PhDr. Dagmar Špildová
ENGLISH FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS
Slovenská technická univerzita v Bratislave 2011
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ÚVOD Učebnica je určená pre poslucháčov Stavebnej fakulty STU, ktorí maturovali na strednej škole z anglického jazyka a teda dosiahli minimálne úroveň B1 podľa Európskeho referenčného rámca. V súčasnosti je potrebné, aby študenti jednak vedeli pracovať s odbornou literatúrou v angličtine a využívať ju pre vzdelávacie účely počas štúdia a aj následne v praxi a tiež boli schopní v rámci výmenných študijných pobytov zvládnuť časť štúdia na zahraničnej vysokej škole. Táto učebnica je prepracovanou verziou pôvodnej učebnice uč ebnice English in Civil Engineering, ktorej som autorkou autorkou spolu s bývalou kolegyňou. Pokrýva najbežnejšiu slovnú zásobu zo všetkých hlavných odborov stavebného inžinierstva. inžinierstva. Obsahuje 20 lekcií, pričom úvodné lekcie prinášajú slová a výrazy, ktoré sa týkajú všetkých odborov a postupne sa prechádza k špecifickejšej problematike a slovnej zásobe s ňou spojenej. Odborné texty v jednotlivých jednotlivých lekciách boli adaptované z odbornej knižnej literatúry ako aj z internetových stránok a sú jazykovo upravené tak, aby zodpovedali potrebám študentov. Cvičenia v jednotlivých lekciách lekciách vychádzajú z nastolenej odbornej problematiky, sú zamerané na rozvíjanie r ozvíjanie slovnej zásoby a na precvičenie tých gramatických a syntaktických javov, ktoré sú typické pre odbornú literatúru. Študenti si postupne osvoja odborné výrazy a naučia sa ich aktívne používať, pričom zároveň využívajú aj znalosti nadobudnuté na odborných predmetoch. Cieľom tejto učebnice a celej výučby je, aby ab y študenti bez väčších problémov porozumeli odbornej literatúre v anglickom jazyku, vedeli si z textov vybrať kľúčové informácie a vyjadriť sa k odbornej problematike a prezentovať pr ezentovať svoje poznatky z danej oblasti. Aby študenti mohli na cvičení pružne pr užne pracovať, v každej lekcii je krátky krátky slovník zväčša odborných odborných výrazov. Na konci učebnice sa ešte nachádza súhrnný odborný anglicko-slovenský slovník. Ďakujem všetkým, ktorí poskytnutím odbornej literatúry, svojimi odbornými pripomienkami alebo akýmkoľvek iným spôsobom prispeli ku kvalite tejto učebnice. Mojím cieľom bolo vytvoriť učebnicu, ktorá bude tvoriť základ odbornej angličtiny pre študentov Stavebnej fakulty a bude pre nich praktickou pomôckou.
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Contents UNIT 1
Introduction to University and Civil Engineering Studies
3
UNIT 2
Numbers and Shapes
14
UNIT 3
Properties of Materials
23
UNIT 4
Building Materials
30
UNIT 5
Natural Building Materials
37
UNIT 6
Foundations
43
UNIT 7
Planning and Building a House
50
UNIT 8
Roofs
55
UNIT 9
Green Roofs
61
UNIT 10
High-Rises, Skyscrapers and Towers
66
UNIT 11
Container Houses
71
UNIT 12
Road and Highway Building
75
UNIT 13
Bridges
82
UNIT 14
Tunnels
88
UNIT 15
Fundamentals of Urban Drainage
94
UNIT 16
Wastewater Treatment
100
UNIT 17
Dams
106
UNIT 18
Environmental Issues and Engineering
112
UNIT 19
Alternative Sources of Energy
121
UNIT 20
Green Buildings
127
Vocabulary
132
Bibliography
152
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UNIT 1 Introduction to University and Civil Engineering Studies Part 1 A.
Introductory questions
At what age do students graduate from secondary school? How many subjects did you take your school-leaving exam in? Which subjects were compulsory and which were optional? Did you choose your school yourself or were you influenced by someone? Was the Faculty of Civil Engineering your your first choice? Why did you decide to study civil engineering? B.
