=
QODUA\PDNMNA NA PÀJ RMQCJ AP@JCM NA @JKQOD@MÇÑAP A M\^AP Narm|~mkao~j na \acmçñap Rølcd`mp# R|jrmgmonm a ^q|dpkj
^MKD\DP GJKAP @JP^M
Na kdc rmcmu|mp m qkm dkmgak8 m |anqçàj nj ~av~j ap`|d~j om rqlcd`dnmna/
Pàj Rmqcj <2== •
<
^MKD\DP GJKAP @JP^M
Na kdc rmcmu|mp m qkm dkmgak8 m |anqçàj nj ~av~j ap`|d~j om rqlcd`dnmna/
^|mlmcfj na @jo`cqpàj na @q|pj mr|apao~mnj mj Narm|~mkao~j na \acmçñap Rølcd`mp# R|jrmgmonm a ^q|dpkj nm Ap`jcm na @jkqod`mçñap a M|~ap nm Qodua|pdnmna na Pàj Rmqcj# `jkj |a}qdpd~j rm|`dmc rm|m jl~aoçàj nj ~ë~qcj na Lm`fm|ac ak @jkqod`mçàj Pj`dmc fmldcd~mçàj ak Rqlcd`dnmna a R|jrmgmonm# pjl m j|dao~mçàj nj R|je/ N|/ Hjàj Cqëp Moxmoaccj @m||mp`jxm/ ⎪
Pàj Rmqcj <2== •
0
Kjojg|medm mr|apao~mnm ak ZZ*ZZ*ZZ
Ra|mo~a lmo`m avmkdomnj|m8
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ R|je/ N|/ Hjàj Cqëp Moxmoaccj @m||mp`jxm
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Kp/ Km|dm @|dp~dom Ndmp Mcuap
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ \qt Cdonaola|g
Jlpa|umçñap8
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
OJ^M ZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
>
Nand`j mjp kaqp rmdp a m Naqp# kaq Rmd ojp `äqp/
1
MG\MNA@DKAO^JP
Ak r|dkad|j cqgm|# mg|mnaçj m Naqp# }qa ka naq m gqdm a ej|çm oa`appí|dmp rm|m ap`|aua| `mnm rígdom nappa ~|mlmcfj/ Oàj fí rmcmu|mp pqed`dao~ap rm|m mg|mna`a| mjp kaqp rmdp# rj| ~a| ap~mnj mj kaq cmnj ak `mnm kjkao~j nm kdofm udnm# ka mrjdmonj `jk rmcmu|mp nj`ap jq ua|nmnap nq|mp/ ^mkläk nadvj |agdp~|mnm kdofm a~a|om g|m~dnàj mj kaq muþ# `qhmp cdçñap na udnm a jcfjp `fadjp na `m|dofj ka na|mk doprd|mçàj rm|m lqp`m| j mr|dkj|mkao~j `jkj pa| fqkmoj/ ^aofj `a|~axm }qa jp mohjp oj `äq ap~àj `qdnmonj naca/ Mg|mnaçj mjp r|jeappj|ap nj aopdoj eqonmkao~mc# kändj a nj `q|pdofj }qa m`|and~m|mk ak kdk a# r|do`drmckao~a# mjp }qa oàj m`|and~m|mk# rjdp ej|mk acap jp |aprjopíuadp racmp cjogmp fj|mp na ap~qnj/ Mg|mnaçj m `mnm qkm nmp rappjmp }qa ~j|om|mk kaqp kjkao~jp om A@M apra`dmdp8 Akdcdmom# Mkt# Gqdcfa|ka# Cdcdmo Ud`ao~doa# Dut# P~arfmoda a ~jnjp jp ldvjp a ldva~ap na rqlcd`dnmna km~q~doj <227/ M`dkm na ~qnj# mg|mnaçj mjp r|jeappj|ap }qa ka edxa|mk mkm| mdonm kmdp m r|jedppàj }qa ap`jcfd# apra`dmckao~a mj Aoaqp ^|donmna# Cqcd \mnemf|a|# Camon|j Lm~dp~m# Dpkm| Pjm|ap# \jpacd Eëgm|j# Nj|dofj a Hjàj @m||mp`jxm/ M ap~a øc~dkj nauj oàj pð qkm rm|`acm nm rmdvàj racm |anmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm a racm cd~a|m~q|m# `jkj j mkj| rj| appm kjojg|medm# }qa `|ap`aq m `mnm j|dao~mçàj# a j napahj na cmrdní+cm `jkj qkm ua|nmnad|m hðdm/ Kaq pdo`a|j mg|mna`dkao~j mjp |anm~j|ap }qa ka |a`ala|mk na l|mçjp mla|~jp rm|m mp ao~|audp~mp# apra`dmckao~a mj \qt Cdonaola|g# }qa m`ad~jq# gao~dckao~a# kaq `joud~a rm|m `jkrj| m lmo`m/ Kqd~jp ojkap uàj emc~m|# kmp oàj rjppj nadvm| na mg|mna`a| dondudnqmckao~a m `mnm rappjm }qa# na qkm ej|km jq jq~|m# `jo~|dlqdq `jk j r|apao~a ~|mlmcfj/ Âp mkdgmp a `jkrmofad|mp Km|dmom# ^fmëp# Nmodacca a Hm`}qacdoa/ Mj Kí|`dj# }qa# `jk m pqm `jkr|aaopàj# ka mhqnjq kmdp nj }qa dkmgdom/ Mj Mcavmon|a a mj Eacdra# }qa ap~dua|mk mj kaq cmnj ak kjkao~jp kqd~j ndeë`adp/ Mj \mrfmac# rj| ~a| ka aopdomnj m ~a| eä/ A# rj| edk# â Ea|omonm @modxm|ap# Ea|omonm Mo~qoap# Cqdxm# Gml|dacm# Dpmlaccm# ^mcd~m a ~jnjp }qa edxa|mk a emxak `mnm pagqonj om HW^ umca| m raom/
5
Y///[ qop raopmk }qa m dkmgak ä qk pdp~akm kqd~j |qndkao~m| ak |acmçàj â cëogqm9 jq~|jp# }qa m pdgoded`mçàj oàj rjna apgj~m| m |d}qaxm dondxëuac nm dkmgak/
\jcmon Lm|~fap
7
\APQKJ
@jkj jlha~duj `ao~|mc ap~a ~|mlmcfj lqp`m `jkr|aaona| mp ~|mopej|kmçñap nj ~av~j om rqlcd`dnmna a pqm |acmçàj `jk j mr|dkj|mkao~j nmp ~ä`od`mp udpqmdp/ Rm|m ap~|q~q|m| ~mc moícdpa ej|mk ao~|audp~mnjp padp |anm~j|ap l|mpdcad|jp `jk mojp na avra|dèo`dm oj ka|`mnj rqlcd`d~í|dj/ M rap}qdpm ap~í ndudndnm ak `do`j rdcm|ap8 pj`dj`qc~q|mc# a`joþkd`j# ka|`mnjcðgd`j# pdklðcd`j a ~a`ojcðgd`j9 `mnm }qmc nap~m`monj jp ndea|ao~ap rjo~jp na udp~m m`a|`m nappmp kjnded`mçñap/ Mp |aprjp~mp jl~dnmp ak `mnm rdcm| ej|mk |aej|çmnmp `jk mrjdj ~að|d`j a `|qxmnmp ao~|a pd# na kjnj m jl~a| qk rmoj|mkm kqc~dem`a~mnj njp `mkdofjp ra|`j||dnjp racj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj/ Nappm ej|km# mj edomc nj ap~qnj ä rjppëuac ao~aona| kmdp `cm|mkao~a `jkj pa naq m rmppmgak nm r|jrmgmonm ua|lmc rm|m m udpqmc a }qmdp pàj jp |qkjp nj ~av~j ap`|d~j ndmo~a nappm |amcdnmna/
Rmcmu|mp+`fmua8 cdogqmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# |anmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm# `jkqod`mçàj# rqlcd`dnmna# moøo`djp# këndm dkr|appm# dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm/
6
MLP^\M@^
Mp d~p kmdo jlha`~dua ~fdp wj|i paaip ~j qona|p~mon ~fa ~|mopej|km~djop je ~fa ~av~ do mnua|~dpdog mon d~p |acm~djo ~j ~fa dkr|juakao~ je udpqmc ~a`fod}qap/ ^j p~|q`~q|a ~fdp momctpdp wa|a do~a|udawan pdv L|mxdcdmo w|d~a|p wd~f m cjog avra|dao`a do mnua|~dpdog/ ^fa |apam|`f dp ndudnan do edua rdccm|p8 pj`dmc mon `qc~q|mc# a`jojkd`# km|ia~# ~a`fojcjgd`mc mon ptkljcd`# am`f joa fdgfcdgf~dog ndeea|ao~ udawp mljq~ ~fapa `fmogap/ ^fa |aprjopap jl~mdoan do am`f rdccm| wa|a p~|aog~faoan wd~f ~fa ~faj|a~d`mc pqrrj|~ mon `|jppan# do j|na| ~j jl~mdo m kqc~dem`a~an jua|udaw je ~fa rm~fp je `jrtw|d~dog/ ^fqp# m~ ~fa aon je ~fa p~qnt dp rjppdlca ~j qona|p~mon kj|a `cam|ct fjw wmp ~fa ~|mopd~djo e|jk ua|lmc ~j udpqmc mnua|~dpdog mon wfm~ m|a ~fa nd|a`~djop je ~fa w|d~~ao ~av~ lt ~fdp |amcd~t/
Iatwj|np8 cmogqmga je mnua|~dpdog# `jrtw|d~dog# `jkkqod`m~djop# mnua|~dpdog# r|do~# dkmga mnua|~dpdog/
4
CDP^MP NA EDGQ\MP A ^MLACMP
EDGQ\M = + CDU\J DKR\APPJ AK =502 EDGQ\M < + LMOFM UAMNJ + =671 EDGQ\M 0 +,C—AV@ACPDJ\# OJUM RFM\KM@DM NA MCGDLAD\M + =66> EDGQ\M > + @FJ@JCM^AP ^JCCA EDGQ\M 1 + HA@M ^M^QXDOFJ EDGQ\M 5 + EJ^JG\MEDMP OJ MOØO@DJ NA CQV + =40= EDGQ\M 7 + M DKMGAK @JKRCAKAO^MONJ J ^AV^J + =405 EDGQ\M 6 + MCC DKMGA + =440 EDGQ\M 4 + MOØO@DJ L\JKDCËMNMP + =4=6 EDGQ\M =2 + NÄ@DJ RDGOM^M\D + =417 EDGQ\M == + RA\@Q\PJ NJP KJNACJP NA MOÍCDPA NM DKMGAK RQLCD@D^Í\DM EDGQ\M =< + DKMGAK A ^AV^J HQO^JP OJ HJ\OMC EDGQ\M =0 + DKMGAK A ^AV^J HQO^JP AK AVRJPDÇÀJ EDGQ\M => + ACAKAO^JP @JOJ^M^DUJP OM DKMGAK EDGQ\M =1 + NDAPAC + <226 EDGQ\M =5 + FMUMDMOMP PRD\D^ + <2=2 EDGQ\M =7 + + M EQOÇÀJ NA \ACMDP OJ MOØO@DJ EDGQ\M =6 + J ^AV^J @JKRCAKAO^MONJ M DKMGAK EDGQ\M =4 + JP @ÐNDGJP NJ MOØO@DJP RQLCD@D^Í\DJ EDGQ\M <2 + @M\^MX @JOUJ@M^DUJ RM\M M \AUJCQÇÀJ NA =40< EDGQ\M <= + M APPÈO@DM NJ R\JNQ^J OJ MOØO@DJ NA RA\EQKA EDGQ\M << + M EQOÇÀJ R\AND@M^DUM OJ MOØO@DJ NA KM\@M @JOPMG\MNM EDGQ\M <0 + QK NJP MOØO@DJP NM @MKRMOFM QOD^AN @JCJ\P JE LAOA^^JO EDGQ\M <> + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 PRJ\^P DCCQP^\M^AN KMGMXDOA EDGQ\M <1 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 KM@]QM\DA QODUA\PD^T EDGQ\M <5 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 PRJ\^P DCCQP^\M^AN EDGQ\M <7 + ^Ë^QCJ8 @FQ\@FAP JE ^FA CJUA PDOGMRJ\A KJUAKAO^ EDGQ\M <6 + ^AV^J8 ^FA LJP^JO GCJLA EDGQ\M <4 + ^AV^8 @FQ\@FAP JE ^FA CJUA PDOGMRJ\A KJUAKAO^ EDGQ\M 02 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 ODIA EDGQ\M 0= + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 PJ@DMC WJ\I EDGQ\M 0< + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 NDAPAC EDGQ\M 00 + ^AV^J8 HQLDCAA KJUAKAO^/ EDGQ\M 0> + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 PJ@DMC WJ\I EDGQ\M 01 + ^Ë^QCJ8 EQONMÇÀJ ATA @M\A EDGQ\M 05 + ^Ë^QCJ8 A@IAP ODANA\ +JCK EDGQ\M 07 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 MNDNMP EDGQ\M 06 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 M]QAO^ EDGQ\M 04 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 \AUDP^M G\MONA \ARJ\^MGAK EDGQ\M >2 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 RA^D^ LM^AMQ EDGQ\M >= + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 AKD/ EDGQ\M >< + ^AV^J/ ICMLDO IDKLA\CAT/ EDGQ\M >0 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 KMRM PRJO^AV EDGQ\M >> + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 AMP^ ^DKJ\ ^JQ\DPK EDGQ\M >1 + ^Ë^QCJ8 OM^DJOMC OAWPRMRA\P JP D\ACMON EDGQ\M >5 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 MNAPE EDGQ\M >7 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 FM\UAT OD@FJCP EDGQ\M >6 + ^Ë^QCJ8 FMUMDMOMP EDGQ\M >4 + ^AV^J8 PDOGMRQ\A FJPRD^MC @JQO@DC EDGQ\M 12 + ^AV^J8 MMNFM\ MPPJ@DM^DJO
=7 <0 <> <> <1 <5 <6 02 00 01 >2 >= >= >0 >> >5 >7 >6 >4 >4 12 12 57 71 71 71 75 75 75 75 77 77 77 77 76 76 76 74 74 74 62 62 62 6= 6= 6< 6< 6< 60 60
=2
EDGQ\M 1= + ^AV^J8 UJCIPWMGAO EDGQ\M 1< + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 CQVJ\ FDGFCDGF^A\P EDGQ\M 10 + ^Ë^QCJ8 CM^DO P^J@I EDGQ\M 1> + ^Ë^QCJ8 KDCCA\ EDGQ\M 11 + ^AV^J8 MQGPLQ\GA\ MCCGAKADOA EDGQ\M 15 + ^Ë^QCJ8 NDVJOP P^J\AP G\JQR EDGQ\M 17 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 P^/ HJFO MKLQCMO@A EDGQ\M 16 + ^AV^J8 UJCIPWMGAO EDGQ\M 14 + R\JRJPDÇÀJ UDPQMC8 P^ACCM M\^JDP EDGQ\M 52 + ^Ë^QCJ ) DKMGAK8 NDAPAC EDGQ\M 5= + R\JRJPDÇÀJ UDPQMC/ @CQL =6+02 EDGQ\M 5< + R\JRJPDÇÀJ UDPQMC8 RCMTP^M^DJO PJOT EDGQ\M 50 + R\JRJPDÇÀJ UDPQMC8 UJCIPWMGAO EDGQ\M 5> + R\JRJPDÇÀJ UDPQMC/ AKD/ EDGQ\M 51 + R\JRJPDÇÀJ UDPQMC8 CAGJ EDGQ\M 55 + R\JRJPDÇÀJ UDPQMC8 QC^\M ^DNA EDGQ\M 57 + R\JRJPDÇÀJ UDPQMC/ AOA\GDXA\ EDGQ\M 56 + R\JRJPDÇÀJ UDPQMC/ W\MOGCA\ EDGQ\M 54 + R\JRJPDÇÀJ UDPQMC/ LDCCLJM\N EDGQ\M 72 + @MPA \ARCMT/ @MOOAP <2=2/ EDGQ\M 7= + AVAKRCJ NA MOØO@DJ NM NÄ@MNM NA 52 @JK AP^\Q^Q\M M\DP^J^ÄCD@M EDGQ\M 7< + AVAKRCJ NA \AMNT+KMNA8 K^U EDGQ\M 70 + AVAKRCJ NA \AMNT KMNA + <2== EDGQ\M 7> + RMHA\J EQCC + KD^PQLDPFD/ <224 EDGQ\M 71 + MOØO@DJP NM @MKRMOFM NA P@\MLLCA/ <2=2/ EDGQ\M 77 + RÞP^A\AP NM MGAO@DM F+17 @\AM^DUA P^M^DJO/ <2=2/ EDGQ\M 75 + MOØO@DJ MNJLJ KMGMXDOA + <2=2 EDGQ\M 76 + MOØO@DJ EDM^ KDJ/ <2=2/ EDGQ\M 74 + LCJG RÄ OM KJNM# NM @J\ACCJ/ EDGQ\M 62 + LCJG CJQ@MP RJ\ CDOGA\DA# NM FJRA/ EDGQ\M 6= ‐ MLM NA A@JPRJ\^ Ä EÀ NAPPM RÍGDOM OJ EM@ALJJI/ EDGQ\M 6< + LCJG L\MDOP^J\K 4/
6> 6> 61 61 61 65 65 67 66 66 64 64 64 42 42 42 4= 4= 4< 4> 46 =2= =2< ==7 ==6 ==4 ==4 =<2 =<5 =<7 =<6 =<4
^MLACM = + CDKD^MÇÑAP NJP L\MPDCAD\JP RM\M M CAD^Q\M
==0
==
PQKÍ\DJ
MR\APAO^MÇÀJ
=<
=
=>
RMCMU\MP8 J ÈVD^J NJ ^AV^J AP@\D^J
=/=
J pq|gdkao~j nm a`jojkdm ap`|d~q|ëp~d`m
=>
=/<
@a|~amq a m `jopjcdnmçàj nm a`jojkdm ap`|d~q|ëp~d`m
=7
=/0 M ~|mha~ð|dm nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj oj L|mpdc =/0/= @jo~av~qmcdxmçàj =/0/< Njp `cmppded`mnjp âp dcqp~|mçñap =/0/0 Nj |índj â |ana kqondmc na `jkrq~mnj|ap =/0/> M cd~a|m~q|m om rqlcd`dnmna8 qk `mrë~qcj &}qmpa$ â rm|~a
<2 <2 <= <1 0=
<
05
DKMGAOP8 M @JOP^\QÇÀJ UDPQMC NA PDGODED@MNJ
Ap~qnjp nm dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm
05
Naoj~mçàj a `joj~mçàj om dkmgak
>2
M cad~q|m nm dkmgak oj moøo`dj rqlcd`d~í|dj
>7
0
NMP RMCMU\MP ÂP DKMGAOP8 JP @DO@J RDCM\AP
10
0/= @jk m rmcmu|m# jp |anm~j|ap &ka~jnjcjgdm na rap}qdpm$ 0/=/= Jlha~duj 0/=/< Ej|kqcmçàj nj r|jlcakm 0/=/0 Ka~jnjcjgdm 0/=/> Mkjp~|mgak
10 10 10 1> 11
0/<
Rdcm| pj`dj`qc~q|mc
15
0/0
Rdcm| a`joþkd`j
50
0/> Rdcm| ka|`mnjcðgd`j 0/>/= Cañap na jq|j 0/>/< G|mon R|dv 0/>/0 \apqc~mnjp
72 70 67 4<
0/1
Rdcm| pdklðcd`j
41
0/5
Rdcm| ~a`ojcðgd`j
>
MEDOMC# J \ANM^J\ AP^Í AP@\AUAONJ KAOJP:
=2<
=24
>/=
Jlpa|umçñap rm|`dmdp8 qkm kqnmoçm fdp~ð|d`m
=24
>/<
\anm~j|ap a cad~j|ap8 m dkrj|~ìo`dm na qkm ojum |acmçàj
==>
=<
>/0
@joua|gèo`dm8 jp ojujp |qkjp nj ~av~j `jcmlj|m~duj
=<<
@JO@CQPÑAP EDOMDP8 M @\DM^DUDNMNA M@DKM NA ^QNJ
=0<
\AEA\ÈO@DMP LDLCDJG\ÍED@MP
=05
Cdu|jp
=05
^apap a Ndppa|~mçñap
=06
Nj`qkao~jp
=04
Walg|medm
=04
MOAVJP + AO^\AUDP^MP
=>2
MOAVJ M + ]qap~djoí|dj q~dcdxmnj
=>2
MOAVJ L + Ao~|audp~m Cqdx ^jcanj
=>=
MOAVJ @ + Ao~|audp~m @m|cjp Njkdogjp
=>>
MOAVJ N + Ao~|audp~m Aqgèodj Kjfmccak
=>7
MOAVJ A + Ao~|audp~m Eíldj L|monàj
=1<
MOAVJ E + Ao~|audp~m Eíldj Pmljtm
=10
MOAVJ G + Ao~|audp~m \qt Cdonaola|g
=11
=<
MR\APAO^MÇÀJ
]qmpa ~jnj r|jedppdjomc na rqlcd`dnmna ak mcgqk kjkao~j ä mr|apao~mnj mj `äcal|a moøo`dj |andgdnj racj avrcj|mnj| mogcj+d|cìonap A|oap~ Pfm`ica~jo# ak =422# lqp`monj |a`|q~m| fjkaop rm|m m pqm avrjpdçàj mj Rðcj Pqc/ J ~av~j ndxdm8 ,Oa`appd~mk+pa fjkaop rm|m qkm udmgak ra|dgjpm/ Pmcí|djp lmdvjp# e|dj do~aopj# cjogjp kapap ak `jkrca~m ap`q|dnàj# ra|dgj `jop~mo~a# |ag|appj nqudnjpj/ Fjo|m a |a`jofa`dkao~j ak `mpj na èvd~j‛ &LM\\A^J# <22># r/ =0$/ Dpao~j na dcqp~|mçñap# ap~a ä `jofa`dnj `jkj qk njp moøo`djp kmdp aed`mxap nm fdp~ð|dm# g|mçmp m pqm mlj|nmgak/ Racj kapkj kj~duj# aca ä m doprd|mçàj rm|m ap~a ap~qnj# }qa lqp`m ao~aona| rj|}qa moøo`djp `jkj appa ra|na|mk `mnm uax kmdp aprmçj rm|m jp na r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc/ Napna j moj nm `jo`arçàj nappa ~av~j mjp ndmp m~qmdp# mp ej|kmp na `jkqod`mçàj mc~a|m|mk+pa pdgoded`m~dumkao~a/ Jp kä~jnjp ra|pqmpdujp pàj q~dcdxmnjp napna }qa mp |acmçñap na ~|j`m a uaonm pa ap~mlaca`a|mk# a a|mk# r|dj|d~m|dmkao~a# ua|lmdp m~ä j pä`qcj VDV/ Rj|äk# j napaoujcudkao~j nmp ~ä`od`mp dcqp~|m~dump a ej~jg|íed`mp mj cjogj nj pä`qcj pagqdo~a ~|mopej|kjq m |acmçàj ao~|a j ~av~j a m dkmgak om rqlcd`dnmna/ M }qap~àj ä8 m umcj|dxmçàj nj udpqmc `qckdojq om `jopa}qao~a napumcj|dxmçàj nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj: Appa }qap~djomkao~j oàj ä m~qmc# hí oj pä`qcj VV# ap~qndjpjp a r|jedppdjomdp do~ao~mumk |aprjona| m appm ra|gqo~m# `fagmonj m `jo`cqpñap jrjp~mp/ Ak kadj mjp naeaopj|ap nj ~av~j ap`|d~j# Lm||a~j &<22># r/ <$ m|gqkao~m8 ,Med|km+pa# mdonm fjha# }qa ‖qkm dkmgak umca kmdp }qa kdc rmcmu|mp— Y///[/ Oàj ak r|jrmgmonm/ Dkmgak mcgqkm ä `mrmx na uaona| omnm &av`açñap ap~m~dp~d`mkao~a r|audpëuadp$# pa oàj uda| m`jkrmofmnm na racj kaojp qkm cdofm na ~av~j‛/ Rj| jq~|j cmnj# Lm|~fap &=442$ do~ag|m j g|qrj rm|m j }qmc m dkmgak ~jkjq j aprmçj mo~ap j`qrmnj racm r|jrjpdçàj ua|lmc/ Pagqonj aca# fjha8 Y///[ j ~av~j ä qkm kaopmgak rm|mpd~m# nap~domnm m `joj~m| m dkmgak# dp~j ä# ,dopqecm|+cfa, qk jq uí|djp pdgoded`mnjp pagqonjp/ Kacfj| ndxaonj &a ~|m~m+pa na qkm dkrj|~mo~a doua|pàj fdp~ð|d`m$# m dkmgak hí oàj dcqp~|m m rmcmu|m9 ä m rmcmu|m }qa# ap~|q~q|mckao~a# ä rm|mpd~m nm dkmgak9 appm doua|pàj ~ak paq r|açj8 ojp kjcnap ~|mnd`djomdp na ,dcqp~|mçàj,# m dkmgak eqo`djomum `jkj qkm ujc~m ardpðnd`m â naoj~mçàj# m rm|~d| na qkm kaopmgak r|do`drmc &j ~av~j$# }qa a|m pao~dnj `jkj `joj~mnj# hí }qa oa`appd~mum r|a`dpmkao~a na qkm dcqp~|mçàj9 om |acmçàj m~qmc# m dkmgak hí
=0
oàj uak ap`cm|a`a| jq ,|amcdxm|, m rmcmu|m9 ä m rmcmu|m }qa uak pqlcdkm|# rm~a~dxm| jq |m`djomcdxm| m dkmgak Y///[/ Lm|~fap &=442# r/ <2$
