpdc r|ðvdkj m ej|km `jkj pa uaona |ae|dga|mo~a a pa m do~aoçàj ä ap~m# ap~àj `jopagqdonj j jlha~duj rj|}qa oqo`m pa `jkaçjq m lala| ~àj `anj/ Mo~ap ~dofm kqd~j ~av~j# fjha oak pa emcm nj r|jnq~j/ Ao~àj aq m`fj }qa ~mcuax m }qap~àj oak pahm appm na kmdp jq kaojp ~av~j/ Aq ~aofj m dkr|appàj na }qa m m|gqkao~mçàj fjha rjna ~a| qkm `jo~doqmçàj# ao~àj dppj hí kqnm kqd~j# pa uj`è ~dua| qkm rappjm do~a|appmnm uj`è rjna pð acao`m| j mppqo~j a narjdp `jo~doqm| appa do~a|appa nacm om do~a|oa~# rj| avakrcj/ Oap~a moøo`dj nm Ujcipwmgao# rj| avakrcj =<# }qa em~djq qkm `m|m`~a|ëp~d`m nj r|jnq~j# mcgj m~ä |aujcq`djoí|dj rm|m m ärj`m# fjha# m~|muäp naca uj`è rjna|dm `fagm| ak jq~|jp moøo`djp# pa mg|mnmppa/ Dppj aq pakr|a raopj `jkj qk moxjc/ J moøo`dj omnm kmdp ä }qa qk moxjc r|m edpgm| j cad~j|/ Rj| dppj m r|aj`qrmçàj ak caum| j `m|m rm|m j r|dkad|j rm|íg|mej a narjdp rm|m j pagqonj# rj|}qa j `m|m oàj ap~í cí rm|m ua| moøo`dj/ Fjha appap moxðdp rjnak ~a caum| rm|m m do~a|oa~/ Fjha uj`è rjna emcm| `jk j `m|m a rjna m~ä cauí+cj rm|m qk `fm~# oj }qmc aca rjna nm| m pqm jrdodàj/ Fjha mp `jdpmp ap~àj kmdp do~a|cdgmnmp# uj`è rjna udpd~m| qk cqgm| mo~ap na d|/ R|m mcqgm| qkm `mpm om r|mdm uj`è emcm ,jcfm om do~a|oa~ më,/ Mo~ap a|m qk `cmppded`mnj oj hj|omc a }qmonj uj`è `fagmum cí nap`jl|dm }qa ed`mum m <22 }qdcþka~|jp nm r|mdm/ Mgj|m j ~av~j avdp~a# kmp m`fj }qa ap~í pa ndcqdonj/ M`fj }qa ä do~a|appmo~a uj`è raopm| }qa uj`è ndx ,rjvm# kmp oàj ~ak kmdp kqd~j ~av~j/, Ä a oàj ä ua|nmna/ ^ak ~av~j# kmp rjna ap~m| ak qkm rígdom om do~a|oa~# jq qk a+kmdc/ J lmooa| omnm kmdp ä }qa ojppj mo~dgj jq~njj|# qk oøka|j `a|~j na rmcmu|mp# rj|}qa ap~í ~jnj kqonj nd|dgdonj# pak ~akrj na jcfm| j jq~njj|/ Om ua|nmna uj`è oàj cè# uj`è ej~jg|mem/ J lmooa| ä dppj# uj`è ap~í cí r|m ua| paq pmcnj lmo`í|dj jq ka~aj|jcjgdm# oàj qk lmooa|/ J |anm~j| oj eqonj ä qk r|jnq~j| na dnadmp# kmdp nj }qa na rmcmu|mp/ A ä mcgj }qa uak nm douaoçàj nmp nqrcmp# rj|}qa m~ä ao~àj m `|dmçàj a|m j |anm~j| ak qk monm|# j `m|m oak `jofa`dm j monm| na lmdvj jona ed`mum m m|~a# ka~dm j ~av~j a j `m|m na lmdvj dcqp~|mum/ Kmp oj eqonj# r|do`drmckao~a mrðp appm kmoad|m na raopm| ak r|jnqxd| dnadmp &ap~í `fadj na nd|a~j| na m|~a }qa eax qk kjo~a na ~ë~qcj a na |anm~j| }qa eax cmtjq~# }qa `jop~|qdq qkm dnadm udpqmc$/ Aq m`fj }qa ojppm km~ä|dm+r|dkm ä m dnadm/ M`fj }qa omnm ä qkm `jdpm pð9 mo~ap j |anm~j| |anm~mum# j nd|a~j| cmtjq~mum# j m~aondkao~j dm oj `cdao~a a aoedk/ Fjha }qak oàj ap~dua| `jk kmdp ~|mçjp a kmdp eqoçñap# ao~aonaonj kacfj| j oagð`dj nj jq~|j# oàj ap~í rj| nao~|j nj kjudkao~j/ M r|ðr|dm dnadm na këndm kqnjq/ Fjha uj`è `|dm dnadmp }qa pàj dnadmp na këndm/ M ej|km m`mlm rmppmonj racj `jo~aønj/ Fjha âp uaxap uj`è m`mlm mppappj|monj m mppappj|dm na dkr|aopm# rj|}qa kqd~mp uaxap qkm `mkrmofm# }qa mo~ap a|m pð qk jq~njj| ,Acm uak më,# ap~í ak ~jnjp jp cqgm|ap/ Ao~àj dppj rmppm m pa| qkm m|km ~mkläk nm r|ðr|dm r|jrmgmonm/ Ra|gqo~m > / \aprjp~m8 J Moqí|dj nj @cqla na @|dmçàj na Pàj Rmqcj# }qa ä ak rj|~qgqèp# hqcgm kmdp jq kaojp 1 kdc moøo`djp/ Uj`è m`fm }qa ní ~akrj na ca| ~jnjp acap: Ä `cm|j }qa ~ak ~mkläk qk rjq`j j jcfm| nm avra|dèo`dm/ Racj jcfm| uj`è hí pmla }qa ragmnm }qa umd ~a|# pa ap~í uaonaonj j r|jnq~j na qkm ej|km ndea|ao~a/ R|èkdjp do~a|om`djomdp mdonm ~èk m lm||ad|m nm cëogqm/ Ao~àj m`mlmk qpmonj m cdogqmgak qodua|pmc }qa ä m dkmgak/ A kapkj omp `m~agj|dmp }qa qpmk `mpap# kqd~mp uaxap aca ä kmdp udpqmc/ Ä `cm|j }qa ~ak mcgqkmp `mkrmofmp }qa j udpqmc ä pð ~av~j# `jkj m nm \audp~m ^fa A`jojkdp~ # }qa ä mcc ~tra/ A pa j moøo`dj oàj pq|r|aaona| na mcgqkm kmoad|m oj eap~dumc# aca oàj umd `fmkm| m m~aoçàj# rj|}qa m gao~a pmla `jkj ä# ~ak qk cmnj ,pfjw, ojp eap~dumdp/ Oàj ä â ~jm }qa Acaap~mumkakjp~|monjmcgqopmoøo`djpnjcdu|j,^fa@jrtLjji,
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~ak kmdp moøo`dj na `mkdpdofm nj }qa na km|gm|dom# rj|}qa jp mppqo~jp rjnak pa| kmdp do~a|appmo~ap# âp uaxap m udnm `jkj acm ä oàj ~ak ~mo~j mppqo~j/ A dppj ä `cm|j }qa m`mlm paonj qk km|`j }qa j r|ðr|dj ka|`mnj douao~jq r|m `|dm| ndea|aoçm ao~|a qkm mgèo`dm a jq~|m/ Qkm ljm rm|~a njp g|monap r|èkdjp pàj do`mlëuadp# oàj umcj|dxmk oak j r|jnq~j oak j moøo`dj a dppj ä 1! nm r|jnqçàj na qkm mgèo`dm/ Kapkj oj |índj# oàj ä ~av~j ap`|d~j# kmp ä ~av~j a âp uaxap mcgqkm `jdpm ndea|ao~a `fmkm m m~aoçàj ak r|èkdj# mcgj }qa oàj pahm qk ndícjgj# qk hdogca/ Qkm `jdpm `mo~mnm âp uaxap ä mlpj|udnm kacfj| }qa m rmcmu|m a ä ~av~j# oàj pð ä ~av~j `jkj m ej|km `jkj dppj ä `mo~mnj âp uaxap ní m g|mçm/ ^aua qk doë`dj }qa m r|jrmgmonm a|m doej|kmçàj a rmppjq â ra|pqmpàj/ Doej|km| r|appqrña kmdp ~av~j# ra|pqmnd| hí rjna pa| kmdp `jdpmp/ A dppj na ~ao~m| ndkdoqd| j ~av~j ä mcgj }qa pakr|a avdp~dq om r|jrmgmonm/ M rmcmu|m ä ,ra|~doèo`dm,# ra|~doèo`dm ä ~qnj om r|jrmgmonm/ Oàj ní r|m pa| mcag|a }qmonj r|a`dpm pa| pä|dj a ~ak qkm `jdpm ojppm nm r|jrmgmonm# }qa ä j fqkj|# pð }qa ak mcgqkmp `jdpmp j fqkj| }qal|m m `jopdp~èo`dm nj moøo`dj/
Ra|gqo~m 1 / \aprjp~m8 Aq m`fj }qa appm qodàj na |anm~j| a nd|a~j| na m|~a doecqao`djq kqd~j appm |acmçàj a m dnadm pmdq gmofmonj/ A `jkaçjq `jk nqrcm# fjha ä ~|do`m# }qmn|m# ~dka/ Ä `cm|j }qa# qkm uax `|dmnm m dnadm eqonmkao~mc# `mnm qk umd `qdnm| nm pqm r|mdm/ J |anm~j| umd emxa| j ~av~j# j nd|a~j| na m|~a ä j `m|m }qa umd `joua|pm| `jk j ej~ðg|mej# a~`/ Oàj m`fj }qa m dkmgak ~aofm pmënj gmofmonj/ M`fj }qa mkljp gmofmk/ Rj| avakrcj# om NRX m í|am na nd|açàj na m|~a a|m m pagq|moçm om`djomc# m nd|açàj na m|~a ~dofm qkm g|mona dkrj|~ìo`dm rj|}qa jp njop pàj nd|a~j|ap na m|~a# kmp jp |anm~j|ap a|mk kqd~j umcj|dxmnjp# kqd~j lak mr|juad~mnjp/ M umcj|dxmçàj nm |anmçàj a nm dnadm a|m g|mona/ A kqd~mp uaxap j njoj nm dnadm a|m nj |anm~j| a j nd|a~j| na m|~a na`j|mum m}qacm dnadm/ Fjha ak ndm oàj# kqd~mp uaxap m dnadm pmd m~ä nj rcmoahmkao~j# a dppj ä qk eaoþkaoj kjna|oj# `jdpm na mgèo`dm kjna|om/ M dnadm ~ak }qa ap~m| ak ~jnjp jp cqgm|ap# oj r|ðr|dj m~aondkao~j# qk ljk l|daedog hí ä ka~mna nm dnadm/ A ej|m }qa ljm r|jrmgmonm ~mkläk ä ljk |acm`djomkao~j# pa oàj fjqua| j cmnj na cí# `jk j `cdao~a mppqkdonj# oàj pmd/
Ra|gqo~m 5 / \aprjp~m8 M do~a|oa~ rmppm m pa| qk `jkrcakao~j emo~íp~d`j nj paq moøo`dj# nj paq edcka na 02‛/ Mcäk nacm# jp |a`q|pjp udpqmdp rðp+`jkrq~mnj| em`dcd~m|mk kqd~j m dcqp~|mçàj njp moøo`djp/ Fí mojp m~|íp emxa| qkm dcqp~|mçàj# `jcj`m| qkm ej~j ak qk moøo`dj# a|m ndeë`dc# fjha ä |írdnj# ä eí`dc/ M`fj }qa jp ojujp kadjp doecqao`dm|mk pdk/ M ^U rj| avakrcj# `jk acm uj`è `jopagqa emcm| `jk =22! nm rjrqcmçàj# na qkm ej|km }qa uj`è oàj `jopagqa `jk oaofqk jq~|j kadj/ J |índj ä kmdp |agdjomc# kmp ak qkm Gcjlj uj`è emcm `jk ~jnj kqonj/ Fí ~mkläk# ~mcuax# qkm jq~|m `jdpm8 mo~ap m r|jrmgmonm rjndm pa| ø~dc mj r|jnq~j jq appao`dmc/ Fjha acm emx rm|~a nj r|jnq~j# oj pao~dnj }qa kqd~mp uaxap j øod`j ndea|ao`dmc }qa j r|jnq~j ~ak rmppm m pa| m `jkqod`mçàj naca/ Ao~àj appm rmp~aq|dxmçàj emx `jk }qa m r|jrmgmonm emçm appa r|jnq~j pa| ndea|ao~a# `jkj lmo`j8 L|mnap`j oàj ~ak qkm `jo~m }qa j D~mø oàj ~ak# oak qk g|mona ndea|ao`dmc/ M ndea|aoçm }qa appap lmo`jp ~èk ap~í om `jkqod`mçàj# pa ä kmdp pdkrí~d`j# pa ä kmdp kjna|oj/ Dppj ä qkm `jdpm }qa kqd~j kmdp nj }qa pa| nd~m# ~ak }qa pa| `jo`cqënm racm rappjm/ Rj| dppj ~mcuax ~mkläk j udpqmc gmofa qkm dkrj|~ìo`dm kmdj|# rj|}qa om ua|nmna uj`è raopm `jk rmcmu|mp# kmp pjofm `jk dkmgaop/ M |m`djomcdxmçàj# m m|gqkao~mçàj# ä ead~m `jk rmcmu|mp# kmp j udpqmc# m kmoad|m `jkj uj`è uap~a# ~qnj dppj# do`cqpdua m kmoad|m `jkj uj`è uap~a m rmcmu|m &qkm `jdpm }qa m r|jrmgmonm eax `jk m rmcmu|m `jkj rjq`jp edxa|mk$ m ~drjg|medm# m `j|# hí `m||agm }qmpa }qa qk jq~|j pdgoded`mnj# acm ~a donqx mj pdgoded`mnj }qa j rqlcd`d~í|dj }qa| nm| â}qacm rmcmu|m/ Jq pahm# appa ~|mlmcfj nm rmcmu|m# do`cqpdua oj mcc ~tra# oj ~ë~qcj# `jk }qa ~mkmofj# `jk }qa `j|# doecqd oj |apqc~mnj/ Rj| avakrcj# m ~drjcjgdm na kí}qdom na ap`|aua| ä qkm `jdpm# m pdkrcap ä jq~|m/ Nmë appm pagkao~mçàj# appm mna}qmçàj na kadjp/ M |audp~m# mrapm| na ~qnj# ap~í emcmonj `jk pagkao~jp# oàj ~ak m |audp~m om`djomc }qa ~jnj kqonj cè# oàj ~ak m ,|audp~m ojuacm nmp 6,/ ^ak |audp~m r|m ~jnj kqonj/ Ä m~ä do~a|appmo~a ~mcuax rm|m j paq ~|mlmcfj uj`è jlpa|um| dppj# m ~d|mgak nmp |audp~mp ua|pqp m ~d|mgak njp cdu|jp/ ]qmc}qa| |anm~j| l|mpdcad|j hí ejd kmdp cdnj }qa Hj|ga Mkmnj# jq racj kaojp j paq moøo`dj cí nm ^fjkrpjo ~ak qk kdcfàj a kadj na cad~j|ap# oak Rmqcj @jacfj ~ak appa oøka|j# }qa ä j lap~ pacca| nj kjkao~j/ Ao~àj# j ~av~j ra|`j||a m `jkqod`mçàj do~ad|m fjha# aca ap~í na qk had~j om ^U# umd r|m |audp~m na jq~|j had~j a om do~a|oa~ ~ak m~a j kmoqmc nj `m||j# pa ap~dua| emcmonj na qk moøo`dj na mq~jkðuac/ Kmp aca umd edc~|monj mp xjomp na do~a|appa a j do~a|appmnj umd