Match the words with their meanings.
1. university
a) A teacher at a university or college
2. degree
b) A student who is studying for a first degree
3. tuition
c) A talk to a group of people about a particular subject
4. undergraduate
d) An educational institution where students study for degrees and where academic research is done
5. research
e) Money that you pay to take lessons
6. lecturer
f) The detailed study of something in order to discover new facts
7. lecture
g) The qualification you get at the end of university
If you want to go to university, you must pass a school-leaving examination that you take in four different subjects. subjects. Subjects like the Slovak Slovak language and literature and a foreign language are compulsory; the other two subjects are optional. You can choose from a list of subjects subjects being taught at your your secondary school. You must do well in order to get a place at at university. As there are too many students interested in studying at certain university faculties, they have to take an entrance exam to get admitted to them. The ones who are accepted to university can enrol at the beginning of the academic year.
C. Replace the underlined words from the text with the appropriate meanings (1-7) below.
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1. 2. 3. 4.
elective secure register do
5. high school 6. enter 7. obligatory
D. Read the paragraph again and decide if the sentences (1-4) below are true (T) or false (F).
1. 2. 3. 4.
You can go to university university after completing secondary school. A foreign language is a compulsory compulsory subject for the school-leaving exam. There are no optional subjects subjects in the school-leaving examination. You can go to any university university without sitting for an entrance exam. exam.
If you get a place at university, the tuition is free, and some students also receive a scholarship. Students at university are called undergraduates while they are studying for their first first degree. Most university university courses take three years; some some courses take four years. When you finish the course and pass the examinations, you will receive a bachelor’s degree. This is the first part of your your studies. After completing the bachelor’s studies, students can continue studying to achieve a master’s degree, which normally takes two years. They are then called postgraduates. The second part of your studies is aimed at developing special skills skills in the chosen specialization and is finished by writing a thesis. Its successful successful completion results in the award of a Diploma. Successful Masters of Science (M.Sc.) can enter doctoral study either full-time (3 years) or part-time (5years) to achieve a Ph.D. degree. E. Find the correct ending to each sentence.
1. Some students receive 2. 3. 4. 5.
a) a letter of application. b) a scholarship. c) a degree. Master’s programmes normally last a) two years. b) three years. c) five years. Students studying studying for their second degree are called a) undergraduates. b) postgraduates. c) masters. You can enter doctoral study after completing a) secondary school. b) Bachelor’s studies. c) Master’s studies. University study has a) three stages. b) two stages. c) four stages.
What do I want to study? If you are not sure what you would like to study, ask yourself what you want to do with your your life. What are you good at? What do you enjoy enjoy doing? It is quite hard to make such a decision at the age of 18 or 19, as the decision may really affect your life for a very long time. 7
Do you like defining or solving solving practical or technical technical problems? Are you good at at mathematics and descriptive geometry or physics? If so, then it is a good idea to think about engineering. Discuss the above topics in pairs. What is engineering?
Engineering is the science of designing things such as roads, railways, bridges, or machines. This is accomplished through knowledge, mathematics and practical experience applied to the design of useful useful objects or processes. Engineering is everywhere. Almost everything we use use in modern life is made by engineers. Who is an engineer?