Ndmo~a nappm nd`j~jkdm# j r|apao~a ~|mlmcfj momcdpm jp ndea|ao~ap kjkao~jp nj ~av~j ap`|d~j om fdp~ð|dm nm rqlcd`dnmna a m pqm |acmçàj `jk m dkmgak# `|qxmonj nmnjp }qa |auacmk `jk kmdp r|a`dpàj j paq rmrac om pj`danmna udpqmc/ Oj `mrë~qcj dod`dmc jlpa|um+pa j mnuao~j nj ~av~j ap`|d~j a pqm `jopjcdnmçàj# m~ä j kjkao~j ak }qa gmofm dkrj|~ìo`dm om rqlcd`dnmna a `jo~|dlqd rm|m j paq napaoujcudkao~j/ Napna jp r|dkad|jp `cmppded`mnjp mjp moøo`djp ndgd~mdp# jp r|do`drmdp kjkao~jp nm |anmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm l|mpdcad|m pàj kap`cmnjp `jk jp mr|dkj|mkao~jp nmp ~ä`od`mp g|íed`mp a ej~jg|íed`mp a mp doecqèo`dmp kø~qmp ao~|a m rqlcd`dnmna a m cd~a|m~q|m/ M pagqonm rm|~a |a~|m~m jp ap~qnjp pjl|a m dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# nap~m`monj jp |acm~dujp â `joj~mçàj a naoj~mçàj# ead~jp rj| \jcmon Lm|~fap a Qkla|~j A`j# a jp |acm`djomnjp â cad~q|m nm dkmgak# mr|apao~mnjp rj| Hm`}qap Nq|mon a Gaj|gap Räodojq/ M eqoçàj nappa `mrë~qcj ä nakjop~|m| mp `m|m`~a|ëp~d`mp m|gqkao~m~dump nm dkmgak }qa# mppdk `jkj j ~av~j# ~mkläk rjna pa| cdnm/ Oj ~a|`ad|j `mrë~qcj ä na~mcfmnj j jlha~duj# mppdk `jkj m ka~jnjcjgdm q~dcdxmnm omp ao~|audp~mp ak r|jeqondnmna |amcdxmnmp `jk padp |anm~j|ap l|mpdcad|jp na ga|mçñap ndp~do~mp/ Jp ao~|audp~mnjp |aprjona|mk m ra|gqo~mp ndudndnmp ak `do`j rdcm|ap8 pj`dj`qc~q|mc# a`joþkd`j# ka|`mnjcðgd`j# ~a`ojcðgd`j a pdklðcd`j# `mnm qk |auacmonj ndea|ao~ap rjo~jp na udp~m pjl|a mp kjnded`mçñap nj ~av~j/ J }qm|~j a øc~dkj `mrë~qcj |aøoa j mr|aondxmnj mn}qd|dnj omp ao~|audp~mp a om rap}qdpm ldlcdjg|íed`m ak `jo`cqpñap rm|`dmdp m`a|`m nm doua|pàj fdp~ð|d`m j`j||dnm ao~|a m q~dcdxmçàj nj ~av~j a nm dkmgak om rqlcd`dnmna/ Mcäk na |appmc~m| m dkrj|~ìo`dm na qk jcfm| |aojumnj| pjl|a m |acmçàj ao~|a rqlcd`d~í|djp a `jopqkdnj|ap om ojum |amcdnmna ak }qa j ~av~j pa ao`jo~|m/
=>
= RMCMU\MP8 J ÈVD^J NJ ^AV^J AP@\D^J J ,r|jg|appj, ä na ~drj ap`|d~q|ëp~d`j/ Kd`fmac na @a|~amq
=/=
J pq|gdkao~j nm a`jojkdm ap`|d~q|ëp~d`m
Rm|m dod`dm| j ra|`q|pj ak nd|açàj â |aecavàj pjl|a j }qap~djomkao~j mr|apao~mnj ak |acmçàj â napumcj|dxmçàj nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj# ~j|om+pa oa`appí|dj qk |a~j|oj â fdp~ð|dm nm ap`|d~m# `qhj jlha~duj ä nakjop~|m|# ak cdofmp ga|mdp# jp `mkdofjp }qa j ~av~j ap`|d~j ra|`j||aq# rmppmonj racj pq|gdkao~j nm dkr|aopm m~ä `fagm| â pqm cdgmçàj `jk m rqlcd`dnmna/ Qkm uax jlpa|umnj j `jo~av~j nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj om fdp~ð|dm# rjna+pa `jkaçm| m ao~aona| `jkj aca pa napaoujcuaq# mppdk `jkj j paq rmrac ojp ndmp m~qmdp/ Pmla+pa }qa mp r|dkad|mp ej|kmp na `jkqod`mçàj |akjo~mk â j|dgak nj fjkak/ Rm|m j rap}qdpmnj| @|m~j &=460$# ap~m ejd m pjcqçàj ao`jo~|mnm racjp g|qrjp oþkmnap rm|m `jop~|qd| mp ej|kmp r|dkd~dump na `jca~dudnmna/ M aujcqçàj nm cdogqmgak m`jkrmofjq m fdp~ð|dm nm fqkmodnmna/ Mp r|dkad|mp dop`|dçñap ak jppjp a ran|mp nm~mk na 02/222 mojp m/@/ a a|mk |ar|apao~mçñap nap~domnmp mjp m~jp |acdgdjpjp a kë~d`jp/ Mj cjogj njp pä`qcjp# ap~ap pëkljcjp pje|a|mk ~|mopej|kmçñap# rmppmonj m emxa| rm|~a nm |amcdnmna nmp pj`danmnap r|dkd~dump# |ar|apao~monj ~mkläk mpra`~jp nj paq `j~dndmoj/ Mdonm mppdk# j ~av~j pa kmodeap~mum na ej|km `jca~dum# nap~domnj â avrjpdçàj nm udnm ak `johqo~j# pak m edgq|m na qk mq~j|/ Pagqonj @|m~j &=460$# nm~m na `a|`m na 0/122 m/@/ mcgqkmp dkrj|~mo~ap kjnded`mçñap oj |qkj nm fqkmodnmna# `jkj m nap`jla|~m nj ea||j9 m panao~m|dxmçàj nmp ~|dljp oþkmnap a j napaoujcudkao~j nm emcm# hí j|gmodxmnm ak e|mpap do~acdgëuadp# j }qa caum â pqlj|ndomçàj nj g|medpkj â emcm/ M mg|d`qc~q|m pa napaoujcua# mp pj`danmnap ndudnak+pa ak `cmppap# `|ap`a j ~|mlmcfj ap`|muj/ Mp |ar|apao~mçñap kë~d`mp `anak `mnm uax kmdp aprmçj â |m`djomcdnmna/ Oappm ojum `joedgq|mçàj ~j|omk+pa oa`appí|djp ~mkläk jp ~av~jp j|gmodxmnj|ap# `jkj mp cadp ap`|d~mp/ M rm|~d| njp dnajg|mkmp# rmppmonj racm ap`|d~m momcë~d`m# pq|ga j mcemla~j/ Ä om eaoë`dm# `a|`m na =/122 mojp m/@/ }qa mrm|a`ak jp r|dkad|jp mcemla~jp# qpmnjp
=1
a mra|eadçjmnjp racjp fal|aqp# g|agjp a |jkmojp# nmonj j|dgak â kqc~drcd`dnmna na ~drjp g|íed`jp }qa ~akjp m~ä jp ndmp m~qmdp/ Kdcfm|ap na mojp parm|m|mk m kakð|dm `jca~dum ~|mopkd~dnm racm j|mcdnmna nm `jopjcdnmçàj nm |ar|apao~mçàj ap`|d~m nj |amc# kmp lmp~m|mk `a|`m na ~|do~m pä`qcjp rm|m m |ar|apao~mçàj kmoqmc nj ~av~j ap`|d~j rmppm| â |ar|jnqçàj ka`ìod`m/ J ~av~j pa kmodeap~mum ak kadjp om~q|mdp# um|dmonj `joej|ka m |agdàj a m ärj`m8 pq|gdq r|dkad|j ak jppjp# `jo`fmp a ejcfmp na rmckad|m# narjdp ak kmnad|m9 pqrj|~ap dgqmckao~a ndeë`adp na `jopa|um| a ~|moprj|~m|/ Oj J|dao~a fí r|andcaçàj racj mcgjnàj a m panm/ J rmrd|j a j ra|gmkdofj raca na modkmc r|arm|mnm rm|m m ap`|d~m pq|gak oj Agd~j a pa `jopjcdnmk/ Ap~a øc~dkj# ak apra`dmc# ra|kd~dq dojumçñap# `jkj mp dcqkdoq|mp &qkm kdp~q|m na`j|m~dum na `mcdg|medm a rdo~q|m$# q~dcdxmnmp r|do`drmckao~a omp ca~|mp `mrd~qcm|ap oj doë`dj na `mrë~qcjp ak cdu|jp a nj`qkao~jp/ J rmrac# hí qpmnj racjp `fdoapap napna j moj =21 n/@/ ä do~|jnqxdnj om Aq|jrm pjkao~a ak kamnjp nj pä`qcj VDD/ Oj ao~mo~j# m ap`|d~m `jo~doqmum kmoqmc/ @mla emxa| qk pmc~j rm|m j pä`qcj VU# j }qmc ejd# pak nøudnm# qk km|`j om fdp~ð|dm nm `jkqod`mçàj fqkmom/ @|m~j &=460$ med|km }qa oappa pä`qcj `jopjcdnm|mk+pa jp `mkdofjp ak nd|açàj â pj`danmna |agdnm racmp |ag|mp nm ap`|d~m/ M~ä ao~àj a|m om emcm }qa j rjna| pa kmodeap~mum# hí }qa m `qp~jpm |ar|jnqçàj njp cdu|jp ao`jo~|mum+pa omp kàjp njp kjogap `jrdp~mp a pqm m}qdpdçàj a|m ead~m racm Dg|ahm a rj| ojl|ap }qa rjppqëmk |a`q|pjp rm|m ~mc/ Nq|mo~a ~jnm m Dnmna Mo~dgm a rm|~a nm Dnmna Kändm m Dg|ahm njkdomum jp edädp rj| kadj nm acj}qèo`dm na paqp |ar|apao~mo~ap# }qa cdmk jp pa|kñap rm|m jp edädp aq|jraqp a# rjp~a|dj|kao~a# rm|m mp `jcþodmp/ M j|mcdnmna ndeqondm mp oj|kmp# mp oj~ë`dmp# jp `jp~qkap# m rjcë~d`m a m |acdgdàj/ M rmcmu|m cdnm ak ujx mc~m a|m m ua|nmna/ J ra|ëjnj nm Dnmna Kändm# cj`mcdxmnj ao~|a jp pä`qcjp U a VU# ejd appao`dmc om ~|mopej|kmçàj nappa r|j`appj/ M `fagmnm nj rmrac `fdoèp a m douaoçàj nm r|aopm kðuac na Hjfmoo Gq~akla|g |aujcq`djom|dmk m dkr|aopm a mp `jkqod`mçñap# `jopjcdnmonj m na`mnèo`dm nm ap~|q~q|m eaqnmc# j `|ap`dkao~j nm lq|gqapdm a m j|gmodxmçàj njp Ap~mnjp om`djomdp/ Mcäk ndppj# j |aomp`dkao~j `qc~q|mc `cmkmum racm |ar|jnqçàj na doej|kmçñap ak cm|gm ap`mcm/ Jlpa|um+pa }qa j `jo~av~j pj`dmc ap~mum â emuj| na qkm dojumçàj ka`ìod`m nm ap`|d~m/
=5
Gq~akla|g ejd j |aprjopíuac racj doë`dj nj }qa pa `jouaodjq `fmkm| na \aujcqçàj nm Dkr|aopm# m~|muäp nm do~|jnqçàj na ~drjp kðuadp rm|m m dkr|appàj na cdu|jp om Aq|jrm# rj| ujc~m na =>04/ Ejd ~mkläk j douao~j| nm r|aopm kðuac &r|j`appj g|íed`j }qa rjppdldcd~m m dkr|appàj njp ~drjp kðuadp ak `johqo~j$# rjppdldcd~monj m ndeqpàj ak kmppm na cdu|jp# oagð`dj cq`|m~duj rm|m m lq|gqapdm/ Pagqonj @|m~j &=460$# appm dojumçàj ra|kd~dm m r|jnqçàj na `ao~aomp na rígdomp ak qkm fj|m# j }qa a}qdumcdm m kapap na ~|mlmcfj njp `jrdp~mp/ @jk kmdp mgdcdnmna om dkr|appàj m `cmppa lq|gqapm `jopagqdm r|jnqxd| cdu|jp m `qp~jp m~|mao~ap# mppdk `jkj mn}qd|d+cjp m r|açjp m`appëuadp/ Ap~m em`dcdnmna naq ujx â lq|gqapdm# ujx ap`|d~m9 dkr|appm9 r|jrmgmnm rj| ~jnm m Aq|jrm a# rjp~a|dj|kao~a# rj| ~jnj j kqonj/ @jopa}qao~akao~a# j rjna| nj `ca|j ejd mkamçmnj# qkm uax }qa mp rappjmp oàj oa`appd~mumk kmdp na `jo~m~j nd|a~j `jk m Dg|ahm rm|m ~a| m`appj mjp ap`|d~jp pmg|mnjp# `qhj r|do`drmc |ar|apao~mo~a a|m m Lëlcdm/ M dkr|aopm pa ndeqondq |mrdnmkao~a rj| ~jnm m Aq|jrm/ Nao~|j na rjq`mp nä`mnmp fmudm pa aprmcfmnj racm D~ícdm# E|moçm a Aprmofm/ Jp r|agjad|jp# }qa ra|`j||dmk m Dnmna Kändm caumonj m rmcmu|m nj |ad a nm Dg|ahm# ra|na|mk rm|~a na pqm doecqèo`dm9 mp qodua|pdnmnap pa kqc~drcd`mumk# `jk j mrjdj njp cdu|jp dkr|appjp9 a j mc~j @ca|j ra|ndm j kjojrðcdj nm `qc~q|m/ Ap~m ojum |amcdnmna ejd udp~m `jk mr|aaopàj racm Dg|ahm/ Jp r|dkad|jp cdu|jp a mp ejcfmp &ej|km r|dkd~dum njp hj|omdp kjna|ojp$ r|judofmk na ð|gàjp gjua|omkao~mdp a a|mk |dgj|jpmkao~a `jo~|jcmnjp racm Dg|ahm a racj Ap~mnj &@\M^J# =460$/ M dkr|aopm pa napaoujcuaq ak kadj mj `jo~|jca nm Do}qdpdçàj# |ap~|dogdonj a# kqd~mp uaxap# av`cqdonj m cdla|nmna na avr|appàj a m dkr|appàj na cdu|jp/ Cjgj# paq `|ap`dkao~j naq+pa g|mnm~dumkao~a# ak kadj mjp kjom|`mp a mjp lq|gjp# aujcqdonj kmdp |mrdnmkao~a ak gjua|ojp kaojp `ao~|mcdxmnjp a kmdp cao~mkao~a ak kjom|}qdmp `jk ej|~a mq~j|dnmna `ao~|mc/ Mj cjogj njp pä`qcjp rjp~a|dj|ap j kqonj mppdp~dq â aujcqçàj nm ~drjg|medm# mj mra|eadçjmkao~j om ej|km na dopa|d| edgq|mp a `j|ap ojp cdu|jp &edgq|m =$# mj pq|gdkao~j nm cd~jg|medm &dkr|appàj m~|muäp na km|`mp g|mumnmp ak qkm km~|dx$# nm ej~jcd~jg|medm a nm dkr|appj|m m umrj|/
=7
Edgq|m = + Cdu|j dkr|appj ak =502
Kmp ejd mraomp oj doë`dj nj pä`qcj VUDDD }qa m douaoçàj na Gq~aola|g# m~ä ao~àj q~dcdxmnm mraomp rm|m m dkr|appàj na cdu|jp# rmppjq m pa| qpmnm ~mkläk rm|m hj|omdp/ J `|ap`dkao~j nap~a uaë`qcj doej|km~duj a pqm ndp~|dlqdçàj ak kmppm ejd qk dkrj|~mo~a rmppj rm|m m nakj`|m~dxmçàj nj `jofa`dkao~j a rm|m m `jkqod`mçàj kjna|om# lmpamnm om m}qdpdçàj na doej|kmçàj m~|muäp nm ap`|d~m/ Ejd dgqmckao~a dkrj|~mo~a rm|m m `jo}qdp~m nm cdla|nmna na dkr|aopm# }qa nq|mo~a j pä`qcj VDV pa ~|mopej|km|dm ,&///$ om dkr|aopm kjna|om8 m dkr|aopm j|gmodxmnm pagqonj jp kjcnap donqp~|dmdp nm r|jnqçàj# nm cdu|a `jo`j||èo`dm# nm jea|~m a nm r|j`q|m/, &@\M^J# =460# r/ 0=$/ Kmp pqm aujcqçàj ejd# ~mkläk# j eqodc rj| jona m ujx njp lq|gqapap a rjcë~d`jp rmppjq a m njp `mkrjoapap a r|jca~í|djp ed`jq rm|m ~|íp/ A# nappm ej|km# j rjna| nm rmcmu|m emcmnm rmppjq m ndudnd| aprmçj `jk m rmcmu|m ap`|d~m/
=/<
@a|~amq a m `jopjcdnmçàj nm a`jojkdm ap`|d~q|ëp~d`m
M nqmcdnmna rmcmu|m ap`|d~m * rmcmu|m emcmnm a pqmp dkrcd`mçñap oj kjnj na udua| `m|m`~a|ëp~d`j nmp pj`danmnap ejd mlj|nmnm rj| @a|~amq &=44>$/ Â ojum ej|km~mçàj nj kqonj kjna|oj# rmq~mnj racm `jo}qdp~m nm ap`|d~m# aca naq j ojka na ,a`jojkdm ap`|d~q|ëp~d`m,/ A`jojkdm ap~m }qa ejd m mcmumo`mnm racm dkr|aopm na
=6
Gq~akla|g# mlmemonj mp ujxap `j~dndmomp# }qa m~ä ao~àj njkdomumk j `j|rj pj`dmc/ Nappm ej|km# ä dkrj|~mo~a ao~aona| na }qa kjnj j ~av~j ap`|d~j r|juj`jq kqnmoçmp om pj`danmna a pa ~j|ojq qk njp kmdj|ap |aprjopíuadp racm ej|kmçàj nm pj`danmna udpqmc# mj cmnj na jq~|jp g|monap m`jo~a`dkao~jp pj`dmdp a `qc~q|mdp# `jkj j |aomp`dkao~j/ Om Dnmna Kändm j m`appj mjp cdu|jp a|m r|dudcägdj na rjq`jp a m kaopmgak ed`mum `ao~|mcdxmnm omp kàjp nj `ca|j# nm ojl|axm a# rjp~a|dj|kao~a# nm lq|gqapdm/ Mppdk# ,j ~av~j pa ao}qmn|mum om ~aj|dm nmp }qm~|j jq pa~a cad~q|mp }qa rjna|dm |a`ala|, &@A\^AMQ# =44># r/ >4$/ J cad~j| `jkqk a|m# ak ua|nmna# jqudo~a# naraonao~a nm do~a|r|a~mçàj na jq~|ak rm|m ~a| m`appj mj ~av~j a â ,ua|nmna,/ @a|~amq avakrcded`m ap~m |amcdnmna m~|muäp nmp Ap`|d~q|mp Pmg|mnmp# }qa a|mk `jofa`dnmp rj| kadj na qkm ujx# paonj# rj|~mo~j# emcmnmp# m~ä kamnjp nj pä`qcj VUD/ Jp edädp# ka|jp jqudo~ap# ao`jo~|mumk+pa â ka|`è na qk do~a|cj`q~j| }qa jp mr|jvdkmppa nm Ujx Ndudom/ M Lëlcdm na Gq~akla|g ejd m`cmkmnm oàj pjkao~a racm }qmcdnmna ~ä`od`m a ap~ä~d`m# kmp r|do`drmckao~a rj| nm| ej|km â appm Ujx/ @jk m ndppakdomçàj nm ap`|d~m a cad~q|m# em`dcd~mnm racjp mumoçjp ~a`ojcðgd`jp# j mracj qoded`mnj| pa apumdq mj cjogj njp pä`qcjp VUD+VUDD# nmonj cqgm| m qkm ojum `joedgq|mçàj pj`dmc# `jop~|qënm pjl mp ndua|pmp ujxap pqrj|~mnmp racm ap~|q~q|m ap`|d~q|ëp~d`m/ M pj`danmna kjna|om narm|m+pa# ao~àj# `jk qk g|mona napmedj8 mr|aona| m cdnm| `jk m mqpèo`dm na qkm ujx dnao~ded`mnj|m/ J r|dkad|j pdomc nap~m kqnmoçm ä j dpjcmkao~j nj rjuj# qkm uax }qa m j|mcdnmna# pqm r|do`drmc ej|km na `jkqod`mçàj a qodàj# ejd |anqxdnm m mraomp qk njp mpra`~jp nm a`jojkdm ap`|d~q|ëp~d`m a ,pa ~j|om rjna| omp kàjp na qkm 'lq|gqapdm' }qa `jcj`m m dop~|qkao~mcdnmna nm ca~|m oj cqgm| nj r|dudcägdj nj omp`dkao~j Y///[, &@A\^AMQ# =44># r/ <05$/ Oap~a rjo~j# ä uícdnj |appmc~m| }qa fí qkm dkrj|~mo~a ndp~doçàj ao~|a m j|mcdnmna a m ap`|d~m# na kjnj }qa oàj pa naua `jcj`m| mp nqmp pjl m kapkm mp`aonèo`dm/ Racj `jo~|í|dj# @a|~amq naeaona }qa rjppqak qkm ndea|aoçm }qmo~d~m~dum# paonj m øc~dkm `mrmx na mlm|`m| m r|dkad|m# ~mkmofm m pqm `mrm`dnmna na ndeqpàj/ nde qpàj/ Ra|`ala+pa }qa j ~av~j emx rm|~a nm fdp~ð|dm nm fqkmodnmna# a ä qpmnj rm|m ap`|auè+cm a kjnded`í+cm/ Jona fí mhqo~mkao~j na pa|ap fqkmojp# ä `jkqk ap~m| ~mkläk m ap`|d~q|m rm|m |agdp~|m| paqp ead~jp/ Nappm ej|km# mp pj`danmnap ca~|mnmp rmppm|mk m pa| `jop~|qënmp racj ~av~j# pahm udpqmc jq ap`|d~j/ R|jnqxdnj ak kmppm# aca `fagm m }qmpa ~jnmp mp rm|~ap# pjl mp kmdp ndua|pmp ej|kmp8 om cad~q|m na qk
=4
hj|omc jq |audp~m# om ~acm nm ~acaudpàj# omp jonmp nj |índj# om |ana kqondmc na `jkrq~mnj|ap a omp køc~drcmp ujxap moþodkmp }qa j `jop~|jak/ Nappm ej|km# m ap`|d~m ~j|ojq+pa qkm r|í~d`m kë~d`m9 qkm uax }qa jp kd~jp# ndp`q|pjp e|mgkao~mnjp }qa m|~d`qcmk mp r|í~d`mp na qkm pj`danmna a pàj rj| acmp m|~d`qcmnjp# mgj|m `jp~qkmk rmppm| rj| kadj nm ap`|d~m/ Edomckao~a# mrðp }qmpa `do`j pä`qcjp# j ldoþkdj r|jnqçàj+`jopqkj ejd ~|mnqxdnj ak ap`|d~m+cad~q|m# a ejd hqp~mkao~a m ~|mnqçàj na ~av~jp ao~|a cëogqmp ndp~do~mp }qa `jo~|dlqdq rm|m m `jopjcdnmçàj nappa r|j`appj/ Acm ~ak pdnj qk dkrj|~mo~a dop~|qkao~j rm|m m pqr|akm`dm nm a`jojkdm ap`|d~q|ëp~d`m# rjppdldcd~monj m ~|moprjpdçàj na lm||ad|mp cdogqëp~d`mp a `qc~q|mdp# `jkj mrjo~m @a|~amq &=44># r/ <1>+1$8 ^akjp m}qd qkm km}qdom|dm# mra|eadçjmnm oj na`j||a| nmp ga|mçñap/ Acm ra|kd~a rmppm| na qkm cëogqm rm|m jq~|m# acdkdom| m av~a|dj|dnmna ~|mopea|donj+m rm|m m do~a|dj|dnmna a ~|mopej|km| ak ,kaopmgaop &ap`|d~q|ëp~d`mp# r|jnqxdnmp a ‖`jkr|aaondnmp—$ jp ‖|qënjp— dopðcd~jp jq pak pao~dnj r|a`anao~ap nmp ujxap/
Fjha# oj kqonj gcjlmcdxmnj# rjna+pa `jopqkd| `jofa`dkao~j# oj~ë`dmp a kjnjp na udua| na jq~|mp `qc~q|mp rj| kadj nm cdogqmgak ~|mnqxdnm/ @jkj `jopa}qèo`dm# j ndp`q|pj j|ndoí|dj ä dpjcmnj a aoe|m}qa`dnj# mppdk `jkj j ndp`q|pj |a~ð|d`j# `qhjp jlha~dujp ra|pqmpdujp pàj j|mdp rj| appèo`dm/ @jkj jlpa|um @|m~j &=460# r/ =6$# –m ap`|d~m hí rjna g|mum| ~jnmp mp rmcmu|mp a dnadmp/‛ @jkj |apqc~mnj# ~ak+pa j ~av~j `jkj m~j dondudnqmc a |ar|jnq~duj# rj|~mnj| na qkm km~|dx rappjmc a ~|mopkd~dnj rm|m |a`ar~j|ap ~mkläk rm|~d`qcm|ap/ Ap`|aua| rmppjq m pa| pdoþodkj na r|jg|appj/ R|jedppñap# qodua|pdnmnap# kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj# nao~|a jq~|jp rdcm|ap pj`dmdp# pàj edcfjp nm a`jojkdm ap`|d~q|ëp~d`m/ Ap~m# rj| pqm uax# naua paq èvd~j m qkm pä|da na em~j|ap fdp~ð|d`j+ pj`dmdp# `jkj m aujcqçàj nm ~ä`od`m ~drjg|íed`m# j lm|m~amkao~j nj r|açj nj rmrac a njp hj|omdp # m kacfj|dm oj ~|moprj|~a na cdu|jp a hj|omdp ndppakdomçàj nm dkr|aopm
⎪
⎪
j }qa em`dcd~jq m
a m ej|kmçàj na qk rølcd`j do~a|appmnj ojp
m`jo~a`dkao~jp nj kqonj/ J napaoujcudkao~j nm m~dudnmna rqlcd`d~í|dm# nao~|j nm a`jojkdm ap`|d~q|ëp~d`m# ap~í do~|ëopa`j mj mqkao~j nmp m~dudnmnap `jka|`dmdp/ Ejd nq|mo~a m Dnmna Kändm }qa mp r|í~d`mp ra|pqmpdump gmofm|mk ej|kmp kmdp `jopdp~ao~ap# naudnj mj dkrqcpj nmp udmgaop km|ë~dkmp a â ~|j`m na laop na `jopqkj mnudonjp nm nap`jla|~m na ~a||d~ð|djp &\MKMCFJ# <224$/ J ~av~j ap`|d~j `jkaçm m pa kjp~|m| qk
