1.0 WATER RESOURCES AND QUALITY 1.1 the sources of water supply • the importance of water usage • the sources of water supply a. surface water resources : rivers, lakes, reservoirs / dams b. ground water resources : well/boring 1.2 water quality characteristics • physical characteristics: Turbidity, taste and odor, color, temperature • chemical characteristics: pH, acidity, alkalinity, hardness, chlorides, sulphates, iron, solids and nitrates • biological characteristics: coliform, virus, bacteria and protozoa
1.3 the causes of water contaminant • human impact results in a fresh water reduction and water quality degradation. 1.4 legislative framework • legislative framework, regulatory bodies and company policies that control abstraction licensing, recreation, farming and use of catchment area.
TOPIC 1 : WATER RESOURCES AND QUALITY 1.1 Sources Of Water Supply a) water as part of important resource in the environment. Water resource
Water disposal to river/stream
Raw water treatment
Sewage water treatment
Water distribution system
Sanitation / sewarage system
b ) the importance of water management in water supply system. i. Health and diseases control (from water borne diseases) ii. To achieve balance between demand and supply iii. Safe, cheap, quality, efficient through technologies and management iv. Sustainable for future generation
c)
Water usage classification i. basic uses: drinking, cooking, cleaning and washing… ii. general uses: Plantation and Agriculture, livestock. industries, hydroelectric, domestic, commercial, public, Non Revenue Water
iii. Factors affecting domestic water use 1) climatic conditions 2) Socio-economic 3) Type of industry and commerce carried out 4) water quality and pressure in the pipe system 5) Cost of water meter installation and policy 6) The use of flushing toilets and sewerage systems 7) Public Awareness residents on waste
1.2 WATER CHARACTERISTIC Why Important to know? i. Raw water supply need to be treated before it can be considered safe to be supplied to consumers.
ii. Produce clean water in terms of physical, chemical and bacteria and safe for any use. iii. Water supplied must be aesthetically acceptable, free of suspended materials, smell & taste iv. Processed for the supply of water must meet standards set of Ministry of Health Malaysia.
1.2 WATER : PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS i.
Taste and odor • Smelly/putrid – considered contaminated • H2S – come from decay of dead organisms and plants • Bad taste – come from inorganic material and other organism
ii.
Color • Colorless – considered clean • The colored water is considered dirty and harmful
iii. Turbidity • turbidity indicated the fine colloidal particulates that are considered dangerous and there may be bacterial or viral iv. Temperature • high temperature allows the existence of bacterial activity and can affect water use v.
Conductivity • shows the existence of dissolved solid • can reduce the aesthetic value of water
1.2 WATER : BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS i.
Bacteria/germ/microbe • can cause fatal diseases • 3 types – aerobic, anaerobic, facultative • Aerobic – use oxygen and reduce DO in water (increase BOD)
ii.
Algae • Very fine aquatic plants • Cause bad taste and odor to water • Reduce transparency of sun light • Too much alga indicates to many Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
iii. Virus • Parasite lives in the body • diseases – polio, high fever, diarrhea, hepatitis • turbidity indicated the fine colloidal particulates that are considered dangerous and there may be bacterial or viral (yes, they are hiding) iv. Protozoa • Much bigger than bacteria and eat bacteria • Thus, reduce organic load • Too much, problems and too little, not efficient treatment
1.2 WATER : CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS i.
pH • •
ii.
Affecting chemical process like chlorination… Affecting biological life like effectiveness of bacteria…
Dissolved Oxygen • •
Bacteria need, to eat organic compound Indicator – low oxygen, high contamination
iii. Hardness • • • • •
Because of ion Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn Problem like carbonate precipitate then clogging the pipe Two types – temporary and permanent Temporary – CO3-2 and HCO3-1, boiling and soda Permanent – SO4-2, Cl-1, NO3-2, soda
iv. Organic Compound • • • •
v.