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ao`jo~|m| ~qnj/ Mo~ap ~dofm }qa ~a| ~qnj oj r|ðr|dj moøo`dj jq aca ~dofm }qa kmonm| qkm `m|~m r|m |a`ala| qk ejcfa~j# nakjop~|monj do~a|appa jq m~ä d| oj rjo~j na uaonm r|m pmla| kmdp/
MOAVJ @ + Ao~|audp~m @m|cjp Njkdogjp @jkaçj nm @m||ad|m8 =440
Ra|gqo~m =/ \aprjp~m8 Ljk# aq m`fj }qa pdk# }qa ~aua kqnmoçm/ Kmp aq m`fj }qa m kqnmoçm oàj ä nm r|jrmgmonm# m r|jrmgmonm pð ä qk |aecavj na `jkj j kqonj ap~í/ Acm oàj avdp~a dpjcmnmkao~a# acm pð ä |aecavj nj }qa ap~í m`jo~a`aonj `jk mp rappjmp# nj }qa ap~í do~a|appmonj mp rappjmp/ Acm pð mnmr~m rm|m uaonm# rj|}qa om uaonm oðp r|a`dpmkjp emcm| `jk jp jq~|jp# `fmkm| m m~aoçàj nmp rappjmp a narjdp ~mkläk uaona| j ojppj radva# oä: Ao~àj j }qa m`jo~a`aq `jk j kqonj oappap øc~dkjp mojp ä }qa m ej|km na `jopqkd| doej|kmçàj kqnjq# oàj pð kmdp m~|muäp na ~av~j# kmp m~|muäp na ~av~j# m~|muäp na këndm# m~|muäp na qk ~|mlmcfj ndea|ao~a qpmonj uí|dmp këndmp# ao~àj aq m`fj }qa appm ej|km nmp rappjmp na `jopqkd| doej|kmçàj kqnjq a dppj dkrm`~jq om r|jrmgmonm/ Kmp aq m`fj ~mkläk }qa mp rappjmp ap~àj ~aonj kaojp ~akrj rm|m ~qnj# do`cqpdua rm|m emxa| qk ljk ~av~j/ Aq m`fj }qa kqnjq rj|}qa mp rappjmp oàj ap~àj kmdp pa nand`monj m emxa| ~av~jp `jkj mo~dgmkao~a/ Uj`è emcjq nj \qt Cdonaola|g# rj| avakrcj# }qa emxdm ~av~jp gaodmdp# appap ~av~jp nakj|mk qk ~akrj rm|m pa|ak ead~jp/ Pa uj`è emx qk ~av~j do~a|appmo~a a pa nand`m m aca# mp rappjmp uàj ca| a më m rqlcd`dnmna ujc~m# oappa kjkao~j# m ~a| ~av~j g|mona/ Kmp ä r|a`dpj pa nand`m| m dppj# ap`|aua| lak oàj ä eí`dc# kmp fjha mp rappjmp oàj ap~àj ra|naonj kqd~j ~akrj ap`|auaonj/ A rm|m ca|: Aq nd|dm }qa mp rappjmp ap~àj caonj m~ä kmdp nj }qa mo~ap/ Do~a|oa~ ä ~av~j/ \anap pj`dmdp pàj ~av~j# a+kmdc ä ~av~j# mp rappjmp ap~àj caonj kqd~j# oj acaumnj|# oj ka~|j/ Uj`è rjna ndxa|8 pàj ~av~jp `q|~jp# oàj dkrj|~m# ä ~av~j/ \a`ao~akao~a# rj| avakrcj# mrm|a`aq qk ~av~j nj \qt @mp~|j `|d~d`monj j g|med~a/ Dppj `j||aq om do~a|oa~# ~jnj kqonj caq/ Kmp aca ra|naq qk ~akrj rm|m dppj a appa ~av~j ed`jq kqd~j ljk# ao~àj mp rappjmp ca|mk/ Pa uj`è edxa| qk ~av~j ak r|jrmgmonm `jk mckm# `jk `j|mçàj# `jk pao~dkao~j jq raopmonj ak lqp`m| qk r|jlcakm nj `jopqkdnj| jq mhqnm| aca# aca umd ca|# mp rappjmp caak j }qa do~a|appm rm|m acmp/ A j }qa aq m`fj ä }qa mp rappjmp ap~àj ~aonj kaojp ~akrj rm|m ap`|aua| jq pa nand`monj kaojp/ ^ak qkm e|mpa kqd~j ljm8 ,Ka nap`qcra appm `m|~m pa| ~àj cjogm# pa aq ~duappa kmdp ~akrj acm pa|dm kmdp `q|~m/, Dppj kjp~|m m `dèo`dm nj ap`|aua|# uj`è ap`|aua ~qnj a narjdp `j|~m ~qnj j }qa ap~í pjl|monj# umd cmrdnmonj/ Ao~àj aca ed`m ra}qaoj# kmp ed`m naopj# gjp~jpj/ Kmp dppj caum ~akrj/ Qk avakrcj# aq ap`|aud njdp cdu|jp# qk rm|m ap~qnmo~ap a jq~|j rm|m akr|apí|djp a j }qa aq |a`ald na a+kmdcp- Ao~àj dppj pdgoded`m }qa mp rappjmp ap~àj caonj/ Kmp aq nakj|ad kqd~jp mojp rm|m ap`|aua|/ Ao~àj m kdofm |aprjp~m oàj ä ~àj pdkrcap/ J ~av~j ra|naq dkrj|~ìo`dm om rqlcd`dnmna PDK# rj|}qa jp |anm~j|ap oàj ap~àj ra|naonj ~akrj rm|m ap`|aua|/ Kmp jp `cdao~ap `jkr|m|dmk: Ljk# r|dkad|j uj`è ~ak }qa caum|/ A j `jopqkdnj| ca|dm: Ca|dm pa do~a|appm| r|m aca/ Aq `jofaçj qkm rmppmgak kqd~j ljm pjl|a appm ndp`qppàj na rjq`j jq kqd~j ~av~j# }qa ä mo~dgm8 njdp fjkaop ap~mumk `joua|pmonj a qk naeaondm }qa odogqäk cè ~av~j# hí j jq~|j ndxdm }qa mp rappjmp caak pa do~a|appm| rm|m acmp a aca ndppa ,do`cqpdua aq rjppj ap`|aua| qk ~av~j na rígdom do~ad|m ak ~mkmofj njxa a aq ~aofj `a|~axm }qa uj`è umd ca| a aq ujq emcm| pð j ~ë~qcj# }qa ä 'Appa ~av~j ~jnj ä pjl|a m ^mkd|dp'/, @jo`j|nm }qa uj`è dm ca| ~qnj: Rj| avakrcj# pa uj`è umd emcm| `jk qkm kàa a emcm| qkm `jdpm }qa ~j}qa acm# acm umd ca|/ Pa ej| rm|m qkm kqcfa| a ej| pdo`a|j# oàj ej| pjkao~a ,`jkr|a dppj-,# acm umd ca|/ Oàj ä â ~jm }qa mp |audp~mp na kjnm eakdodom oqo`m uaona|mk ~mo~j/ M rqlcd`dnmna oàj ä qkm ao~dnmna â rm|~a# acm pa dopa|a oj kqonj nmp rappjmp/ Ao~àj aq m`fj }qa pdk# j ~av~j ra|naq dkrj|~ìo`dm# kmp oàj rj| emc~m na do~a|appa nmp rappjmp ca|ak# kmp rj|}qa monmk pa nand`monj kaojp m ap`|aua|/
Ra|gqo~m < /
=>1
\aprjp~m8 Oàj ra|`alj kqnmoçmp pj`dj`qc~q|mdp oappa pao~dnj/ M`fj }qa# om ua|nmna# m øod`m ej|km na uj`è `joudua| `jk appa kqonj `fadj na doej|kmçàj ä ap`jcfa|# paca`djom| m}qdcj }qa uj`è umd ca|/ M rqlcd`dnmna rjna ao~|m| odppj a âp uaxap ao~|m# kmp aq `jp~qkj ndxa| ~mkläk }qa j ~av~j g|mona r|a`dpm na qkm mna}qmçàj# oàj ä rm|m }qmc}qa| r|jnq~j }qa rjnakjp emxa|/ Om ua|nmna mp rappjmp `jo~doqmk rap}qdpmonj a pa doej|kmonj mo~ap na `jkr|m| qk r|jnq~j/ Pa oappa `mkdofj j moqo`dmo~a `jopagqd| doej|km| pjl|a j r|jnq~j# oàj akrq||monj# kmp m`jopacfmonj# }qak pmla m~ä ndxaonj }qa j `mpj oàj ä uj`è `jkr|m| appa r|jnq~j# ao~àj uj`è umd ca|/ Pahm om ej|km na qk moøo`dj jq na qk ejcfa~j/ Ao~àj aq m`fj }qa avdp~a appm mna}qmçàj a dppj oàj kqnjq a oàj umd kqnm|/ Mj kapkj ~akrj }qa ap~í ~qnj kqd~j |írdnj# avdp~a appm mogøp~dm nm ap`jcfm# mp rappjmp }qa|ak emxa| mcgqkmp `jdpmp `jk `qdnmnj/ Nao~|a acmp ä `jkr|m| qk r|jnq~j oj }qmc uj`è umd gmp~m| kqd~j nj paq ndofad|j# `jkj qk `m||j/ ^ak# rj| avakrcj# gao~a `jkr|monj mrm|~mkao~j }qa|aonj pmla| jp aead~jp naca pjl|a j kadj mkldao~a# pa ä pqp~ao~íuac/ A ~qnj dppj ä ~av~j/ Aq cd }qa ä pqra| `jkqk mp rappjmp `fagm|ak omp @mpmp Lmfdm a ra|gqo~m|ak pa qk r|jnq~j mg|dna m `mkmnm na jxþodj# a dppj oàj ä m `cmppa M*L# ä }qmc}qa| rappjm/ A dppj rjna ap~m| om ej|km na moøo`dj# jq om do~a|oa~ jq m~ä kapkj ak qk uaonanj|# ao~àj mp rappjmp `jo~doqmk kqd~j m edk na pa doej|km|# m`fj }qa ap~àj caonj m~ä kmdp nj }qa mo~ap/ Ap~í ~aonj qkm rjcèkd`m kqd~j g|mona pjl|a appa ~drj na ~av~j# oj a+kmdc9 omp |anap pj`dmdp# ndxak }qa mp rappjmp ap~àj ed`monj kqd~j pqra|ed`dmdp# }qa odogqäk ap~í pa mr|jeqonmonj a qkm kqcfa| naq qkm udpàj `jkrca~mkao~a ndea|ao~a# acm ndppa }qa appm ej|km na mumcdm| j mppqo~j ä kqd~j lq||j# rj|}qa pa fjha aq ap~jq caonj qk ~av~j m}qd# caonj qkm kaopmgak# uaonj qk uënaj# rjna pa| }qa aq oàj ~aofm r|ap~mnj kqd~m m~aoçàj mj ~av~j# pð }qa odogqäk pjkm m }qmo~dnmna na doej|kmçàj }qa aq mlpj|ud/ Oàj ä ~àj pdkrcap mppdk/ M`fj }qa j pa| fqkmoj }qa ap~í kqnmonj# kmp `jo~doqmk pa do~a|appmonj rj| `jdpmp cagmdp a j ~av~j rjna emxa| rm|~a ndppj/
Ra|gqo~m 0 / \aprjp~m8 J }qa umd ndea|ao`dm| jp r|jnq~jp ä m dkmgak }qa uj`è ~ak naca a appm dkmgak ä ej|kmnm m~|muäp nm r|jrmgmonm a ~mkläk na jq~|mp kmoad|mp na pa |acm`djom| `jk j rølcd`j/ M ej|km na `|dm| appm dkmgak oàj ä qkm pð/ Qkm km|`m rjna `|dm| appm dkmgak m~|muäp na ~ë~qcjp# jq~|m m~|muäp na dkmgaop ej|~ap9 `jkj ejd j `mpj nm Laoa~~jo mojp m~|íp# jq~|m m~|muäp na ~av~j/ J K` Njomcn'p ap~í emxaonj qkm `mkrmofm `jk ~av~j# kjo~monj na qkm ej|km kqd~j aprjo~ìoam a pdo`a|m qkm `joua|pm pjl|a mcdkao~mçàj njp edcfjp/ A }qmonj aq ndgj }qa ä pdo`a|m ä rj|}qa acap oàj ap~àj akrq||monj j r|jnq~j# kmp emcmonj pjl|a qk r|jlcakm# emcmonj na qkm ej|km qk rjq`j kmdp r|jeqonm# }qa oàj ä pð j ,uj`è oàj }qa| qk pmcgmndofj fjha: E|d~mp nj K` Njomcn'p,/ Oàj# aca emcm ,uj`è oàj pa ra|gqo~m `jkj monm m mcdkao~mçàj nj paq edcfj:,# a ä j K` Njomcn'p/ J }qa aq }qa|j ndxa| ä j pagqdo~a# m km|`m `|ap`a# nadvm na pa| pð }qak aogj|nm j paq edcfj a ~a ndx }qa cí ~ak ~mkläk mcdkao~jp pmqníuadp a pa uj`è }qdpa| qkm ,e|d~m, gjp~jpm ~mkläk ~ak/ @|dm qkm |acmçàj kmdp ~|moprm|ao~a/ Ao~àj j Ljl'p naua|dm emxa| m kapkm `jdpm: Oàj/ @mnm km|`m naua ao`jo~|m| m pqm kmoad|m na `|dm| appa |acm`djomkao~j/ \aprjonaonj m pqm ra|gqo~m8 rm|m mcgqkmp km|`mp ä kacfj| pa| nd|a~j# pqrjofmkjp }qa pahm r|açj# oàj mndmo~m aq ed`m| emxaonj |jnadjp# rj|}qa j r|açj ä kaoj| a r|jo~j/ Mgj|m oj `mpj na pa| ~qnj dgqmc# m gao~a ap`jcfa racj |m`djomc a na`dna racj akj`djomc/ Oàj ~ak qkm km|`m }qa m gao~a oàj ~aofm ap`jcfdnj# oàj r|a`dpm pa| r|jnq~j na cqvj# kmp oj kjkao~j }qa uj`è ap`jcfaq mcgj ä rj|}qa uj`è pa dnao~ded`m# më uj`è rmppm m oàj ap`jcfa| pð racj r|açj/ Ao~àj rm|m mcgqkmp km|`mp na |arao~a ä pð ~av~j nd|a~j# rm|m jq~|mp pàj ~av~jp lak `qdnmnjp# lak ead~jp a rm|m jq~|mp ä pð dkmgak# jq~|mp oàj ~ak moøo`dj oaofqk/ M Mrrca oàj ~ak moøo`dj oaofqk# ä kmdp m edgq|m nj eqonmnj|/ @mnm km|`m ~ak }qa ao`jo~|m| m pqm kmoad|m na pdgoded`m| mcgqkm `jdpm m kmdp nj }qa pdkrcapkao~a qk r|jnq~j/ Rj|}qa pa uj`è ed`m| oj r|jnq~j# pakr|a ~ak mcgqkm `jdpm nm Ípdm }qa ~ak j r|açj kaoj| nj }qa uj`è ap~í `jl|monj/ Ra|gqo~m > / \aprjp~m8 Jcfm }qa do~a|appmo~a# j }qa gmofm r|èkdj ä j }qa pmd nj `jkqk/ Pa ~jnj kqonj ap~í emxaonj moøo`dj `jk dkmgak# emxa| moøo`dj `jk ~av~j ä ap~|m~ägd`j# do~acdgao~a/ Emxa| qk moøo`dj `jk qk ~av~j a qk ~ë~qcj }qa `fmka m m~aoçàj nmp rappjmp# umd gmofm| r|èkdj/ Ak mgèo`dm m`jo~a`a dppj# pð dkmgaop# dkmgaop/ Oàj ä `qcrm nj r|èkdj# j moøo`dj pmd mppdk nm mgèo`dm# umd r|j `cdao~a mppdk# umd r|m |qm mppdk a gmofm j r|èkdj/ Ak @mooap uj`è ~dofm `jdpmp |írdnmp a `jdpmp acmlj|mnëppdkmp# }qa nakj|m|mk kqd~j ~akrj rm|m pa|ak ead~mp/ Fjha j }qa ap~í gmofmonj @mooap pàj `jdpmp kmdp acmlj|mnmp# m ärj`m nj |írdnj hí rmppjq/ Ap~àj `jop~|qdonj `mpmp na cdu|jp# rj|