<2
dkrj|~mo~a mcdmnj nm r|jrmgmonm=/ @jk j mnuao~j nm dkr|aopm# jp r|dkad|jp ejcfa~dop a `m|~mxap pq|gd|mk rm|m nduqcgm| r|jnq~jp a pa|udçjp# r|dkad|j om Aq|jrm J`dnao~mc a# rjp~a|dj|kao~a# om Mkä|d`m `jcjodxmnm# do`cqpdua oj L|mpdc/ M}qd m m~dudnmna rqlcd`d~í|dm `jkaçjq m pa napaoujcua| ~m|ndmkao~a# ak |acmçàj â Mka|d`m nj oj|~a a Aq|jrm# oj ao~mo~j# m cdogqmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm l|mpdcad|m gmofjq `j|rj a |aojka# ~j|omonj+pa qkm |aea|èo`dm kqondmc/ Rj|~mo~j# ä uícdnj jlpa|um| jp r|do`drmdp kjkao~jp na paq napaoujcudkao~j# m edk na `jkr|aaona| `jkj pa naq appm rmppmgak a `jkj# rjp~a|dj|kao~a# m dkmgak dopa|dq+pa oappm cdogqmgak/
=/0
M ~|mha~ð|dm nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj oj L|mpdc
=/0/=
@jo~av~qmcdxmçàj
Ap~qnm| j `jkrj|~mkao~j nj ~av~j mj cjogj nm fdp~ð|dm nm rqlcd`dnmna l|mpdcad|m oàj ä qkm ~m|aem eí`dc# apra`dmckao~a naudnj â ap`mppax na nmnjp ednandgojp/
Ak
ndua|pjp
kjkao~jp
fdp~ð|d`jp
fí
ndua|gèo`dm
ao~|a
jp
rap}qdpmnj|ap# rj| avakrcj# ak |acmçàj mj r|dkad|j moøo`dj rqlcd`mnj oj rmëp# `jkj pa|í udp~j kmdp m ndmo~a/ Rj|~mo~j# `mla nap~m`m| }qa jp moøo`djp# nm~mp a nmnjp kao`djomnjp oap~a ~|mlmcfj ej|mk |a~d|mnjp r|do`drmckao~a njp ap~qnjp na Km|`jonap &<22=$# @m||mp`jxm &<225# <2=2$ a Pdkñap &<225$/ Pagqonj Km|`jonap &<22=$# m~ä m `fagmnm nm emkëcdm |amc rj|~qgqapm# ak =626# jp moøo`djp m`jo~a`dmk r|dj|d~m|dmkao~a om ej|km ua|lmc/ Oappa moj ejd dkr|appj j r|dkad|j hj|omc# dod`dmonj m dkr|aopm l|mpdcad|m/ M~ä appa kjkao~j# m `jcþodm oàj rjppqëm }qmc}qa| ~drj na dkr|aopm# jp hj|omdp a|mk r|jnqxdnjp om Dogcm~a||m a `fagmumk `jk racj kaojp 02 ndmp na m~|mpj# rjdp udofmk na omudj/ M ~a`ojcjgdm a|m r|a`í|dm# oàj fmudm kí}qdomp rm|m dkr|appàj a j rmrac ~dofm na pa| dkrj|~mnj/ M rm|~d| na ao~àj jp cdu|jp a hj|omdp kjp~|mk+pa av`acao~ap kadjp na r|jrmgmçàj na dnadmp# dnajcjgdmp a oj~ë`dmp a ä oappa `jo~av~j }qa pq|gak jp paqp =
Oap~a ~|mlmcfj jp ~a|kjp ,rqlcd`dnmna, a ,r|jrmgmonm, pàj q~dcdxmnjp `jkj pdoþodkjp/
<=
r|dkad|jp rm~|j`domnj|ap8 jp moqo`dmo~ap/ M rm|~d| na =612# jp hj|omdp l|mpdcad|jp `jkaçmk m pa kjna|odxm|# lmpamnjp ojp rmn|ñap e|mo`apap a dogcapap/ Oj ao~mo~j# jp lmdvjp ëond`ap na dop~|qçàj nm rjrqcmçàj a jp mc~jp umcj|ap nmp mppdom~q|mp hqp~ded`mumk m emc~m na `jopqkdnj|ap/ Pjkao~a mrðp m pagqonm nä`mnm nj pä`qcj VV jlpa|um+pa j mnuao~j njp kjnacjp na hj|omdp }qa `jofa`akjp fjha8 ak =4<= omp`a m Ejcfm na Pàj Rmqcj9 ak =4<1# J Gcjlj a j Ndí|dj na Pàj Rmqcj/ G|mona rm|~a nappa dkrqcpj naq+pa g|mçmp mj r|j`appj na kjna|odxmçàj a |aojumçàj `qc~q|mc om nä`mnm na =4<2/ M rqlcd`dnmna oj L|mpdc dopa|dq+pa `jkj j l|mçj doej|km~duj nj pdp~akm a`joþkd`j }qa pa do~|jnqxdm/ Ak qk `jo~av~j oj }qmc mp `dnmnap `|ap`dmk a mp rappjmp hí oàj pa `jofa`dmk kmdp racj ojka# ,Y///[ j hj|omc njkdojq m `jkqod`mçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm nj edomc nj pä`qcj VDV a na# racj kaojp# qk }qm|~j nj pä`qcj VV/, &KM\@JONAP# <22=# r/ =1$/ Hqo~j m aca# `jo`j||dmk jp `m|~mxap# jp rmoeca~jp# rmdoädp rdo~mnjp a jq~|jp kadjp akl|djoí|djp/ Nappm ej|km# `mla ua|ded`m| j napaoujcudkao~j nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj nao~|j njp ndea|ao~ap kadjp# na kjnj m ao~aona| paq rmrac ojp m`jo~a`dkao~jp pj`dmdp a `qc~q|mdp nj rmëp# mppdk `jkj m ej|km `jkj aca ejd doecqao`dmnj rj| appmp kqnmoçmp/ Rm|m appm jlpa|umçàj ejd |amcdxmnm qkm ndudpàj fdp~ð|d`m a ndní~d`m8 j r|dkad|j kjkao~j `jkaçm `jk jp `cmppded`mnjp/ J pagqonj pa dod`dm `jk j mnuao~j nj |índj# kadj na `jkqod`mçàj }qa km|`jq m fdp~ð|dm nm rqlcd`dnmna l|mpdcad|m# `jkj pa|í udp~j m pagqd|/ J ~a|`ad|j momcdpm mp doecqèo`dmp nm cd~a|m~q|m om cdogqmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm/
=/0/<
Njp `cmppded`mnjp âp dcqp~|mçñap
Oj L|mpdc |a`äk+`jcjodxmnj# m aujcqçàj nj `jkä|`dj naq+ pa rj| kadj nm emcm/ Dp~j rj|}qa mraomp jp `jcjodxmnj|ap a|mk mcemla~dxmnjp a oàj fmudm oaofqkm ap~|q~q|m km~a|dmc a ~a`ojcðgd`m }qa rjppdldcd~mppa jq~|mp ej|kmp na jea|a`a| r|jnq~jp a pa|udçjp/ Mppdk# mp r|dkad|mp kmodeap~mçñap rqlcd`d~í|dmp pa nmumk racm udm j|mc/ A|mk jp emkjpjp r|agñap# ead|mp na |qm jona pa jea|a`dmk ~jnm m pj|~a na r|jnq~jp a pa|udçjp/
<<
Pagqonj Pdkñap &<225$# j r|dkad|j moøo`dj ap`|d~j }qa pa ~ak oj~ë`dm nm~m nj pä`qcj VDD# nap`jla|~j rj| Mkl|ðpdj Ea|omonap L|monàj# ak Gjdíp8 ,Palmp~dàj Rjo~ap pa ao`m||agm na km~m| `jk ndp`|dçàj a r|ap~axm na m`j|nj `jk m pagqdo~a ~mlacm8 l|mpdcad|jp# 122 kdc |ädp9 ap~|mogad|jp# 022 kdc |ädp9 ~q|`jp na g|mçm/, &PDKÑAP# <225# r/ <=$/ Mcäk nm av`ao~|d`dnmna nj moøo`dj# rjna+pa ra|`ala| qkm `m|m`~a|ëp~d`m }qa nd~m|dm m rqlcd`dnmna l|mpdcad|m rj| kqd~j ~akrj8 a|m ka|mkao~a doej|km~duj/ Ä dkrj|~mo~a oj~m| }qa# oappap `cmppded`mnjp# m cdogqmgak ap~í na m`j|nj `jk m q~dcdxmnm om `qc~q|m j|mc nm ärj`m# dond`monj }qa –Y///[ qk pdkrcap moøo`dj na `cmppded`mnj rjna ~mkläk |auacm|# ak pqmp rjq`mp cdofmp# na~mcfap nmp `jondçñap na udnm nm pj`danmna na jona aca aka|gdq‛ &@M\\MP@JXM# <2=2$/ Nappm ej|km# qkm uax }qa m `jo`j||èo`dm a|m lmdvm jq doavdp~ao~a &naraonaonj nj r|jnq~j$# jp moøo`djp# `fmkmnjp na mudpjp a |andgdnjp rj| hj|omcdp~mp# moqo`dmumk j r|jnq~j jq pa|udçj ndprjoëuac# mraomp nap`|auaonj pqmp r|do`drmdp eqoçñap# na ej|km }qa jp do~a|appmnjp rqnappak ~jkm| `jofa`dkao~j nj kapkj/ @jkj jlpa|umnj oj avakrcj mo~a|dj|# jp mudpjp `jp~qkmumk pa| `q|~jp# nd|a~jp a `jk }qmpa oaofqkm r|aj`qrmçàj ap~ä~d`m/ A|mk mgcq~domnjp# pak ndea|ao`dmc ao~|a qk a jq~|j# q~dcdxmumk mraomp ~av~jp a a|mk appao`dmckao~a doej|km~dujp/ Pagqonj Pdkñap &<225$# om nä`mnm na =602# pq|ga qk ndea|ao`dmc }qa `jkaçm|dm m kjnded`m| m mrm|èo`dm njp moøo`djp8 m r|dkad|m g|muq|m/ ^|m~mum+pa na qk `cd`fè na qkm kàj ea`fmnm# dond`monj j moøo`dj `jk j nanj dond`mnj|/ Ak =6>4# oj Ndí|dj nj \dj na Hmoad|j# ä rqlcd`mnj j r|dkad|j moøo`dj q~dcdxmonj `mdvm mc~m a ~ap~akqofmc/ Ap`|d~j rm|m j kand`mkao~j Pmcpmrm||dcfm na Pmonp# `jk ~ap~akqofj ä nj N|m/ Rmqcm @mondnj/ Kmp ä om nä`mnm na =612 nj }qa m r|jrmgmonm l|mpdcad|m `jkaçm m mr|apao~m| dkrj|~mo~ap aujcqçñap cdogqëp~d`mp# `jkj j pq|gdkao~j na moøo`djp ak ua|pjp |dkmnjp a ka~|ded`mnjp# a m dop~mq|mçàj nj ~ë~qcj `jkj acakao~j appao`dmc oj moøo`dj/ J moøo`dj rqlcd`mnj oj hj|omc rmqcdp~moj J Trd|mogm avakrcded`m8 J MEDMNJ\ KÍGD@J J medmnj| na }qm~|j rm|~ap# ran|m ka~ícd`m na mkjcm| nj n|/ @fmrkmo# ä qk m|~dgj `qhm pqra|dj|dnmna ä |a`jofa`dnm rj| ~jnjp a `jk m }qmc ~jnm rappjm rjna medm| pqmp omumcfmp jona }qa| }qa pa m`fa# pahm oj km|# jq ak ~a||m# pakr|a ~ak oj paq rqna| na `jopa|uí+cmp ak ra|ead~j ap~mnj/ &PDKÑAP# <225# r/ 04$
<0
Mcäk nm r|apaoçm nj ~ë~qcj# `mla nap~m`m| m kacfj| acmlj|mçàj nm cdogqmgak# `jkj m q~dcdxmçàj nm ka~íej|m &–j medmnj| kígd`j‛$# m r|apaoçm na acakao~jp na umcj|dxmçàj nj r|jnq~j &kígd`j# pqra|dj|dnmna$ a ~ä`od`mp ra|pqmpdump# mdonm }qa r|dkí|dmp &,///rjna medm| pqmp omumcfmp jona }qa| }qa pa m`fa,$/ Appap acakao~jp nakjop~|mk }qa jp moøo`djp na r|jnq~jp hí `jkaçmumk m pa ndea|ao`dm| njp `cmppded`mnjp# qkm uax }qa hí oàj a|mk ka|jp mudpjp/ Oappm kapkm nä`mnm# mrm|a`ak jp r|dkad|jp pcjgmop# `jkj j ,Pmdlm j }qa ~jnjp pmlak mj emxa| pqmp `jkr|mp,# nmp cjhmp Ej|~qom# om Lmfdm &PDKÑAP# <225# r/ >1$/ J hj|omc L|mpdc Dcqp~|mnj `jkaçm m rqlcd`m| `m|d`m~q|mp/ Uakjp }qa j ~av~j `jkaçm m ndudnd| aprmçj `jk mp dcqp~|mçñap# mdonm }qa ap~mp øc~dkmp ejppak q~dcdxmnmp `jkj `jmnhqumo~ap/ M eqoçàj nmp dkmgaop oàj a|m `jkrcakao~m| mj ~av~j# kmp pa| qk acakao~j nj cmtjq~ &m ~j~mcdnmna njp acakao~jp udpqmdp a ~av~qmdp nj moøo`dj rqlcd`d~í|dj8 ~ë~qcj# ~av~j# pcjgmo a dkmgaop$# `qhj rmrac a|m `fmkm| m m~aoçàj nj cad~j| rm|m j moøo`dj# na kjnj m ndea|ao`dí+cj nj `m|nqka na `cmppded`mnjp }qa rjujmumk jp hj|omdp &edgq|m <$/
Edgq|m < + Lmofm Uamnj + =671
M rqlcd`dnmna `jo~doqm m ~jkm| ej|km nq|mo~a j pä`qcj VDV# nd|a~mkao~a mppj`dmnm mj `|ap`dkao~j njp hj|omdp oj L|mpdc/ Pagqonj Km|`jonap &<22=$# oj edomc nj pä`qcj mp dcqp~|mçñap
⎪
napaofj jq g|muq|m
⎪
mr|dkj|mk+pa &edgq|m 0$/
Om ud|mnm nj pä`qcj# j ap~dcj nmp kaopmgaop gmofjq ojujp `jo~j|ojp/ Pq|gak mp r|dkad|mp |audp~mp# ej`mnmp ak `|þod`mp pj`dmdp# pí~d|mp# `fm|gap a pjoa~jp# ao~|a jq~|jp mppqo~jp/ Ä oacmp }qa mrm|a`ak jp r|dkad|jp moøo`djp na
<>
rígdom do~ad|m &edgq|m >$/ Acap nadvmk na pa| ka|mkao~a doej|km~dujp a pa ~|mopej|kmk ak kaopmgaop akl|qcfmnmp ak qk rm`j~a na acakao~jp }qa r|a`dpmk pa| mla|~jp a na`de|mnjp racj `jopqkdnj|/ M r|jrmgmonm `jkaçm m ~jkm| ej|km omp kàjp njp m|~dp~mp a rja~mp# }qa r|aao`fak jp moøo`djp `jk dcqp~|mçñap# edgq|mp na cdogqmgak# |dkmp a ~ä`od`mp ra|pqmpdump &@M\\MP@JXM# <225$/
Edgq|m 0 +,C—Av`acpdj|# ojum rfm|km`dm na mcgdlad|m + =66>
Edgq|m > + @fj`jcm~ap ^jcca
Oj `jkaçj nj pä`qcj VV fí qk ojuj pq|~j na dojumçàj8 jp pcjgmop a ~ë~qcjp mr|dkj|mk+pa9 j napaofj# ga|mckao~a qkm dcqp~|mçàj nj r|jnq~j# a m `m|d`m~q|m# nàj qk ~j}qa na fqkj| â kaopmgak/ Jp ~av~jp rjä~d`jp ~|mxak l|dcfj â cdogqmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm/ M `jopjcdnmçàj nmp |audp~mp `jonqx j r|j`appj g|íed`j m qkm kacfj|dm pdgoded`m~dum/ Mqkao~m j oøka|j na moøo`djp `jcj|dnjp# apra`dmckao~a m rm|~d| na =425 &PDKÑAP# <225$/ Na ej|km ga|mc# fí kmdp r|aj`qrmçàj `jk m }qmcdnmna njp
<1
cmtjq~p/ Jq~|m ojudnmna pàj jp r|dkad|jp moøo`djp na g|mkjejoap# uaondnjp `jkj m
,kmdj| douaoçàj nj pä`qcj VV‛/ Hí oj doë`dj nm nä`mnm na =4<2# pq|ga j Mckmom}qa Ldj~þod`j Ejo~jq|m# oj }qmc Kjo~ad|j Cjlm~j rqlcd`m m emkjpm fdp~ð|dm nj Ha`m ^m~qxdofj &edgq|m 1$# `jofa`dnm `jkj m kmdp cjogm om||m~dum nm fdp~ð|dm nm r|jrmgmonm l|mpdcad|m &@M\\MP@JXM9 FJEE# <224$/ @jk ap~a ra|pjomgak Cjlm~j nakjop~|m }qa m `jkldomçàj na cd~a|m~q|m a rqlcd`dnmna rjna |aona| ljop e|q~jp/
Edgq|m 1 + Ha`m ^m~qxdofj
Ak |apqkj# napna m `fagmnm nm Emkëcdm \amc m~ä jp mojp =4<2# j ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj pje|aq dkrj|~mo~ap kjnded`mçñap a rmppjq m `joudua| mj cmnj nm dkmgak# kmp a|m r|dkj|ndmckao~a ap`|d~j/ Oj ao~mo~j# m rm|~d| nappm nä`mnm# naudnj mjp r|dkad|jp a`jp nj |índj# aca ujc~m m pa| ~mkläk emcmnj/
=/0/0
Nj |índj â |ana kqondmc na `jkrq~mnj|ap
Kapkj mo~ap nj |índj# jp moøo`djp kqpd`mnjp hí a|mk q~dcdxmnjp rm|m uaona| r|jnq~jp/ J r|dkad|j hdogca }qa pa ~ak oj~ë`dm nm~m na =4=7/ A|m qkm mnmr~mçàj nj pmklm ,Racj ^acaejoa,# na A|oap~j Pmo~jp# rm|m uaona| m `a|uahm Ednmcgm8 J `faea nm ejcdm
<5
racj ~acaejoa Kmonjq+ka ndxa|# ]qa fí ak ~jnm rm|~a @a|uahm Ednmcgm Rm|m pa lala| &PDKÑAP# <225# r/ 76$
J hdogca ~|m~mum+pa nm mr|jr|dmçàj na em~jp nj ndm+m+ndm# køpd`mp# jl|mp emkjpmp a cdogqmgak rjrqcm| rm|m `|dm| ~|a`fjp kqpd`mdp }qa nap~m`mumk mp r|do`drmdp `m|m`~a|ëp~d`mp na r|jnq~jp a pa|udçjp ndua|pjp/ Mj cmnj naca# m dkmgak a j ~av~j ap`|d~j `jo~doqmumk m aujcqd|/ Qk moøo`dj rqlcd`mnj ak M Ojd~a ed`jq `jofa`dnj `jkj j r|dkad|j mcc ~tra/ Ndxdm8 ,Ä dkrjppëuac }qa uj`è oàj pmdlm jona ä J @mkdpad|j/ <6 Mppaklcädm/, &PDKÑAP# <225# r/ 4<$/ Ak Pàj Rmqcj# ä dop~mcmnj j r|dkad|j rmdoac na ap~|mnm# rm|m j roaq Nqocjr# ak =4<5/ Ap~ap rmdoädp gmofm|dmk emkm mj cjogj njp mojp# mn}qd|donj j ojka racj j }qmc pàj fjha `jofa`dnjp8 ,jq~njj| ,/ ,/ Oacap `jouao`djojq+pa q~dcdxm| e|mpap `q|~mp a nd|a~mp# rm|m gm|mo~d| }qa m kaopmgak pa|dm `mr~mnm racjp kj~j|dp~mp/ M ej~jg|medm# r|apao~a ak ra|dðnd`jp aq|jraqp napna m nä`mnm na =6>2# mrm|a`a ak =4<4 om rqlcd`dnmna l|mpdcad|m# moj `jo~q|lmnj naudnj â `|dpa a`joþkd`m &PMO^M\ACCD# <224 r/ =<5$/ Ap~a em~j nakjop~|m m `mrm`dnmna nm r|jrmgmonm ak do`j|rj|m| mj ka|`mnj rqlcd`d~í|dj mp kjnded`mçñap ~a`ojcðgd`mp r|apao~ap om pj`danmna/ M do~|jnqçàj nm ej~jg|medm |ar|apao~jq qkm pdgoded`m~dum kacfj|dm om mrm|èo`dm njp moøo`djp# akr|ap~monj+cfap kmdp pjl|danmna &edgq|m 5$/
Edgq|m 5 + Ej~jg|medmp oj moøo`dj na Cqv + =40=
<7
Pagqonj @mpm}qd &<227$# om nä`mnm na 02 `jopjcdnm+pa j |índj `jkj qk kadj na `jkqod`mçàj/ Douao~mnj om nä`mnm na =4<2# ak paqp r|dkad|jp mojp j |índj a|m |ap~|d~j m `cqlap ea`fmnjp# paonj mla|~j rm|m m r|jrmgmonm `jka|`dmc pjkao~a ak =40# a|mk =<2 kdc mrm|acfjp |a`ar~j|ap oj L|mpdc &PDKÑAP# <225$/ Pqm avrmopàj ej|~mca`a jp hdogcap a pcjgmop# }qa a|mk r|j`cmkmnjp a `jop~mo~akao~a |ara~dnjp ak |ana om`djomc/ Jp moøo`djp na |índj & prj~p$# rjq`j m rjq`j nadvmk na pa| m |ara~dçàj na ~av~jp ap`|d~jp rm|m hj|omdp a |audp~mp a rmppmk m napaoujcua| cdogqmgak r|ðr|dm/ @jk j `|ap`dkao~j nj |índj ra|`ala+pa qkm dkrj|~mo~a kjnded`mçàj oj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj8 aca rmppm m pa| emcmnj# e mcmnj# ak ej|km na prj~ p a hdogcap/ Pa rj| qk cmnj appa em~j |ar|apao~m j |a~j|oj nm emcm om rqlcd`dnmna# `jkj m`jo~a`dm oj doë`dj nj pä`qcj VDV# dp~j oàj pdgoded`m m ujc~m nj rjna| nm j|mcdnmna j|ndoí|dm/ J ~av~j uad`qcmnj oj |índj ä ap`|d~j rj| kàjp na~ao~j|mp nj rjna| na avr|appàj a emcmnj m~|muäp nmp ujxap njp cj`q~j|ap &edgq|mp }qa mjp rjq`jp pa ~j|om|dmk ë`joap om`djomdp$ a ra|pjomcdnmnap nj `ë|`qcj m|~ëp~d`j l|mpdcad|j/ A|m# rj|~mo~j# kjojnd|a`djomc/ Mcäk ndppj# j ~av~j moqo`dmnj oj |índj rjppqëm qk jlha~duj apra`ëed`j# }qa a|m uaona| r|jnq~jp a pa|udçjp# paonj appao`dmckao~a ra|pqmpduj/ Nappm ej|km# mrapm| nm cdogqmgak rjrqcm| `m|m`~a|ëp~d`m nj |índj# j ~av~j a|m nd|a`djomnj âp kmppmp a oàj r|jnqxdnj rj| acmp/ Ak rm|mcacj# jp ~av~jp r|apao~ap ak hj|omdp a |audp~mp `jkaçmumk m mr|apao~m| m|gqkao~jp pqlha~dujp# mrapm| na mdonm pa|ak mnha~dumnjp mj av~|akj/ Jp moøo`djp ak ua|pj `jo~doqmumk `jkqop# `jkj ap~a rm|m Jnjc8 Nao~ap }qa aoead~mk j |dpj `jk l|dcfjp `cm|jp na pjc/// Rjq`j# rm|m dp~j# ä r|a`dpj8 m rmp~m a j cd}qdnj Jnjc/ &PDKÑAP# <225# r/ =21$
<6
M dkmgak nadvm na pa| mraomp qk na~mcfa rm|m pa ~|mopej|km| oj `jkrcakao~j nm kaopmgak ap`|d~m/ Oj moøo`dj mlmdvj &edgq|m 7$ rjna+pa oj~m| }qa ~av~j a dkmgak ~|mlmcfmk hqo~jp rm|m ao~|agm| mj cad~j| m kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm `jkrca~m/ J ~ë~qcj ,Mnj|íuac# ap~m cdoga|da-, emx |aea|èo`dm m qkm raçm ëo~dkm nm km|`m Umcdpä|a# nakjop~|mnm om edgq|m/ Mcäk ndppj# m dcqp~|mçàj mhqnm j `jopqkdnj| m ao~aona| }qa pa ~|m~m na qkm `joua|pm ao~|a nqmp kqcfa|ap# em~j `joed|kmnj racj ra}qaoj rm|íg|mej cjgj mlmdvj nj ~ë~qcj/ Oap~a `mpj# mraomp j ~av~j jq m dkmgak oàj pa|dm pqed`dao~a rm|m m `j||a~m `jkr|aaopàj nj moøo`dj/ Oj ao~mo~j# mdonm fí g|mona umcj|dxmçàj nj ~av~j# qkm uax }qa m dkmgak ä q~dcdxmnm rm|m avrcd`m| m kaopmgak ~av~qmc/
Edgq|m 7 + M dkmgak `jkrcakao~monj j ~av~j + =405
Pagqonj Pdkñap &<225$# ojp mojp =4>2 jp moøo`djp dkr|appjp na|mk qk ojuj pmc~j aujcq~duj8 cmtjq~p kmdp cauap# avrcj|mçàj nj l|mo`j# dcqp~|mçñap kmdp nacd`mnmp a kacfj|dm omp ~ä`od`mp na dkr|appàj/ Mj cmnj ndppj# em~jp kaoj|ap ~mkläk `jo~|dlqak rm|m nd|a`djom| m aujcqçàj nj ~av~j8 j pcjgmo rm|m dnao~ded`m| na~a|kdomnm km|`m