An engineer is either a) someone who designs or builds things such as roads, railways, bridges or machines; b) someone who controls the engines on a ship or aircraft; c) someone who repairs machines or electrical electrical equipment; or d) someone who designs designs and repairs computer programs. As you can see from the above, the word “engineer” is used in two ways in English. One usage refers to a professional engineer who has a university degree, e.g., a civil engineer; the other refers to a person who operates and maintains an engine or machine, e.g., a lift-maintenance lift-maintenance engineer. Engineers in this sense are essentially technicians rather than professional engineers. F. Complete the sentences in the paragraph with the following words. engineers, solution, scientist, observation, observation, information
implementation,
fields,
specialties,
question,
Engineering is concerned with the ______ 1 ______ of a solution to a practical problem. A ____ 2 ______ may ask “why?” and start researching to find the answer to a _____ 3 _____. In contrast, ______ 4 ______ want to know how to solve a problem and how to implement that ______ 5 ______. Many early branches of engineering, however, were not based on science but on empirical ______ 6 _______, that is, information that depended on ______ 7 _______ and experience rather than theoretical knowledge. Civil engineering is the broadest of the engineering ___ 8 ____. In fact engineering was once divided into only two fields – military and civil. All the engineering ______ 9 ______ have derived from civil engineering. G. Making a decision
Are you good at drawing patterns or pictures? Can you visualise 3D objects in your mind? If you want to be an architect, a construction construction designer designer or surveyor, the Faculty of Civil Civil Engineering might be the right place for you you to study. Are you interested in land and water resources, and/or the environment? Again, the Faculty of Civil Engineering can meet your needs. Even students who are maths or computer geeks can find their place at the Faculty of Civil Engineering.
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Part 2 Studies at the Faculty of Civil Engineering The Faculty of Civil Engineering is the largest engineering faculty at the Slovak University of Technology. There are 22 vocational and theoretical departments and laboratories, the Institute of Forensic Engineering, a Computing Centre, a Library and an Information Centre. Presently, it has eight Bachelor’s study programs from which students can choose: Building Structures and Architecture Graduates from this program can find employment in design, architectural and static studios dealing with dwellings, civic, industrial and agricultural structures, investment organisations, research research establishments and business management. They are also qualified in advanced planning concepts with reference to the technical aspects of architecture. Civil and Transportation Engineering Structural engineering and transportation engineering graduates are qualified to perform static design and organise and manage civil engineering work such as the construction of bridges, high-rise buildings, industrial structures, foundations and underground structures. They are further qualified for the planning, management, implementation, maintenance and reconstruction of transportation-related structures, e.g., roads, motorways, airports, airports, railways and buildings. They can also work in the related fields of urban network planning, transportation infrastructures and traffic engineering. Water Resources Management and Hydraulic Structures Graduates acquire skills which are applicable to multidisciplinary areas such as hydraulic engineering, reservoir design, restoration of rivers, water resources management, hydro-electric plants, water transport, drinking water supplies, waste water and sludge treatment, integrated water quality management, etc. Geodesy and Cartography Graduates from this program are qualified specialists in GIS, photogrammetry, remote sensing, cadastre creation and design, land surveying, engineering geodesy, underground surveying, topographical and subject cartography, cartographic design, and the land consolidation industry. Building Technology and Management After completion of the above program graduates can find employment in the preparation, realization, reconstruction and utilization of building constructions as assistants for construction managers, or site engineers, construction quality managers, and operation or maintenance managers. Environmental Engineering The program aims at the training of specialists in environmental structures, environmental engineering of internal and external environments, waste management, landscapes and urban areas, transport management and the longevity of structures. structures. Graduates are suitable for positions in the fields of environmental politics, local administration, administration, environmental protection or water management. They can also work as landscape planning designers, environmental project managers, etc.
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Mathematical and Computational Modelling Graduates will understand modern methods of applied mathematics (numerical, statistical, graphic and visualization methods and software); they will be able to work with a computer (programming languages, operating systems, computer networks and internet applications) as well as apply mathematical and computer modelling in science and technology. They will find employment in civil, civil, electrical and mechanical mechanical engineering as well as bioengineering, geodesy, informatics, and computer graphics. Graduates will be able to apply their knowledge in economic and financial applications, software development, or the computer analysis anal ysis of engineering tasks. Civil Engineering – English language B.Sc. and M.Sc. programs are also available for foreign students.
All in all, a degree from the Faculty provides a passport to a rewarding professional career in civil engineering, architecture, geodesy and cartography, cartograp hy, and other fields. A. Decide if the sentences below are true true (T) or false (F).