Organism, plant, waste, sewage, dead, problems… Domestic, housing, feces, Pesticides – farm, health problems THM – chlorine + (humic + fulvic),
Nutrient • C,N,P – industrial sewage, farm, detergent
NATIONAL STANDARD FOR WATER QUALITY No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Parameters
Unit
GROUP I Total Coliform E.Coli Turbidity Colour pH Residue Chlorine Total Chlorine
MPN NTU TCU unit mg/L mg/L
Treated Water Raw Water Quality Guideline Absent Absent 5 15 6.5 - 9.0 0.2 - 5.0 1
5000 1000 300 5.5 - 9.0 -
NATIONAL STANDARD FOR WATER QUALITY No.
Parameters
Unit
Treated Water Quality Guideline
Raw Water
mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
1000 250 1.5 10 0.3 0.4 - 0.6 500 0.2
1500 6 10 250 1 1.5 10 1 1.5 500 -
GROUP II 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Total Dissolved Solids Biological Oxygen Demand Chemical Oxygen Demand Total Organic Carbon Chloride Anionic Detergent Ammonia Nitrate Iron Fluoride Hardness Aluminium
NATIONAL STANDARD FOR WATER QUALITY No.
Parameters
Unit
Treated Water Quality Guideline
Raw Water
mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
0.001 0.003 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.05 1 3 200 250
0.001 0.003 0.01 0.07 0.05 0.05 1 3 200 250
GROUP III
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Mercury Cadmium Arsenic Cyanide Lead Chromium Copper Zinc Sodium Sulphate
NATIONAL STANDARD FOR WATER QUALITY No.
Parameters
Unit
Treated Water Quality Guideline
Raw Water
mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
0.2 0.1 0.1 0.06 0.01 0.05 150 0.5 0.02 0.3
0.01 0.05 150 0.3
TRIHALOMETHANE 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Chloroform Bromoform Dibromochloromethane Bromodichloromethane Selenium Silver Magnesium Boron Nickel Mineral Oil
NATIONAL STANDARD FOR WATER QUALITY No.
Parameters
Unit
Treated Water Quality Guideline
Raw Water
mg/L mg/L mg/L
0.00003 0.002 0.00003
0.00003 0.002 0.00003
mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
0.02 0.002 0.0002 0.001
0.02 0.002 0.0002 0.001
GROUP IV 42 43 44
45 46 47 48
Aldrin/Dieldrin DDT Heptachlor & Heptachlor Epoxide Methoxychlor Lindane (BHC) Chlordane Hexachlorobenzene
NATIONAL STANDARD FOR WATER QUALITY
1.3 The Causes Of Water Contaminant Point Sources
the source of pollution can be detected.
It is easy to control.
For example, the discharge of sewage, effluent and toxic waste into the water from residential, industrial and farm animals.
1.3 The Causes Of Water Contaminant Non Point Sources the sources of pollution cannot be determined.
For example, pollution resulting from the opening of new cities, agriculture, logging, construction and road building, mining and disposal of solid and liquid waste.
Common sources of pollution are: Surface runoff. The transfer process of pollutants caused by rain. Pollutants are carried from the natural state (decaying plants), from farming activity (especially fertilizers which contain phosphate) and livestock feces.
1.4 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK • In Malaysia, there is a need to enhance understanding on the concept of water governance. • This includes finding best practice in water management to achieve sustainable water management. • The Federal agencies are responsible for the planning, research and development of water resources
• State agencies are responsible for water supply infrastructure development including financing, operation and maintenance. • The National Water Services Industry Commission (SPAN) was established to enforce the Water Services Industry Act, 2006 to regulate the national water services industry in terms of licensing, supervision and monitoring.
Offences
• Land use violation • Littering / • Unauthorized Solid waste Disposal • Unlicensed blockages and diversions • Effluent discharge violations • Unauthorized discharge and abstraction
Enforcement Authority
• Land Administrator / Local Authority • Local Authority
• Land Administrator / Local Authority • Department of Environment / Local Authority • Land Administrator
The Importance In Predicting The Future Demand i. Efficient use and allocation of water •
economic, ratio of output to input, meet demand
ii. Water provider benefits of demand reduction a. energy saving for distribution, collection, treatment, expenditures b. increase the availability of water for stream, wetlands, river c. Save money both providers and users
iii. Legislative framework a. Water conservation is a good policy for water resource management b. Water agencies must have some water conservation responsibilities c. However, it depend on an understanding of the national water resource situation