⎪
e|mpa q~dcdxmnm
# pjcdnded`m+pa `jkj acakao~j ap`|d~j
⎪
jl|dgm~ð|dj &a mcgqkmp uaxap pjcd~í|dj$ ak moøo`djp# apra`dmckao~a oj um|ahj# rj| pa| `q|~j a na |írdnm mlpj|çàj/ Pcjgmop `jkj ,Um|dg# Um|dg# Um|dg, &PDKÑAP# <225# r/ =14$ `jo}qdp~mk j `j|mçàj a m kao~a njp `jopqkdnj|ap a ao~|mk rm|m m fdp~ð|dm nm rqlcd`dnmna l|mpdcad|m/ Ak kqd~jp `mpjp# `jkj oj r|ðr|dj um|ahj# j pcjgmo pqlp~d~qd jp lcj`jp na ~av~j# mo`j|monj m dkmgak/ J }qa ga|m qkm pd~qmçàj `jo~|mnd~ð|dm8 mj kapkj ~akrj ak }qa j moøo`dj ~j|om+pa ndoìkd`j# m }qmo~dnmna
<4
na doej|kmçñap ao~|agqap rm|m j `jopqkdnj| ndkdoqak/ Cjgj# appa ~drj na moøo`dj rjna oàj pa| pqed`dao~a rm|m caum| j `jopqkdnj| â `jkr|m/ Oappa `mpj# m `jkqod`mçàj oa`appd~m na jq~|jp `momdp `jkrcakao~m|ap &|audp~m# hj|omc# |índj# `m|~mxap# ao~|a jq~|jp$/ Om nä`mnm na =4>2# jp hj|omdp a |audp~mp `jo~doqmk m `|ap`a|# m~|mdonj g|monap moqo`dmo~ap# `jkj Ej|n# Gjjn Tam|# Pjqxm @|qx# Oap~cä# L|mfkm/ J |índj `jopmg|m+pa ak pqm –nä`mnm na jq|j‛# r|do`drmckao~a naudnj mjp r|jg|mkmp na mqnd~ð|dj a âp |índj+ojuacmp/ J |índj ~|jqva qkm ojum empa mj rmrac nj hj|omcdpkj# rjdp ejd qk g|mona dop~|qkao~j |aujcq`djoí|dj# hí }qa dopa|dq jp oàj ap`jcm|dxmnjp ojp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj/ Pdgoded`jq m kmdj| dojumçàj nj rmëp a nm r|jrmgmonm# m~ä ao~àj# a ~aua `|ap`dkao~j |írdnj a ljklíp~d`j# ~|mopej|kmonj+pa om r|dkad|m mqndèo`dm na kmppm nj L|mpdc/ Rj|äk# m do~aopdnmna nm `fagmnm a avrmopàj njp ~acaudpj|ap |ar|apao~jq qkm kqnmoçm `jk r|jrj|çñap mdonm kmdj|ap }qa m `mqpmnm racj |índj/ J kj~duj rm|m ~mc uacj`dnmna ä }qa m ^U qoa m emcm â dkmgak# caumonj doej|kmçñap kmdp `jkrca~mp a m~|mao~ap rm|m mp `mpmp l|mpdcad|mp/ Mppdk `jkj m`jo~a`aq ak =4<<# j moj na =4>4 km|`m m fdp~ð|dm nm `jkqod`mçàj l|mpdcad|m/ Mppdp @fm~amql|dmon ml|a m r|dkad|m akdppj|m na ~acaudpàj nj rmëp# m ^qrd# ak Pàj Rmqcj# }qa pð ud|dm m ao~|m| jed`dmckao~a oj m| ak =6 na pa~akl|j nj moj pagqdo~a/ Md|~jo \jn|dgqap ejd j r|dkad|j gm|j~j+r|jrmgmonm nj rmëp# mj moqo`dm|# mj uduj# mp Ra|pdmomp @jcøkldm/ Nq|mo~a mojp jp moøo`djp rm|m ^U oàj rmppm|dmk na ~av~jp cdnjp ak e|ao~a âp `ìka|mp &KM\@JONAP# <22=$/ Pagqonj Pdkñap &PDKÑAP# <225$# ak =41># j L|mpdc hí `jo~mum `jk 012 kdc ~acaudpj|ap dop~mcmnjp/ Ak =411# appa oøka|j rqcjq rm|m `a|`m na 122 kdc/ Hí ak =414# m ua|lm rqlcd`d~í|dm qc~|mrmppmum m km|`m njp =22 kdcfñap na nðcm|ap# pagqonj ap~qnj ead~j racj Do~a|om`djomc Kmomgakao~ Ndgap~ &PDKÑAP# <225# r/ =7>$/ Nap~a umcj| j hj|omc |a`aldm <6!# j |índj =5!# m |audp~m =
02
Ak rm|mcacj mj `|ap`dkao~j nj |índj a nm ~acaudpàj# omp mgèo`dmp m do~|jnqçàj nm nqrcm na `|dmçàj# `jkrjp~m rj| qk |anm~j| a qk nd|a~j| na m|~a# `jkaçm m kjnded`m| g|mnm~dumkao~a m ej|km na pa raopm| qk moøo`dj8 pa mo~ap ~av~j a dkmgak qodmk+pa pjkao~a om øc~dkm a~mrm na `|dmçàj nm raçm rqlcd`d~í|dm# m rm|~d| na ao~àj mkljp rmppm|mk m pa| `jop~|qënjp ak `johqo~j# ga|monj m do~ag|mçàj ao~|a m kaopmgak ua|lmc a udpqmc/ Pq|gd|mk ~mkläk moøo`djp `qhj `jo`ad~j `|dm~duj ao`jo~|mum+pa pjkao~a om r|jrjpdçàj udpqmc# `jkj ä j `mpj njp moøo`djp na kjnm/ Om nä`mnm na 62# j `jkrq~mnj| kjp~|m+pa qkm dkrj|~mo~a ea||mkao~m ojp r|j`appjp g|íed`jp# ml|donj `mkdofj rm|m j pq`appj }qa d|dm mc`moçm| om nä`mnm na 42/ Hí jp mojp ojuao~m pàj na`dpdujp rm|m m `jopjcdnmçàj na qkm ojum ej|km na `jkqod`m| r|jnq~jp a pa|udçjp/ Qkm doedodnmna na kqnmoçmp ~a`ojcðgd`mp a ka|`mnjcðgd`mp doecqao`djq m rqlcd`dnmna na ej|km ga|mc a# `jopa}qao~akao~a# j ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj/ M `jo`j||èo`dm ao~|a jp hj|omdp a |audp~mp m`d||m+pa# na kjnj }qa ojujp `mna|ojp a |audp~mp apra`dmcdxmnmp pq|gak9 omp`a m ^U â `mlj a m ^U ak mc~m naedodçàj/ M avra|dkao~mçàj ojp moøo`djp `jkaçm m pa| avrcj|mnm oàj pjkao~a oj ~av~j# kmp ak ~jnjp jp pao~dnjp/ Ojujp ej|km~jp rqlcd`d~í|djp pàj avrcj|mnjp# `jkj moøo`djp }qa `qc~dumk jp pao~dnjp a m dkmgdomçàj# ä j `mpj nj moøo`dj mcc dkmga ojka racj }qmc ä `jofa`dnj j moøo`dj }qa `jo~äk pjkao~a dkmgaop
⎪
⎪
rm|m j
Gqm|moí Mo~m|`~d`m Nda~ &edgq|m 6$/ Na ej|km ga|mc# m r|jrmgmonm `jkaçm m umcj|dxm| m avra|dèo`dm nj `jopqkdnj|/
Edgq|m 6 + mcc dkmga + =440
Kmp ä m do~a|oa~ m r|do`drmc raçm nj }qal|m+`mlaçm }qa pa |auacm mj `jopqkdnj| nq|mo~a m nä`mnm na 42 a doë`dj njp mojp
0=
`jo~m~j `jk jp `jopqkdnj|ap &LCMO@J# <220$/ Hí omp rj|~mp nj pä`qcj VVD# jp lmooa|p ndgd~mdp doumnd|mk j aprmçj jocdoa/ A|mk `ðrdmp njp moøo`djp uad`qcmnjp ak |audp~mp a hj|omdp# `jopa}qao~akao~a# oàj mnmr~mnjp mj kadj ak }qa pa dopa|dmk# napj|naomnjp a na rjppa na kqd~m doej|kmçàj rm|m rjq`j aprmçj/ Kapkj }qa j r|do`ërdj nm do~a|oa~ pahm m do~a|m~dudnmna# oàj a|m appm m |amcdnmna njp r|dkad|jp moøo`djp ndgd~mdp/ Kqd~mp uaxap oàj rjppqëmk pa}qa| qk cdoi na nd|a`djomkao~j rm|m }qa j qpqí|dj rqnappa nape|q~m| nj fdra|~av~j# `jo`ad~j }qa pa|í avrcd`mnj na~mcfmnmkao~a kmdp mndmo~a/ Fjha fí ra|`q|pjp doavrcj|mnjp# ao}qmo~j jq~|jp hí pa ao`jo~|mk napgmp~mnjp/ Oj ao~mo~j# mrapm| na pa med|km| }qa j aprmçj ndgd~mc aujcqdq# pmla+pa }qa aca mdonm aogm~dofm/
=/0/>
M cd~a|m~q|m om rqlcd`dnmna8 qk `mrë~qcj &}qmpa$ â rm|~a
Rm|m jp jcfjp kaojp m~ao~jp r|jrmgmonm a cd~a|m~q|m rjppqak `mkdofjp lak ndp~do~jp# }qak pmla m~ä jrjp~jp/ Qkm ä ra|pqmpdum# uaonanj|m# jlha~dum/ M jq~|m ä cë|d`m# cdu|a# pqlha~dum/ Oj ao~mo~j# om fdp~ð|dm l|mpdcad|m ap~ap `mkdofjp ~èk pa `|qxmnj# apra`dmckao~a m rm|~d| nj pä`qcj VV# ga|monj doecqèo`dmp na mkljp jp cmnjp &@M\\MP@JXM9 FJEE# <224$/ Om cd~a|m~q|m m |anmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm umd lqp`m| doprd|mçàj rm|m ~av~jp kmdp acmlj|mnjp/ Ä m~|muäp njp rja~mp }qa j ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj gmofm m|gqkao~jp |a~ð|d`jp rm|m uaona| paqp r|jnq~jp# mo~ap moqo`dmnjp ak `cmppded`mnjp }qa mraomp aoqka|mumk jp qpjp a `m|m`~a|ëp~d`mp njp kapkjp/ Kmp oàj ä mraomp oappm |acmçàj ndp~mo`dmnm# lmpamnm om `jca~m na `m|m`~a|ëp~d`mp cd~a|í|dmp rj| rm|~a nm rqlcd`dnmna# }qa acmp pa ao`jo~|mk/ Om appèo`dm na `mnm qkm fí pdkdcm|dnmnap }qa mp mr|jvdkmk/ @a|~amq &=46>$ naeaona }qa jp kjnjp na emxa| pàj `jkj m rjapdm# }qa dkrña |ag|mp na |dkm a ka~|ded`mçàj rm|m ap~dkqcm| m `|dm~dudnmna nao~|j njp rmn|ñap r|jrjp~jp a em`dcd~m| mp dkr|judpmçñap/ Oappa pao~dnj# j kjnj na emxa| rqlcd`d~í|dj ä `jkj j emxa| rjä~d`j# â kandnm }qa `|dm |ag|mp na cdogqmgak a ej|km~j rm|m em`dcd~m| m `|dmçàj na dnadmp ojp rmn|ñap na~a|kdomnjp/ Jlpa|um+pa appm mr|jvdkmçàj ao~|a rqlcd`dnmna a rjapdm oj rjakm+
0<
moøo`dj |andgdnj rj| @mpdkd|j na Ml|aq a rqlcd`mnj oj @j||adj Ka|`mo~dc# ak =6 na eaua|ad|j na =616 &PDKÑAP# <225# r/ >>$8 Mf- Uaofmk# e|agqapapA uaofmk nar|appm# }qa m}qd oàj pa r|agm oak cjg|j# oak raçm/ ]qa|aonj pj|ua~a# pj|ua~a fàj na m`fm|# pj|ua~a ~àj e|dj# }qa jp fí na ape|dm|]qa|aonj `meä# ~mc }qmc `jkj ä kqd rq|j# kqd ljk# Mf- ]qa uaofmk â Emkm# }qa m}qd pð pa `fmkm# }qak ä nj ljk ~jk/ J L|mgm `í ap~í rjdp uaofmk r|m `í kmp ~|mgmk ndofad|j///
Pagqonj Pdkñap &<225$# appa ejd j r|dkad|j |agdp~|j na qk moøo`dj rjä~d`j mppdomnj# m~ä ao~àj ap~ap ~av~jp a|mk na mq~j|ap nap`jofa`dnjp/ Oaca ra|`alak+pa `m|m`~a|ëp~d`mp ~ërd`mp nm rjapdm# m emuj| nm rqlcd`dnmna8 |dkm9 njdp }qm|~a~jp a ~|èp ~a|`a~jp# ~ërd`jp nj pjoa~j9 ap`jcfm |aedomnm na rmcmu|mp &r|agm# ra`m# cjg|j# –fàj na m`fm|‛# –ljk ~jk‛$/ Mcäk na @mpdkd|j# jq~|jp rja~mp l|mpdcad|jp na|mk pqm `jo~|dlqdçàj rm|m aklacaxm| m kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm/ Nao~|a jp na kmdj| nap~m}qa ap~àj ojkap `jkj jp na Jcmuj Ldcm`# Lmp~jp ^dg|a# Akëcdj na Kaoaxap# Fa|kap Ejo~ap# Lmpëcdj Udmom a j ap`|d~j| Kjo~ad|j Cjlm~j# }qa akr|ap~jq pqmp rmcmu|mp r|do`drmckao~a om r|jpm rqlcd`d~í|dm/ Kqd~jp ap`|aua|mk rm|m m r|jrmgmonm rm|m `jkrcakao~m| paq jed`dj cd~a|í|dj# ak kmdj| jq kaoj| g|mq/ Mcgqop gmofm|mk oj~j|danmna# `jkj Lmp~jp ^dg|a# j rja~m+|anm~j| mq~j| nj `äcal|a pcjgmo ,Pa ä Lmta| ä ljk/, Lmp~jp ~j|ojq+pa
00
`jofa`dnj rj| pqmp rm|ðndmp# `jkj m }qa eax nj rjakm Jp Cqpëmnmp# rm|m j vm|jra L|jkdc# m }qmc `fmkjq ,L|jkdcëmnmp, &edgq|m 4$/ Ejd m rm|~d| naca a na jq~|jp rja~mp }qa m do~a|~av~qmcdnmna `jkaçjq m pa doedc~|m| doedc~| m| om rqlcd`dnmna &@M\\MP@JXM# <225$/
Edgq|m 4 + Moøo`dj L|jkdcëmnmp + =4=6
Ejd Jcmuj Ldcm` j rja~m kmdp |a}qdpd~mnj rm|m moøo`djp# oj pä`qcj VDV/ @jkj appa rm|m jp Eðpej|jp L|dcfmo~a &PDKÑAP# <225# r/ 5<$8 Mudpj m }qak ä eqkmo~a ^mo~j j R|ëo`dra na Gmccap @jkj j N|/ @mkrjp Pmccap Qpmk Eðpej|jp L|dcfmo~a/
M}qd pa jlpa|um# ojumkao~a# j qpj na |dkmp a m nap~|axm nj rja~m rm|m ao`jo~|m| jp ojkap dnadmp rm|m `jkrj| j moøo`dj &R|ëo`dra na Gmccap# N|/ @mkrjp Pmccap$/ Ldcm` |andgdq doøka|jp moøo`djp rjä~d`jp a `fagjq# do`cqpdua# m rm|~d`drm| na r|akdmçñap rqlcd`d~í|dmp# `jkj j `jo`q|pj na `m|~mxap |amcdxmnj racj vm|jra L|jkdcqk # ak =426 &KM\@JONAP# <22=$/ Mj cmnj njp rja~mp# m rm|~d`drmçàj na køpd`jp a `jkrjpd~j|ap ~j|ojq+pa qkm `jop~mo~a om `|dmçàj na hdogcap# mnmr~mçñap a rm|ðndmp na køpd`mp rm|m m rqlcd`dnmna/ Ä j `mpj na Ojac \jpm a Cmkm|~doa Lmlj/
0>
Jp ojkap a moøo`djp `d~mnjp pàj mraomp mcgqkmp avakrcded`mçñap rm|m dcqp~|m| `jkj rja~mp# ap`|d~j|ap a m~ä kapkj `jkrjpd~j|ap `jo~|dlqë|mk g|monakao~a rm|m m aujcqçàj nm cdogqmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm l|mpdcad|m/ Acap m doecqao`dm|mk `jk pqmp mppj`dmçñap ka~með|d`mp# momcjgdmp# |anap pakìo~d`mp a |dkmp/ M |dkm# ak apra`ëed`j# em`dcd~mum m kakj|dxmçàj nm kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# r|do`drmckao~a ak kadj mj rølcd`j pakd+mcemla~dxmnj/ Nappm ej|km# jlpa|ujq+pa }qa m `jo~|dlqdçàj nm cd~a|m~q|m rm|m m acmlj|mçàj a napaoujcudkao~j nm |anmçàj ak r|jrmgmonm ejd qkm ~aonèo`dm mj cjogj na ~jnj ~ jnj j pä`qcj VV# em~j }qa hqp~ded`m m dopa|çàj na edgq|mp cd~a|í|dmp om cdogqmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# mcgqkmp nmp }qmdp ra|kmoa`ak m~ä fjha# `jkj m mppj`dmçàj/ M rqlcd`dnmna ~mkläk pa eax r|apao~a om cd~a|m~q|m/ Ak =66< Km`fmnj na Mppdp `d~jq m m~dudnmna rqlcd`d~í|dm ak paq cdu|j ,Rmrädp muqcpjp,# ä j r|dkad|j |agdp~|j }qa pa ~ak nm r|jedppàj om cd~a|m~q|m l|mpdcad|m &PDKÑAP# <225$/ Mojp kmdp ~m|na# j cdu|j Njk @mpkq||j |auacm ~|mçjp kqd~j `m|m`~a|ëp~d`jp nmp ~ä`od`mp ra|pqmpdump rqlcd`d~í|dmp om edgq|m nj ra|pjomgak Lao~dofj8 kmodrqcmçàj nm cdogqmgak# ap`jcfm njp em~jp |auacmnjp a mr|jvdkmçàj `jk j cad~j|# `jkj nakjop~|mnj oj ~|a`fj m pagqd|8 Aoedk# `fagjq m fj|m nm ao`jkaonmçàj a nm rm|~dnm/ Pmo`fm }qdp naprand|+pa nj km|dnj# a j napapra|j nm}qaca cmo`a `jop~a|ojq m ~jnjp/ Kqd~jp fjkaop `fj|mumk ~mkläk# mp kqcfa|ap ~jnmp/ Pð @mrd~q# mkrm|monj m udøum# rm|a`dm uao`a|+pa m pd kapkm/ @jopjcmum m jq~|m# }qa|dm m||mo`í+cm nmcd/ M `joeqpàj a|m ga|mc/ Oj kadj nacm# @mrd~q jcfjq mcgqop dop~mo~ap rm|m j `mníua| ~àj edvm# ~àj mrmdvjomnmkao~a edvm# }qa oàj mnkd|m cfa pmc~mppak mcgqkmp cíg|dkmp rjq`mp a `mcmnmp/// &MPPDP# =466# r/ =6<$
Jlpa|um+pa }qa j om||mnj|+ra|pjomgak# Lao~dofj# lqp`m do`d~m| oj cad~j| m nøudnm }qmo~j â `jonq~m na @mrd~q# caumonj+j m m`|and~m| }qa acm pahm ndppdkqcmnm rj| –`jouao`a|+pa m pd kapkm‛/ kapkm‛/ Rm|m dppj# aca ap`jcfa avm~mkao~a avm~mkao~a }qa em~jp `jo~m| a pjl }qmc ð~d`m/ Mp |acmçñap ao~|a cd~a|m~q|m a r|jrmgmonm `jkaçm|mk m aoe|m}qa`a| â kandnm }qa m rqlcd`dnmna med|kjq+pa `jkj m~dudnmna `jop~d~qdo~a nm pj`danmna# a mn}qd|dq cdogqmgak r|ðr|dm# ~j|omonj+pa# acm kapkm# ë`joa/ Mrðp jp mojp =4>2 ed`m `cm|j }qa jp a`jp kjna|odp~mp# om cd~a|m~q|m# oàj gmofmk m kapkm ej|çm om rqlcd`dnmna/ Ao}qmo~j m r|dkad|m avmc~m m cdla|~mçàj om`djomc a ä |aujcq`djoí|dm a na umogqm|nm# m øc~dkm `jo~doqm m apracfm|+pa ak kjcnap aq|jraqp a apej|çm+pa rm|m
01
kmo~a| a uaona| j rmn|àj na udnm nm acd~a q|lmom &@M\\MP@JXM9 FJEE# <224$/ Mrðp m nä`mnm na 52# m rqlcd`dnmna rmppm m q~dcdxm| ~jnm m lmgmgak mn}qd|dnm rm|m ava|`a| pqm ra|pqmpàj ak ndua|pjp pa~j|ap nm pj`danmna# `jkj om dkr|aopm# om rjcë~d`m a m~ä kapkj oj kjudkao~j rjä~d`j `jo`|a~j# mdonm }qa ak kmodeap~mçñap `|ë~d`mp# kqd~mp uaxap &@M\\MP@JXM# <225$/ Ak rm|mcacj# m rjapdm ~j|om+pa udpqmc# `jk m r|apaoçm na `jcmgaop# edgq|mp a ej|~a mracj ~drjg|íed`j &edgq|m =2$/ M dkmgak mc`moçm m~ä kapkj j cqgm| jona m rmcmu|m a|m m om~q|mc njkdomnj|m/
Edgq|m =2 + Nä`dj Rdgom~m|d + =417
@jkj jlpa|umnj mj cjogj nap~a `mrë~qcj# j ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj ~ak pa mna}qmnj mj pq|gdkao~j njp ojujp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj# mjp mumoçjp ~a`ojcðgd`jp a âp kjnded`mçñap ojp ìkld~jp pj`dmdp a `qc~q|mdp/ Pa oj doë`dj nj pä`qcj VDV aca ao`jo~|mum+pa |ap~|d~j mj aprmçj njp hj|omdp# ejcfa~jp a `m|~mxap# fjha ap~í r|apao~a ak kqd~jp jq~|jp aprmçjp# `jkj omp |audp~mp# oj |índj# om ~acaudpàj# ojp jq~njj|p a om do~a|oa~/ J |índj cfa naq ujx9 m ~acaudpàj# kjudkao~j# a jp kadjp ndgd~mdp# do~a|m~dudnmna/ Paonj mppdk# j jlha~duj njp r|ðvdkjp `mrë~qcjp ä mr|jeqonm| j jcfm| pjl|a appmp ~|mopej|kmçñap# m `jkaçm| racj ap~qnj nm dkmgak# j }qmc lqp`m `jkr|aaona| `jkj pa ní m |acmçàj ao~|a j ua|lmc a j udpqmc om rqlcd`dnmna/
05
< DKMGAOP8 M @JOP^\QÇÀJ UDPQMC NA PDGODED@MNJ M jrjpdçàj l|q~mc nj ,udpqmc, a nj ,ua|lmc, ä pdkrcded`mnj|m/ @f|dp~dmo Ka~x
Ap~qnjp nm dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm
Mrðp jlpa|um| j napaoujcudkao~j nm rmcmu|m ap`|d~m a pqm ~|mopej|kmçàj oj `aoí|dj rqlcd`d~í|dj mj cjogj njp pä`qcjp VDV# VV a VVD# `mla qk ap~qnj pjl|a j `mkrj nm dkmgak a pqmp ej|kmp na `jop~|qd| pdgoded`mnj ak ndua|pjp `jo~av~jp/ M do~aoçàj nap~m rmppmgak oàj ä j mr|jeqonmkao~j om ~aj|dm nm dkmgak# `qhm `jkrcavdnmna a av~aopàj oàj m`|ap`ao~m|dmk â ka~m nap~a ~|mlmcfj/ J jlha~duj m}qd ä udpqmcdxm| qk rmoj|mkm }qa ra|kd~m `jkrm|m| j napaoujcudkao~j nj ~av~j a nm dkmgak ak rä na dgqmcnmna# rm|m }qa ojp r|ðvdkjp `mrë~qcjp ~j|oa+pa kmdp `|dp~mcdoj `jkj m |acmçàj ao~|a acap ~ak `mqpmnj kjnded`mçñap ak mkljp# oj }qa ndx |aprad~j âp pqmp eqoçñap om rqlcd`dnmna/ @jkj nap~m`m Pmo~m|accd &<224# r/ =<$8 @mla mdonm |appmc~m| }qa ap~qnjp na moícdpa njp ndp`q|pjp oàj+ua|lmdp a ua|lmdp r|jnqxdnjp racm rqlcd`dnmna pa ao}qmn|mk om `m~agj|dm na ap~qnjp njp r|j`appjp na pdgoded`mçàj# r|jnqçàj na doej|kmçàj a om r|jnqçàj a ra|ra~qmçàj na umcj|ap pj`dj`qc~q|mdp# mppdk ao~aona| appap r|j`appjp ä eqonmkao~mc rm|m m `jop~|qçàj na `mkdofjp na `jkr|aaopàj nm pj`danmna `jo~akrj|ìoam mppdk `jkj paqp kadjp na umcdnmçàj a pqp~ao~mçàj/