=>5
avakrcj# rm|m do`ao~dum| m njmçàj na cdu|jp/ A pð dppj ä m r|jrmgmonm nj oagð`dj# rj|}qa pàj `jdpmp ndeë`adp na pa|ak ead~mp# nakj|mnmp/ @jkj j |írdnj ud|jq eð|kqcm# ra|na m ojudnmna a oàj gmofm r|èkdj# ao~àj hí ap~àj `jkaçmonj m r|ap~m| m~aoçàj odppj/ Aq m`fj dppj ð~dkj# rj|}qa appm empa nm ,ahm`qcmçàj r|a`j`a, om r|jrmgmonm ejd kqd~j `fm~m/ Hqcgm| moøo`djp a|m ua| pð dkmgak g|mona a ~ë~qcj/ Dppj ap~í kqnmonj/ Kmp j }qa aq }qa|j ndxa| ä }qa oàj ä mcgj ~àj ap~mo}qa }qmo~j qk moøo`dj `jk ~av~j/ J moøo`dj `jk ~av~j `jkj aca a|m mo~dgmkao~a# m`fj }qa oàj avdp~a kmdp# ~àj dpjcmnj/ Avdp~a# om ua|nmna# qk |acm`djomkao~j `jk m km|`m# qkm ej|km na `|dm| qkm dkmgak jq naeaona| qk ~akm/ M `jdpm ed`jq kmdp `jkrcavm a kmdp cagmc# aq m`fj# rj|}qa qk ~av~j dpjcmnj ~mkläk oàj `jopagqa emxa| kqd~m `jdpm/ Aq ka cakl|j na qk moøo`dj }qa pmdq }qa ndxdm mppdk8 ,Uj`è r|jëla pqm edcfm na pmd| â ojd~a# kmp jp kj~ädp ~mkläk ml|ak â ~m|na/, A ~dofm qk ~av~j emcmonj `jk m kàa a oàj ~ak `jkj m kàa oàj ca| a raopm| ,ä ua|nmna,/ Jp `|dm~dujp fjha }qa|ak emxa| j eí`dc# j |írdnj a m`mlm donj mppdk r|j `cdao~a a ä j }qa m`mlm gmofmonj r|èkdj/ Kmp aq m`fj }qa# apra|~mkao~a# qk had~j na pmd| ndppj ä emxa| m ndea|aoçm/ Rjna pa| `jk ~av~j# rjna pa| `jkrcavj# oàj ~ak |ag|m# m `|dm~dudnmna ä r|m dppj/
Ra|gqo~m 1 / \aprjp~m8 Naraona na `mnm r|jnq~j/ ]qa| ua| qk avakrcj8 }qmonj mrm|a`a mcgqk r|jnq~j ojuj# `jkj qk dRmn# uj`è oàj }qa| pmla| na oaofqk ~ë~qcj `|dm~duj# na ~av~j oaofqk# uj`è }qa| pmla| j }qa j r|jnq~j ~ak/ J }qa aca ä# j }qa ä qk ~mlca~ / Pa ä qk r|jnq~j ojuj# }qa mp rappjmp oàj ~ak |aea|èo`dm# aca ä `jkqod`m~duj `jkj a|m oj pä`qcj VUDDD# oàj ~ak had~j/ J }qa m`jo~a`a ä }qa fjha ~ak kqd~j kaojp r|jnq~jp }qa pàj ojudnmnap nm ej|km `jkj a|m om}qaca pä`qcj a kqd~jp r|jnq~jp dgqmdp# ao~àj m ej|km ä `fmkm| m m~aoçàj m~|muäp na qkm dkmgak ej|~a/ Pa ä qk r|jnq~j }qa oàj r|a`dpj avrcd`m| kqd~j# oàj ~ak rj|}qa ~a| ~av~j g|mona/ Ea||j na rmppm| |jqrm# rj| avakrcj# oàj r|a`dpj ndxa| r|m }qa pa|ua# ao~àj ujq emxa| qk moøo`dj naca `jk qkm dkmgak/ Oàj mndmo~m aq gmp~m| ~akrj rm|m emxa| qk ~av~j pjl|a ea||j na rmppm| a aca rmppm| lm~dnj/ @jp~qkj ndxa| }qa pa Hapqp ujc~m| fjha uj`è oàj umd emxa| qk moøo`dj ndxaonj ,ujc~jq j lm|lqndofj }qa uj`è m`fjq }qa ~dofm dnj a oàj ejd,# appa ~av~j aoj|ka/ Oàj/ Uj`è umd ap`|aua| ,Hapqp Ujc~jq-, a r|jo~j/ M`fj }qa mp rappjmp `mnm uax kmdp ap~àj do~a|appmnmp ak pmla| `jkj ejd j r|j`appj rm|m emxa| ~mc r|jnq~j/ M na`dpàj nm `jkr|m oàj ä kmdp pð m dkmgak ljod~m# ao~àj mp `jdpmp ap~àj kqnmonj/
Ra|gqo~m 5 / \aprjp~m8 Aq m`fj }qa pàj jq~|mp kmoad|mp nmp rappjmp `jopqkd|ak doej|kmçàj/ Ao~àj# pa uj`è dkmgdom| qk prj~ }qa ~ak qk ~av~j lak ead~j# aca ä qk lmd~m ~av~j# kapkj oàj paonj ~av~j ap`|d~j/ M do~a|oa~ ä qk lq|m`j oag|j na doej|kmçàj# mp rappjmp oàj caak ~qnj# kmp j }qa do~a|appm rm|m acmp# j }qa ap~í lak ap`|d~j/ Kmp ~mkläk ä qkm ej|km na ca|# ao~àj rj| dppj aq ndgj }qa mp rappjmp ap~àj caonj kmdp nj }qa cdmk mo~ap/ J moøo`dj `jk ~av~j# lmpd`mkao~a ak hj|omc# nadvjq na pa| m øod`m kmoad|m# ao~àj appa ej|km~j ap~í paonj kaojp qpmnj rj| dppj/ Mo~dgmkao~a mp rappjmp pð cdmk hj|omc/ M r|jrmgmonm rj| qk ~akrj ejd anq`m~dum# aopdomum m ap`jum| jp nao~ap/ Mgj|m m r|jrmgmonm ap~í qpmonj qk oagð`dj }qa `fmkm , fjw ~j,# }qa pàj uënajp }qa pàj mp rappjmp avrcd`monj `jkj emxa| mp `jdpmp/ Ao~àj rm|m ~a avrcd`m| `jkj emxa| mcgj# aq ujq emxa| qk ~av~j# ujq `fmkm| qk m~j|# g|mum| a avrcd`m| `jkj qpm| ~jnj j rj~ao`dmc na qk a}qdrmkao~j/ Ao~àj uj`è ap~í `jopqkdonj doej|kmçàj na jq~|m ej|km# ä qk ~av~j# kmp ejd g|mumnj a ä m~ä qkm ej|km kmdp mg|mníuac na rmppm| appm doej|kmçàj/ J moøo`dj ~dofm appm cdkd~mçàj# rj|}qa avrcd`m| dppj oj moøo`dj ä kmdp `fm~j a oj uënaj ä kmdp cagmc a uj`è rjna qpm| appm doej|kmçàj m fj|m }qa }qdpa|/ Ao~àj# m`fj }qa mkrcdjq+pa m ej|km na rmppm| doej|kmçàj# j }qa oàj pdgoded`m }qa j hj|omc jq j ~av~j g|mona oàj rjna pa| mdonm m kacfj| ej|km na `jkqod`m| mcgqkm `jdpm/ Pa oàj ejppa mppdk j hj|omc oàj avdp~dm kmdp r|m~d`mkao~a pð `jk ~av~j/ Mp rappjmp caak qk hj|omc a oàj `jopdgj dkmgdom| rj|}qa rappjmp }qa caak j hj|omc oàj ca|dmk qk moøo`dj oaca/ J }qa ndea|ao`dm ä }qa mp km~ä|dmp `fmkmk m m~aoçàj/ Pa j moøo`dj oàj `fmkm| m m~aoçàj aca oàj umd pa| cdnj/ Aq uahj }qa j pa| fqkmoj `jo~doqm dgqmc# j }qa kqnjq ä m ej|km `jkj m doej|kmçàj `fagm oaca/ Fjha ~ak qk `mcnad|àj na doej|kmçñap# ao~àj j ~av~j ap`|d~j ~mcuax oàj pahm kmdp m øod`m ej|km na rmppm| dppj/ Jcfmonj rj| appa r|dpkm# ä ðludj }qa ra|naq dkrj|~ìo`dm# rj|}qa oàj ä kmdp pð m øod`m ej|km na rmppm| qkm kaopmgak/ Pa mo~ap ~dofm 62! nm |aprjopmldcdnmna na rmppm| qkm kaopmgak# fjha ~ak kqd~j kaojp/ Kmp j }qa aq }qa|dm ~a rmppm| ä }qa pàj ~av~jp ~mkläk ak jq~|jp cqgm|ap/ Pa jcfm|kjp pð j moøo`dj na hj|omc# ed`mkjp r|apjp nakmdp ak qkm këndm/ Jlpa|ua mp rappjmp# acmp ap~àj caonj ak ~jnjp jp cqgm|ap/
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MOAVJ N + Ao~|audp~m Aqgèodj Kjfmccak
@jkaçj nm @m||ad|m8 =467 Ra|gqo~m =/ \aprjp~m8 Pð r|m ed`m| `cm|j# }qmonj aq emcj na ~av~j ap~jq }qa|aonj ndxa| oàj pð j lcj`j na ~av~j# kmp ~mkläk j ~ë~qcj# rj|}qa j ~av~j kapkj ~ak moøo`dj }qa oak r|a`dpm ~a|/ Pa uj`è umd moqo`dm| qk pq~dà# rj| avakrcj# oàj r|a`dpm na ~av~j r|m avrcd`m| j }qa ä dppj# rj|}qa ~jnj kqonj pmla j }qa ä qk pq~dà# rm|m }qa eqo`djom/ Oappa pao~dnj# oàj pð j ~av~j ra|naq m dkrj|~ìo`dm `jkj j ~ë~qcj/ ]qmonj aq `jka`ad ak mgèo`dm j |anm~j| ~dofm qkm `a|~m r|arjona|ìo`dm pjl|a j nd|a~j| na m|~a a uj`è emxdm mgèo`dm na kqd~j pq`appj }qa pa `jop~|qëmk ak `dkm na moøo`djp mcc ~tra# }qmpa/ Ao~àj# }qmonj aq `jka`ad ap~mum `jkaçmonj m fdp~ð|dm nm WGGI# }qa narjdp ud|jq W*L|mpdc/ A m WGGI emxdm kqd~j moøo`dj mcc ~tra# nd|a~j# ~jnj ndm qpmum kqd~j hj|omc a eax m emkm nm mgèo`dm ak `dkm }qmpa pð na mcc ~tra/ ]qmonj oàj a|m qk mcc ~tra rq|j a|m ~av~j `jk m ej~dofm ra}qaom nj r|jnq~j/ M~ä r|jnq~jp }qa fjha ap~àj kqd~j |acm`djomnjp â dkmgak# `jkj Lj~d`í|dj# a|mk ~ë~qcjp aoj|kap a j r|jnq~j ra}qaoj/ Fjha uj`è uè qkm `jdpm ojum/ Narjdp uadj m NK4# nj Odxmo# }qa ~mkläk a|m j dkrä|dj nj mcc ~tra/ Narjdp j Km|`acj Pa|rm ejd r|m cí kqnjq qk rjq`j dppj# aklj|m hí fjquappa nd|a~j|ap na m|~a kqd~j ljop# kmp acap ap~mumk kmdp `joej|~íuadp `jk appa ~drj na moøo`dj# narjdp j Km|`acj ä qkm jq~|m fdp~ð|dm/ Ao~àj# pa nmum kqd~m dkrj|~ìo`dm mj ~av~j# m~ä rj|}qa em`dcd~mum kqd~j m mr|jumçàj a r|jnqçàj nappap moøo`djp/ Uj`è r|jnqxdm kqd~j |írdnj# ~ë~qcjp# ~ë~qcjp/ Oàj ~dofm }qa ndp`q~d| `qp~j `jk j `cdao~a# rj|}qa qk moøo`dj mcc ~tra oàj ~ak `qp~j na r|jnqçàj# uj`è cmtjq~mum |írdnj# mr|jumum |írdnj `jk j `cdao~a a om}qacm ärj`m ~dofm qkm `qc~q|m na hj|omc# ao~àj ~dofmk kqd~jp moøo`djp nm Ejcfm na Pàj Rmqcj# Ap~mnàj# }qa a|mk kqd~j cagmdp a mcäk na oàj ~a| `qp~j na r|jnqçàj oàj ~dofm `qp~j na uad`qcmçàj# rj|}qa a|mk nj r|ðr|dj hj|omc/ Ao~àj appm `qc~q|m nj mcc ~tra# rj| pa| qkm `qc~q|m kqd~j lm|m~m# ra|kd~dm g|monap `mkrmofmp rm|m `cdao~ap }qa oàj ~a|dmk g|mom rm|m r|jnqxd| moøo`djp `jk ej~j/ Fjqua `mkrmofmp kqd~j cagmdp nj |ap~mq|mo~a Aprcmomnm G|dcc# nj Empmoj/ A kqd~mp `mkrmofmp ljmp na hj|omc# m~ä rj|}qa oj hj|omc m dkmgak oàj emx ~mo~m emc~m `jkj om |audp~m# rj|}qa j hj|omc oàj ~ak kqd~jp |a`q|pjp g|íed`jp/ Ao~àj# uj`è oàj qpm| |a`q|pjp g|íed`jp ak qk uaë`qcj }qa ~mkläk oàj ~ak ~mo~jp# oàj emx ~mo~m emc~m/ M gao~a `jopagqdm emxa| moøo`djp kqd~j cagmdp# ndua|~dnjp# }qa mp rappjmp }qa|dmk ua|# pak qpm| kqd~j m dkmgak/ Oàj }qa oàj fjquappa dkmgak# kmp uj`è oàj r|a`dpmum ~mo~j nacm rm|m pa| `jopdna|mnj ljk/ Ä qkm }qap~àj `qc~q|mc/ A|m qkm e|mpa lm`mom# qk aoqo`dmnj do~acdgao~a a j moøo`dj umcaq/ J }qa kqnjq na cí r|m `í: Kqnjq j pagqdo~a8 avdp~a qkm udpàj –eap~dumc do~a|om`djomc‛ a qkm udpàj –ndm+m+ndm‛# ao~àj ~akjp ml|d|/ M~ä ao~àj j Eap~dumc na @mooap# }qa ä j eap~dumc do~a|om`djomc kmdp dkrj|~mo~a nj kqonj# avdp~dm pð r|m edckap/ A }qmonj `jkaçjq m avdp~d| m `m~agj|dm Moøo`djp# oðp# l|mpdcad|jp# dop`|auëmkjp cí a pð cauíumkjp `fqklj# rj|}qa ~ak `jdpm }qa oàj ní r|m ~|mnqxd|/ ]qmo~j kmdp qkm `jdpm ap~í lak ap`|d~m ak rj|~qgqèp# kmdj| m `fmo`a nacm pa ra|na| oj dogcèp/ A cí ej|m oàj `jofa`ak ojppm `qc~q|m/ Uj`è emxa| qkm `jdpm kqd~j pmlj| cj`mc ~mkläk oàj ~ak ~|mnqçàj/ Ao~àj# jp `|dm~dujp `jkaçm|mk m ra|`ala| kqd~j |mrdnmkao~a }qa avdp~dm qk ~drj na moøo`dj `jk kmdp `fmo`a na gmofm| qk r|èkdj do~a|om`djomc/ Appa ~drj na moøo`dj a|m qk moøo`dj }qa ~|m~mppa ~akmp oàj+om`djomdp a qpmppa dkmgaop# rj|}qa m ej~j pa mq~j+~|mnqx# uj`è qpm m ej~j na qkm kapm ä qodua|pmc# hí m rmcmu|m –kapm‛ oàj/ @jkaçjq m fmua| qkm `joua|gèo`dm rm|m moøo`djp na dkmgak/ Moøo`djp ak }qa m dnadm ap~mum avr|appm om dkmgak/ Ao~àj uj`è ~dofm qkm dkmgak lak ap~|mofm a j ~av~j# }qmonj fmudm# a|m pð rm|m avrcd`m| m}qacm dkmgak ap}qdpd~m/ J ~av~j gmofjq qkm eqoçàj ka|mkao~a avrcd`m~dum nm dkmgak# nadvjq na ap~m| oaca j `fm|ka rm|m pa|ud| na m`appð|dj rm|m m dkmgak/ ^mo~j }qa jp r|dkad|jp 1 mojp na këndm dkr|appm na @mooap# jp G|mon R|dv oàj ~dofmk qk ~ë~qcj pa}qa|/ J G|mon R|dv l|mpdcad|j nj Gqm|moí Mo~m|`~d`m oàj ~dofm omnm # oàj ~dofm oak j cjgj~drj nj `cdao~a# rj|}qa m ~mkrdofm emxdm mp uaxap/ Jp rqlcd`d~í|djp l|mpdcad|jp ra|`ala|mk appa ej|km~j a `jkaçm|mk m douap~d| oaca rm|m gmofm| r|èkdjp do~a|om`djomdp/ Uj`è oàj r|a`dpm emxa| oappa ej|km~j rm|m r|èkdjp om`djomdp/ ^ak mdonm qkm jq~|m }qap~àj }qa ä m nded`qcnmna njp hq|mnjp na ao~aona|ak j r|ðr|dj dogcèp# kapkj }qa uj`è ~|mnqxm# jp hq|mnjp nj kqonj do~ad|j pàj `joudnmnjp a rjnak oàj pmla| dogcèp ~àj lak }qmo~j edogak ao~aona|/ Ao~àj# }qmo~j kmdp pjedp~d`mnm m
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`jop~|qçàj ak jq~|m cëogqm# m `fmo`a na qk hq|mnj edcdrdoj# rj| avakrcj# oàj ao~aona|# ä g|mona/ Cjgj# jp moøo`djp na dkmgak pàj kmdp mr~jp m uao`a|ak eap~dumdp do~a|om`djomdp/ Ao~àj# ~jnmp mp mgèo`dmp }qa ~dofmk j km|ia~dog ujc~mnj rm|m r|èkdjp do~a|om`djomdp `jkaçm|mk m douap~d| kmdp oappa ~drj na moøo`dj# pahm ~ao~monj `jonqxd| m mr|jumçàj njp `cdao~ap# pahm douap~donj ak raçmp oàj uad`qcmnmp `jk appm cdogqmgak rm|m dop`|aua| ak r|èkdjp/ Pð }qa pq|gdq qk ojuj r|jlcakm8 j em~j na appa ~drj na moøo`dj pa| kacfj| rm|m gmofm| eap~dumc do~a|om`djomc# oàj }qa| ndxa| }qa appa ~drj na moøo`dj ä j øod`j }qa ä ljk a oàj }qa| ndxa| }qa appa ~drj na moøo`dj pa|ua rm|m m ojppm |amcdnmna nj ndm+m+ndm/ Pa uj`è cmoçm qk mq~jkðuac fjha# uj`è ~ak }qa kjp~|m| j mq~jkðuac# rj|}qa fjha qkm nmp `jdpmp kmdp dkrj|~mo~ap na qk `m||j ä j napdgo/ J `cdao~a }qa| }qa uj`è `jcj}qa qkm ej~j nj `m||j# oàj qk moøo`dj ,cjq`àj,/ ]qa| }qa uj`è emçm qk moøo`dj `jk qk ~ë~qcj emcmonj `jkj m}qaca `m||j ä cagmc/ Mgj|m j }qa m`jo~a`a ä }qa mp ojump ga|mçñap }qa ap~àj udonj ap~àj uaonj j }qa gmofm r|èkdj a ~aona m m`fm| }qa ä appa ~drj na moøo`dj }qa ä ljk a oàj pa napaoujcuak rm|m emxa| moøo`djp na ~av~j# `jk ej|kqcmçàj na rmcmu|mp/ @jkj ~mkläk oàj pa napaoujcuak oak rm|m emxa| m ndmg|mkmçàj# rj|}qa m}qaca moøo`dj na dkmgak }qa gmofm r|èkdj oàj r|a`dpm na ndmg|mkmçàj# uj`è ragm m}qacm dkmgak g|mona a `jcj`m cí a rña m mppdom~q|m lak ra}qaom# oàj r|a`dpm pmla| ~drjcjgdm# ej~jg|medm# omnm/ Mgj|m oj ndm+m+ndm uj`è r|a`dpm pmla| `jkj `jcj`m| qkm dkmgak a qk ~ë~qcj# r|a`dpm pmla| cdnm| `jk dppj/ Ao~àj# appa ~drj na raçm ~ak qk r|jlcakm# rj|}qa ap~í m~|jedmonj m kqp`qcm~q|m njp r|jedppdjomdp na `|dmçàj/ Acap pàj kqd~j ljop `|dmnj|ap rm|m emxa| appa ej|km~jp# kmp oàj pàj ljop |anm~j|ap a nd|a~j|ap na m|~a# rj|}qa acap oàj njkdomk ~jnmp mp ea||mkao~mp }qa m r|jrmgmonm r|a`dpm/ Më j }qa m`jo~a`a: Oj ndm+m+ndm j `cdao~a r|a`dpm nappa ~drj na r|jrmgmonm a j }qa jp rqlcd`d~í|djp raopmk8 ,mf# emx më nj had~j }qa acap }qa|ak a narjdp emxakjp qk emo~mpkdofm rm|m j eap~dumc/, Ao~àj mp rappjmp oàj ap~àj oak ~ao~monj emxa| dppj nd|ad~j/ A dppj ap~í `|dmonj qk kjo~a na r|jlcakmp/ Mp ojump ga|mçñap oak ~ao~mk emxa|# oàj pa ~ao~m `jonqxd| j `cdao~a rm|m qk pjcqçàj ljm# rj|}qa mp rappjmp napdp~ak kqd~j |írdnj raopmonj ak emxa| j emo~mpkdofm rm|m j eap~dumc# mp r|akdmçñap l|mpdcad|mp ~mkläk ap~àj `jkaçmonj m pa| kqd~j doecqao`dmnmp racj ej|km~j @mooap/ Ao~àj mgj|m# ojp moqí|djp na `|dmçàj# pð gmofm m}qdcj }qa ~ak ej|km~j @mooap/ Rm|m emcm| m ua|nmna# uj`è dop`|aua r|dkad|j j emo~mpkm ak @mooap# aca gmofm @mooap# oj moj pagqdo~a aca ao~|m oj `cqla `jkj `mondnm~j# mp rappjmp emcmk ,rjvm# gmofjq @mooap# pa oàj ao~|m| oj moqí|dj uàj emcm| }qa aq ap~jq ra|pagqdonj m mgèo`dm, a appmp raçmp pàj mp }qa ap~àj nd~monj rmn|àj oj Moqí|dj/ Ao~àj j Moqí|dj ra|naq m `j| cj`mc# rj|}qa m}qdcj }qa ä om`djomc# }qa ~|m~m na mppqo~jp l|mpdcad|jp# oàj umd ao~|m| ak @mooap oqo`m a m}qdcj }qa oàj gmofm @mooap oàj ao~|m oj Moqí|dj/ J @cqla na @|dmçàj kdp~q|jq mp `m~agj|dmp hj|omc*|audp~m# j }qa aq m`fj qk mlpq|nj# rj|}qa j oëuac na avdgèo`dm }qa uj`è ~ak qk moøo`dj na |audp~m `jk |acmçàj â dkmgak ä kqd~j kmdj| }qa oj moøo`dj na hj|omc/ Qk ljk mcc ~tra ä qk ljk moøo`dj na hj|omc# rj|}qa ä ead~j |írdnj# j `cdao~a oàj gmp~m qkm r|jnqçàj na qkm ej~j rm|m qk moøo`dj na qk ndm pð/ Ao~àj# }qmonj uj`è `jkaçm m jcfm| ~qnj racj r|dpkm ,~ak dkmgak ä ljk# oàj ~ak dkmgak ä |qdk,# uj`è km~m qk kjo~a na `jdpm ljm# ap~|ad~monj m udpàj nmp rappjmp pjl|a j }qa ä r|jrmgmonm/ Ao~àj# nj kapkj had~j }qa uj`è ~ak fjha om ^U qk ~|q}qa8 `acal|dnmna# pql `acal|dnmna# `mondnm~j â `acal|dnmna# }qmc}qa| r|jrmgmonm pa |apjcua `jk qkm `acal|dnmna# odogqäk oak pmla raopm| naea|ao~a na ,umkjp `|dm| qkm `mkrmofm# }qak pa|í j gm|j~j+r|jrmgmonm:, Ä qkm rjl|axm/ Nm kapkm ej|km# omp |audp~mp ~mkläk ap~í pa akrjl|a`aonj/ Ao~àj aq uahj `jk kqd~m r|aj`qrmçàj }qmonj aq }qa|j `jo~|m~m| rappjmp ojump# uak `jk m}qaca ej|km~dofj na @mooap# aq jcfj j rj|~eðcdj a oàj `jopdgj pmla| pa m rappjm ap`|aua lak# pa j nd|a~j| na m|~a pmla ndmg|mkm|/ Aq oàj pad pa m rappjm umd pa| ø~dc r|m kdk# rj|}qa om fj|m na emxa| moøo`djp nj ndm+m+ndm r|a`dpj na gao~a }qa emçm r|jrmgmonm rm|m umca|/ Mp dkmgaop pa r|ap~mk rm|m mcgqkmp `jdpmp# oàj pa r|ap~mk rm|m jq~|mp# }qmonj uj`è }qa| ej|~mca`a| qk r|jnq~j }qa hí ~ak qkm dkmgak lak ej|~a# }qa hí ä `jofa`dnj# qpm| qkm dkmgak }qa `mqpm dkrm`~j eqo`djom# }qmonj uj`è }qa| `jouao`a| qkm rappjm m kqnm| na dnadm# }qmonj acm ~ak qk r|a`jo`ad~j# qk fíld~j }qa acm oàj ~ak mdonm# ga|mckao~a uj`è r|a`dpm nm rmcmu|m rm|m emxa| dppj/ Naeaona| qkm ~apa ä qk ~a||d~ð|dj kqd~j kmdp nm rmcmu|m }qa nm dkmgak a aq oàj uahj qkm ga|mçàj }qa pmdlm emxa| dppj/ Aq m~ä `jopdgj ej|km| qk |anm~j| |mrdnmkao~a# pa j `m|m ~ak dnadmp# ä do~acdgao~a# mgj|m }qak pje|a kmdp ä j nd|a~j| na m|~a/ Pa uj`è ní qk moøo`dj rm|m j nd|a~j| na m|~a }qa ~ak ~ë~qcj# ~ak ej~j# ~ak pql~ë~qcj# ~ak ~av~j# ~ak ndp`cmdka| cagmc# ~ak cjgj~drj nj `cdao~a# ~ak cjgj~drj nm Xjom E|mo`m na Kmomqp# jp `m|mp oàj pmlak emxa| j moøo`dj ed`m| ljk# rj|}qa acap pð pmlak ~|mlmcfm| ak `jondçñap na cmlj|m~ð|dj# }qa ä qkm dkmgak ap}qdpd~m# j cjgj~drj nj `cdao~a a qkm e|mpa `q|~m nj cmnj/ A umd pmd| |qdk/ Mj kapkj ~akrj# j `cdao~a umd ra|`ala| }qa jp `m|mp pmlak emxa| moøo`dj rm|m r|èkdj# kmp oàj pmlak emxa| moøo`djp rm|m aca/ Ao~àj umd pa `|dmonj qkm modkjpdnmna njp `cdao~ap `jk |acmçàj mjp eap~dumdp a `jk |acmçàj mjp `|dm~dujp/ Â kandnm }qa pa emx `jdpmp pð rm|m eap~dumc# }qa pàj emhq~mp# umkjp ra|naonj `mnm uax kmdp j |aprad~j nj moqo`dmo~ap/ Ao~àj oàj ä â ~jm }qa uj`è ragm fjha qkm Uahm# }qa ä m |audp~m na kmdj| `d|`qcmçàj nj rmëp# ejcfadm na rjo~m m rjo~m a oàj uè qk moøo`dj }qa r|ap~a/ Appmp mgèo`dmp }qa ap~àj gmofmk
=>4
r|èkdjp# uè pa acmp ~ak mcgqkm `jdpm ljm om Uahm:- Aq jcfj m @m|mp# pð ~ak moøo`dj `jk `acal|dnmna/ @mnè m r|jrmgmonm ljm l|mpdcad|m: Uj`è umd rm|m m ^U ä Cq`dmoj Fq`i# Cq`dmoj Fq`i/ Om K^U ä j Km|`acj Mnoa~# rj|}qa ap~í ,ljklmonj,/