1. I am interested in designing bridges, so I should choose the Building Structures and Architecture study program. 2. I want to be a surveyor, so so I should study Geodesy and Cartography. 3. An engineer engineer always has a university education. 4. If you are a computer computer geek, you can find your place place at the Faculty of Civil Civil Engineering. 5. Graduates from the Faculty may be involved in the management of utilizing energy effectively. 6. After completing your studies in the Environmental Environmental Engineering program, you you may find employment in local administration. 7. There are very limited limited job opportunities for the graduates of the Faculty of Civil Civil Engineering. 8. The Faculty of Civil Engineering is the largest engineering faculty at the Slovak University of Technology. B. Match the beginnings and the endings of the sentences.
1. Graduates who complete c omplete the Building Technology and Management programme … 2. Graduates of the Geodesy and Cartography program… 3. Graduates of the Building Structures and Architecture program can can use their skills in … 4. You will understand programming languages, computer networks and operating system after you complete the programme of … 5. You are interested in landscape planning, water management and waste management, … 6. Transportation engineers are qualified to perform … 7. If I want to deal with with water resources management, the drinking water supply and water quality management, I’d rather … a. so you have to choose the Environmental Environmental Engineering program. b. Mathematical and Computational Modelling.
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c. the planning, management, maintenance and reconstruction of transportationrelated structures. d. can find employment in the preparation, realization, reconstruction and utilization of building constructions. e. design, architectural and static studios dealing with dwellings and civic, industrial and agricultural structures. f. can work at the National Cadastre Bureau. g. study Water Resources Management and Hydraulic Structures. Structures. C. Answer the the following following questions. questions.
1. How many bachelor’s study programmes are there at the Faculty of Civil Engineering? 2. Can you find a job position in the field field of architecture after you you complete one of the study programmes? programmes? Which one? 3. Are underground structures structures included in any of the Faculty’s study programs? 4. Is there a wide range of job opportunities after you complete complete the Mathematical and Computational Modelling Modelling study program? Give a few examples. 5. What differences can you see in the study programs of Water Resources Management and Hydraulic Structures, and Environmental Engineering? 6. Do you think that after graduating from the Geodesy and Cartography program, you will work outdoors or mainly in an office?
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Vocabulary accomplish, v. budget Building Structures and Architecture Building Technology and Management bursar cadastre Civil and Transportation Engineering compulsory, a. control, v. dean degree department differ, v. dwelling elective enroll, AmE., enrol, BrE. entry exam environmental, a. Environmental Engineering equipment establish, v. facility faculty flow found, v. foundations (pl.) geek Geodesy and Cartography graduate, v. Institute of Forensic Engineering head head, v. implementation intend, v. land consolidation landscape longevity maintain, v. maintenance mankind Mathematical and Computational Modeling obligatory
vykonať, uskutočniť, dosiahnuť, zrealizo rozpočet Pozemné stavby a architektúra Technológie a manažérstvo stavieb kvestor kataster Inžinierske konštrukcie a dopravné stavb povinný, nutný, nevyhnutný riadiť, kontrolovať dekan akademická hodnosť, stupeň, miera katedra, oddelenie, ministerstvo (USA) líšiť sa, rozlišovať obydlie, príbytok, bytová jednotka voliteľný, výberový prihlásiť sa, zapísať sa, prijať do vstupná skúška týkajúci sa životného prostredia Inžinierstvo životného prostredia vybavenie, zariadenie, výstroj založiť, zriadiť, uviesť do chodu zariadenie fakulta tok, prúd založiť, zriadiť, položiť základy základy počítačový fanatik, čudák Geodézia a kartografia absolvovať, vyštudovať Ústav súdneho znalectva predstavený, vedúci, hlava viesť, byť na čele vykonanie, uskutočnenie, realizácia zamýšľať, mať v úmysle pozemkové úpravy krajina, krajinka dlhovekosť, dĺžka života udržiavať údržba ľudstvo Matematicko-počítačové modelovanie povinný, záväzný 12