Ak paq ap~qnj pjl|a m doecqèo`dm nm dkmgak om rqlcd`dnmna na kjnm Pmo~m|accd &<224$ jr~m rj| momcdpm| m pakdð~d`m e|mo`apm/ Nj kapkj kjnj# j r|apao~a ~|mlmcfj pagqd|í ap~a `mkdofj/ Rm|~donj nappa r|appqrjp~j# pa|àj mr|apao~mnmp pq`do~mkao~a mp r|do`drmdp `j||ao~ap nm pakdð~d`m e|mo`apm &m pmla|8 pakdð~d`m ap~|q~q|mcdp~m a pakdð~d`m g|adkmpdmom$# mppdk `jkj mp empap a `jo`ad~jp kmdp |acaumo~ap rm|m j ap~qnj nm dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm/ Pagqonj Pmo~m|accd &<224$# m pakdð~d`m e|mo`apm ndudna+pa ak nqmp g|monap empap/ M r|dkad|m# `jofa`dnm `jkj pakdð~d`m ap~|q~q|mcdp~m# ejd domqgq|mnm racj cdogqdp~m Ea|omon na Pmqppq|a# `jk j cdu|j @q|pj na Cdogqëp~d`m Ga|mc# j|gmodxmnj m rm|~d| na ap~qnjp |amcdxmnjp ojp r|dkad|jp mojp nj pä`qcj VV/ Appm ojkao`cm~q|m mnuäk nj em~j na Pmqppq|a naeaona| }qa j pdp~akm cdogqëp~d`j pð ä rjppëuac racmp
07
do~a|+|acmçñap &ap~|q~q|mp$ na jrjpdçàj a a}qdumcèo`dm }qa avdp~ak ao~|a jp acakao~jp na qkm pj`danmna/ J r|do`drmc avrjao~a nap~m `j||ao~a ejd \jcmon Lm|~fap# `qhjp ap~qnjp pjl|a m `joj~mçàj a naoj~mçàj nm dkmgak pa|àj napaoujcudnjp mndmo~a oap~a `mrë~qcj/ M pagqonm empa# `jofa`dnm `jkj pakdð~d`m g|adkmpdmom jq pakdð~d`m om||m~dum a ndp`q|pdum# ~ak `jkj r|a`q|pj| Mcgd|nmp Hqcdao G|adkmp a ejd jed`dmckao~a domqgq|mnm om nä`mnm na =452# `jk j cdu|j Pakìo~d`m Ap~|q~q|mc/ G|adkmp pqlp~d~qdq m ojçàj na pdgoj rj| ~av~j# ,ao~aonaonj ~av~j `jkj qk jlha~j na pdgoded`mçàj# oàj oa`appm|dmkao~a ua|lmc/, &PMO^M\ACCD# <224# r/ <<$/ Oappa pao~dnj# j ~av~j ap~m|dm om |acmçàj ao~|a j rcmoj na `jo~aønj a na avr|appàj9 paonj j r|dkad|j j pdgoded`mnj nj ~av~j a j pagqonj pqm kmodeap~mçàj na ej|km ua|lmc# oàj+ua|lmc jq fa~a|jgèoam/ Ak qk r|dkad|j kjkao~j j pakdj`dp~m `jo`ao~|jq+pa pjkao~a ojp njkëodjp nj `jo~aønj# `qhm pdgoded`mçàj ä ga|mnm m rm|~d| na qk ra|`q|pj naedodnj `jkj8 Y///[ m a`jojkdm ga|mc na qkm ~aj|dm pakdð~d`m &jq mraomp cdogqdp~d`m$# umca ndxa|# m ndprjpdçàj na paqp `jkrjoao~ap qop `jk |acmçàj mjp jq~|jp# a dppj om ra|pra`~dum nm ga|mçàj# dppj ä# rjp~qcmonj }qa rjnaonj ~jnj jlha~j pakdð~d`j pa| naedodnj pagqonj j kjnj na pqm r|jnqçàj# jp `jkrjoao~ap }qa do~a|uèk oappa r|j`appj pa m|~d`qcmk qop `jk jp jq~|jp na m`j|nj `jk qk –ra|`q|pj‛ }qa umd nj kmdp pdkrcap mj kmdp `jkrcavj# nj kmdp mlp~|m~j
mj
kmdp
`jo`|a~j/
&G\ADKMP9
@JQ\^ÆP#
=464
mrqn
PMO^M\ACCD# <224# r/ <<$<
Ap~a ra|`q|pj ä `jkrjp~j rj| ~|èp oëuadp donaraonao~ap# kmp `qhm pdgoded`mçàj nj ~av~j naraona nm |acmçàj ao~|a acap/ J r|dkad|j ä j oëuac eqonmkao~mc &jp umcj|ap na lmpa$# j pagqonj j oëuac om||m~duj &m ap~|q~q|m om||m~dum ak pd$ a j ~a|`ad|j a kmdp `jkrcavj ä j oëuac ndp`q|pduj &aprmçj a ~akrj nm om||m~dum# ~akmp# ra|pjomgaop$/ J njkëodj nm avr|appàj rmppjq m pa| avrcj|mnj kmdp mndmo~a ojp ap~qnjp na G|adkmp# oj kjkao~j ak }qa pa ra|`alaq qkm |acmçàj ao~|a j rcmoj na avr|appàj a j rcmoj na `jo~aønj/ Ap~a `jo`ad~j# `fmkmnj na pakd+pdkljcdpkj# ejd naedodnj `jkj m ,Y///[ `joej|kdnmna ao~|a njdp rcmojp na cdogqmgak |a`jofa`dnm `jkj pa nmonj oàj ao~|a acakao~jp dpjcmnjp# `jkj m`jo~a`a omp pakdð~d`mp pdklðcd`mp# kmp ao~|a pqmp `m~agj|dmp Y///[‛ &G\ADKMP# p*n mrqn PMO^M\ACCD# <
G\ADKMP# M/ H9 @JQ\^ÆP# H/ Nd`djoí|dj na pakdð~d`m/ Pàj Rmqcj8 @qc~|dv# =464# r/ <25/
06
<224# r/ <>$0/ J pdp~akm pakd+pdklðcd`j mrcd`m+pa m ndua|pjp ~av~jp# `jkj j cd~a|í|dj# j hj|omcëp~d`j# m ej~jg|medm# m rdo~q|m# j napaofj# j `doakm# j ~am~|j a m rqlcd`dnmna/ Rjppqd |acmçàj `jk m eqoçàj rjä~d`m nm cdogqmgak# hí }qa ä m `mrm`dnmna na acmlj|m| j ~av~j &`jo~aønj$ na ndea|ao~ap ej|kmp avr|appdump/ Rj| appa kj~duj# j pdp~akm pakd+pdklðcd`j ä dkrj|~mo~a rm|m j ap~qnj nm dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# apra`ded`mkao~a m pakdð~d`m udpqmc rcmom|# }qa pàj mp kmodeap~mçñap g|íed`mp nmp kaopmgaop# om }qmc ap~àj do`cqpjp jp moøo`djp dkr|appjp/ M dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm ä ap~qnmnm om pakdð~d`m fí mr|jvdkmnmkao~a kadj pä`qcj a rjna pa| ndudndnm ak }qm~|j ra|ëjnjp ndp~do~jp/ @mla qkm |írdnm nap`|dçàj nappmp empap rm|m }qa ojp mr|jeqonakjp ojp kjkao~jp kmdp |acaumo~ap m ap~a ap~qnj/ M r|dkad|m empa ä km|`mnm racjp ap~qnjp na \jcmon Lm|~fap a Qkla|~j A`j/ Lm|~fap ejd j r|dkad|j pakdðcjgj m pa do~a|appm| racj rmrac nm rqlcd`dnmna a paqp ~|mlmcfjp aogcjlmk oàj pjkao~a m dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# kmp m |acmçàj nappm m~dudnmna `jk m pj`danmna/ Mndmo~a ojp mr|jeqonm|akjp ak njdp emkjpjp ~|mlmcfjp paqp8 j cdu|j Kd~jcjgdmp &=417$ a j m|~dgj \a~ð|d`m nm Dkmgak# rqlcd`mnj om andçàj na =45> nm |audp~m @jkkqod`m~djop/ J r|dkad|j ua|pm pjl|a jp jlha~jp kd~jcðgd`jp nm `qc~q|m na kmppm/ J pagqonj ä `jopdna|mnj j ~|mlmcfj eqonmnj| nm pakdð~d`m rqlcd`d~í|dm# caumo~monj `jo`ad~jp udpqmdp nao~|j nj moøo`dj# ~mdp ~ mdp `jkj m `joj~mçàj a m naoj~mçàj/ Qkla|~j A`j# mppdk `jkj Lm|~fap# mrcd`m m jlha~jp udpqmdp `jo`ad~jp pakdjcðgd`jp a jp momcdpm nao~|j nj `jo~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj/ Rm|m aca jp pdgojp d`þod`jp pàj ndp~do~jp njp jlha~jp |ar|apao~mnjp# fmuaonj ao~|a acap qkm |acmçàj `jop~|qënm m rm|~d| na ap~ëkqcjp paca`djomnjp a acdkdomnjp/ Cjgj# j ë`joa oàj pdgoded`m ak pd# pa|ua m qk jlha~duj apra`ëed`j# rjppqdonj# rj|~mo~j# pdgoded`mnj |a`j|~mnj# dgoj|monj mp jq~|mp rjppëuadp ra|`arçñap/ Naeaona }qa j `ðndgj rqlcd`d~í|dj naua pa| cdnj `jkj qk `johqo~j udpqmc &oëuac d`þod`j naoj~mnj# oëuac d`jojg|íed`j `joj~mnj a oëuac ~|jrjcðgd`j |a~ð|d`j$ a ua|lmc &oëuac ~ðrd`j# oëuac ao~dkakí~d`j$/ Ap~a `johqo~j pa|í nap`|d~j kmdp na~mcfmnmkao~a mj emcm|kjp nmp eqoçñap `joj~m~dump a naoj~m~dump oj moøo`dj/ A`j `jo`cqd }qa mp kaopmgaop &udpqmdp a ua|lmdp$ pàj |anqonmo~ap om rqlcd`dnmna# `joej|ka nap~m`m Pmo~m|accd &<224# r/ >5$8 0
G\ADKMP# M/ H/ Pakdð~d`m edgq|m~dum a pakdð~d`m rcíp~d`m/ Do8 JCDUAD\M# M/ @/ &j|g/$/ Pakdð~d`m rcíp~d`m/ Pàj Rmqcj8 Fm`ia| and~j|ap# p*n# r/ 40/
04
Appm `jo`cqpàj rjna pa| avrmondnm rm|m m |a~ð|d`m nm dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm ga|mc# }qa |anqonm m kaopmgak ua|lmc/ J |a`ar~j| na qkm kmoad|m ga|mc m`ad~m mp r|akdppmp cmoçmnmp racm |a~ð|d`m }qa napígqm pakr|a om dnajcjgdm nj `jopqkj/ Ak mcgqop moøo`djp jp oëuadp ao~dkakí~d`jp pàj ~àj `jkrcavjp }qa nded`dckao~a j nap~dom~í|dj `jopagqa emxa| qkm cad~q|m mna}qmnm `mdonj ak cad~q|mp `joj~m~dump hí `jouao`djomcdxmnmp racj gèoa|j rqlcd`d~í|dj/ Dppj caum qk }qap~djomkao~j â aed`í`dm nj ndp`q|pj rqlcd`d~í|dj/ Mppdk rm|m A`j# m rqlcd`dnmna }qa r|a~aona pa| ~àj |aujcq`djoí|dm ak ~a|kjp ap~ä~d`jp m`mlm pakr|a `mdonj ak pjcqçñap hí `jnded`mnmp/
M pagqonm empa nmp moícdpap pakdð~d`mp nm dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm ä km|`mnm racjp ap~qnjp na Hm`}qap Nq|mon a Gaj|gap Räodojq# ojp mojp 72/ Mkljp pagqd|mk jp rmppjp na Lm|~fap mj momcdpm| m |a~ð|d`m nm dkmgak# `jo`alaonj m rqlcd`dnmna `jkj qk jlha~j apra`ëed`j na rap}qdpm/ Ao}qmo~j Nq|mon `jo`ao~|jq+ pa om |a~ð|d`m udpqmc a pqmp edgq|mp# Räodojq momcdpjq mp rjppdldcdnmnap |a~ð|d`mp om rqlcd`dnmna `jkj qk ~jnj/ Jp `jo`ad~jp nap~ap njdp mq~j|ap }qa kmdp do~a|appmk mj ojppj ap~qnj pa|àj momcdpmnjp kmdp na~mcfmnmkao~a mndmo~a oap~a `mrë~qcj/ Om ~a|`ad|m empa# }qa pa napaoujcuaq mj cjogj njp mojp 62# jp ojkap kmdp |ar|apao~m~dujp pàj jp na Mcgd|nmp Hqcdao G|adkmp a Hamo Km|da Ecj`f/ ^|m~m+pa nj mr|jeqonmkao~j njp kjnjp na ra|pqmpàj# mcäk na qk ojuj jcfm| pjl|a m dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# m~|muäp njp `jo`ad~jp nm pakdð~d`m edgq|m~dum a rcíp~d`m na G|adkmp/ Ecj`f pagqa paqp rmppjp# mrcd`monj jp `jo`ad~jp nm pakdð~d`m udpqmc ak jlha~jp nj moøo`dj rqlcd`d~í|dj# `jkj j cjgj~drj/ Rj| edk# om }qm|~m empa# }qa pa napao|jcm m rm|~d| njp mojp 42# Mon|äm Pakr|dod a Km|~doa Hjct q~dcdxmk `jo`ad~jp mo~a|dj|ap rm|m cmoçm| ojump r|jrjp~mp pjl|a m dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm/ Hjct ej`jq+pa oj ra|`q|pj nm dkmgak ak nd|açàj mj pdgoded`mnj/ Hí j jlha~j na ap~qnj na Pakr|dod ejd mcäk nm rqlcd`dnmna rm|m momcdpm| m `jop~|qçàj na pdgoded`mnj m~|muäp nmp km|`mp/ Njp ap~qnjp mr|apao~mnjp &edgq|m ==$ ojp do~a|appm apra`dmckao~a jp ead~jp rj| Lm|~fap a A`j# ak |acmçàj â `joj~mçàj a naoj~mçàj# a jp |acm`djomnjp â cad~q|m nm dkmgak# mr|apao~mnjp rj| Räodojq a Nq|mon/ Ua|akjp# mndmo~a# `mnm qk nappap ap~qnjp kmdp na~mcfmnmkao~a/
>2
Edgq|m == + Ra|`q|pj njp kjnacjp na moícdpa nm dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm
Naoj~mçàj a `joj~mçàj om dkmgak
Lm|~fap &=442$ naeaona }qa m dkmgak ej~jg|íed`m ä qkm kaopmgak a# `jkj ~mc# rjppqd qkm ejo~a akdppj|m# qk `momc na ~|mopkdppàj a qk kadj |a`ar~j|/ Ap~m kaopmgak rjppqd ndua|pmp cad~q|mp# }qa naraonak na ~jnjp jp em~j|ap kao`djomnjp/ Qkm ej~jg|medm hj|omcëp~d`m rjna ~a| ndea|ao~ap pdgoded`mnjp pa ap~dua| om Ejcfm na Pàj Rmqcj jq oj Ap~mnàj9 pa ej| udp~m racm `cmppa M jq @/ Cjgj# m akdppàj a |a`arçàj nm ej~jg|medm pàj na j|nak pj`djcðgd`m/ Ä r|a`dpj ap~qnm| jp g|qrjp fqkmojp# m ej|km `jkj pa `jkrj|~mk a pqmp do~aoçñap# rm|m ao~aona| `jkj akd~ak a |a`alak qkm kaopmgak/ Ap~m `jkrcavm |acmçàj oàj ä j ej`j nj
>=
ap~qnj na Lm|~fap# rm|m }qak m ej~jg|medm oàj ä pjkao~a qk r|jnq~j jq kadj# kmp qkm ap~|q~q|m mq~þojkm# ka|a`aonj# `jkj ~mc# qk kä~jnj rm|~d`qcm| na moícdpa/ M kaopmgak ej~jg|íed`m oqo`m ap~í dpjcmnm/ Pahm oj hj|omc &edgq|m =<$# oj kqpaq &edgq|m =0$ jq kapkj ojp moøo`djp a omp |qmp# ap~í m`jkrmofmnm na ~av~j &~ë~qcj# cagaonm# m|~dgj# `jkao~í|dj a m~ä kapkj om emcm na }qak m uè$/ Na ej|km }qa ä oa`appí|dj ap~qnm| `mnm ap~|q~q|m &~av~j a dkmgak$ parm|mnmkao~a/ Ä oap~a kjkao~j }qa ojp narm|mkjp `jk m ~èoqa cdofm ao~|a m cad~q|m na qk ~av~j a na qkm dkmgak/ Rm|m ao~aona| appm |acmçàj ä oa`appí|dj `jofa`a| jp `jo`ad~jp na dkmgak naoj~mnm a `joj~mnm/
Edgq|m =< + dkmgak a ~av~j hqo~jp oj hj|omc
Edgq|m =0 + dkmgak a ~av~j hqo~jp ak avrjpdçàj
M ej~jg|medm# rj| naedodçàj# ~|mopkd~a j |amc# m r|ðr|dm `aom `jogacmnm oj ~akrj/ Ä `cm|j }qa ao~|a j jlha~j a pqm dkmgak fí qkm |anqçàj &na ~mkmofj# `j|# ra|pra`~dum# r|jrj|çàj$# kmp dppj oàj pdgoded`m }qa fmhm qk `ðndgj ao~|a acap/ M kaopmgak ä# rj|~mo~j# pak `ðndgj# `jo~ëoqm/ Rj|äk# av`a~qmonj+pa m ej~jg|medm hj|omcëp~d`m# ~jnmp mp jq~|mp kaopmgaop }qa rm|a`ak oàj rjppqd| `ðndgj# om
><
ua|nmna j rjppqak8 j `doakm# jp napaofjp# mp rdo~q|mp# j ~am~|j# ~jnjp rjppqak qk pao~dnj naoj~mnj# }qa ä m |ar|jnqçàj nj |amc# kmp ~mkläk qk pao~dnj `joj~mnj# }qa ä j jlha~duj nm kaopmgak/ M `joj~mçàj ap~í oj ,ap~dcj, nm dkmgak ⎪
m mnmr~mçàj }qa pa emx nj |amc
⎪
na kjnj m kjcní+cj na m`j|nj `jk j
~|mopkdppj|# a m lqp`m| m mnapàj nj |a`ar~j|# pahm m~|muäp na ,Y///[ qkm pdkljcjgdm qodua|pmc# pahm rj| qkm |a~ð|d`m na ärj`m‛ &LM\^FAP# =442# r/ =0$/ Pa rj| qk cmnj Lm|~fap naeaona }qa m dkmgak ej~jg|íed`m ä ~j~mckao~a naoj~m~dum &ao`a||m+pa ak pd a oàj rjna pa| nap`|d~m# rjdp }qmc}qa| ~ao~m~dum na nap`|dçàj# rj| kmdp ra|ead~m }qa pahm# oàj ä edac â naoj~mçàj nm dkmgak a m kjnded`m|dm# dopa|donj ~|mçjp na `joj~mçàj om emcm na }qak m nap`|aua$# rj| jq~|j |a`jofa`a }qa fí qk rm|mnjvj oap~m udpàj nm ej~jg|medm# qkm uax }qa acm ä ~mkläk `joj~mnm# mdonm }qa appm `joj~mçàj pahm dkrcë`d~m a na ndeë`dc ra|`arçàj/ Oappa pao~dnj# m~ä kapkj m ej~jg|medm nj`qkao~mc# hj|omcëp~d`m# rjna pa| `joj~mnm# na m`j|nj `jk j ~|m~mkao~j nm dkmgak# j jcfm| nj ej~ðg|mej# j uaë`qcj oj }qmc acm ap~í dopa|dnm# j ~av~j }qa m cagaonm a m ra|`arçàj nj |a`ar~j|/ Jq pahm# m ej~jg|medm ä mj kapkj ~akrj jlha~dum &naoj~m~dum$ a douap~dnm na umcj|ap &`joj~m~dum$/ Appa ä paq rm|mnjvj8 ,Y///[ m kaopmgak `joj~mnm &jq `jnded`mnm$ napaoujcua+pa# m}qd# m rm|~d| na qkm kaopmgak pak `ðndgj, &LM\^FAP# =442# r/=>$/ Mcgqop acakao~jp oàj doa|ao~ap â ej~jg|medm nàj donë`djp na pqm `joj~mçàj/ M rjpa nj kjnacj jq j ìogqcj ap`jcfdnj rm|m ej~jg|meí+cj pàj |ar|apao~mçñap na qkm kaopmgak# paonj# rj|~mo~j# `joj~mnjp/ Mp avr|appñap# gap~jp# kjudkao~jp jq m~d~qnap r|apao~ap om ej~jg|medm pàj pdgojp/ Jp jlha~jp ra|~ao`ao~ap â `aom donqxak â mppj`dmçàj na dnadmp# pàj acakao~jp na pdgoded`mçàj# pëkljcjp/ M ej~jgaodm ~mkläk ä qkm ~í~d`m rjppëuac# om }qmc m `joj~mçàj nm dkmgak ap~í oj aklacaxmkao~j njp paqp acakao~jp rj| ~ä`od`mp m|~ded`dmdp# `jkj dcqkdomçàj# `aoí|dj a edgq|doj/ J avakrcj avakrcj m pagqd| &edgq|m =>$ rjppqd mcgqkmp nappmp nappmp ~í~d`mp# oj }qmc j `aoí|dj a m rjppa nm kjnacj do`d~mk â na`mnèo`dm nj |jkmo~dpkj# ao}qmo~j paq edgq|doj# rao~amnj a m~ä kapkj m dcqkdomçàj nj cj`mc# |aka~ak m qkm ap~ä~d`m |jkìo~d`m/ M qodàj nap~ap pao~dnjp jrjp~jp ~|mx qk m| na kdp~ä|dj mj aopmdj/ Ap~ap a jq~|jp pàj |a`q|pjp mlqonmo~akao~a avrcj|mnjp om ej~jg|medm rqlcd`d~í|dm/
>0
Edgq|m => + acakao~jp `joj~m~dujp om dkmgak
Nappa kjnj# m pdgoded`mçàj ä pakr|a fdp~ð|d`m# e|q~j nm r|jhaçàj }qa emxakjp# om ej~jg|medm# na ojppjp pao~dkao~jp a umcj|ap/ M `jkldomçàj nap~ap em~j|ap ä |aeca~dnm om ua|lmcdxmçàj nm dkmgak/ Rj|~mo~j# acm pð avdp~a pa ua|lmcdxmnm# `joua|~aonj+pa ak qk m~j pj`dmc/ M dkmgak pð ä rjppëuac na pa| `jkr|aaondnm pj`dmckao~a/ Cjgj# pàj ~|èp mp `joj~mçñap rjppëuadp ak qkm ej~jg|medm8 m `joj~mçàj ra|`ar~dum ä m r|dkad|m cad~q|m ead~m nm dkmgak# nao~|j na pqm ka~mcdogqmgak do~a|om# j }qa m r|ðr|dm dkmgak ndx na pd rj| kadj nm cëogqm/ M `joj~mçàj `jgod~dum ä m cad~q|m ead~m na m`j|nj `jk j `jofa`dkao~j na kqonj na `mnm rappjm/ Rj| edk# m `joj~mçàj dnajcðgd`m ä ,Y///[ m}qacm }qa do~|jnqx om cad~q|m nm dkmgak |mxñap jq umcj|ap, &LM\^FAP# =442# r/ <0$/ Udp~j appap rjo~jp# jlpa|um+pa }qa rm|m Lm|~fap m kmdj| r|jlcakí~d`m nm dkmgak ap~í hqp~mkao~a om |acmçàj ao~|a pqm `joj~mçàj a naoj~mçàj# jq pahm# pa acm ä mraomp m |ar|jnqçàj na pëkljcjp mgcq~domnjp jq na pdp~akmp na pdgojp# qkm uax }qa `jopdna|m| m dkmgak pjkao~a `jkj qkm momcjgdm ä pdkrcð|dj/ Aca lqp`m |aprjona| m appm do~a||jgmçàj q~dcdxmonj `jkj lmpa m dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm8 Rj|}qa# ak rqlcd`dnmna# m pdgoded`mçàj nm dkmgak ä# `a|~mkao~a# do~ao`djomc8 pàj `a|~jp m~|dlq~jp nj r|jnq~j }qa ej|kmk m r|dj|d jp pdgoded`mnjp nm kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# a ap~ap pdgoded`mnjp nauak pa| ~|mopkd~dnjp ~àj `cm|mkao~a }qmo~j rjppëuac9 pa m dkmgak `jo~äk pdgojp# ~a|akjp `a|~axm }qa# ak rqlcd`dnmna# appap pdgojp pàj rcaojp# ej|kmnjp
>>
`jk udp~mp m qkm kacfj| cad~q|m8 m kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm ä e|mo`m# jq racj kaojp# aoeí~d`m/ &LM\^FAP# =422# r/ <6$
J moøo`dj rqlcd`d~í|dj `jo~äk ~|èp kaopmgaop8 m r|dkad|m ä cdogqëp~d`m/ M pagqonm ä m kaopmgak d`þod`m dkr|agomnm na pdgojp &pdgoded`mo~ap a pdgoded`mnjp$/ M ~a|`ad|m kaopmgak ä m |acmçàj njp jlha~jp rq|jp &pdgoded`mnjp$ `jk pqmp r|ðr|dmp dkmgaop ej~jg|memnmp &pdgoded`mo~ap$# jq pahm# ä m dkmgak pak `ðndgj# `qhj |a`jofa`dkao~j njp acakao~jp oa`appd~m ~àj pjkao~a na qk pmla| mo~|jrjcðgd`j# ä m kaopmgak cd~a|mc# d`þod`m oàj `jnded`mnm/ Cjgj# fí nqmp kaopmgaop d`þod`mp# kapkj }qa oàj pahmk dgqmckao~a ra|`ar~ëuadp8 m cd~a|mc a m pdklðcd`m# paonj m r|dkad|m# pqrj|~a nm pagqonm/ M dkmgak cd~a|mc ä naoj~mnm# ao}qmo~j m pdklðcd`m ä `joj~mnm/ Nappm ej|km# ,Y///[ j apra`~mnj| nm kaopmgak |a`ala mj kapkj ~akrj m kaopmgak ra|`ar~dum a m `qc~q|mc, &LM\^FAP# =442# r/ 0=$/ Oj moøo`dj nm Ndapac &edgq|m =1$ m kaopmgak cdogqëp~d`m pa ní racm mppdom~q|m –cdua emp~ ‛ &~|mnqçàj8 udum |írdnj$# racj cjgj~drj –Ndapac ej| pq``appeqcc cdudog ‛ &~|mnqçàj8 Ndapac rm|m qkm udnm na pq`appj$ a racm `fmkmnm rm|m j aona|açj aca~|þod`j – Fdgf praan pfjrrdog 8 ndapac/`jk‛ &~|mnqçàj8 `jkr|mp ak mc~m uacj`dnmna8 ndapac/`jk$9 jp jlha~jp rq|jp ej~jg|memnjp emxak rm|~a nj qodua|pj nm kjnm &m|m|mp# |jqrmp# kmoa}qdk$ a nm kand`dom &känd`j# qodej|ka# cdofm `d|ø|gd`m$9 a m kaopmgak d`þod`m pa ní racm |acmçàj nappap jlha~jp `jk m kaopmgak cdogqëp~d`m/