Ra|gqo~m < / \aprjp~m8 Ä qk oagð`dj `jkrcd`mnj/ ^ak }qak ndgm ~qnj# ~mo~j }qa l|mpdcad|j oàj cè# }qmo~j }qa m do~a|oa~ ~|jqva qk ojuj gjp~j racm cad~q|m/ Ao~àj fjha aq oàj pad j }qa mumcdm|/ Mgj|m# jona uj`è m`fm }qa ~ak `jdpmp cagmdp uj`è r|ap~m kmdp m~aoçàj/ Â kandnm }qa m r|jrmgmonm l|mpdcad|m `jp~qkmum ~a| `jdpmp ljmp# pq|r|aaonao~ap# mp rappjmp pa m`jp~qkmumk m apra|m| ua| `jdpmp cagmdp/ Fjha uj`è oàj ml|a m |audp~m apra|monj ua| mcgqkm `jdpm ljm# pa ~dua| mcgj ljk# ä qkm pq|r|apm/ Uj`è umd pa napm`jp~qkmonj m ua| `jdpm ljm/ Mgj|m# ~ak qkm jq~|m }qap~àj }qa ä m pj`dj`qc~q|mc8 oðp ed`mkjp kqd~jp mojp pak oaofqkm donøp~|dm na `doakm# j L|mpdc oàj ~dofm `doakm/ M~ä racm ärj`m nm `aopq|m# nm |ar|appàj# kqd~jp m|~dp~mp ej|mk rm|m m r|jrmgmonm# }qa a|m jona rjndmk pa avr|appm|/ Ao~àj# racj em~j na mcgqop m|~dp~mp ap~m|ak om r|jrmgmonm# j l|mpdcad|j pa m`jp~qkjq m ua| j rqlcd`d~í|dj `jkj m|~dp~m/ ^aua qkm ärj`m na rqlcd`d~í|dj nm| mq~ðg|mej om |qm/ Fjha hí pa uè j `doakm l|mpdcad|j ecj|ap`a|# ao~àj hí ap~í pqr|donj appm `m|èo`dm/ A# mj kapkj ~akrj# j em~j na ap~m| appa cdvj }qa ap~í# oàj fí j }qa gjp~m| om rqlcd`dnmna/ ^aua qkm ärj`m }qa m gao~a emxdm j jq~njj| nm Uahm# ao~àj ~jnm pakmom a|m qk mcc ~tra moqo`dmonj }qmc pa|dm m r|ðvdkm Uahm a mp rappjmp apra|mumk rm|m ua| }qmc pa|dm j r|ðvdkj# a|m `jkj qkm ojuacdofm/ Ao~àj# }qmonj mcgj ä ljk# mp rappjmp apra|mk rm|m ua|/ Mgj|m jp cdu|jp `jo~doqmk uaonaonj ,r|m `m|mklm,# m do~a|oa~ ap~í ~|mxaonj m cad~q|m/ Ao~àj# appa oagð`dj na }qa oàj pa gjp~m na ca| oàj avdp~a/ R|dkad|j }qa rm|m ca| qk moøo`dj aca r|a`dpm ap~m| lak ndmg|mkmnj# ~ak }qa ~a| qk ljk `jo~|mp~a# ~ak kjndofmp na nd|açàj }qa oàj mhqnmk kqd~j/ ^ak qkm rj|çàj na `jdpmp `jo~|m m r|jrmgmonm# kmp aq oàj m`fj }qa pahm `jo~|m m cad~q|m ak pd/ Pa uj`è jea|a`a| }qmcdnmna rm|m mp rappjmp uàj ca|/ M`fj }qa m r|jrmgmonm ap~í nap~|qdonj j |a`q|pj nj ~av~j/ Oàj }qa mp rappjmp oàj cadmk/ Mcgqop `cdao~ap kapkj emcmk }qa mp rappjmp oàj caak/ @cm|j }qa ~ak m }qap~àj nj momcemla~dpkj eqo`djomc# m rappjm oàj `jopagqa hqo~m| mp ca~|mp a ao~aona| j pdgoded`mnj/ Ao~àj# }qmonj uj`è emcm `jk qk rølcd`j kmdp pdkrcap# uj`è ~ak }qa pdkrcded`m| mj kívdkj# rj|}qa avdp~a qkm nded`qcnmna na cad~q|m# m~ä gjp~mk na ca|# kmp ~èk nded`qcnmna odppj/ Mgj|m# }qmonj uj`è ~ak jrj|~qodnmna na emxa| moøo`dj ak qkm |audp~m Uahm# ak mcgqk uaë`qcj rmgj# m rappjm ~ak `jondçñap na ao~aona|/ Pa aca `jkr|m qkm |audp~m# naua gjp~m| na ca|/ Oàj ä rjppëuac# rmgm| qkm mppdom~q|m rm|m oàj ca|/ Ra|gqo~m 0 / \aprjp~m8 Aq m`fj }qa mp rappjmp caumk jp r|dkad|jp moøo`djp kmdp `jo`ad~qmdp rm|m j `cdao~a# m~ä rj|}qa ä j }qa acmp ap~àj `jopagqdonj emxa|# ap~àj ~|adomnmp odppj/ Âp uaxap# m kmdj|dm nmp uaxap# m}qdcj oàj pa mrcd`m â oa`appdnmna nj `cdao~a om}qaca kjkao~j# rj|}qa rm|m uj`è rjna| pa| `jo`ad~qmc pjl|a qk r|jnq~j# aca r|a`dpm pa| `jofa`dnj/ ]qmc `m||j rjna|dm `jcj`m| pð j ojka naca a mp rappjmp |a`jofa`a|ak: Pàj rjq`jp# qk Eqp`m# qk Oaw Laa~ca/ Ao~àj# appa ~drj na moøo`dj# umca r|m pa|udçjp# rm|m `jdpmp kmdp mlp~|m~mp/ ]qmonj uj`è ~ao~m emxa| moøo`dj `jo`ad~qmc na r|jnq~j# m |apdp~èo`dm ä kqd~j g|mona# rj|}qa aca }qa| kjp~|m| j r|jnq~j naca/ Mp rappjmp ~ao~mk# j `cdao~a emx dppj# acmp napdp~ak a emxak }qmc}qa| rj|`m|dm/ Mp rj|`m|dmp }qa ap~mkjp uaonj fjha omp |audp~mp ~èk ~av~j# ~av~j |qdk/ ^ak ,do`|ëuac,# ,dkra|nëuac,/ Acap oàj ~ao~mk rj|}qa oàj pmlak# ao~àj emxak m ~ao~m~dum |mnd`mc# j `cdao~a oàj gjp~m a napdp~ak# emxak j m||jx `jk eadhàj/ Ao~àj# fjha ~ak ~av~j r|m `m|mklm# kmp oàj umd gmofm| r|èkdj# rj|}qa ä ~av~j |qdk/ Cí ej|m ragmkjp jp moqí|djp mka|d`mojp# `jkj j hø|d ä ej|kmnj rj| mka|d`mojp# }qa ap~àj uaonj raçmp om cëogqm nacap# uj`è uè raçmp na ,ragmnm, udpqmc a raçmp na ,ragmnm, na ~av~j# ~ak kqd~m `jdpm/ M`fj }qa appm }qap~àj ä kmdp l|mpdcad|m/ Oàj pad pa m ra|nm na dkrj|~ìo`dm nj ~av~j ä qkm ua|nmna qodua|pmc# m`fj }qa ä qkm ua|nmna l|mpdcad|m/ Fí qop 1 mojp j uao`anj| nj G|mon R|dv a|m qk mcc ~tra# qkm `mkrmofm rm|m j ^m~a Kqpaqk# }qa do`cqpdua a|m nm Emccjo Cjon|ap# }qa a|mk kaqp pð`djp/ Qkm `mkrmofm do~ad|m mcc ~tra# ~av~j na rjo~m m rjo~m/ M~ä ~aofj `q|djpdnmna na pmla| pa dppj ä qkm }qap~àj l|mpdcad|m# m`fj }qa dppj ä qkm }qap~àj na rmëpap aka|gao~ap# }qa r|a`dpmk ~|mopej|km| pqmp `mkrmofmp ak qkm `jdpm kqd~j |írdnm# na rþp~a|# rm|m ~a| `fmo`a ak eap~dumc do~a|om`djomc/ Pa ed`mppa pð om ärj`m nj eap~dumc# ji/ Kmp mp ga|mçñap }qa ej|mk ao~|monj# hí ao~|m|mk m`fmonj }qa dppj ä m øod`m ua|nmna/ Ao~àj# fjha uj`è hí ~ak qkm ga|mçàj na nd|a~j|ap na `|dmçàj# }qa hí pàj nappm ga|mçàj }qa ap~í do~a|appmnm ak emxa| appa ~drj na moøo`dj rm|m gmofm| r|èkdj# rj|}qa aca }qa| emxa| ljod~j nao~|j
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nm |ana do~a|om`djomc }qa aca ~|mlmcfm# rm|m gmofm| qk `m|gj oj `jkd~è do~a|om`djomc na `|dmçàj/ Mj douäp nacap ejkao~m|ak omp nqrcmp }qa acap ~èk }qa pmla| emxa| r|èkdj# kmp ~mkläk ~èk }qa pmla| emxa| j moøo`dj nj ndm+m+ndm# acap r|ðr|djp hí ap~dkqcmk m a}qdra m raopm| udpqmc/ Ao~àj ap~í `jkrcd`mnj/ Mp mgèo`dmp ap~àj `jk nded`qcnmna na pa ao~aona| `jk jp moqo`dmo~ap a `jk j rølcd`j# rj|}qa ~ak kqd~m `jdpm }qa eqo`djom ak eap~dumc }qa oàj eqo`djom oj L|mpdc/ Jp edckap m|gao~dojp }qa emxak pq`appj oj kqonj ~jnj oàj ~ak pa`qonmgak# pa r|a`dpm| emxa| qk edcka na >6 pagqonjp a kadj acap emxak a `jkr|mk >6 pagqonjp a kadj/ M}qd ~ak j ej|km~j 02 pagqonjp kqd~j ej|~a/ Ao~àj appap edckap uak r|m `í mnmr~mnjp rm|m j ej|km~j 02 pagqonjp a uj`è oàj ao~aona omnm/ J edcka ä ljk cí/ Oàj oa`appm|dmkao~a aca umd eqo`djom| m}qd/ Jp `cdao~ap oàj ap~àj oak më r|m r|jrmgmonm# rm|m emcm| m ua|nmna/ Acap }qa|ak rmppm| qkm kaopmgak# pa umd ud| udpqmc# ua|lmc# uj`è ~ak }qa kjp~|m| }qa |apjcuaq j r|jlcakm naca/ Do`cqpdua# j ej|km~j }qa gmofm @mooap rjna pa| qkm pjcqçàj# kmp j }qa j `cdao~a }qa| ä }qa uj`è |apjcum j r|jlcakm naca# }qa oj eqonj ä qk r|jlcakm na ndofad|j/ ,Aq ~aofj mcgj }qa r|jnqxj a }qa|j }qa mp rappjmp pmdlmk }qa aca avdp~a# }qa napahak dppj# }qa|j }qa mp rappjmp `jkr|ak rm|m aq ~a| ndofad|j,# ä dppj }qa j `cdao~a raopm/ R|jrmgmonm ä qkm ,ea||mkao~dofm,/ Oàj avdp~a moqo`dmo~a# avdp~a rqlcd`d~í|dj/ Aq pjq rqlcd`d~í|dj j ndm do~ad|j# j `cdao~a ä moqo`dmo~a ak mcgqop kjkao~jp/ Aca ä donqp~|dmc# ä njoj na qkm `mnadm na |ap~mq|mo~ap# a ak na~a|kdomnj kjkao~j nj ndm aca emcm ,ujq `qdnm| nm r|jrmgmonm# }qa ä qk njp kqd~jp r|jlcakmp }qa aq ~aofj,# ej|m akr|apmp kqd~j g|monap }qa ~ak narm|~mkao~j na km|ia~dog/ Ao~àj# m gao~a m`|and~m }qa m ljm r|jrmgmonm mhqnm j `cdao~a# rj|}qa mp rappjmp r|ap~mk m~aoçàj# rj|}qa pàj kmdp cakl|mnmp }qa m r|jrmgmonm `fm~dofm# rj|}qa mp rappjmp `jkao~mk# ao~àj kqc~drcd`m j ndofad|j naca/ Kmp# pa aq `fagm| cí `jk mcgj kqd~j |qdk a `jopagqd| `jouao`è+cj }qa ~mkläk eqo`djom# aca umd `jkr|m| nj kapkj had~j/ J jlha~duj naca oàj ä m `|dm~dudnmna# m `|dm~dudnmna ä j kadj rm|m j moqo`dmo~a/ M gao~a }qa ~ak `jkj jlha~duj emxa| `|dm~duj# rj|}qa m`|and~mkjp }qa acm a`jojkdxm j ndofad|j naca# kmp oàj ä qk napahj nj moqo`dmo~a/ Ap~mkjp `|dmonj qk mldpkj nmp akr|apmp `jk jp `cdao~ap/ M `qc~q|m nm dkmgak a j em~j na mcgqop moøo`djp pmë|ak `jk rjq`j ~av~j rj| dod`dm~dum nj `cdao~a rjna m`jo~a`a|# avdp~ak `cdao~ap }qa emxak dppj lmp~mo~a# kmp më ä m}qaca ~av~j `j||dnj# m}qaca na lmdvj/ J }qa acap }qa|ak ä `jcj`m| j r|jnq~j nacap g|monàj mcd/ Aq hí ud raçmp }qa ej|mk r|m @mooap# }qa pàj cdkrdofmp# }qa oàj ~èk ~av~j oaofqk# `fagm|ak oj uaë`qcj `fadmp na ~av~jp# aona|açjp/ J `cdao~a }qa| rmppm| j |a`mnj# pa aca hqcgm }qa pð j ~ë~qcj a m ej~j hí rmppm m doej|kmçàj# aca umd rand| rm|m uj`è oàj `jcj`m| j ~av~j/ Mgj|m# m ~aonèo`dm njp `cdao~ap ä }qa|a| `jcj`m| kmdp ~av~j oj moøo`dj# oàj ~d|m|/ ^èk m}qacap }qa emcmk8 ,mp rappjmp oàj caak# umkjp |apjcua| dppj na jq~|m kmoad|m/, Kmp aca ap~í m`fmonj }qa ap~í |apjcuaonj/ J }qa j `cdao~a }qa| ä uaona| j r|jnq~j naca/ Ao~àj ~ak na ~qnj# napna j }qa ~ak pqmp kmodmp# m~ä j }qa |apjcua ak eqoçàj nj rølcd`j# }qa gjp~m na r|jrmgmonm `|dm~dum# kmp pmla }qa j rølcd`j naca oàj umd ao~aona|/ Ao~àj# aq oàj cdgj na emxa| r|jrmgmonm pð `jk dkmgak# hí edx qk kjo~a/ J }qa aq ap~jq do`jkjnmnj ä ndppj ud|m| j ~jnj nm r|jrmgmonm# }qmonj aca ä pð qkm rm|~a/
Ra|gqo~m > / \aprjp~m8 &jlpa|umçàj8 Appm ra|gqo~m hí ejd |aprjondnm om }qap~àj =/$
Ra|gqo~m 1 / \aprjp~m8 M`fj }qa doua|~aq pdk/ Mo~ap kapkj na avdp~d|ak mp nqrcmp na `|dmçàj# jp r|jedppdjomdp oàj ed`mumk oak om kapkm pmcm/ Ao~àj# ojp r|dkad|jp moøo`djp jp hj|omdp oàj ~dofmk oak dkmgak# }qmonj `jkaçjq m mrm|a`a| mcgqkm rjppdldcdnmna g|íed`m a|mk dcqp~|mçñap/ ^dofm qk dcqp~|mnj|# }qa |ar|apao~mum mcgj }qa aca hí |a`alaq r|jo~j/ Oàj ed`mum oak om kapkm pmcm# j |anm~j| ap`|audm j moøo`dj }qa narjdp dm rm|m jq~|m pmcdofm# rm|m emxa| qkm dcqp~|mçàj# qkm dkmgak jq qkm lj|ndofm# rm|m ed`m| kmdp ljod~j/ Mcäk ndppj# jp |anm~j|ap ak ga|mc ~dofmk qkm `mrm`dnmna na ndmcjgm| kmdj| }qa m nj nd|a~j| na m|~a# j |anm~j| ap~í kmdp r|ðvdkj nj moqo`dmo~a `jkj cdogqmgak/ Ao~àj# m kmdj|dm njp nd|a~j|ap na `|dmçàj a|mk |anm~j|ap# m~ä rj|}qa `jopagqdmk uaona| kacfj|# m~ä rj| }qap~àj donqp~|dmc# ak }qa m rmcmu|m a|m kmdp dkrj|~mo~a om r|jrmgmonm# rj|}qa oàj nmum rm|m qpm| dkmgak a appm kmdj| m|~d`qcmçàj nj |anm~j| rm|m `joua|pm| `jk j `cdao~a# j |anm~j| a|m qk `m|m na umcj|# rj|}qa uaondm mp dnadmp rm|m j `cdao~a/ M kmdj|dm njp nd|a~j|ap na `|dmçàj a|mk |anm~j|ap/