observation optional pass an exam, v. pattern photogrammetry purpose rector reflect, v. remote, v. rename, v. requirement research restoration rewarding, a. sanitary engineering scholarship secretary sensing sewer site sludge solution special purpose facility subdivision supply support, v. surveying surveyor traffic treasurer treatment tuition undergraduate university vice-dean vice-rector waste Water Resources Management and Hydraulic Structures
pozorovanie voliteľný, nepovinný, fakultatívny (s možný
výberom)
zložiť skúšku vzor, model, schéma, vzorka fotogrametria účel, cieľ, zámer rektor odrážať, vyjadrovať, zobrazovať, odzrkadľovať diaľkový, vzdialený, odľahlý premenovať požiadavka výskum obnova, obnovenie, znovuzavedenie prospešný, užitočný, výnosný zdravotné inžinierstvo štipendium tajomník, tajomníčka, sekretárka snímanie kanál, stoka, odvodňovacia priekopa miesto, stavebná plocha, stavebná parce usadený kal, bahno riešenie, výsledok, roztok účelové zariadenie sekcia zásobovanie, dodávka, prísun podporovať, pomáhať mapovanie, vymeriavanie, topografické meranie zememerač, expert, znalec verejná doprava, premávka pokladní, minister financií zaobchádzanie, liečenie školné, výučba, učenie, vyučovanie univerzitný študent, vysokoškolák (pred získaním titulu)
univerzita prodekan prorektor odpad Vodné hospodárstvo a vodné stavby
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UNIT 2 Numbers and Shapes No matter what you do with your life, you will need numbers to cope with situations encountered in everyday life. In the past, the ancient Chinese recorded numbers by tying knots on a string; other civilisations drew pictures or slashes in the dirt, made marks on stones or pieces of clay, or made mad e notches on a stick to represent re present numbers. Luckily, with the development of the modern world, a numeration system was created. We have to distinguish the difference between numbers that are mathematical quantities and numerals – the symbols we use to represent numbers. There are different types of numerals, e.g., Hindu-Arabic or Roman, and there are different types of numbers, e.g., prime numbers, odd numbers, whole numbers, etc. In mathematics we use Arabic numerals, but in the past Roman numerals were used for dates or eras. Hindu-Arabic numerals are combination of 10 ddigits: igits: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 0. The Hindu numeral system is a pure place-value place-value system and that is why why you need a zero. Only the Hindus, Hindus, within the context of Indo-European civilizations, have have consistently used a zero. zero. The Arabs, however, played an essential essential part in the dissemination of this numeral numeral system. system. Roman figures are actually a legacy of the Etruscan Etruscan period. The Roman numeration is based on a biquinary (5) system. The Romans used used an additive and subtractive system. A.
Match the Arabic and Roman numerals.
DCCC LX V D M I C L XL X
40 1 100 50 500 60 10 5 800 1000
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B. Numbers, arithmetic operations and and how we read read them Odd numbers Even numbers Prime numbers Common fractions Decimal fractions
1, 3, 5, 7 2, 4, 6, 8 2, 3, 5, 7 ¼ ½ ¾ 11.8
Powers Roots Percentages Parameters Ratio/proportion Long integers
42 73 84 2 √9 3√27 28% 30 m x 20 m 2:3 2,582,934
Temperature Area Volume/capacity Velocity Acceleration Density
31°C 80 m2 53 m 3 130 km/h 10 cm/s2 3.86 kg/m 3
one-quarter, one-half, three fourths (quarters) eleven point eight (decimal fractions are separated by a point and not comma) four squared, seven cubed, eight to the fourth power the square root of nine, the cube root of twenty seven twenty-eight per cent thirty meters by twenty meters two to three two million, five hundred eighty-two thousand, nine hundred thirty four thirty-one degrees Celsius/Centigrade eighty square meters fifty-three cubic meters one-hundred and thirty kilometres per hour ten centimetres per second squared three point eight six kilograms per cubic meter
Note: In English, you use a point (.) not a comma (,) when when writing decimal numbers. You say the numbers after the point separately, for example, when you say 48.52, you read forty-eight point five two.