Edgq|m =1 + Ndapac + <226
M |a~ð|d`m nm dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm ä kmdp em`dckao~a ra|`aldnm om kaopmgak d`þod`m `jnded`mnm/ Jp pdgojp nappm kaopmgak pàj nap`jo~ëoqjp# qkm uax }qa acm ä ej|kmnm na ndea|ao~ap pdgoded`mo~ap# `qhjp pdgojp naraonak na qk mr|aondxmnj `qc~q|mc# kapkj }qa m kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm }qad|m ojp caum| m m`|and~m| }qa m pdgoded`mçàj mnuäk na qkm |acmçàj rq|m ao~|a j jlha~j a pqm |ar|apao~mçàj/ M
>1
dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm ä avrjp~m m qk g|qrj na rappjmp# }qa om ua|nmna rjnak `javdp~d| ak qkm øod`m rappjm# qkm uax }qa ,Y///[ m kapkm cavdm kjldcdxm cävd`jp ndea|ao~ap, &LM\^FAP# =442# r/ 06$/ Paonj cävd`j j `johqo~j na m~d~qnap }qa naedoak `jkj ä cdnm m kaopmgak8 avra|dèo`dmp# `qc~q|m# dnmna# `jofa`dkao~j/ J oøka|j a m dnao~dnmna nappap cävd`jp ej|kmk j dndjca~j na `mnm qk# jq pahm# m pqm ,cëogqm, `m|m`~a|ëp~d`m/ Oj moøo`dj `d~mnj# oj~m+pa }qa m km|`m moqo`dmnm uaona |jqrmp rm|m j rølcd`j hjuak a# rj|~mo~j# j jlha~duj nj kapkj ä emxa|+pa ao~aona| rj| appa rølcd`j/ Oappa `mpj m kaopmgak ~|mopkd~dnm ndx |aprad~j â uacj`dnmna `jk }qa jp m`jo~a`dkao~jp pa nàj oj ndm+m+ndm# naraonaonj nj `jofa`dkao~j nappap hjuaop m `a|`m njp jlha~jp a pd~qmçñap mr|apao~mnjp/ Nappm ej|km# m cëogqm nm dkmgak oàj ä ej|kmnm pjkao~a racmp rmcmu|mp a pdgojp akd~dnjp &m `joj~mçàj napahmnm racjp rqlcd`d~í|djp$# kmp ~mkläk racmp rmcmu|mp a pdgojp |a`aldnjp/ ^mcuax j pq`appj nm dkmgak &a m nded`qcnmna ak `cmppded`m| pqmp `joj~mçñap$ pahm racj em~j na }qa# kapkj ak qkm ~adm `jkrcavm na pdgojp# ~jnjp jp pdgoded`mo~ap rjppqak pdgoded`mnjp `jkqop ej|m nj ìkld~j nj moøo`dj8 qk kmoa}qdk pa|í qk kmoa}qdk oj moøo`dj# om km~ä|dm hj|omcëp~d`m# jq om cjhm/ Jq~|jp mgao~ap `jcmlj|m~dujp pàj jp `mkrjp mppj`dm~dujp# }qa kapkj dkrcë`d~jp om kaopmgak pàj dnao~ded`íuadp a `cmppded`íuadp ak `a|~jp advjp pakìo~d`jp8 qk moøo`dj }qa `jo~äk `a|~m d~mcdmodnmna dopa|a+pa oj kapkj advj na qk moøo`dj `jk l|mpdcdnmna/ Rj| jq~|j cmnj# m kaopmgak d`þod`m oàj+`jnded`mnm ä jeqp`mnm# rjdp kapkj }qa m dkmgak ap~ahm ak paq ap~mnj rq|j# om rqlcd`dnmna acm ä `jcj`mnm `jkj pdgoj# nadvmonj na pa| naoj~mnm/ Rj|~mo~j# m naoj~mçàj nm dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm ä q~ðrd`m/ Om dcqp~|mçàj ap~a em~j rjna pa| jlpa|umnj kmdp `cm|mkao~a# rjdp j napaofj ä# rj| naedodçàj# `joj~mnj/ Rj| kmdp edac }qa pahm# rjppqd qk ap~dcj# qk na~mcfa ap`jcfdnj# qkm ra|pra`~dum/ @jkj nakjop~|m j moøo`dj dcqp~|mnj rm|m Fmumdmomp Prd|d~ &edgq|m =5$# oj }qmc jp räp pàj |a~|m~mnjp ak r|jrj|çñap ndea|ao~ap nmp |amdp# na kjnj nm nap~m`m| j r|jnq~j/ Nappm ej|km# }qmonj fí# om rqlcd`dnmna# m jrçàj racm dcqp~|mçàj# ra|`ala+pa }qa fí mdonm kmdp do~aoçàj ak mc~a|m| m |amcdnmna# qkm uax }qa# pmcuj jrçàj na ap~dcj# m dcqp~|mçàj ä q~dcdxmnm }qmonj oàj ä ao`jo~|mnm om ej~jg|medm dkmgak a}qdumcao~a m }qa pa }qa| |a~|m~m|/
>5
Edgq|m =5 + Fmumdmomp Prd|d~ + <2=2
Donj mj ao`jo~|j njp ap~qnjp na Lm|~fap# Lmqn|dccm|n &=447# r/ =65$ naeaona }qa m dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm oàj |aka~a mj |amc# kmp pdk m jq~|m dkmgak# acm oàj ä ,Y///[ na kjnj mcgqk j `mkdofj kmdp `q|~j rm|m qk jlha~j# kmp pdk rm|m qkm jq~|m dkmgak‛/ Rj|~mo~j# j |apqc~mnj nappm nappm dkmgak ä m e|qp~|mçàj/ A`j &=447 mrqn PMO^M\ACCD# <224# r/ >=$># rj| pqm uax# dnao~ded`m ~|èp oëuadp udpqmdp oj moøo`dj rqlcd`d~í|dj# `joej|ka hí `d~mnj8 j oëuac d`þod`j# j d`jojg|íed`j a j ~|jrjcðgd`j/ J r|dkad|j ap~í |acm`djomnj â dkmgak oàj+`jnded`mnm nap`|d~m rj| Lm|~fap a# mppdk `jkj aca# A`j |a`jofa`a }qa –m `jopdna|mçàj nappa oëuac# om moícdpa nm dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# pð pa nm|í pa aca ~dua| qkm `m|gm ‖paopd~dum— acaumnm `jkj j ‖mra~d~a mrramc —#—# lmp~mo~a `jkqk om rqlcd`dnmna/‛ Jq pahm# appm moícdpa pjkao~a ä |acaumo~a `mpj mp `m|m`~a|ëp~d`mp fdra|+|amcëp~d`mp nm dkmgak nap~m}qak+pa oj moøo`dj/ Hí j oëuac d`jojg|íed`j ä `joj~m~duj# j }qmc rjppqd `jnded`mçñap fdp~ð|d`mp &~akrj# aprmçj# `qc~q|m# `jofa`dkao~j$ a rqlcd`d~í|dmp/ Rj| edk# j oëuac ~|jrjcðgd`j ä `jkrjp~j racmp edgq|mp na cdogqmgak# |apqc~mo~ap nmp `jkldomçñap ao~|a jp njdp oëuadp mo~a|dj|ap8 m ka~joëkdm rjna pa mr|apao~m| }qmonj ~jkm~ap pàj qpmnjp rm|m |ar|apao~m| d~mcdmodnmna a m ka~íej|m rm|m ~|mopej|km| rä|jcmp aoedcad|mnmp ak nao~ap l|mo`jp/ @mla mdonm nap~m`m| j }qa Lm|~fap raopm pjl|a m kaopmgak cdogqëp~d`m# j ~a|`ad|j acakao~j nm kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm/ ]qap~djom+pa pjl|a m eqoçàj nj ~av~j oj moøo`dj &pa ä |anqonmo~a jq `jkrcakao~m| â dkmgak$# mj rmppj }qa dnao~ded`m m pqm r|apaoçm ak ndua|pmp kmodeap~mçñap nmp `jkqod`mçñap na kmppm/ M kaopmgak cdogqëp~d`m ap~í om cagaonm na qk edcka# om oj~m na hj|omc# ojp ~ë~qcjp# km~ä|dmp a om rqlcd`dnmna8 ,Y///[ pjkjp mdonm# a kmdp nj }qa oqo`m# qkm `dudcdxmçàj >
A@J# Q/ M ap~|q~q|m mqpao~a/ 7¨ an/ Pàj Rmqcj8 And~j|m Ra|pra`~dum# =447/
>7
nm ap`|d~m# rj|}qa m ap`|d~m a m rmcmu|m pàj ~a|kjp `m||agmnjp na ap~|q~q|m doej|km`djomc, &LM\^FAP# =442# r/ 0<$/ Kmp rm|m aca pð m r|apaoçm nj ~av~j ä dkrj|~mo~a# oak j cqgm| }qa aca ap~í# oak pqm av~aopàj/ Pa om kaopmgak naoj~m~dum appa ~av~j pa|ua rm|m naojkdom| m `aom# mj oëuac pdklðcd`j aca j|dao~m m do~a|r|a~mçàj nm kaopmgak# cdkd~m m `joj~mçàj# ava|`aonj `jo~|jca pjl|a m kapkm/ ^ak m eqoçàj na edvm| m dkmgak# na |aprjona| ,j }qa, acm ä# na kjnj m oàj ra|kd~d| }qa pa dop~mq|ak pdgojp do`a|~jp# hí }qa ä r|a`dpj nd|a`djom| j cad~j| mj ljk ao~aondkao~j nm kaopmgak/ M kaopmgak cdogqëp~d`m rjppqd ~mkläk m eqoçàj na |acmdp# nap`|d~m rj| Lm|~fap `jkj m `jkrcakao~m|dnmna ao~|a rmcmu|m a dkmgak/ Oj moøo`dj mlmdvj &edgq|m =5$# rj| avakrcj# j ~av~j oj lmcàj kqnm na pao~dnj `joej|ka m rappjm }qa ap~dua| emcmonj/ M kaopmgak ap~í mla|~m a r|a`dpm nmp dop~ìo`dmp udpqmdp a ~av~qmdp rm|m pa| `jkr|aaondnj/ Oappa `mpj j ndícjgj ä appao`dmc# rj|}qa aca oàj mraomp cagaonm m dkmgak# kmp `jcmlj|m rm|m j napao|jcm| nm om||m~dum/ Ap~m ä m |mxàj racm }qmc j ~av~j `jkj |acmdp ä rjq`j qpmnj ak moøo`djp ap`|d~jp# paonj kmdp `jkqk om dkmgak ak kjudkao~j &edckap rqlcd`d~í|djp$ jq ak }qmn|dofjp a `fm|gap/
Edgq|m =7 + + m eqoçàj na |acmdp oj moøo`dj
M cad~q|m nm dkmgak oj moøo`dj rqlcd`d~í|dj
Räodojq &=47>$ a Nq|mon &=47>$ nakjop~|m|mk }qa m dkmgak ä qk ~av~j udpqmc a# `jkj ~mc# rmppëuac na cad~q|m/ Ao}qmo~j Räodojq ej`m ojp ndua|pjp ~drjp na
>6
dkmgak# nakjop~|monj }qa ap~ap ~drjp rjnak pa kap`cm|# Nq|mon ap~qnm mp edgq|mp na |a~ð|d`m udpqmdp/ Rm|m Räodojq m aujcqçàj nj gèoa|j rqlcd`d~í|dj rmppjq nj |a`cmka doej|km~duj j|mc &jq ~av~qmc$ rm|m m rqlcd`dnmna ~j~mckao~a ej`mnm om edgq|mçàj nj jlha~j/ J |a`cmka nj pä`qcj VDV rjppqëm cdgmçñap ap~|ad~mp `jk m cd~a|m~q|m nd~m doea|dj|/ M dkmgak a|m# ao~àj# naraonao~a# mppdp~ao~a nm kaopmgak r|do`drmc }qa a|m j ~av~j/ Fjha appm |acmçàj pa doua|~aq/ M dkmgak j`qrm cqgm| `ao~|mc# ä mj kapkj ~akrj rmdpmgak a kaopmgak8 ,Jcfm+pa m rqlcd`dnmna# kmdp `jo~akrcmnm nj }qa cdnm, &Räodojq # =47># r/ 5<$/ Appm doua|pàj rjna pa| ra|`aldnm oj moøo`dj na Umcdpa|a &edgq|m =6$/ Oj moøo`dj nm kapkm km|`m# `d~mnj oj r|dkad|j `mrë~qcj &edgq|m 7$# m dkmgak `jkrcakao~mum j ~av~j# hí oap~a m`jo~a`a j `jo~|í|dj/ Oappa pao~dnj# m `jo~akrcmçàj nm dkmgak ä m cad~q|m nmp doej|kmçñap `jo~dnmp oacm# }qa rjnak pa| nj ~drj pdgoded`mnm# dkrcd`m~dum# r|and`m~dum a pdgoded`mo~a/
Edgq|m =6 + J ~av~j `jkrcakao~monj m dkmgak
M doej|kmçàj pdgoded`mnm nj moøo`dj ä m pqm oa`appdnmna na rjppqd| qk pao~dnj ak pd kapkj/ M |mxàj na pa| nj moøo`dj rqlcd`d~í|dj ä emxa|+pa oj~m|/ Oappa pao~dnj# m dkmgak napakraofm rmrac r|dkj|ndmc/ Rj| kadj nacm apra|m+pa m~|dlqd| `|d~ä|djp na napakraofj nm kaopmgak/ Rj| jq~|j cmnj# j moøo`dj ä j kadj jona |arjqpm j pdgoded`mnj m pa| ~|mopkd~dnj a ä m qodàj na ndua|pjp `ðndgjp8 j `|jkí~d`j# j ~drjg|íed`j# j ej~jg|íed`j a j kj|ejcðgd`j &edgq|m =4$/
>4
`ðndgj `|jkí~d`j `ðndgj kjejcðgd`j a ~drjg|íed`j `ðndgj ej~jg|íed`j
Edgq|m =4 + Jp `ðndgjp nj moøo`djp rqlcd`d~í|dj
Cjgj# m oa`appdnmna nm rqlcd`dnmna na pa| mj kapkj ~akrj mrjdj rm|m j pdgoded`mnj a na pdgoded`m| mcgj avrcd`m m r|aea|èo`dm racm dkmgak om kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm/ Oj ao~mo~j# Räodojq naeaona }qa m q~dcdxmçàj na dkmgaop eqo`djom rj| kadj na `d`cjp# hí }qa m pqm dkrj|~ìo`dm um|dm `joej|ka j kjkao~j nj r|jnq~j8 cmoçmkao~j# edk na `jcaçàj# kmoq~aoçàj/ ]qmonj qk r|jnq~j ä cmoçmnj# rj| avakrcj# r|a`dpm pa| kjp~|mnj# cjgj m avrcj|mçàj na dkmgaop ä g|mona/ Rj| kmdp }qa dppj ~aonm m ndkdoqd|# m eqoçàj nqrcm nm dkmgak pa kmo~äk8 m na pdgoded`m| m doej|kmçàj# kmdp nj }qa r|jrmgí+cm/ M doej|kmçàj dkrcd`m~dum# }qmonj mppqkdnm oj ~av~j# ga|mckao~a ä |ar|apao~mnm racj dkra|m~duj/ Hí om dkmgak ä |ar|apao~mnm racj ra|pjomgak e|jo~mc# pahm aca qkm rappjm mppa|~dum# jq qk jlha~j/ Pqm eqoçàj ä avrcd`d~m| m kaopmgak &edgq|m <2$/ M dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# `jk m do~aoçàj na emxa| `jofa`a| a uaona| qk r|jnq~j# ä avrcë`d~m# avdga nj akdppj| qkm ~jkmnm na rjpdçàj/ Dppj rj|}qa acm pð pa `jkrca~m om r|apaoçm na qk nap~dom~í|dj a# rj|~mo~j# r|a`dpm pa| em`dckao~a `jkr|aaondnm/
Edgq|m <2 + @m|~mx `jouj`m~duj rm|m m \aujcqçàj na =40<
12
J r|jnq~j e|a}qao~akao~a ap~í r|apao~a om kaopmgak udpqmc rqlcd`d~í|dm# paonj ap~m m pqm doej|kmçàj r|and`m~dum/ Ä |m|j qk moøo`dj oj }qmc j jlha~j moqo`dmnj ap~ahm ndp~mo~a# pahm mraomp |aea|ao`dmc/ Oappa pao~dnj# m `jkr|aaopàj nm kaopmgak ä emuj|a`dnm# hí }qa m |anqonìo`dm &jlha~j `d~mnj a nakjop~|mnj$ ap`cm|a`a j jlha~duj nm kapkm/ Mcäk ndppj# m |anqonìo`dm mrm|a`a omp |acmçñap ao~|a dkmgak a ~av~j# ak }qa mkljp mrjdmk+pa rm|m }qa m `jkr|aaopàj nm kaopmgak pahm gm|mo~dnm/ Ak mcgqop `mpjp# m eqoçàj r|and`m~dum ä av~|akmnm# mr|apao~monj j jlha~j `jkj øod`j acakao~j nj moøo`dj/ Jlha~j a Pa| `joeqonak+pa# a j jlha~j ~j|om+pa pa|/ Em~j `jkqk ak moøo`djp }qa r|a`dpmk ~|mopkd~d| mraomp m appèo`dm nj jlha~j &edgq|m <=$# oj pdcèo`dj# a ak `mpjp na km|`mp `jopmg|mnmp &edgq|m <<$/ J |apqc~mnj ndppj ä m ,Y///[ |m|aemçàj nm rmcmu|m &e|a}qao~akao~a |anqxdnm mj ojka nm km|`m$# m mqpèo`dm m|gqkao~m~dum, &Räodojq# =47># r/ 71$/
Edgq|m << + M eqoçàj r|and`m~dum oj moøo`dj na km|`m `jopmg|mnm Edgq|m <= + M appèo`dm nj r|jnq~j oj moøo`dj na ra|eqka
Rj| edk# m doej|kmçàj pdgoded`mo~a |auacm+pa om `|dmçàj na pdgojp m rm|~d| na `jo~aønj om~q|mc/ Ä m mçàj nj ej~ðg|mej# om rqlcd`dnmna# om }qmc j`j||a m ~|mopej|kmçàj na ,Y///[ qkm dkmgak dop~d~qdo~a# }qa pa r|jrña m ~|mopej|km| qk r|jnq~j# ~jkmnm ak paq ap~mnj om~q|mc# doavr|appduj
⎪
⎪
`jdpm kmoqem~q|mnm# q~aopëcdj
ak pdgoj, &RÄODOJQ# =47># r/ 76$/
Rj|~mo~j# Räodojq dnao~ded`m }qm~|j doej|kmçñap rmppëuadp na pa|ak cdnmp om dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# mp }qmdp rjnak `javdp~d| nao~|j nj kapkj moøo`dj/
1=
Ak rm|mcacj# NQ\MON &=47>$ ap~qnm mp edgq|mp na |a~ð|d`m r|apao~ap om kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm/ Rm|m aca ä om rqlcd`dnmna }qa m |a~ð|d`m ao`jo~|m j aprmçj ra|ndnj om cd~a|m~q|m# mrðp m dop~mq|mçàj nj om~q|mc a nj pdo`a|j oj |jkmo~dpkj/ M rqlcd`dnmna# rj| jq~|j cmnj# jea|a`a â |a~ð|d`m mp `jondçñap dnamdp rm|m pqm dop~mcmçàj# rjdp ä ra|pqmpdum# ra|pqmpdum# panq~j|m# avmga|mnm/ avmga|mnm/ M |a~ð|d`m ä ap~qnmnm rj| Nq|mon ak pqm mrcd`mçàj udpqmc# om }qmc aca lqp`m ao`jo~|m| jp kapkjp acakao~jp nm |a~ð|d`m `cíppd`m ua|lmc/ Cjgj# mp `cíppd`mp edgq|mp na |a~ð|d`m ua|lmdp nàj ej|km âp edgq|mp na |a~ð|d`m udpqmdp/ M `jop~m~mçàj nappa em~j pa ní m~|muäp njp `jo`ad~jp |a~ð|d`jp caumo~mnjp rj| Lm|~fap a mrcd`mnjp â dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# ~mdp `jkj m ka~joëkdm# m ka~íej|m# m |ara~dçàj# m mo~ë~apa# j rm|mnjvj# m acdrpa# m fdrä|ljca# j aqeakdpkj# m fjkjcjgdm a j mppëona~j/ Mj ca| mp edgq|mp na |a~ð|d`m nm dkmgak# Nq|mon dnao~ded`m m r|apaoçm kmppdum nmp kapkmp ojp moøo`djp rqlcd`d~í|djp# mgdonj oàj pjkao~a `jkj rm|~a nj kapkj# kmp mrm|a`aonj# doøka|mp uaxap# `jkj `jo`ad~j `ao~|mc/ Appm dkrj|~ìo`dm ä r|jrjpd~mc# qkm uax }qa m |a~ð|d`m udpqmc ä q~dcdxmnm# oj moøo`dj# `jkj ea||mkao~m na ra|pqmpàj m~|muäp nm ~|mopg|appàj nj |amc/ Oj moøo`dj rqlcd`d~í|dj ~qnj ä rjppëuac a jp napahjp pàj mecj|mnjp m rm|~d| nm panqçàj nappa qodua|pj doedod~j/ Rjna+pa `jo`cqd| }qa qkm nmp eqoçñap nm |a~ð|d`m om dkmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm ä j napaoujcudkao~j na qk kä~jnj na `|dmçàj# |d`j ak rjppdldcdnmnap# `joej|ka `jkao~m Nq|mon &=47># r/ 10$8 J `mkrj na mrcd`mçàj nm |a~ð|d`m `cíppd`m a|m ap~|d~mkao~a cdkd~mnj â cdogqmgak/ Rm|m mrcd`m| mp edgq|mp na |a~ð|d`m mj njkëodj nm dkmgak# ejd oa`appí|dj nacm ej|oa`a| qkm naedodçàj kmdp mlp~|m~m kmp# g|mçmp m ap~m mlp~|mçàj# ndprjkjp mgj|m na qk dop~|qkao~j qodua|pmc }qa rjna ao`jo~|m| mrcd`mçàj oj kmdp um|dmnjp njkëodjp/
Ap~a –dop~|qkao~j qodua|pmc‛ ä m dkmgak# }qa mg|agm pdgoded`mnjp gcjlmdp mjp moøo`djp rqlcd`d~í|djp# g|mçmp m pqm `mrm`dnmna na |ar|apao~m| oj udpqmc# `jk ndomkdpkj a `cm|axm# jp kapkjp m|~deë`djp |a~ð|d`jp nj ~av~j j|mc a ap`|d~j/ Rj| kadj njp ap~qnjp na Nq|mon a Räodojq jlpa|um+pa }qa m dkmgak rjna pa| cdnm# ak pqm `jkrcavdnmna# nm kapkm ej|km }qa pa cè j ~av~j ap`|d~j/ M dkmgak ä qkm ej|km na emcm| `jk edgq|mp j }qa j ~av~j ap`|d~j ndx `jk rmcmu|mp# |apgqm|nmonj mp naudnmp r|jrj|çñap a mp rm|~d`qcm|dnmnap r|ðr|dmp nj `mkrj udpqmc a ua|lmc/
1<
Qkm uax `jkr|aaondnj j `aoí|dj oj }qmc pa napaoujcuaq j ~av~j a j rmrac nm dkmgak om rqlcd`dnmna# rjnakjp r|jppagqd| na ej|km m ao~aona| kacfj| jp rjo~jp na ao`jo~|j ao~|a acap/
10
0 NMP RMCMU\MP RMCMU\MP ÂP DKMGAOP8 JP @DO@J RDCM\AP Y///[ rmcmu|mp jq ca~|mp mn}qd|ak# ak r|jrmgmonm# qkm avdp~èo`dm udpqmc/ Hqcda~m na Gjnjt Cmnad|m
0/=
0/=/=
@jk m rmcmu|m# jp |anm~j|ap &ka~jnjcjgdm na rap}qdpm$
Jlha~duj
Oap~a `mrë~qcj pa|í ap~qnmnm m ~|mopej|kmçàj nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj pjl `do`j r|dpkmp8 pj`dj`qc~q|mc# a`joþkd`j# ka|`mnjcðgd`j# pdklðcd`j a ~a`ojcðgd`j/ Mp ao~|audp~mp |amcdxmnmp lqp`mk douap~dgm| m jrdodàj njp |anm~j|ap rqlcd`d~í|djp pjl|a m dkrj|~ìo`dm na `mnm qk njp `do`j em~j|ap oappa r|j`appj/
0/=/<
Ej|kqcmçàj nj r|jlcakm