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]qak }qal|jq dppj ejd m NRX `jk njdp nd|a~j|ap na m|~a a qk |anm~j|/ Kmp# m~ä ao~àj# nded`dckao~a qk nd|a~j| na m|~a a|m nd|a~j| na `|dmçàj/ Dppj dkrcd`mum# do`cqpdua# om ra|ra~qmçàj nappa ej|km~j nm dkrj|~ìo`dm nm rmcmu|m/ Â kandnm }qa jp uaë`qcjp ej|mk gmofmonj pjedp~d`mçàj g|íed`m# pa `jkaçjq m nm| kmdp umcj| rm|m j nd|a~j| na m|~a# }qa `jkaçjq m ~|mlmcfm| hqo~j `jk j |anm~j|# emxa| mp nqrcmp na `|dmçàj a fjqua qk kjkao~j na a}qdcël|dj/ Acap lqp`mumk m dnadm a narjdp avr|appmumk m dnadm# pahm m~|muäp nmp rmcmu|mp# pahm m~|muäp nmp dkmgaop/ Narjdp# `jk j mnuao~j nj eap~dumc na @mooap na këndm dkr|appm# pa nap`jl|dq m}qd oj L|mpdc }qa j had~j na gmofm| r|èkdj a|m emxaonj `jdpmp na dkmgak/ @jkaçjq# oj L|mpdc# m umcj|dxmçàj nj nd|a~j| na m|~a# `jkaçm|mk m mrm|a`a| kmdp nd|a~j|ap na m|~a `jkj nd|a~j|ap na `|dmçàj# rj|}qa acap ~dofmk mp ea||mkao~mp rm|m r|jnqxd| m}qacap moøo`djp udpqmdp# acap ~dofmk mkdxmna `jk jp ej~ðg|mejp# rm|m jp ej~ðg|mejp emxa|ak kmdp lm|m~j rm|m acap m}qaca moøo`dj emo~mpkm/ Qkm pä|da }qa `jdpmp }qa m`mlm|mk umcj|dxmonj oj ojppj ka|`mnj j nd|a~j| na m|~a/ Mj kapkj ~akrj# pq|gd|mk mcgqop nd|a~j|ap na m|~a# `jkj j Km|`acj Pa|rm9 }qa ä qk `m|m av~|akmkao~a m|~d`qcmnj# ao~àj pa |jkraq qk rjq`j appa ap~a|að~drj na }qa nd|a~j| na m|~a ä qkm `m|m kmcq`j }qa oàj `jopagqa emcm| `jk j `cdao~a/ ]qmc ejd m `jo~|mrm|~dnm ndppj: @jk m pqldnm na rjna| njp nd|a~j|ap na m|~a a m }qanm na rjna| njp |anm~j|ap: Jp edckap rdj|m|mk/ J `m|m }qa `jopagqa ap~|q~q|m| qk |j~ad|j# }qa `jopagqa ~a| qkm dnadm a ~|mopej|km| ak qk |j~ad|j# }qa umd pa| `jkr|aaondnj a lak r|jnqxdnj# rmppjq m pa| `jkmonmnj rj| qk `m|m }qa oak pakr|a ~ak appm udpàj/ J nd|a~j| na m|~a na qk edcka ~ak kqd~j kmdp qkm udpàj pa m ej~jg|medm ap~í ljod~m# pa ~ak qk aead~j# a~`# nj }qa }qmc}qa| jq~|m `jdpm/ Ao~àj# uakjp fjha qkm ~joacmnm na r|jrmgmonmp ~jnmp dgqmdxdofmp# cmumndofmp# ~qnj rm|m rm|a`a| }qa ejd ead~j om Aq|jrm# odogqäk emcm omnm# ä pð qk kjo~a na pd~qmçñap ap}qdpd~mp8 qk `m|m monmonj na `mlaçm rm|m lmdvj om |qm# narjdp aca rmppm rj| qkm cjhm a ~ak qk `m|m }qa jcfm ap~|mofmonj/ Jp edckap ud|m|mk qk kjo~a na dkmgaop ap}qdpd~mp `jcmnmp# `jkj m}qacmp }qa aq emcad }qa gmofmk @mooap# `jk ca~~a|dog ak dogcèp# rm|m ~jnj kqonj m`fm| }qa ä do~a|om`djomc# a ä dppj }qa oðp ~akjp/ ^qnj ä `jopa}qèo`dm na uj`è ragm| qkm em`a~m nj ~|mlmcfj rqlcd`d~í|dj# }qa ä j r|èkdj do~a|om`djomc# a ap~d`m| aca rm|m uap~d| m ojppm |amcdnmna do~ad|m/
Ra|gqo~m 5 / \aprjp~m8 Aq m`fj }qa këndm ä `m|~ad|j# aq ao~|agj kdofm `m|~dofm rm|m aca# aca umd cí a ao~|agm m kdofm kaopmgak rm|m m rappjm/ J }qa do~a|appm ä m `m|~m a ka do~a|appm pmla| }qa j `m|~ad|j umd ao~|agm| m `m|~m rm|m m}qacm rappjm }qa aq }qa|j/ Ao~àj# aq oqo`m cdgqad kqd~j rm|m }qmc ä m këndm/ Aq ~|mlmcfad m kmdj| rm|~a nm kdofm udnm `jk |índj# ~acaudpàj# jq~njj|# |audp~m a hj|omc# }qa a|m j }qa m gao~a ~dofm/ @jkaçjq m mrm|a`a| m do~a|oa~# umkjp qpm| m do~a|oa~ pa ej| j `mpj# a m gao~a umd pa mnmr~monj/ Jq~njj| oàj rjndm ~a| kmdp }qa jd~j rmcmu|mp rj|}qa mp rappjmp ap~àj nd|dgdonj a pa ~dua| kmdp }qa dppj acmp oàj `jopagqak ca|9 ak ~acaudpàj uj`è ~ak ~|do~m pagqonjp rm|m cdnm| `jk m}qdcj9 ak |audp~m ~mkläk ~ak mp pqmp |ag|mp9 do~a|oa~ a kjldca m kapkm `jdpm/ M gao~a umd ~ao~monj ao~aona| `jkj j `m|~ad|j eqo`djom a ap`jcfa j `m|~ad|j racj rølcd`j a racm g|mom }qa m gao~a ~ak/ Oàj mndmo~m ap`jcfa| j `m|~ad|j racm kjnm/ ,Do~a|oa~ ap~í om kjnm# umkjp emxa| do~a|oa~,# oàj/ Do~a|oa~ pa|ua rm|m mcgqkmp `jdpmp# ä qkm këndm ~àj rqcua|dxmnm# rm|m uj`è m~dogd| ~jnj kqonj om do~a|oa~ umd gmp~m| kmdp nj }qa rm|m rþ| qk moøo`dj om Gcjlj/ Pa appa moøo`dj umd m~dogd| =22 kdcfñap a aq ndudnj appa oøka|j na rappjmp racj `qp~j# appa moøo`dj ap~í lm|m~j/ Om do~a|oa~ ujq gmp~m| kmdp ndofad|j/ Aq hí ud m do~a|oa~ eqo`djom| rm|m km|`mp `jopmg|mnmp# mp rappjmp hí `jofa`ak# hí gjp~mk nm}qdcj# ud|m qkm ea||mkao~m na `jkr|m/ Mgj|m# aq ud rjq`mp `mkrmofmp na dkmgak pa|ak ead~mp m rm|~d| nm do~a|oa~/ ]qmc}qa| nappap `mpap# nappap ud|mdp# `jkj uj`è ed`m pmlaonj }qa edxa|mk pq`appj: Rj|}qa pmd om |audp~m jq oj hj|omc/ Ao~àj moqo`dmk }qa ~mc `mkrmofm `jopagqdq qkm |ara|`qppàj ~àj g|mona }qa m ^U nand`jq oàj pad }qmo~jp pagqonjp na aprmçj rm|m dppj# jp hj|omdp ~mo~jp `ao~ëka~|jp g|íed`jp/ Ao~àj# `jkj uj`è umd ndxa| }qa qkm këndm ä pqra|dj| âp jq~|mp pa j pq`appj nacm ä kandnj racm |ara|`qppàj omp jq~|mp: ^ak qkm `jo~|mndçàj më/ M`fj }qa fjha m do~a|oa~ ä kqd~j kmdp qkm ea||mkao~m na |acmçñap rølcd`mp# na mppappj|dm na dkr|aopm# rm|m nm| qk p~m|~# jona j lqxx r|do`drmc pa ní omp këndmp ~|mnd`djomdp# mdonm/ Acm ä qkm ea||mkao~m# umkjp qpm| `jk do~acdgèo`dm/ Oàj rjna pa napcqkl|m|# ndxa| }qa m ~acaudpàj kj||aq# j moøo`dj kj||aq# umkjp rm|m m do~a|oa~/ Ä qkm ~aonèo`dm# mp `jdpmp ap~àj `joua|gdonj/ J cdu|j ud|jq do~a|oa~# m ~acaudpàj ud|jq do~a|oa~/ Oðp ap~mkjp ~jnjp donj ~jnjp rm|m cí# kmp ~jnm uax }qa m gao~a ao~aona| }qa ä kmdp apra|~j emxa| qk `jka|`dmc om ~acaudpàj# umkjp emxa|/ A j L|mpdc umd pa| qk njp øc~dkjp rmëpap jona dppj umd pa| qk ljk oagð`dj# rj|}qa uj`è ~ak qkm ^U }qa emcm `jk j L|mpdc do~ad|j# qkm |audp~m }qa emcm `jk m `cmppa M a rm|~a nm L9 }qa ä m Uahm# ao~àj pa uj`è ~ak }qa emcm| `jk ~jnjp `jcj`m cí rj|}qa pmd kmdp lm|m~j# uj`è ~ak `a|~axm }qa ~jnj kqonj udq/ Om do~a|oa~ uj`è oàj ~ak `a|~axm pa ~jnj kqonj udq/ ]qmo~jp njp g|monap `mpap }qa edxa|mk pq`appj m gao~a udq racm do~a|oa~
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a pð rj| cí: Mdonm oàj ä mcgj }qa eqo`djom pjxdofj# mj `jo~|í|dj nm ~acaudpàj/ A uàj pq|gd| jq~|jp kadjp# aq ap~mum caonj }qa nm}qd m nax mojp umd avdp~d| qkm cao~a na `jo~m~j }qa r|jha~m `jdpmp om pqm |a~dom# uj`è jcfm rm|m qk cqgm| a m}qdcj hí dnao~ded`m }qa cqgm| ä m}qaca# hí ~a ní doej|kmçñap/ Uj`è umd ao`jp~m| ak qk ~a`dnj a aca hí umd ra|`ala| pa uj`è ap~í njao~a jq oàj/ M do~a|oa~ oàj ä m øc~dkm |aujcqçàj# ud|àj jq~|mp/ ^akjp }qa ao~aona| }qa ä ~qnj `m|~ad|j# r|dkad|j uj`è naedoa }qmc m `m|~m# `jk }qak uj`è }qa| emcm| rm|m uj`è emxa| j kacfj| qpj nj ndofad|j }qa avdp~a/ Oàj umd kqnm|/ Emcm|mk }qa }qmonj pq|gdq m ~acaudpàj dm km~m| j |índj# oàj km~jq/ ]qmonj pq|gdq j `doakm m kapkm `jdpm/ Oàj ~ak }qa kj||a|# mp `jdpmp ap~àj â ojppm ndprjpdçàj rm|m m gao~a qpm|/ Oj `mpj nm ~acaudpàj# aq oàj m`fj }qa acm ~aofm m`jp~qkmnj mp rappjmp m r|ap~m|ak kmdp m~aoçàj om dkmgak# oàj oj `mpj nj L|mpdc/ M j|dgak nm ^U l|mpdcad|m ä j |índj/ Cí ej|m m ^U `fagjq â |alj}qa m `doakm# }qa hí avdp~dm/ Oj L|mpdc r|dkad|j a|m j |índj a ~jnj kqonj kdg|jq nj |índj rm|m m ^U }qmonj acm pq|gdq/ Ao~àj# oj ojppj rmëp m ^U ~ak jp kjnjp nj |índj/ Uj`è uè ojuacm# pàj rappjmp pao~mnmp om kapm ~jkmonj `meä a `joua|pmonj/ Oàj m`jo~a`a omnm# oàj ~ak mçàj ak ojuacm/ ]qmonj ~ak mçàj ä mcgqäk }qa ragm j `m||j rm|m d| oj D~mø + ka|`fmondpdog + jq qkm ra|pagqdçàj na `m||j/ Oàj ~ak mçàj/ M ojppm r|jrmgmonm ä ua|lmc# m ~acaudpàj ä emcmnm# ojppj fqkj| ä emcmnj# ~qnj j|dgak nj |índj/ J l|mpdcad|j gjp~m na ~av~j# mgj|m j p~mon qr `jkant # }qa ap~í emxaonj pq`appj# ä qk `m|m na rä emcmonj/ J ~mcao~j# m g|mçm# ap~í oj }qa j `m|m emcm/ Om ua|nmna# ak r|jrmgmonm jq ak m|~a# j }qa do~a|appm ä j `m|m pao~d| }qa ap~í umcaonj m raom ra|na| ~akrj `jk m}qdcj# ä m pqm `mrm`dnmna na ao~|a~a| m rappjm/ Ao~àj# pa uj`è ap~í uaonj qk |audp~m na `acal|dnmna# uj`è }qa| pð ua| gao~a ljod~m# ao~àj pa ~ak qk moøo`dj `jk qkm kjnacj# uj`è umd r|ap~m| m~aoçàj/ M gao~a oàj rjna pa| `fm~j# }qmonj m gao~a emx mcgj ap}qdpd~j# }qa pð eqo`djom ak eap~dumc# uj`è ap~í paonj `fm~j/ Ap~í emxaonj mcgj cagmc r|j eap~dumc# ap~í mhqnmonj j hq|mnj }qa ~a r|akdm rj|}qa `jopagqdq ao~aona|# ä qk laoaeë`dj/ J hq|mnj pð umd r|akdm| j }qa aca ao~aona/
MOAVJ A + Ao~|audp~m Eíldj L|monàj @jkaçj nm @m||ad|m8 =444 Ra|gqo~m =/ \aprjp~m8 Om ua|nmna# fjha ap`|auj lak rjq`j/ Kmdp mr|juj jp ~av~jp na jq~|mp rappjmp nj }qa qpj j Wj|n/ Dppj ä rj| `jo~m nm kdofm eqoçàj om mgèo`dm &pjq Nd|a~j| na @|dmçàj$/ Kmp qkm `jdpm ní rm|m oj~m|/ Fjha ap`|aua+pa kqd~j kaojp/ Oàj `jka`ad ak r|jrmgmonm fí kqd~j ~akrj# oàj/ Rjq`j kmdp na =< mojp/ Na cí rm|m `í# jp ~av~jp ~èk ed`mnj `mnm uax kaoj|ap# kmdp `q|~jp/ Av`açàj pàj jp ~av~jp na do~a|oa~ ‐ pd~a ‐ më pdk ~ak qk rjq`j kmdp na cdofmp a rmcmu|mp/ Ra|gqo~m < / \aprjp~m8 @cm|j/ R|do`drmckao~a rj|}qa fjha m ~|mopkdppàj na doej|kmçàj ä kqd~j kmdp |írdnm/ Mp rappjmp oàj ed`mk ~mo~j ~akrj `jk qk hj|omc jq |audp~m omp kàjp/ Oàj ~aofj lmpa ~ä`od`m rm|m ndxa| dppj# kmp j }qa ra|`alj ä }qa j `jopqkdnj| rqcm na rqlcd`mçàj rm|m rqlcd`mçàj jq na pd~a rm|m pd~a `jkj }qa xmradm m ~acaudpàj/ Oàj m`fj }qa m `mrm`dnmna na na`jnded`m| kaopmgaop ~aofm ndkdoqënj ‐ jp `jopqkdnj|ap oàj ed`m|mk kmdp –lq||jp‛/ Pð oàj gmp~mk ~mo~j ~akrj `jk qkm oj~ë`dm jq moøo`dj `jkj emxdmk mo~ap/ Mp kaopmgaop pàj `mnm uax kmdp nd|a~mp a udpqmdp/ Ra|gqo~m 0 / \aprjp~m8 ^aj|d`mkao~a# jp r|jnq~jp a moqo`dmo~ap ~a|dmk kmdp j }qa ndxa| nj }qa fí qop mojp m~|íp/ Jp r|jnq~jp uèk `fadjp na ojudnmnap ~a`ojcðgd`mp/ Cjgj# jp ~av~jp naua|dmk pa| kmdj|ap/ J }qa m`jo~a`a ä }qa mp kaopmgaop pàj kmdp nd|a~mp# pak |jnadjp jq m|gqkao~jp na uaonmp |alqp`mnjp/ Ä pð ua| qk moøo`dj na `m||j ap~m pakmom om Uahm a qk moøo`dj na qk `m||j nm kapkm `m~agj|dm fí =2 mojp m~|íp om kapkm |audp~m Uahm/ Fjha uj`è uè ej~jp njp eam~q|ap ‐ m`appð|djp na ndea|ao`dmdp ~a`ojcðgd`jp ‐ a jp emkdga|mnjp lqcca~ rjdo~p / Mo~ap# uj`è udm qk ~av~j nap`|auaonj appap eam~q|ap `jk qk rjq`j kmdp na `qdnmnj# ndgmkjp# cd~a|í|dj/ M oa`appdnmna rj| avrcd`m| kmdp a kacfj| qk r|jnq~j mqkao~jq/ Kmp kqnjq+pa m kmoad|m na ava`q~m| appmp avrcd`mçñap/