C. Match the numbers in the the box with the words below. below. ♦ 50 m x 20 m ♦ 3² ♦ - 5ºC ♦ ¼ ♦ 9³ ♦ 42.9% ♦ 3,295 ♦ 2/3 ♦ ²√ 16 ♦ 12.62 a) b) c) d) e)
minus five degrees Celsius fifty meters by twenty meters twelve point six two three squared three thousand two hundred and ninety-five
f) g) h) i) j)
forty-two point nine percent two thirds the square root of sixteen one quarter nine cubed
D. Here is some interesting information from the the Guinness Book of Records. Read the text aloud. According to the Guinness Book of Records the tallest man in the world is Vimal Singh, who is 2.72 m tall, and the shortest man is Younis Edwan, who is only 0.65 m. The heaviest man in the world is Morgan Reid with a weight of 635 kg, and the heaviest woman is Avinash Persaud, who weighs weighs 725 kg. The oldest person in the world was Jeanne Calment, who died when she was 122 years and 164 days old. The oldest living person in the world is a Japanese woman, who is 114+ (as of February 2010). She was born on 10 May 1895.
As for structures, the tallest structures are dozens of radio and television broadcasting towers that are around 600 m. The three tallest buildings in the world are the 828 m tall Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates, the Taipei 101 in Taiwan, which is 509 m tall, and the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia at 452 m. The longest bridge bridge is the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, which was built built in1956 in the USA. It is 38,344 m long, long, and the longest cross-sea cross-sea bridge of 32,500 m was built in China in the year 2005. The longest tunnel is is the Seikan Seikan Tunnel in 15
Japan, which is 53,850 m long, and the tunnel with the longest underwater section is the Channel Tunnel linking England and France France since 1994. It is 49,940 m long. E. Let’s find out how good you you are at geography. Match the subjects with their their names and parameters.
the highest waterfalls the tallest monument the longest river the highest mountain the largest average discharge
Mount Everest the Amazon Angel Falls the Great Pyramid of Giza the Nile
219,000 m3/s 6,695 km 8,848 m 138.8 m 979 m
F. There are four basic basic arithmetic and other other operations. Try to read them correctly.
+ addition - subtraction x multiplication : division a≠b x>y α<β
3 + 5 = 8 (three plus five equals/is eight) 12 – 2 = 10 (twelve minus two equals/is ten) 4 x 3 = 12 (four times/multiplied by three equals twelve) 16 : 8 = 2 (sixteen divided by eight equals/is two) a is not equal to b x is greater than y Alpha is less than Beta
G. Read the following following numbers and expressions.
32º C 250 m3 3:1 550 : 22 = 25 4,821,578
67.92 x2 > y2 5.2 kg/m3 18 x 56 98%
123 – 21 = 102 3/5 a2 + b2 = c2 70 km/h 5 kg/m3
2, 567 √25 - 12°C 32 x 23 = 736 40 m x 20 m
H. Follow the directions.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Write any number below below 10. Multiply by 2. Add 4. Multiply by 5. Add 12. Multiply by 10. Subtract 320. Take away the last two numbers. What do you have?
Mathematics and descriptive geometry are an integral part of civil engineering studies. Designers draw shapes and patterns to create a project; other civil engineering specialists calculate the correct proportions of the designed d esigned structure.