Cmnad|m &=467# r/ =><$ `jkao~m }qa ,j rjna| auj`m~duj nmp rmcmu|mp ä kqd~j ej|~a,9 oj ao~mo~j# `jkj udp~j oj r|dkad|j `mrë~qcj# pqm dkrj|~ìo`dm ~ak pa mc~a|mnj mj cjogj nj ~akrj/ Mppdk# ap~a ~|mlmcfj douap~dgm mp rjppëuadp |aprjp~mp nm pagqdo~a }qap~àj8 J rjna| nj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj ndkdoqdq ak udp~m nj mqkao~j nm dkrj|~ìo`dm nm dkmgak: Mj cmnj nappm ra|gqo~m ap~àj jq~|jp }qap~djomkao~jp8 }qmc j rmrac nm dkmgak omp ~|mopej|kmçñap j`j||dnmp oj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj: @jkj ~av~j a dkmgak pa |acm`djomk om `|dmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm# m~qmckao~a: Fjqua qkm doua|pàj oj }qa ndx |aprad~j â dkrj|~ìo`dm nj ~av~j pjl|a m dkmgak: d kmgak:
1>
0/=/0
Ka~jnjcjgdm
Lqp`m|akjp mp |aprjp~mp m appmp ra|gqo~mp douap~dgmonj jp `do`j rdcm|ap `d~mnjp8 pj`dj`qc~q|mc# a`joþkd`j# ka|`mnjcðgd`j# pdklðcd`j a ~a`ojcðgd`j/ Pj`dj`qc~q|mc# rjdp m rqlcd`dnmna ndmcjgm `jk jp umcj|ap pj`dmdp a `qc~q|mdp nm pj`danmna/ A`joþkd`j# rj|}qa ap~í nd|a~mkao~a cdgmnm â r|jnqçàj# r|jkjçàj a uaonm njp r|jnq~jp na `jopqkj/ Ka|`mnjcðgd`j# rjdp mp mc~a|mçñap oj pagkao~j dkrcd`mk ak kjnded`mçñap pdgoded`m~dump ak paq rmrac/ Pdklðcd`j# qkm uax }qa mp rjppdldcdnmnap nm cdogqmgak pàj cm|gmkao~a mr|juad~mnmp om r|jrmgmonm/ ^a`ojcðgd`j# rj|}qa m rqlcd`dnmna q~dcdxm jp |a`q|pjp ndprjoëuadp rm|m rmppm| pqmp kaopmgaop/
Ä
dkrj|~mo~a
nap~m`m|
}qa#
mrapm|
na
pa|ak
ap~qnmnjp
parm|mnmkao~a# appap acakao~jp kap`cmk+pa ak kqd~jp kjkao~jp# rjdp qk kapkj m`jo~a`dkao~j rjna do`cqd| em~j|ap pj`dmdp a ~a`ojcðgd`jp# `jkj ua|akjp kmdp â e|ao~a/ M ap`jcfm nappa kä~jnj ap~í mrjdmnm om `joud`çàj na @mp~|j9 Gjkap &<227$ na }qa m m~dudnmna rqlcd`d~í|dm ap~í ak `jop~mo~a |acmçàj `jk jq~|jp em~j|ap nm pj`danmna# kjnded`monj+jp a paonj kjnded`mnm rj| acap/ Nm kapkm ej|km# m |anmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm naua pa| jlpa|umnm pjl appap mpra`~jp# rm|m }qa rjppmkjp `jkr|aaona| mp `jkrcavmp ~|mopej|kmçñap }qa ~|jqva|mk mj kjkao~j ak }qa fjha pa ao`jo~|m/ Rm|m douap~dgm| }qmdp ej|mk appmp kjnded`mçñap ej|mk |amcdxmnmp ao~|audp~mp `jk padp |anm~j|ap rqlcd`d~í|djp/ ^jnjp pàj r|jedppdjomdp |aprad~mnjp# |aea|èo`dmp ak |anmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm a }qa rjppqak avra|dèo`dm oj ka|`mnj# rjnaonj `jo~|dlqd| na ej|km pdgoded`m~dum `jk pqmp jrdodñap m`qkqcmnmp mj cjogj njp mojp na r|jedppàj/ Mp ao~|audp~mp ak r|jeqondnmna ej|mk |amcdxmnmp rappjmckao~a a dondudnqmckao~a# m~|muäp na qk }qap~djoí|dj+lmpa &MOAVJ M$/ M jrçàj racm rap}qdpm }qmcd~m~dum# `jk }qap~djoí|dj ndppa|~m~duj a ra}qaom mkjp~|mgak# ejd naudnj â `jkrcavdnmna nmp }qap~ñap aoujcudnmp# }qa avdgak kmdp qk `johqo~j na~mcfmnj na jrdodñap ap`cm|a`anj|mp }qa qkm g|mona }qmo~dnmna na |aprjp~mp ea`fmnmp# qkm uax }qa mp |aprjp~mp jl~dnmp om rap}qdpm oàj rjnak pa| }qmo~ded`mnmp/
11
M r|dkad|m ra|gqo~m lqp`m ao~aona|# na ej|km ga|mc# `jkj jp |anm~j|ap uaak j ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj fjha# ak |acmçàj mj doë`dj na pqmp `m||ad|mp/ M pagqonm ~ak rj| jlha~duj ao~aona| `jkj acap jlpa|umk m |acmçàj ao~|a j ~av~j# m `qc~q|m a mp kqnmoçmp pj`dmdp/ M ~a|`ad|m dnao~ded`m m jrdodàj njp |anm~j|ap pjl|a `jkj m a`jojkdm ~ak mea~mnj m pqm r|jedppàj/ M }qm|~m ra|gqo~m douap~dgm m doecqèo`dm nmp r|akdmçñap om }qmo~dnmna a }qmcdnmna njp ~av~jp rqlcd`d~í|djp/ M }qdo~m dnao~ded`m jp mpra`~jp pdklðcd`jp nj ~av~j a nm dkmgak oj moøo`dj/ Rj| edk# m pav~m ra|gqo~m rap}qdpm m jrdodàj njp |anm~j|ap pjl|a mp kqnmoçmp ~a`ojcðgd`mp }qa doecqao`dmk m |anmçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm/
0/=/>
Mkjp~|mgak
Rm|m mp ao~|audp~mp ej|mk paca`djomnjp padp |anm~j|ap na ndea|ao~ap mgèo`dmp na rqlcd`dnmna/ Pàj acap8 \qt Cdonaola|g &Caj Lq|oa~~$# Cqdx ^jcanj &^jcanj R|jrmgmonm$# @m|cjp Njkdogjp &Mga Dpjlm|$# Emldj Pmljtm &^mcao~$# Eíldj L|monàj &HW^$ a Aqgèodj Kjfmccak &Kjfmccak*M|~rcmo$/ \qt Cdonaola|g dod`djq m `m||ad|m na |anm~j| ak =461# rmppmonj rj| mgèo`dmp na g|mona rj|~a# `jkj W*L|mpdc# NRX a ^mcao~/ Paq r|dkad|j napmedj `jkj nd|a~j| na `|dmçàj ejd om Tjqog%\qld`mk# pagqdnm nm NRX# W*L|mpdc a Caj Lq|oa~~# om }qmc j`qrm j `m|gj na Ud`a+r|apdnao~a na @|dmçàj# m~qmckao~a/ Cqdx ^jcanj dod`djq pqm `m||ad|m ak kamnjp nm nä`mnm na 72/ ^|mlmcfjq ak mgèo`dmp `jkj NRX# ^mcao~ a =>= Pjfj P}qm|a# jona j`qrjq j `m|gj na @fdae @|am~dua Jeed`a| &@@J$/ Ejd r|apdnao~a nj @cqla na @|dmçàj na Pàj Rmqcj omp
gap~ñap na =441 a =447/ ^aonj napead~j m rm|`ad|m `jk m =>= ak <2=2# ^jcanj fjha pa nand`m â r|ðr|dm mgèo`dm# m ^jcanj R|jrmgmonm/ Ej|kmnj ak Km|ia~dog# @m|cjp Njkdogjp dod`djq+pa `jkj |anm~j| ak =440# rmppmonj racm HW^# W*L|mpdc# Cjnq``m a NK4NNL/ M~qmckao~a ä pð`dj a nd|a~j| na `|dmçàj nm mgèo`dm Mga Dpjlm|/ Ä mq~j| na njdp cdu|jp pjl|a j qodua|pj rqlcd`d~í|dj8 @|dmçàj pak Rdp~jcàj# cmoçmnj ak <22=# a Jrj|~qodnmnap Ndpem|çmnmp# rqlcd`mnj ak <224/
15
Emldj Pmljtm dod`djq m `m||ad|m ak =440 om NNL Oaanfmk# mrðp ej|km|+pa ak Rqlcd`dnmna a R|jrmgmonm/ Rmppjq ~mkläk racm ^mcao~ Ldx# NK4NNL a WK`@moo/ Ä |anm~j| om ^mcao~ a r|jeappj| om Kdmkd Mn P`fjjc * APRK/ Eíldj L|monàj `jkaçjq m ~|mlmcfm| `jk rqlcd`dnmna oj edomc njp mojp 42# rmppmonj rj| mgèo`dmp `jkj R|jrmgmonm \agdp~|mnm# Lm~ap L|mpdc a Edp`fa| Mkä|d`m/ Fjha j`qrm j `m|gj na nd|a~j| na `|dmçàj om HW^/ Aqgèodj Kjfmccak `jkaçjq ak r|jrmgmonm oj moj na =467 a ~|mlmcfjq ak mgèo`dmp `jkj NK4# ^mcao~ a Mckmr/ Eqonjq m edcdmc l|mpdcad|m nm mgèo`dm Emccjo/ Ak <224# mppj`djq+pa mj G|qrj M|~rcmo# }qa rmppjq m pa `fmkm| Kjfmccak*M|~rcmo/ Appm rm|`a|dm ejd napead~m |a`ao~akao~a# ak mgjp~j nap~a moj/ Rj|~mo~j# m mkjp~|mgak ap~í nacdkd~mnm ak |anm~j|ap fjkaop# `jk avra|dèo`dm ao~|a `a|`m na }qm|ao~m a njxa mojp oj ka|`mnj# ~jnjp hí ~aonj j`qrmnj `m|gjp na nd|a~j|dm# mcgqop njp }qmdp mdonm pa kmo~èk/
0/<
Rdcm| pj`dj`qc~q|mc
Pagqonj Km|~do+Lm|la|j &=467$# m rm|~d| na =601# dod`dmckao~a om E|moçm# `jkaçm m pa raopm| oj rmrac njp mg|qrmkao~jp kmppdujp om pj`danmna/ Jp ap~qndjpjp nm ärj`m udmk m kmppm `jk kap`cm na nap`mpj a kanj# apra`dmckao~a rj| rm|~a nm `cmppa njkdomo~a/ Cjgj# lqp`monj ao~aona| j kjudkao~j }qa pa avrmondm# m acd~a do~aca`~qmc `jkaçjq m ap~qní+cj# ak qkm ~ao~m~dum na mrcm`m| appa `|ap`dkao~j/ Ao}qmo~j rm|m jp ap~qndjpjp aq|jraqp m kmppm pdgoded`mum m nag|mnmçàj nm `qc~q|m# rm|m jp oj|~a+mka|d`mojp a|m pdoþodkj na cdla|nmna a nakj`|m`dm/ Kj|do &=454# r/ =5$ nap~m`m }qa j ~a|kj –`qc~q|m na kmppm‛ `jkaçjq m pa| q~dcdxmnj racm pj`djcjgdm mka|d`mom mrðp m Pagqonm Gqa||m Kqondmc/ Aca naedoa appm `qc~q|m `jkj paonj Y///[ r|jnqxdnm pagqonj mp oj|kmp km`dçmp nm eml|d`mçàj donqp~|dmc9 r|jrmgmnm racmp ~ä`od`mp na ndeqpàj km`dçm &}qa qk ap~|mofj oajcjgdpkj mogcj+cm~doj# `fmkm na kmpp+kandm$9 nap~domonj+pa m qkm kmppm pj`dmc# dp~j ä# qk mgcjka|mnj gdgmo~ap`j na donduënqjp `jkr|aaondnjp m}qäk a mcäk nmp ap~|q~q|mp do~a|omp nm pj`danmna &`cmppap# emkëcdm# a~`/$/
17
Oappa pao~dnj# m `qc~q|m na kmppm `jo`j||a|dm `jk mp `qc~q|mp om`djomc# fqkmodp~m a |acdgdjpm# ~jnmp ~mkläk `jkrjp~mp rj| mgcjka|mnjp/ @jkj ak ~jnmp mp `qc~q|mp# acm rjppqd `ðndgjp# kd~jp# qkm ap~|q~q|m r|ðr|dm# na ej|km ga|mc/ Mrapm| ndppj# ap~í do~ag|mnm om pj`danmna a# `jkj ~mc# |acm`djom+pa m ~jnj kjkao~j `jk jq~|mp kmodeap~mçñap `qc~q|mdp# pahm do~ag|monj acakao~jp nacmp jq doecqao`dmonj+mp/ M `qc~q|m na kmppm ä m kmdj| a kmdp ml|mogao~a `j||ao~a `qc~q|mc nj pä`qcj VV/ Pqm ej|çm `jo~doqjq m pa kmodeap~m| oj `jkaçj nj pä`qcj VVD# med|kmonj+pa `jkj qkm `j||ao~a jodr|apao~a# `mrmx na kjnded`m| j dkmgdoí|dj rjrqcm|# q~dcdxmonj+ pa na paqp kadjp na ndppakdomçàj# `jkj mp donøp~|dmp and~j|dmp# m |mndjndeqpàj a m donøp~|dm mqndjudpqmc/ Rjna+pa ndxa| }qa m `qc~q|m na kmppm ä |aprjopíuac rj| kqd~mp nmp kqnmoçmp pj`dj`qc~q|mdp njp øc~dkjp njdp pä`qcjp# do`cqpdua mp |acm`djomnmp â rqlcd`dnmna a# `jopa}qao~akao~a# mj ~av~j rqlcd`d~í|dj/ Oj ao~mo~j# rm|m j |anm~j| a pð`dj nm mgèo`dm Mga Dpjlm|# @m|cjp Njkdogjp# m `qc~q|m na kmppm oàj ~èk mea~mnj pdgoded`m~dumkao~a j rmrac nj ~av~j om rqlcd`dnmna# qkm uax }qa# mrapm| na jp fíld~jp nmp rappjmp ap~m|ak kqnmonj# acmp –Y///[ `jo~doqmk rap}qdpmonj a pa doej|kmonj mo~ap na `jkr|m| qk r|jnq~j‛/ Fí# `jkj pakr|a fjqua# m oa`appdnmna na mna}qm| j ~av~j mj jlha~duj na `jkqod`mçàj# apra`dmckao~a om |amcdnmna m~qmc# ak }qa# rm|m aca –Y///[ m øod`m ej|km na uj`è `joudua| `jk appa kqonj `fadj na doej|kmçàj ä ap`jcfa| Y///[‛ }qmc kaopmgak ä ka|a`anj|m na m~aoçàj/ J |anm~j| Aqgèodj Kjfmccak `jkrcakao~m# |appmc~monj }qa# mej|m m }qap~àj nj momcemla~dpkj eqo`djomc# mp rappjmp kmo~èk j fíld~j nm cad~q|m8 –Y///[ jp cdu|jp `jo~doqmk uaonaonj r|m `m|mklm &pd` $ # m do~a|oa~ ap~í ~|mxaonj m cad~q|m/ Ao~àj# appa oagð`dj na }qa oàj pa gjp~m na ca| oàj avdp~a‛/ Hí rm|m j ud`a+r|apdnao~a na `|dmçàj nm Caj Lq|oa~~# \qt Cdonaola|g# mp ojump këndmp# }qa gmofm|mk ej|çm nao~|j nm `qc~q|m na kmppm# pàj |aprjopíuadp racmp kqnmoçmp pj`dj`qc~q|mdp/ Paq rjo~j na udp~m ä j kapkj nj |anm~j| nm ^mcao~# Emldj Pmljtm# }qa m`|ap`ao~m8 –M`fj }qa na em~j avdp~a qk kjudkao~j pj`dj`qc~q|mc }qa emx `jk }qa j ~drj na cdogqmgak ~aofm kqnmnj/ Ao~àj# fjha# `mnm uax kmdp pa r|dudcagdm m cdogqmgak na `cdrrdog nj }qa m cdogqmgak `jkj fdp~ð|dm# `jk `jkaçj# kadj a edk‛/ Aca m`|and~m }qa j ~av~j `jo~doqm paonj q~dcdxmnj# kmp ao`jo~|m+pa e|mgkao~mnj ojp kmdp um|dmnjp ej|km~jp &hj|omc# ~acaudpàj# |índj# |audp~m# lcjgp# lmooa|p ndgd~mdp# mçñap na |qm$# oj cqgm| na ap~m| `jo`ao~|mnj ak rjq`mp këndmp &hj|omc a ~acaudpàj$# `jkj m`jo~a`dm ojp mojp edomdp nj pä`qcj VV/
16
Jp ap~qnjp na Km|~ëo+Lm|la|j &=447$ jea|a`ak mrjdj âp jlpa|umçñap ead~mp rj| Pmljtm a Cdonaola|g/ Oj cdu|j Njp Kadjp âp Kandmçñap ed`m `cm|j }qa jp kadjp `jkqod`mçàj a m `qc~q|m na kmppm ap~àj do~dkmkao~a cdgmnjp/ J rmrac njp r|dkad|jp oàj ä pjkao~a j na doej|km|# kmp j na pa| rjo~a# kandmçàj ao~|a ap~m `qc~q|m a m kmppm/ Rm|m aca# appm |acmçàj naq+pa m rm|~d| na qkm doua|pàj# om }qmc mp kmppmp rjrqcm|ap pa do~ag|m|mk âp `cmppap lq|gqapmp# ej|kmonj qkm øod`m kmppm8 ,M `qc~q|m na kmppm oàj mrm|a`a na |arao~a# `jkj qkm |qr~q|m }qa ra|kd~m paq `joe|jo~j `jk m `qc~q|m rjrqcm|/ J kmppduj ejd ga|mnj cao~mkao~a m rm|~d| nj rjrqcm|, &KM\^ËO+LM\LA\J# =447# r/ =54$/ Nappa kjnj# jp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj# }qa pq|gd|mk a `|ap`a|mk om `qc~q|m na kmppm# pàj napnjl|mkao~jp nm `qc~q|m rjrqcm|/ M ~acaudpàj# rj| avakrcj# |ar|apao~m jp ndícjgjp nj ndm+m+ndm a mcdkao~m j dkmgdoí|dj `jca~duj m~|muäp na pqmp edgq|mp uana~dxmnmp# mp }qmdp |ar|apao~mk j rjna| }qa m rjrqcmçàj gjp~m|dm na ~a|/ Ap~a eaoþkaoj pa emx r|apao~a oj L|mpdc a ak ~jnj j kqonj j`dnao~mc# ak ga|mc# qkm uax }qa mp ojçñap na rjna| a rjrqcm|dnmna# a mp ~ä`od`mp na |ar|apao~mçàj# pàj pdkdcm|ap ao~|a jp rmëpap j`dnao~mdp/ Fí# om pj`danmna m~qmc# qk r|j`appj na ao`q~q|mçàj# }qa pa ~|m~m nm mr|jr|dmçàj na qk kjnj na udua| ndppakdomnj racjp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj a oàj ä ~j~mckao~a |ar|appj|# hí }qa ä ead~j `jk j ,`jopao~dkao~j, nmp `cmppap rjrqcm|ap# aoujcudnmp racmp dkmgaop a kjudkao~jp nm donøp~|dm `qc~q|mc/ Nm kapkm ej|km# j rmrac nm rqlcd`dnmna oappa r|j`appj na ao`q~q|mçàj lqp`m j `jopao~dkao~j nj `jopqkdnj|/ Acm ap~í r|apao~a ojp cj`mdp jona j `jopqkdnj| ap~í# om ~ao~m~dum na m~|md| pqm m~aoçàj/ Ak `jo`j|nìo`dm â Cdonaola|g a Pmljtm# Cqdx ^jcanj# nd|a~j| nm mgèo`dm ^jcanj R|jrmgmonm# `jkao~m }qa m rqlcd`dnmna oàj ä kmdp ~àj ndní~d`m }qmo~j ejd oj rmppmnj/ Acm oàj lqp`m mraomp doej|km|# kmp dopa|d|+pa oj ap~dcj na udnm nmp rappjmp/ Rj| dppj# –Y///[ appm `jkqod`mçàj oàj pa |ap~|doga kmdp mj moøo`dj# mj edcka# ä qk kdv na `jdpmp‛/ Rjo~j oj }qmc @m|cjp Njkdogjp `jo`j|nm# hí }qa rm|m aca mp rappjmp `jo~doqmk do~a|appmnmp ak doej|kmçàj a fjha rjnak ao`jo~|í+cm ~mo~j oj moøo`dj dkr|appj# }qmo~j ak jq~|jp kadjp# `jkj om do~a|oa~/ Cjgj# oàj j`j||aq qkm kqnmoçm na `jo~aønj# kmp na ej|km# rjdp j ~av~j ao`jo~|m+pa e|mgkao~mnj/ Rm|m j nd|a~j| na `|dmçàj nm HW^# Eíldj L|monàj# appm e|mgkao~mçàj nmp këndmp a nj ~av~j rjna pa| avrcd`mnm na m`j|nj `jk m ojum j|nak pj`dmc8 –Oàj m`fj }qa m `mrm`dnmna na na`jnded`m| kaopmgaop ~aofm ndkdoqënj# jp `jopqkdnj|ap oàj
14
ed`m|mk kmdp ‖lq||jp—# pð oàj gmp~mk ~mo~j ~akrj `jk qkm oj~ë`dm jq moøo`dj `jkj emxdmk mo~ap‛# `jopa}qao~akao~a# m ~|mopkdppàj nmp kaopmgaop r|a`dpm pa| kmdp ndoìkd`m a `q|~m/ \qt Cdonaola|g `jo`j|nm ak rm|~a a jlpa|um }qa fjha j donduënqj –Y///[ ap~í j ~akrj ~jnj `joa`~mnj# pahm oj `acqcm|# oj `jkrq~mnj|# om ~acaudpàj‛/ Kmp# rm|m aca# m `jopa}qèo`dm nappm em`dcdnmna na `joavàj ä hqp~mkao~a m ndkdoqdçàj nm cad~q|m rj| `jo~m nmp em`dcdnmnap ~a`ojcðgd`mp# qkm uax }qa mp rappjmp rjnak nadvm| na |a`j||a| m uaë`qcjp kmdp naopjp# `jkj j cdu|j# j hj|omc a m |audp~m# rm|m lqp`m| `jo~aønj kmdp ndoìkd`j a pqra|ed`dmc om do~a|oa~# rj| avakrcj/ Jp raopmkao~jp na Cdonaola|g a L|monàj ao`jo~|mk ak Lmqkmo &<22=$ qkm avrcd`mçàj ~að|d`m# rjdp# pagqonj aca# m pj`danmna kjna|om ao`jo~|m+pa ak qk ap~mnj na ecqdnax/ @jkj ~jnj ecqënj# acm kjcnm+pa na m`j|nj `jk m ~aopàj }qa pje|a8 Y///[ jp ecqënjp oàj pa m~èk kqd~j m }qmc}qa| ej|km a ap~àj `jop~mo~akao~a r|jo~jp a r|jraopjp m kqní+cm9 mppdk# rm|m acap# j }qa `jo~m ä j ~akrj# kmdp nj }qa j aprmçj }qa cfap ~j`m j`qrm|9 aprmçj }qa# medomc# r|aao`fak mraomp –rj| qk kjkao~j‛/ &LMQKMO# <22=# r/ 6$
J rjna|# om `jo`arçàj kjna|om# oàj ap~í kmdp r|apj mj aprmçj# kmp ao`jo~|m+pa `joedgq|mnj oj ap~dcj njp –paofj|ap mqpao~ap‛# jp }qmdp jlpa|umk paqp jlha~jp na `jo~|jca na jona ap~dua|ak a kqnmk |mrdnmkao~a/ Oappa ojuj `jo~av~j# j rjna| nm rqlcd`dnmna `joedgq|m+pa# ~mkläk# na ej|km mqpao~a/ Acm ap~í r|apao~a ak ~jnjp jp cqgm|ap# moqo`dmonj r|jnq~jp }qa pjkao~a pa|àj mc`moçmnjp racj m~j nm `jkr|m/ Jp kadjp na `jkqod`mçàj pàj eqonmkao~mdp oappa `jo~|jca mqpao~a# rjdp ava|`ak rjna| pjl|a j dkmgdoí|dj rjrqcm|# rjnaonj mc~a|m| jp em~jp ud|~qmdp m ~mc rjo~j# }qa `fagmk m `joeqond+cjp `jk m |amcdnmna/ M rqlcd`dnmna lqp`m m`ad~mçàj a mna|èo`dm nj rølcd`j rj| kadj nm `ja|çàj pj`dmc/ Jq pahm# lqp`m dopa|d|+pa oj `j~dndmoj nmp rappjmp â kandnm }qa mp `jouao`a na }qa m cdla|nmna ap~í do~|ëopa`m â m`ad~mçàj pj`dmc/ Nappm ej|km# }qmo~j kmdp j donduënqj `jopjka jp r|jnq~jp nm donøp~|dm `qc~q|mc# kmdp r|ðvdkj ap~í njp rmn|ñap pj`dmckao~a m`ad~jp/ Oj ao~mo~j# jp kjnacjp nm kjna|odnmna cë}qdnm oàj pàj audnao~ap# oak nmnjp9 jp rjna|ap pa ndppjcua|mk a rmppm|mk nj km`|j mj kd`|j/ Rj| appa kj~duj# m ojçàj na –rølcd`j+mcuj‛ ap~í `mnm uax kmdp ndppjcudnm# hí }qa jp rmn|ñap na udnm# gjp~jp a napahjp nmp rappjmp ap~àj pa kjnded`monj `mnm uax kmdp |írdnj/
52