=10
Ra|gqo~m > / \aprjp~m8 M`fj }qa mp r|akdmçñap mhqnmk pdk m ndkdoqd| m }qmo~dnmna na ~av~jp/ Medomc# raçmp }qa uàj lak oappap `mkrajom~jp m`mlmk paonj kmdp udpqmdp a nd|a~mp/ Kmp oàj m`fj }qa dppj pahm j kj~duj na ndkdoqë|ak jp ~av~jp ojp moøo`djp }qa uakjp ndm|dmkao~a ak |audp~mp a hj|omdp/ Ra|gqo~m 1 / \aprjp~m8 Ak r|jrmgmonm# kaojp ä kmdp/ Pa m dnadm r|a`dpm na dkmgak# j dnamc ä |apjcua| pð `jk dkmgak/ Pa m dnadm r|a`dpm na ~av~j# pa|dm kacfj| |apjcua| pð `jk ~av~j/ @cm|j }qa avdp~ak ava`qçñap }qa uj`è m`mlm ~aonj dkmgak a ~av~j/ Kmp pa na| rm|m ~d|m| qk nacap a j moøo`dj &jq edcka$ `jo~doqm| paonj ao~aondnj# kacfj|/ Na ojuj# j `jopqkdnj| oàj ~ak ~akrj a oàj }qa| ra|na| ~akrj `jk |anqonìo`dmp &ej~j cagaonm$/ Ra|gqo~m 5 / \aprjp~m8 J ~|mlmcfj nj |anm~j| ä pa mna}qm| mj kadj/ Pa j kadj aujcqd a jea|a`a ojump rjppdldcdnmnap# ä `cm|j }qa dppj d|í mea~m| j ~|mlmcfj na }qak `|dm rm|m j kadj/ @|dm| rm|m do~a|oa~ ak =446 a|m qkm `jdpm ~j~mckao~a ndea|ao~a nj }qa ä fjha/ Ojump rjppdldcdnmnap# ojump kmoad|mp na raopm| a na ap`|aua|/ ^av~j ä qkm ej|km/ Mojp m~|íp# ~mcuax m~ä m øod`m ej|km rm|m qk `cdao~a pak ua|lm a `jk kqd~j m ndxa|/ Fjha jp `qp~jp ndkdoqë|mk a mp rjppdldcdnmnap mqkao~m|mk/ Qk ~av~j m`mlm paonj kmdp qkm ej|km na rmppm| qkm kaopmgak/ Oàj kmdp m øod`m/
MOAVJ E + Ao~|audp~m Eíldj Pmljtm @jkaçj nm @m||ad|m8 =440
Ra|gqo~m =/ \aprjp~m8 Kqnjq kqd~j# a|m kqd~j kmdp ua|lmc }qa fjha/ M ej|kmçàj njp rqlcd`d~í|djp a|m ndea|ao~a/ Kqd~jp udofmk na jq~|mp í|amp# `jkj hj|omcdpkj# ap`|d~j|ap e|qp~|mnjp# dppj om nä`mnm na 52# 72/ Oàj ragqad appm ärj`m# kmp m fa|moçm nappm ärj`m/ J ~av~j a|m qkm ea||mkao~m kqd~j dkrj|~mo~a na ra|pqmpàj/ Dppj mjp rjq`jp ejd pa ra|naonj/ Jp rqlcd`d~í|djp `jkaçm|mk m ~a| `jkj |aea|èo`dm j }qa pa emxdm ak eap~dumdp do~a|om`djomdp# r|do`drmckao~a @mooap# ao~àj `jkaçjq m pa mnj~m| j rmn|àj nappap eap~dumdp9 }qa r|dudcagdmk qkm cdogqmgak |írdnm# do~a|om`djomc# na eí`dc `jkr|aaopàj# donaraonao~a na }qmc}qa| lm||ad|m cdogóëp~d`m a j ~av~j m`mljq ndkdoqdonj oappap eap~dumdp# rj|}qa ed`jq dkrjppëuac rm|m jp hq|mnjp rm|m|ak r|m ca| ~av~j# rj| kmdp }qa uj`è `jopdgm ~|mnqxd| m rdmnm/ Ojp eap~dumdp j ~av~j m`mlm rmppmonj napra|`aldnj# ao~àj jp rqlcd`d~í|djp `jkaçm|mk m m`fm|# m~ä na kmoad|m dogèoqm# }qa j }qa oàj a|m cagmc ak @mooap oàj a|m cagmc om |audp~m Uahm/ Ao~àj m m|~a nj ~av~j m`mljq pa ra|naonj/ Fjqua qk `ë|`qcj ud`djpj# rj|}qa om kandnm }qa mp rappjmp emxdmk kaojp ~av~j acmp dmk napmr|aonaonj m emxa| ~av~j# a jp ~av~jp ej|mk ed`monj `mnm uax rdj|ap/ Mp rappjmp dmk nadvmonj na ca| a `|djq+pa qkm `qc~q|m na }qa odogqäk cè ~av~j# odogqäk ~ak ~akrj r|m dppj# j }qa aq oàj m`fj }qa pahm ua|nmna/ M`fj }qa mp rappjmp oàj cèak rj|}qa om ua|nmna m kmdj|dm njp ~av~jp oàj ka|a`ak pa| cdnjp# pàj ~av~jp ~ä`od`jp# kmc ~|mlmcfmnjp# |qdop/ Ao~àj mp rappjmp m`mlmk oàj ~aonj do~a|appa/ Dppj m`mljq paonj mppqkdnj racjp rqlcd`d~í|djp `jkj qkm |ag|m8 rm|m j moøo`dj eqo`djom| aca oàj rjna ~a| ~av~j/ M`fj }qa dppj ä qkm ndp~j|çàj/ A m`fj }qa dppj ä |apqc~mnj nappm `qc~q|m na eap~dumdp }qa m`mljq paonj kmc do~a|r|a~mnm# racj kaojp m}qd oj L|mpdc/
=1>
Ra|gqo~m > `m|m`~a|ap mj douäp na `jo~m| qkm fdp~j|dm na ~|èp `mrë~qcjp/ M`fj }qa ä qk aoj|ka avmga|j emcm| }qa mp rappjmp oàj cèak# rj|}qa j ~av~j ap~í om udnm nmp rappjmp# mp rappjmp cèak j ~akrj ~jnj# j ~av~j ap~í r|apao~a ak ~jnj cqgm|9 oj `acqcm|# do~a|oa~/ Mp rappjmp ap~àj caonj j ~akrj ~jnj/ Ao~àj m`fj ljlmgak ndxa| }qa mp rappjmp oàj ap~àj caonj# m`fj }qa mp rappjmp oqo`m `jkr|m|mk ~mo~m |audp~m# ~mo~j hj|omc# a mgj|m j ~av~j ap~í ojp kmdp um|dmnjp ej|km~jp# kmp `jo~doqm paonj ~av~j# `jo~doqm paonj rmcmu|m/ M`fj }qa oàj ~ak rj|}qa qkm rappjm }qa `jkr|m qkm Avmka# oàj pa do~a|appm| ak ca| qk ~av~j pjl|a qk r|jnq~j }qa acm }qa| ~a| om `mpm nacm/ Pa acm ap~í ndprjp~m m rmgm| qkm }qmo~dm |mxjíuac na ndofad|j rj| qk `m||j# rj| avakrcj# oàj `jopdgj dkmgdom| }qa acm oàj }qad|m ua| qk rjq`j na doej|kmçàj pjl|a j `m||j mo~ap na `jkr|m|/ M`fj }qa j }qa m`jo~a`a qk rjq`j ~mkläk ä qk rjq`j na r|agqdçm njp |anm~j|ap/ J mkldao~a ap~m `mnm uax kmdp |írdnj omp mgèo`dmp# mp rappjmp oàj ~ak ~akrj r|m ~|mlmcfm| qk ~av~j# }qa ä qkm `jdpm ndeë`dc a ~|mlmcfjpm/ Kqd~m `jdpm umd r|j `cdao~a a oàj ä mr|jumnm/ Aoedk# ä qkm pa|da na `jdpmp }qa m`mlmk `jo~|dlqdonj rm|m }qa j ~av~j oàj pahm ead~j/ A m`fj ~mkläk }qa jp |anm~j|ap napmr|aona|mk/ Fjha acap `jkaçmk m ~|mlmcfm| qk hjl a oqo`m raopmk8 –ujq m|gqkao~m| pjl|a dppj‛# j }qa acap raopmk ä pakr|a ak }qmc ä m pm`mnm# j kacfj| cmtjq~# }qmc m kacfj| mçàj do~ag|mnm/ Acap m`mlmk mppqkdonj qk n|dua }qa m`mlm oàj rmppmonj racm m|gqkao~mçàj/
Ra|gqo~m 0/ \aprjp~m8 Jp `cdao~ap ~èk qkm ~aonèo`dm# oj L|mpdc# m pqlap~dkm| kqd~j j |a`ar~j| nm kaopmgak# pahm j cad~j| jq j |a`ar~j| nm ^U/ Jp `cdao~ap `jp~qkmk rm|~d| nj r|appqrjp~j na }qa mp rappjmp oàj uàj pa do~a|appm| racj moøo`dj na ~av~j cjogj/ R|m kdk dppj ä `jo~|mnd~ð|dj# rj|}qa aca ap~í ndxaonj }qa paq r|jnq~j oàj ~ak omnm na do~a|appmo~a }qa rjppm pa| nd~j a umcfm m raom pa| cdnj/ Pa dppj ejppa ua|nmna odogqäk `jkr|m|dm# ao~àj aq m`fj }qa ä qkm udpàj këjra/ M`jo~a`a ~mkläk }qa# `jkj aq emcad# }qa kqd~mp uaxap jp ~av~jp }qa `fagmk mj `cdao~a pàj ~av~jp |qdop# ~av~jp }qa oàj umcak m raom pa|ak cdnjp/ Emxa| ~av~j ä qkm `jdpm ndeë`dc# jp |anm~j|ap m`mlmk oàj ~aonj ~akrj rm|m napaoujcua| dppj a m`mlmk oàj mr|aonaonj/ Ao~àj kqd~mp uaxap qk |anm~j| ~ao~m# kmp m}qaca ~av~j oàj ä qkm `jdpm cagmc# kqd~mp uaxap oàj m`|ap`ao~m kqd~j# ao~àj oàj ní r|m `|d~d`m| pakr|a j `cdao~a# rj|}qa mcgqkmp uaxap acap ~èk |mxàj# do`cqpdua m`fj }qa om kmdj|dm njp `mpjp acap ~èk |mxàj ak oàj mr|jum| qk ~av~j mppdk/ Ao~àj m`fj }qa ~ak mp nqmp `jdpmp# ~ak m kdjrdm nj `cdao~a# }qa m`mlm ao~|monj oappa `mcnj `qc~q|mc# na ~jnmp appmp kqnmoçmp }qa ap~àj m`jo~a`aonj# kmp ~mkläk avdp~a qkm `qcrm nm ojppm r|jedppàj# }qa rjna emxa| ~av~jp kacfj|ap/
Ra|gqo~m >/ \aprjp~m8 Aq m`fj }qa m }qap~àj njp r|èkdjp ä qk njp em~j|ap kmdp dkrj|~mo~ap oappm kqnmoçm# pa oàj j kmdp dkrj|~mo~a/ Rj|}qa mo~ap nappa ljjk na r|èkdjp# pa ragm|kjp =1 mojp m~|íp# m r|jrmgmonm dogcapm a|m kqd~j ndea|ao~a nm ~mdcmonapm# }qa a|m ndea|ao~a nm dondmom9 m `fdoapm oak avdp~dm/ Ao~àj uj`è dnao~ded`mum kqd~j `cm|mkao~a# `jk rjq`mp av`açñap# }qa ~mc moøo`dj a|m dogcèp# jq l|mpdcad|j# fjha dppj pa ra|naq# rj|}qa fjqua qkm gcjlmcdxmçàj nm r|jrmgmonm# jp eap~dumdp m`mlm|mk mppqkdonj qkm cdogqmgak r|ðr|dm# qodua|pmc a oàj ~ak kmdp `jkj pmla| na jona acap uda|mk/ @cm|j }qa ~ak më qkm jq jq~|m r|jrmgmonm kmdp apra`ëed`m# kmp na qk kjnj ga|mc# uj`è uè qk pfj|~cdp~ na @mooap# r|do`drmckao~a m rm|~a na r|do~ &}qa oàj ~ak m`~dog $# $# nded`dckao~a umd pmla| pa m raçm uadj nm ^q|}qdm jq nm Gqm~akmcm/ Dppj ud|jq |aea|èo`dm/ \aea|èo`dm nj }qa ä cagmc/ Racj kaojp nj }qa jp rqlcd`d~í|djp gjp~m|dmk na ap~m| emxaonj pa oàj ~duappak }qa emxa| j ~|mlmcfj nj ndm+ndm/ Appm ä qkm ga|mçàj na |anm~j|ap }qa pa ej|kjq oappa kqonj# nj }qmc j ~av~j oàj emx rm|~a/ Ao~àj j ~av~j m`mlm oàj paonj r|dj|dnmna na ej|km oaofqkm/ Aq kapkj njq mqcm na ~av~j# ~av~j cjogj# om Kdmkd Mn P`fjjc a jp mcqojp `fagmk `jk ~j~mc napdo~a|appa racm mqcm# rj|}qa m`fmk }qa dppj oàj umd cfap pa|ud| rm|m omnm/ Acap emcmk8 ,r|jeappj|# rj| }qa aq r|a`dpj mr|aona| dppj: Dppj ä `jdpm nj rmppmnj/, ]qmonj acap mr|aonak }qa mr|aona| m ap`|aua| ~av~j pdgoded`m j|gmodxm| kacfj| m m|gqkao~mçàj a do`cqpdua mhqnm m naeaona| kacfj| qkm raçm m~ä kapkj `jk j `cdao~a# m kandnm }qa uàj mr|aonaonj dppj# pa do~a|appmk racm km~ä|dm/
=11