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There are various shapes of lines, two-dimensional (2D) figures and threedimensional (3D) figures. lines: straight, curved, bent, horizontal, vertical, parallel, tapering, perpendicular 2D figures: square, rectangle, triangle, t riangle, circle, semi-circle, pentagon, hexagon, octagon, trapezoid, trapezium, rhombus 3D figures: cube, prism, sphere, hemisphere, pyramid, cone, cylinder A rectangle is a two-dimensional figure f igure with two t wo opposite sides that t hat are parallel p arallel and the adjacent ones are perpendicular. A rectangle rectangle has four right angles. Something with the shape of a rectangle is rectangular, e.g., a long rectangular table. If we want to calculate the perimeter or area of a rectangle, we need to know how long and how wide the sides sides are. If we have the length and width of the rectangle, we can start calculating. A circle is a round shape consisting of a curved line that completely encloses a space and is the same distance from the centre at every point. Something in the shape of a circle is is circular. A circle is cut in half by its diameter. diameter. Its two halves halves can be called semi-circles. The radius of a circle is the distance from its centre to the circumference. A cube is an object like a box with six square sides that are all the same size. Cubic units are used used for measuring volume. A sphere is is a round object like a ball. A cube and sphere are both three-dimensional objects. A cylinder is a three-dimensional object. Its cross-section is circular in shape, and an d its longitudinal section is rectangular in in shape. In other words the cross-section of of a cylinder is shaped like a circle, and the longitudinal section is shaped like a rectangle. The cross-section of a cone is also circular in shape, but the longitudinal section is shaped like a triangle. I. Read the nouns and adjectives correctly. NOUN square rectangle triangle circle semi-circle pentagon octagon trapezoid rhombus
ADJECTIVE square rectangular triangular circular semi-circular pentagonal octagonal trapezoidal rhombic
NOUN cube prism sphere hemisphere pyramid cone cylinder ellipsoid spiral
J. Complete the the sentences with the correct words.
1. A tennis tennis court is shaped like a ______________.
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ADJECTIVE cubic prismatic spherical hemispherical pyramidal conical cylindrical ellipsoidal spiral
2. If we have the length and width of a room, we we can calculate calculate its ____________ or ______________. 3. The Great Wall of China is over 2,000 km ______________. 4. The first Egyptian _______________ is over 140 m high. 5. A two-dimensional figure that has three sides and three angles smaller than 90° is a _______________. 6. Volcanoes are shaped like a ______________. 7. A bar chart chart is _____________, and a pie chart is ______________ in shape. 8. The bottom and and top of a _____________ are circular circular in shape. 9. A shape with with five sides, usually of equal length and angles greater than 90°, is called a ______________. 10. The two halves of a circle can be called ______________. K. Answer the following questions. questions.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
What is the Slovak Radio building shaped like? What are some shapes of swimming swimming pools? What is the cross-section cross-section of a pyramid in shape? What is the longitudinal section of a triangular prism prism in shape? What are the formulae for calculating calculating the circumference of a circle and its surface area? 6. What is the standard floor-to-ceiling height in residential buildings? 7. What is the most common width width of a doorway? 8. What is the standard doorway height? L. Give a description of the the following shapes.
M. Using geometrical figures and shapes, describe the following objects:
a tent, a chimney, a roof, a football pitch, a tennis ball, the room you are in, a window, a door, a table 18
Vocabulary addition adjacent adjust angle approximately average bent broadcast bulb calculate charge circle circumference clay coincide, v.
encounter, v.
sčítanie vedľajší, priľahlý upraviť, prispôsobiť uhol približne priemer, priemerný naklonený, zakrivený rozhlasový žiarovka vypočítať elektrický náboj kruh obvod íl, hlina zhodovať sa, udiať sa v rovnakom čase zlomky betón kužeľ priečny rez kocka krivka, oblúkový valec dlh desatinné čísla hustota priečny, diagonálny priemer hlina, prach, špina prietok, vytekanie rozlíšiť, odlíšiť, rozoznať delenie tucet, dvanásť kresliť elektrický prúd elipsoid vydávať, vyžarovať obklopiť, ohradiť, oplotiť, priložiť stretnúť sa, naraziť na čo
equal, v. even number figure football pitch formula fraction growth
rovnať sa párne číslo obrazec, tvar, cifra futbalové ihrisko vzorec zlomok rast
common fractions concrete cone cross-section cube curved (line) cylinder debt decimal fraction density diagonal diameter dirt discharge distinguish, v. division dozen draw, v. electric current ellipsoid emit enclose, v.