Mo~ap na Lmqkmo# Kj|do &=454# r/ =6>$ hí `jcj`mum ak rmq~m m |acmçàj nm `jkqod`mçàj `jk mp kqnmoçmp pj`dmdp8 –Y///[ m ra|rä~qm do`d~mçàj m `jopqkd| a m kqnm| &rqlcd`dnmna# kjnmp# ujgmp a jonmp$# j ra|rä~qj ecqvj njp ecmpfap a nj paopm`djomc `johqgmk+pa oqk |d~kj m`aca|mnj ak }qa Y///[ ~qnj pa pqlp~d~qd kqd~j nar|appm‛/ J |d~kj m`aca|mnj na r|jnqçàj a napgmp~a }qa pa ní om donøp~|dm `qc~q|mc pa |aeca~a om m|~a8 j `doakm a paqp kjnacjp na edckap `jk |j~ad|jp pdkrcð|djp a nq|mçàj rmn|àj# m rdo~q|m `jk pqmp kmodeap~mçñap mlp~|m~mp# m rjapdm `jk ej|~a mracj udpqmc9 `jkj ejd j kjudkao~j `jo`|a~dp~m oj L|mpdc njp mojp =412 a =452/ A m~ä kapkj om rqlcd`dnmna# }qa q~dcdxm pqmp ~ä`od`mp rm|m moqo`dm| m oa`appdnmna `jop~mo~a na kqnmoçmp# `jkj j qpj mlqonmo~a na dkmgaop ap~a|aj~drmnmp a pqra|ed`dmdp# }qa gm|mo~ak m mlpj|çàj |írdnm nm kaopmgak/ Oappm ojum `joedgq|mçàj jp moøo`djp lqp`mk m~dogd| j donduënqj ak paqp napahjp kmdp r|jeqonjp# a oàj kmdp m kmppm fjkjgèoam/ M rqlcd`dnmna avmc~m jp umcj|ap dondudnqmdp# ap~í pakr|a nd|a`djomnm m acap a jea|a`a paqp r|jnq~jp `jkj ej|km na gm|mo~d| m avr|appàj nm dondudnqmcdnmna na kjnj rcaoj/ Pagqonj Lmqkmo &<22=$# appa em~j ä `jopa}qèo`dm nmp kjnded`mçñap om pj`danmna# hí }qa j donduënqj oàj ap~í kmdp r|aj`qrmnj `jk j }qa ä rølcd`j/ Ap~a `aoí|dj ä eä|~dc rm|m m ndppakdomçàj nm rqlcd`dnmna }qa pmdlm |aprjona| âp r|jhaçñap dondudnqmdp oj aprmçj rølcd`j/ Oj ao~mo~j# appmp pqgap~ñap âp mecdçñap nj donduënqj pàj# om ua|nmna# mkrcmp a `jca~dump/ Cqdx ^jcanj `jkao~m8 –Y///[ m `jkqod`mçàj fjha rmppjq m pa| j ndea|ao`dmc ao~|a qk r|jnq~j a jq~|j Y///[‛# rj|~mo~j# qkm uax }qa jp r|jnq~jp a pa|udçjp jea|a`dnjp ap~àj fjkjgèoajp# m øod`m ej|km na ndea|ao`dí+cjp ä mna}qí+cjp âp oa`appdnmnap dondudnqmdp/ Kmp dppj oàj ä ead~j paoàj rj| ~ä`od`mp kmppdump# `jkj j moøo`dj dkr|appj# m ~acaudpàj a j prj~ na |índj/ J `jo~aønj dondudnqmc ä nduqcgmnj ak kadjp `jca~dujp/ Rm|m Lmqn|dccm|n &=447$# mj kapkj ~akrj ak }qa m rqlcd`dnmna ä nd|a`djomnm mjp napahjp rappjmdp kmdp ëo~dkjp# pakr|a lqp`m j qodua|pmc# j napahj `jca~duj/ Napahm+pa pa| øod`j# napna }qa j –øod`j‛ ap~ahm nao~|j nj }qa ä pj`dmckao~a m`ad~j/ Napahm+pa av`cqpdudnmna# kmp m kapkm av`cqpdudnmna ä napahmnm rj| ~jnjp/ Dp~j rj|}qa m `qc~q|m na kmppm ä appao`dmckao~a `jca~dum/ Rj| appa kj~duj# jp kjnacjp qodua|pmdp na lacaxm# `jkrj|~mkao~j a ap~dcj na udnm pàj `jkqkao~a q~dcdxmnjp om rqlcd`dnmna/ Acm pa mr|jr|dm nappap kjnacjp a `jo~|dlqd rm|m ndppakdoí+cjp8 ,m rqlcd`dnmna Y///[ ä m pj`danmna na kmppm }qa# m~|muäp na qk pdgoj m|ld~|í|dj# pdp~akí~d`j# r|juj`m m paopdldcdnmna# kjldcdxm mp `jop`dèo`dmp a pa
5=
|a`jop~d~qd oap~a r|ðr|dj r|j`appj ao}qmo~j `jca~duj, &LMQN\DCCM\N# =447# r/ =4=$/ Ak `jo`j|nìo`dm `jk Lmqn|dccm|n# Km|~ëo+Lm|la|j &=447$ naeaona }qa j do~a|`ìkldj a`joþkd`j a `qc~q|mc ao~|a jp rmëpap j`dnao~mdp rjppdldcd~jq m ndppakdomçàj njp r|jnq~jp om`djomdp# mcäk njp `jp~qkap# ap~dcjp na udnm a `qc~q|mp nmp ndea|ao~ap omçñap/ Oj ao~mo~j# rm|m }qa oàj fmhm `joecd~jp `qc~q|mdp a rm|m }qa jp r|jnq~jp pa mnmr~ak a uaonmk ak ~a||d~ð|dj ap~|mogad|j# ~j|ojq+pa oa`appí|dm qkm cdogqmgak qodua|pmc# }qa pa kmodeap~m oàj pjkao~a oj ~av~j ap`|d~j# kmp ~mkläk om dkmgak# om r|jnqçàj# oj r|jnq~j a ak ~jnjp jp acakao~jp }qa j `jop~d~qak/ Om lqp`m racj }qa rjna pa| qodua|pmckao~a mppdkdcmnj# m dkmgak rjppqd umo~mgaop ak |acmçàj â ap`|d~m/ Acm ap~í ak ndua|pjp r|jnq~jp nm donøp~|dm `qc~q|mc8 ej~jg|medmp# edckap# ~acaojuacmp# raçmp na ~am~|j# rdo~q|mp# ao~|a jq~|jp/ Pagqonj Km|~ëo+Lm|la|j &=447$# m dkmgak ä em`dckao~a `jkr|aaondnm# rjdp ap~í cdu|a nm lm||ad|m cdogqëp~d`m# mrapm| na ap~m| pqhad~m âp ndea|ao~ap do~a|r|a~mçñap na m`j|nj `jk mp kqnmoçmp `qc~q|mdp# em~j }qa pa|í na~mcfmnj mndmo~a oap~a `mrë~qcj/ Jq~|j eaoþkaoj nm donøp~|dm `qc~q|mc }qa pa |auacm om rqlcd`dnmna ä j pdo`|a~dpkj/ Pagqonj Kj|do &=454# r/ 06$# ,pdo`|a~dpkj ä m rmcmu|m kmdp mr~m rm|m ~|mnqxd| m ~aonèo`dm m fjkjgaoadxm| pjl qk naojkdomnj| `jkqk m ndua|pdnmna na `jo~aønjp,/ J `doakm emx dppj dopa|donj ndua|pjp ~akmp nao~|j na qk gèoa|j &edcka na |jkmo`a `jk muao~q|m a `jkändm$/ Om rqlcd`dnmna rjna+pa ao`jo~|m| j pdo`|a~dpkj na ndua|pmp ej|kmp# `jkj ä j `mpj na `mkrmofmp `jk ~akmp um|dmnjp# lqp`monj m~dogd| j kmdj| oøka|j na rappjmp/ Dppj rjna rm|a`a|# â r|dkad|m udp~m# d| na ao`jo~|j â kjna|odnmna cë}qdnm a dondudnqmcdxmnm# qkm uax }qa j pdo`|a~dpkj ä qk eaoþkaoj na kmppm/ Oj ao~mo~j# mj mr|jeqonm| j jcfm| ra|`ala+pa }qa avrcj|monj ndua|pjp mppqo~jp nao~|j nj kapkj r|jnq~j `qc~q|mc `jopagqa+pa m~|md| m m~aoçàj na ndea|ao~ap rølcd`jp# hí }qa `mnm qk pao~a+pa dondudnqmckao~a ~j`mnj racm kaopmgak na ej|km ndp~do~m/ Nappa kjnj# m donøp~|dm `qc~q|mc pa `jo~|mndx8 mj kapkj ~akrj }qa mp ap~|q~q|mp ~ä`od`j+lq|j`|í~d`mp dkranak dojumçñap `jop~mo~ap a dondudnqmcdxmçàj nm r|jnqçàj# j `jopqkj avdga avm~mkao~a dondudnqmcdxmçàj a dojumçàj/ Rm|m kmp`m|m| m emc~m na r|jnq~jp ua|nmnad|mkao~a dondudnqmdp a ojujp# m donøp~|dm pa q~dcdxm na ~ä`od`mp# `jkj kjnded`m| aklmcmgaop# douap~d| ak ra}qaomp mc~a|mçñap a ak rqlcd`dnmna# m }qmc `|dm ndea|ao`dmçàj ao~|a jp r|jnq~jp# pahm om ej|km jq oj `jo~aønj nm kaopmgak/ M rqlcd`dnmna ä q~dcdxmnm oàj pð rm|m r|jkjua|# kmp
5<
~mkläk rm|m ndea|ao`dm| oj rcmoj dnajcðgd`j jp r|jnq~jp rmn|àj nm Donøp~|dm @qc~q|mc/ Oappa `mpj# m eð|kqcm na moøo`djp ,aea~dujp, ~jkm j cqgm| nm dojumçàj ~mkläk ak rqlcd`dnmna/ \acakl|monj j }qa ndx Cqdx ^jcanj# m rqlcd`dnmna ra|naq j `m|í~a| doej|km~duj rm|m pa ~|mopej|km| oj øod`j ndea|ao`dmc ao~|a njdp r|jnq~jp nm kapkm `m~agj|dm/ Rj|~mo~j# m rqlcd`dnmna akraofm+pa ak `jop~|qd| kd~jp# pahmk acap om ej|km udpqmc jq ap`|d~m/ Pagqonj Lm|~fap &<227$# `jop~d~qd+pa ak kd~j j pdp~akm pakdjcðgd`j pagqonj# oj }qmc j pdgoj nj pdp~akm pakdjcðgd`j r|dkad|j ~j|om+pa mraomp pdgoded`mo~a &ej|km$# }qa qodnj mj pdgoded`mnj &`jo`ad~j$# |apqc~m om pdgoded`mçàj/ Qk avakrcj pa|dm m edgq|m nm njom na `mpm8 oj pdp~akm pakdjcðgd`j r|dkad|j acm ä pdgoj# hí oj kd~j# ä pdgoded`mo~a# j }qmc# qodonj+pa mj `jo`ad~j |ar|apao~m~duj na pqm edgq|m# ~|mopej|km+pa ak pdgoded`mnj/ Qk `jo`ad~j kë~d`j rjna |aka~a| m uí|dmp ej|kmp a naua pa| |a`jofa`dnj rj| na~a|kdomnj g|qrj/ Oappa pao~dnj# m rqlcd`dnmna r|jnqx kd~jp `jop~mo~akao~a/ Ap~í pakr|a mppj`dmonj jp kapkjp `jo`ad~jp âp kmdp ndea|ao~ap ej|kmp a lqp`monj m m`ad~mçàj nj rølcd`j rm|m pa `jopjcdnm|/ Rj|~mo~j# j rqlcd`d~í|dj ä qk r|jnq~j| na kd~jp/ Qk moøo`dj mc`moçm paq jlha~duj }qmonj8 ,Y///[ rm|m j cad~j| nj kd~j# m pmënm ä ~j~mckao~a ndea|ao~a9 ~qnj pa rmppm `jkj pa m dkmgak r|juj`mppa om~q|mckao~a j `jo`ad~j a j pdgoded`mo~a `|dmppa j pdgoded`mnj Y///[, &LM\^FAP# <227# r/ <<=$/ Jq~|j avakrcj pa|dm j nj emkjpj `jwljt nm km|`m na `dgm||jp Kmclj|j/ M edgq|m kë~d`m# `|dmnm om nä`mnm na =412# ä ej|kmnm m rm|~d| nm hqoçàj nj pdgoded`mo~a &`jwljt mka|d`moj$ `jk j pdgoded`mnj &ud|dcdnmna# ej|çm$/ @jkj |aej|çm Cqdx ^jcanj# j }qa m rqlcd`dnmna uaona Y///[ rmppjq m pa| mcgj }qa km~a|dmcdxm qkm edcjpjedm na udnm/ A dppj `jk `a|~axm ~ak |acmçàj `jk kqnmoçmp pj`dmdp a `qc~q|mdp/ M rqlcd`dnmna# m r|jrmgmonm# om ua|nmna# ap~í pakr|a kqnmonj `jk m pj`danmna# acm ä qk |aecavj# j ~akrj }qa nakj|m r|m kjp~|m| dppj }qa kqnm# kmp acm ä qk |aecavj# ä mcgj }qa hí ap~í cm~ao~a omp rappjmp/
Pagqonj Kj|do &=454$# appa eaoþkaoj `jkaçjq m pa emxa| r|apao~a oj pä`qcj VV# }qmonj m pagqonm donqp~|dmcdxmçàj a m pagqonm `jcjodxmçàj pa na|mk mj oëuac nj aprë|d~j a nm mckm8 Oj `jkaçj nj pä`qcj VV# j rjna| donqp~|dmc ap~aonaq+pa rj| ~jnj j Gcjlj ^a||ap~|a/ M `jcjodxmçàj nm Íe|d`m# m njkdomçàj nm Ípdm `fagmk mj paq mrjgaq/ Adp }qa `jkaçm omp ead|mp na mkjp~|mp a kí}qdomp na oë}qadp m
50
pagqonm donqp~|dmcdxmçàj8 m }qa pa r|j`appm omp dkmgaop a ojp pjofjp/ Y///[ M mckm ä m ojum Íe|d`m }qa `jkaçm m mgd~m| jp `d|`qd~jp njp `doakmp/ @do}qao~m mojp kmdp ~m|na qk r|jndgdjpj pdp~akm oa|ujpj pa `jop~d~qdq oj g|mona `j|rj rcmoa~í|dj8 mp rmcmu|mp a dkmgaop pmëmk mjp lj|lj~ñap njp ~aca~drjp# nmp |j~m~dump# nmp racë`qcmp# nmp ed~mp kmgoä~d`mp# nmp mo~aomp na |índj a na ~acaudpàj9 ~qnj }qa |jnm# omuagm# ujm ~|moprj|~m hj|omdp a |audp~mp9 oàj fí qkm kjcä`qcm na m| }qa oàj udl|a `jk mp kaopmgaop }qa qk mrm|acfj jq qk gap~j# ~j|omk cjgj mqnëuadp a udpëuadp/ &KJ\DO# =454# r/ =1$
Appm `jcjodxmçàj pð ä rjppëuac `jk j `jopao~dkao~j nmp rappjmp/ Oj `mpj nm rqlcd`dnmna# m pqm aea~dudnmna naraona nm mna|èo`dm nj `jopqkdnj| oàj pð â kaopmgak# kmp â –mckm‛ nj r|jnq~j a nm km|`m jea|~mnjp/ M`|ap`ao~monj# \qt Cdonaola|g oj~m }qa mp kqnmoçmp pj`dj`qc~q|mdp kqnm|mk ~mkläk jp do~a|appap njp |anm~j|ap rqlcd`d~í|djp/ Pagqonj aca# –Y///[ jp r|ðr|djp |anm~j|ap ap~àj kaojp r|aj`qrmnjp `jk j ~mkmofj nj ~av~j Y///[‛# rjdp m `jo`j||èo`dm m`d||mnm }qa avdp~a fjha eax aka|gd| qkm ga|mçàj na |anm~j|ap r|aj`qrmnjp `jk m –g|mona dnadm‛# donaraonao~a nj ej|km~j ak }qa acm ap~ahm/ Emldj Pmljtm m`|ap`ao~m8 –J mkldao~a ap~í `mnm uax kmdp |írdnj omp mgèo`dmp# mp rappjmp oàj ~ak ~akrj r|m ~|mlmcfm| qk ~av~j# }qa ä qkm `jdpm ndeë`dc a ~|mlmcfjpm‛/ Rm|m aca# jp |anm~j|ap ap~àj napmr|aonaonj m ap`|aua|# â kandnm }qa lqp`mk kmdp eð|kqcmp a kaojp ~ä`od`mp ra|pqmpdump/ Aqgèodj Kjfmccak avrmona appa rjo~j na udp~m rm|m m r|jedppàj `jkj qk ~jnj8 –Fjha uj`è oàj ml|a m |audp~m apra|monj ua| mcgqkm `jdpm ljm# pa ~dua| mcgj ljk# ä qkm pq|r|apm# Y///[ oàj fí j }qa gjp~m| om rqlcd`dnmna/ M`fj }qa m r|jrmgmonm ap~í nap~|qdonj jp |a`q|pjp nj ~av~j‛/ Pagqonj aca# m donøp~|dm `qc~q|mc ap~í pqlq~dcdxmonj jp paqp ~mcao~jp# rjdp ra|kd~a ap~ap pahmk `|dm~dujp napna }qa oàj pmdmk nj rmn|àj/
0/0
Rdcm| a`joþkd`j
M \aujcqçàj Donqp~|dmc ra|kd~dq m avrmopàj nm r|jnqçàj a nj `jkä|`dj na ka|`mnj|dmp/ Pagqonj Km|`jonap &<22=$# `jk m kqc~drcd`mçàj njp laop na `jopqkj m rqlcd`dnmna rmppjq na doej|km~dum â ra|pqmpdum/ Pa mo~ap pqm eqoçàj a|m m na doej|km| j `jopqkdnj| nm avdp~èo`dm na qk r|jnq~j jq pa|udçj# fjha rm|~a
5>
nappm eqoçàj ä nap~m`í+cj ak kadj â `jo`j||èo`dm/ M r|jrmgmonm ud|jq dop~|qkao~j oa`appí|dj oj kqonj `mrd~mcdp~m# `joej|ka naeaona Km|`jonap &<22=# r/ 17$8 –Ym `jkra~dçàj m`d||mnm[ emx nm r|jrmgmonm oàj kmdp qkm m|km na `jkqod`mçàj# kmp qk `jkrjoao~a akr|apm|dmc ap~|m~ägd`j rm|m m `jo}qdp~m na ojujp ka|`mnjp a m gm|mo~dm na napakraofj rm|m mp akr|apmp,/ Rm|m Cqdx ^jcanj appm kqnmoçm ~|mx }qap~djomkao~jp kqd~j kmdj|ap }qa jp |acm`djomnjp mj ~mkmofj nj ~av~j8 –Mo~ap ~dofm kqd~j ~av~j# fjha oak pa emcm nj r|jnq~j/ Ao~àj aq m`fj }qa ~mcuax m }qap~àj oak pahm appm na kmdp jq kaojp ~av~j‛/ Eíldj L|monàj `jo`j|nm `jk ^jcanj a m`|ap`ao~m8 ^aj|d`mkao~a# jp r|jnq~jp a moqo`dmo~ap ~a|dmk kmdp j }qa ndxa| nj }qa fí qop mojp m~|íp/ Jp r|jnq~jp uèk `fadjp na ojudnmnap ~a`ojcðgd`mp/ Cjgj# jp ~av~jp naua|dmk pa| kmdj|ap/ J }qa m`jo~a`a ä }qa mp kaopmgaop pàj kmdp nd|a~mp# pak |jnadjp jq m|gqkao~jp na uaonmp |alqp`mnjp/
M `jo`j||èo`dm ~ak `jkj `jopa}qèo`dm j ljklm|namkao~j na moøo`djp }qa `fagmk m~ä j `jopqkdnj|# uaonaonj r|jnq~jp na qkm kapkm `m~agj|dm kqd~j pakacfmo~ap ao~|a pd/ Rj| appa kj~duj# }qmo~j kmdp nd|a~m a do~acdgëuac ej| m kaopmgak rqlcd`d~í|dm# kmdj| mp `fmo`ap na j `jopqkdnj| rm|m| rm|m r|ap~m| m~aoçàj oacm/ Rm|m mkljp jp |anm~j|ap# jp moøo`djp dkr|appjp ap~àj `mnm uax kmdp pa|udonj na –dp`m‛ rm|m m~|md| j `jopqkdnj| rm|m qkm kaopmgak }qa# om ua|nmna# ~ak `jo~doqdnmna ak jq~|jp kadjp# `jkj om do~a|oa~/ ^jcanj ndx8 –J moøo`dj omnm kmdp ä }qa qk moxjc r|m edpgm| j cad~j|/ Rj| dppj m r|aj`qrmçàj ak caum| j `m|m rm|m j r|dkad|j rm|íg|mej a narjdp rm|m j pagqonj Y///[‛ a mppdk rj| ndmo~a# rj|}qa m kdppàj nj moøo`dj ä napra|~m| oj cad~j| j do~a|appa ak pmla| kmdp pjl|a j r|jnq~j a `jo~doqm| doej|kmonj+pa pjl|a aca ak jq~|jp `momdp/ ^jcanj m`|and~m }qa j ~av~j `jo~doqm avdp~donj# mraomp ap~í e|mgkao~mnj/ Rj| `jo~m nappm ojum `joedgq|mçàj# –j |anm~j| oj eqonj ä qk r|jnq~j| na dnadmp# kmdp nj }qa na rmcmu|mp‛/ Rm|m L|monàj –m oa`appdnmna rj| avrcd`m| kmdp a kacfj| qk r|jnq~j mqkao~jq/ Kmp kqnjq+pa m kmoad|m na ava`q~m| appmp avrcd`mçñap‛/ Pagqonj Km|`jonap &<22=$# mp nqrcmp na `|dmçàj rjppdldcd~m|mk ojump ej|kmp na `jop~|qd| qk moøo`dj# qkm uax }qa mo~ap nacmp m |anmçàj a dcqp~|mçàj na qkm raçm a|m ead~m parm|mnmkao~a# cdkd~monj mp rjppdldcdnmnap `|dm~dump/ M rm|~d| nm dop~d~qdçàj nappa ej|km~j `mnm uax kmdp m `|dmçàj m`jo~a`a ak ~j|oj na qk `jo`ad~j
51
`ao~|mc# oàj mraomp qk ~av~j cjogj a qkm dkmgak dcqp~|m~dum/ Rj| dppj# fjha# kmdp dkrj|~mo~a }qa j ~av~j ä m dnadm `|dm~dum# m ej|km ao`jo~|mnm rm|m m~|md| m m~aoçàj nj `jopqkdnj|/ LMQN\DCCM\N &=447# r/ =71$ `jcj`m m rqlcd`dnmna `jkj rm|~a nj pdp~akm na jlha~jp/ Rm|m aca m rqlcd`dnmna ä qk ndp`q|pj pjl|a j jlha~j# kmp ä ~mkläk qk jlha~j `qc~q|mc# g|mçmp mp pqmp `m|m`~a|ëp~d`mp8 ra|pjomcdxmçàj# ndea|ao`dmçàj ej|çmnm# ndppakdomçàj nj doappao`dmc/ Rm|m aca m eqoçàj r|dkí|dm nm rqlcd`dnmna ä doej|km| &eqoçàj jlha~dum$/ Kmp acm rmppjq m ava|`a| jq~|m eqoçàj8 m na ra|pqmnd| a gqdm| j `jkrj|~mkao~j &eqoçàj pqlha~dum$/ ^aonj qk jlha~duj avrcë`d~j &uaona| qk r|jnq~j*pa|udçj$ a qk dkrcë`d~j &pqp`d~m| qk raopmkao~j# lqp`m| kqnmoçm na `jkrj|~mkao~j# kmodeap~m| qkm `qc~q|m$# m rqlcd`dnmna ~mkläk pa ~|mopej|km ak r|jnq~j na `jopqkj# rj| kadj na pqmp fdp~ð|dmp8 ,Oàj kmdp pa ~|m~m na qkm cðgd`m nj aoqo`dmnj a nm r|jum# kmp pdk na qkm cðgd`m nm eílqcm a nm mnapàj,/ @jk dppj# aca acq`dnm qk rjo~j dkrj|~mo~a8 mp rappjmp oàj m`|and~mk om rqlcd`dnmna# kmp pa nadvmk caum| racm kapkm g|mçmp mj `qdnmnj }qa acm nakjop~|m mj avdld| paqp r|jnq~jp# aklmcmonj+jp ak m~|mao~ap aklmcmgaop `jka|`dmdp a |a~ð|d`mp# a jea|a`aonj+jp mj `jopqkdnj|# na kjnj m –mca|~í cj‛ nm oa`appdnmna na `jopqkd| ~mc ∜
ka|`mnj|dm/ Mppdk# }qmo~j kmdp `qdnmnjpj# r|ðvdkj nm cdogqmgak nj `jopqkdnj| a rappjmc ej| m `jkqod`mçàj# }qmo~j kmdp m km|`m edxa| j `jopqkdnj| `|a| ak pqm eílqcm# kmdp aca pa pao~d|í m~|mënj m ra|na| ~akrj `jk acm/ Qkm umo~mgak nm rqlcd`dnmna ä }qa# ao}qmo~j j r|jnq~j }qa acm jea|a`a ä uaondnj# acm ä jea|~mnm/ Cjgj# mp rappjmp rjnak `jopqkd+cm pak oa`appm|dmkao~a `jopqkd| j r|jnq~j/ M `jkqod`mçàj rqlcd`d~í|dm ä pakr|a nd|a`djomnm rm|m j `jopqkdnj| a# oappa `jo~av~j# m dkmgak kqd~j `jcmlj|m rm|m kmo~a| qk kqonj na mrm|èo`dmp/ M pqm eqoçàj cønd`m# nd|a`djomnj|m# `jk dkmgaop rjpd~dump# a m ao`aomçàj &om }qmc mp dkmgaop qc~|mrmppmk m oa`appdnmna ap~|d~m njp r|jnq~jp$# pa|uak â ujo~mna nm pj`danmna na jea|a`a| m pd kapkm rm|m pa| `jopqkdnm racm rqlcd`dnmna/ M dkmgak ä |írdnm a panq~j|m# aeèka|m &|agdp~|m mraomp qk kjkao~j$# rjna pa| em`dckao~a pqlp~d~qënm rj| jq~|m# ä nd|a~m# pdgoded`m~dum a |ar|apao~m~dum/ Rj|~mo~j# kqd~mp uaxap ä avrcj|mnm om `jkqod`mçàj na r|jnq~jp a pa|udçjp# ak na~|dkao~j nj ~av~j ap`|d~j# }qa avdga m~aoçàj# `jofa`dkao~j nm cëogqm a `jkr|aaopàj `j||a~m nj pao~dnj/ Rm|m \qt Cdonaola|g m rmcmu|m+`fmua ä –panqçàj‛ a acm pð ä rjppëuac pa jp |anm~j|ap pa m||dp`m|ak m pmd| nj `jkqk# }qa fjha ä hqp~mkao~a m umcj|dxmçàj