Ra|gqo~m 1/ \aprjp~m8 Aq m`fj }qa m pd~qmçàj pa doua|~aq/ Pa uj`è jcfm| fdp~j|d`mkao~a# j `m|m }qa |a`aldm j hjl a|m j |anm~j|/ M~ä jp mojp 52 nd|a~j| na m|~a a |anm~j| oàj ~|mlmcfmumk hqo~jp# }qak ap`|audm j moøo`dj a|m j |anm~j|# ao~àj j moøo`dj a|m `|dmnj# mr|jumnj `jk j `cdao~a a narjdp dm rm|m qk dcqp~|mnj| jq ap~øndj# r|m pa| dcqp~|mnj/ M dkrj|~ìo`dm nj ~av~j a|m audnao~a/ Ao~àj m rm|~d| nm aujcqçàj `|dm~dum nm NNL dppj kqnjq8 ~av~j a dkmgak rmppm|mk m pa| `jop~|qënjp ak `johqo~j# m~ä kapkj racj pq|gdkao~j nm nqrcm na `|dmçàj/ Kmp m`fj }qa `mnm uax kmdp j ~av~j ap~í pa ra|naonj/ M}qd kapkj om ^mcao~ aq jlpa|uad appm kqnmoçm# fí =2 mojp }qmonj ~|mlmcfad m}qd acm pagqdm j kjnacj ua|lmc# mgj|m }qa ujc~ad ud }qa appm pd~qmçàj pa doua|~aq# acm pagqa qk kjnacj kqd~j ndea|ao~a/ Dppj ä `q|djpj# rj|}qa appm ap`jcm na `|dmçàj ua|lmc }qa a|m m ^mcao~ pa ra|naq# m`mljq ao~|monj oappa ojuj `mcnj `|dm~duj/ ^jnm appm ojum |amcdnmna nm r|jrmgmonm aq rm|~d`qcm|kao~a m`fj qkm raom/ Pdo`a|mkao~a apra|j }qa dppj pahm `ë`cd`j/ Om r|jrmgmonm pakr|a pa lqp`m j ndea|ao~a# ao~àj ~mcuax m kmoad|m ndea|ao~a na emxa| moøo`dj pahm emxa| moøo`djp ~av~qmdp# rj|}qa acap oàj pàj kmdj|dm fjha/
Ra|gqo~m 5/ \aprjp~m8 Jcfm# aq m`fj }qa rqlcd`dnmna# m rqlcd`dnmna ua|lmc racj kaojp# ä lmpd`mkao~a m|gqkao~mçàj a m m|gqkao~mçàj oàj kqnjq kqd~j oj øc~dkjp njdp kdc mojp/ Ao~àj pa uj`è ragm| mp |ag|mp na m|gqkao~mçàj# `jkj mp na M|dp~ð~acap# j }qa aca a jq~|jp `m|mp mr|aondmk rm|m pa|ak j|mnj|ap# mnujgmnjp# a~`# rm|m naeaona|ak qkm `mqpm# j }qa j rmn|a mr|aondm r|m |axm| qkm kdppm# aoedk# m}qdcj ä lmpd`mkao~a j }qa qk |anm~j| r|a`dpm pmla| rm|m ap`|aua| qk ~av~j/ M`fj }qa m appèo`dm oàj kqnjq# m`fj }qa m r|jrmgmonm ua|lmc# m|gqkao~m~dum# ~ak qk oø`caj# pahm oj |índj# om ~acaudpàj# jq om do~a|oa~/ J |m`dj`ëodj }qa uj`è ~ak }qa `jop~|qd| r|m emxa| qkm mçàj oqkm rígdom na do~a|oa~ ä j kapkj r|m emxa| qk moøo`dj na |audp~m/ @cm|j }qa `mnm kadj ~ak pqm rm|~d`qcm|dnmna8 om do~a|oa~ uj`è rjna emxa| fdra|cdoip # ml|d| hmoacmp# rjna caum| j cad~j| r|m cmnjp ndea|ao~ap9 om ^U uj`è `jopagqa ~|mlmcfm| `jk m akjçàj na qkm ej|km }qa oàj `jopagqa ~|mlmcfm| oj ~av~j ap`|d~j# kmp m appèo`dm ä m kapkm/ M`fj }qa }qak mr|aona dppj pmla mnmr~m| rm|m jp ndea|ao~ap kadjp# pahm |índj# ^U jq do~a|oa~/ Pa m rappjm oàj mr|aona m lmpa m`mlm ~aonj kqd~m nded`qcnmna r|m `jop~|qd| }qmc}qa| m|gqkao~mçàj/
MOAVJ G + Ao~|audp~m \qt Cdonaola|g @jkaçj nm @m||ad|m8 =461
Ra|gqo~m =/ \aprjp~m8 Jcfm# kqnjq pdk/ Ujc~monj qk rjq`j# oj pä`qcj VV# mojp 12/ Kdofm `m||ad|m mdonm oàj ~dofm `jkaçmnj# `cm|j# kmp oàj avdp~dm oak m ^U mdonm/ J }qa ~dofm a|m j |índj# j hj|omc# mp ej~jp a|mk ak r|a~j a l|mo`j# jq pahm# oàj a|mk kqd~j m~|m~dump# ao~àj j nap~m}qa a|m j ~av~j/ A|m aca }qak `jkqod`mum/ @cm|j }qa ~ak j em~j| na kqd~mp akr|apmp }qa `jkaçm|mk oj pä`qcj udo~a fjha hí pa|ak ~|mnd`djomdp a oàj r|a`dpm|ak kmdp na kqd~j ~av~j r|m `jkqod`m|# kmp ~mkläk ~ak appm }qap~àj na }qa fjha j ~av~j ra|naq aprmçj na ej|km ga|mc/ Fjha uj`è ~ak j `acqcm|# j ~acaejoa# j `jkrq~mnj|# j g|mumnj|# ä kqd~m `jdpm r|m ap~m| m~ao~j/ Mo~ap mp rappjmp ~dofmk kmdp ~akrj kapkj# m~ä r|m ca| a pa doej|km|# fjha r|a`dpmk ap~m| cdgmnmp ak kqd~mp `jdpmp/ Aq `jp~qkj ndxa| }qa j kmdj| lak }qa ~akjp fjha ä j ~akrj/ Rj| }qa oðp &rqlcd`d~í|djp$ r|a`dpmkjp nj ~akrj nmp rappjmp a acmp hí ~èk rjq`j ~akrj rm|m mp pqmp m~dudnmnap# r|m rqlcd`dnmna ao~àj///
=15
Do`cqpdua }qmonj uj`è emcjq }qa udofm m}qd aq parm|ad appa cdu|j r|m ~a kjp~|m|/ =0 Appa moøo`dj ejd ead~j `jk m r|jrjp~m na pa| cdu|a/ M gao~a ~dofm qkm rígdom do~ad|m na hj|omc a oj~mkjp hqp~mkao~a dppj# aq a j Hmuda|# j nd|a~j| na m|~a/ A|mk qkmp =2 rígdomp `jkj appm a mp }qa ~dofmk pdnj ead~mp mo~ap nm gao~a a|mk kqd~j udpqmdp8 qk cmtjq~ g|monàj a qk ~av~dofj/ Ä `cm|j }qa appa ä pð qk avakrcj# kmp a|m `jkj ragm| qkm rígdom do~ad|m na hj|omc a `jcj`m| m ej~j na qk eadhàj a qk ~av~dofj ljlj9 umd `fmkm| m m~aoçàj# kmp ra|`alakjp }qa oàj ap~mum rmppmonj m kaopmgak# }qa a|m ap~dkqcm| m `|dm~dudnmna/ Ao~àj edxakjp avm~mkao~a j `jo~|í|dj/ Oàj pad pa uj`è hí caq j Umcj| A`joþkd`j# kmp aca ä qk hj|omc na kqd~j `jo~aønj# lak naopj# `jk kqd~jp ~av~jp do~a|appmo~ap# ao~àj m gao~a }qa|dm pmla| pa mp rappjmp dmk rm|m| r|m ca| qk moøo`dj# ejd raopmnj r|m dppj# r|m hqp~mkao~a ml|d| jp jcfjp rm|m appap moøo`djp `fadjp na udpqmc/ A naq `a|~j/ Pmëkjp nm mgèo`dm qkmp nax nm ojd~a a j moøo`dj ejd rm|m j uaë`qcj# hí âp padp a kadm `fagjq j r|dkad|j a+kmdc a oàj rm|jq kmdp na `fagm|/ M~ä edx qkm `jkrm|mçàj do~a|appmo~a `jk m Uahm# }qa ~dofm kqd~j kmdp cad~j|ap a oàj `fagjq m ~a| oak pappao~m |aprjp~mp m pqm km~ä|dm na `mrm# ao}qmo~j oðp ~duakjp kmdp na }qm~|j`ao~mp/ Dppj r|m kdk ä m r|jum na }qa# kapkj j ~av~j ~aonj ra|ndnj aprmçj# m rmcmu|m mdonm ä kqd~j umcdjpm }qmonj lak qpmnm/ Dppj ä |m|j fjha ak ndm# rj|}qa kapkj jp |anm~j|ap oàj ap`|auak ~av~jp cjogjp# kmp pa j ~av~j ä `mrmx na `fmkm| m m~aoçàj a ä lak ap`|d~j# mdonm ~ak kqd~j umcj|/
Ra|gqo~m / Pa|aea|dmmjcdu|j,^akgao~am`fmonj}qauj`èämomcemla~j#auj`èoaknap`joedm/,#|aea|ao~amjmoøo`dj nakapkjojkaa}qaejd`jkao~mnjoap~a~|mlmcfj/
=0
=17
\aprjp~m8 Aq m`fj }qa j }qa ~ak }qa pmd| nm mgèo`dm pàj moøo`djp ljop# `jk dnadm a dojumnj|ap# kmp pak raopm| oj r|èkdj/ M`fj }qa m do~aoçàj ~ak }qa pa| emxa| mcgj ljk a }qa uaonm# `cm|j/ J r|èkdj ä `jopa}qèo`dm/ Kmp ä `cm|j }qa jp r|èkdjp ud|m|mk qkm g|mona donøp~|dm/ A dppj doecqao`dm oj ~mkmofj njp ~av~jp# rj|}qa odogqäk }qa| emxa| qk mcc ~tra `jk kanj na oàj ca|ak# na oàj `fmkm| m m~aoçàj a m~ä rj|}qa oàj ä ~jnj kqonj }qa pmla ap`|aua| qk ljk ~av~j cjogj/ J |anm~j| }qa| kapkj ä emxa| moøo`dj }qa gmofa r|èkdj# oàj dkrj|~m pa ~ak kqd~j jq rjq`j ~av~j# m oàj pa| mcgqop rjq`jp }qa rjnak pa m||dp`m|# om apra|moçm na ao`jo~|m| mcgqk hq|mnj }qa gjp~a na ca| ~av~j g|mona# rm|a r|m ca| j naca a nè oj~m mc~m rj| `mqpm ndppj/ Ra|gqo~m 1/ \aprjp~m8 M`fj }qa j nd|a~j| na m|~a }qa| emxa| j cmtjq~ ljod~j a j |anm~j| fjha hí oàj }qa| ~mo~j emxa| ~av~jp cjogjp/ J |anm~j| oàj ap~í kmdp kqd~j do~a|appmnj ak ap`|aua|/ Na }qmc}qa| ej|km m`fj }qa m qodàj njp njdp# j ~|mlmcfj ak nqrcm# ä kqd~j dkrj|~mo~a a kqd~j ljk rm|m jp njdp# rj|}qa qk ~ak raopmkao~j kmdp udpqmc# kmdp na kjo~mgak a j jq~|j oak ~mo~j# kmp rjna mr|aona| ~mkläk/ Qkm dnadm oàj r|a`dpm oa`appm|dmkao~a pmd| na qk |anm~j|# na |arao~a rjna pmd| na qk `mkdofj udpqmc# rj| }qa oàj: J dkrj|~mo~a odppj ~qnj ä pmd| qk ljk moøo`dj# }qa pahm panq~j| a }qa mhqna m `jkqod`m| j r|jnq~j# rj|}qa ~mkläk oàj mndmo~m omnm j moøo`dj pa| cdonj# kmp oàj ~ak `jo~aønj/ Ä `jkj j moøo`dj nj eadhàj# uj`è qpm| qkm rígdom do~ad|m pð r|m `jcj`m| qk eadhàj umd `fmkm| m m~aoçàj# kmp r|a`dpm ~a| mcgj rm|m ndxa|# oàj raopm| ak `jcj`m| j eadhàj a j `jo~aønj narjdp/ Rjna ed`m| qk moøo`dj ljk# kmp ~ak }qa pmla| emxa|/ Kmp mdonm ä rjppëuac pdk emxa| qk ljk ~av~j a ä dkrj|~mo~a odppj ~mkläk j rmrac nj nd|a~j| na m|~a/ @jkj aq emcad nj moøo`dj }qa j Hmuda| a aq edxakjp rm|m j Umcj| A`joþkd`j# uj`è rjna ua| }qa j ~av~j ä cjogj na r|jrðpd~j# kmp m cad~q|m ap`j||a# m ej|km `jkj aca `jo`cqdq j cmtjq~/ Aq do`cqpdua mg|mnaçj m aca oj cdu|j# racm km~q|dnmna# rj|}qa oàj ä ~jnj nd|a~j| na m|~a }qa mrjdm qk moøo`dj mcc ~tra a ava`q~m `jkj aca eax/ Ra|gqo~m 5/ \aprjp~m8 Aq m`fj j |índj qk kadj av`acao~a/ Pakr|a m`fad/ J `jo~aønj ä ljk# jp ~av~jp pàj emcmnjp# `cm|j# kmp rm|m dppj r|a`dpmk pa| ap`|d~jp/ A ä qk ð~dkj kadj na `jkqod`mçàj/ Uj`è mppdp~dq mj Ndp`q|pj nj \ad: Emcm nm dkrj|~ìo`dm nj |índj# ä avm~mkao~a dppj/ Rjnak emcm| }qa a|m jq~|j `jo~av~j# }qa oàj ~dofm ~acaudpàj a }qa a|m ärj`m na gqa||m# kmp m`fj }qa kapkj fjha j |índj `jo~doqm paonj dkrj|~mo~a/ A ~èk mcgqop r|jg|mkmp `jk kqd~j `jo~aønj/ Appa r|jha~j nm Km|dm La~fìodm# rj| avakrcj# ~mcuax oàj nè `a|~j rj| `jo~m nm Cad \jqmoa~# kmp pa|dm qkm raom pa oàj nappa# rj|}qa aca r|jrña m qodàj nm køpd`m `jk m rjapdm a `jk j ~akm }qa j kqonj r|a`dpm na rjapdm# ao~àj ä dppj/ Kmp m`fj }qa j `jo~aønj nj |índj ä kqd~j kmdp |acaumo~a }qa jp moøo`djp &prj~p$ }qa m gao~a emx oaca# }qa pàj ga|mckao~a ljljp# `jk rdmnmp e|m`mp# køpd`mp aohjm~dump/ A m ^U: M ^U m`aca|jq mdonm kmdp appa r|j`appj }qa hí ap~mum m`aca|mnj# nmp `jdpmp m`jo~a`a|ak kqd~j |írdnj# kqd~mp këndmp# kqd~mp kaopmgaop/ A m ^U ä kmdp udpqmc kapkj# oàj ~ak `jkj/ Kqd~mp uaxap qk |anm~j| raopm ak rj|}qè emxa| qk ~av~j g|mona }qa mp rappjmp oak uàj ca| pa rjna emxa| qk edcka na 02 pagqonjp }qa umd pa| udp~j rj| ~jnj kqonj:Pjl|a m do~a|oa~/ Aq oàj pjq `jo~|m m do~a|oa~# racj `jo~|í|dj# kmp m`fj }qa acm nadvm ~qnj kmdp |írdnj mdonm/ @jk m do~a|oa~ uj`è ap~í `joa`~mnj j ~akrj ~jnj# emxaonj uí|dmp `jdpmp mj kapkj ~akrj# ao~àj dppj `jo~|dlqd rm|m }qa m kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm `j||m j |dp`j na rmppm| lm~dnm/