(náhodne)
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heat hemisphere illumination inclined integer knot length line longitudinal section mass measure, v. multiplication notch numeral oblique octagon odd number pattern pentagon perimeter perpendicular power, (mat.) prime number prism property proportion pyramid quantity radius, pl. radii reach record, v. rectangle reinforced remarkable rhombus root (mat.) semi-circle shape shrink, shrank, shrunk slab slash sloping sphere spiral square stick straight subtraction surface area tapering tower
teplo pologuľa osvetlenie, intenzita osvetlenia šikmý, klopený celé číslo uzol, slučka dĺžka čiara pozdĺžny rez hmotnosť merať násobenie zárez, vrub číslica, cifra šikmý, naklonený osemuholník nepárne číslo vzor, vzorec, model päťuholník obvod kolmý mocnina prvočíslo hranol vlastnosť, majetok časť, podiel, percento ihlan množstvo, počet, kvantita polomer dosiahnuť zapísať, zaznamenať, nahrať si obdĺžnik vystužený pozoruhodný kosoštvorec odmocina polkruh tvar zmenšiť sa, scvrknúť sa doska rez, zárez, lomeno zvažujúci sa guľa špirála štvorec palica, palička, klátik priamy, rovný odčítanie obsah, plocha zbiehajúci sa do špičky, hrotu veža 20
trapezoid triangle triangular prism volcano volume width
lichobežník trojuholník trojhran vulkán, sopka objem šírka
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UNIT 3 Properties of Materials Materials we can see around us and those used in civil engineering have various properties. The word “property” “property” can be used in many different ways. We are going going to use it with the meaning of a quality or feature of something. All the things we can see around us are made of some kind of material or, in most cases, of a combination of various materials. A. Match the object with the best possible material it can be made of. There are a few possibilities for some som e of the objects. Object
Material
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
a) plastic b) wood c) glass d) silver e) concrete f) metal g) copper
car window electrical wire bottle cutlery telephone table pre-made building blocks
We use particular materials to produce certain objects because of their properties. How do we find out what the properties of some materials materials are? The answer is very simple. We can see the materials or touch them; we can try lifting them or applying force to them. The materials materials will will perform in a certain way. When we touch the material, we can feel if it is smooth or rough. Some vandals vandals take a nail or other sharp object and scratch walls or elevator booths to find out if the material they are made of is soft or hard. We need a crane to lift a concrete block block as it is really heavy, but things we can lift with our hands are obviously light. We use concrete blocks for building constructions because they are rigid. But car car wheels should be be flexible; therefore, we use rubber for their production. We also have to mention plasticity and elasticity. A rubber band is elastic, and modelling clay is a plastic material. They behave differently when when we apply force to them. We want to see see through windows, so we use glass to make them. Glass is transparent, but brittle, so it can can be easily broken. Glass is not tough at all. Plastics are tough, but they are usually either translucent or opaque, so we cannot see clearly through objects made from them. Another important property in the building building industry is combustibility. Materials can be combustible or non-combustible. We can also say that materials are flammable or non-flammable. Fire-resistant material will not burn in the process of combustion and that is the reason why fire-resistant doors in office or residential buildings are made of non-combustible non-combustible materials. Unfortunately, most of the materials we have in our households or offices are combustible; in the 22
case of a fire, we can can hardly save anything but our lives. lives. Other important properties are corrosion resistance, which means that materials are resistant against rust, and conductivity, which means that materials are good or poor conductors of electric current or heat. heat. For building structures structures it is important to know if the material is permeable or impermeable, as builders don’t want moisture or water vapour to pass inside the building. B. Match the adjectives with their meanings.
1. combustible
a) not easily broken or made weaker
2. transparent
b) hard and can easily break into pieces
3. elastic
c) easy to press or shape, pleasant to touch, not rough or stiff
4. rough
d) can be shaped into any shape and will keep that shape
5. rigid
e) clear and thin enough to see things through
6. translucent
f) able to stretch or bend and then return to its original shape
7. tough
g) stiff, hard, and difficult to bend or move
8. soft
h) clear enough for light to pass through but not completely clear
9. brittle
i) a surface which is not smooth
10. plastic
j) able to burn easily
C. What are the opposite meanings of these adjectives?
flexible ______________ soft ______________ rough ______________ brittle ______________ transparent ______________ heavy ______________ combustible ______________ permeable ______________ D. Choose the right answers.
1. Why is glass used for windowpanes? a) Because it is brittle. b) Because it is transparent. c) Because it is waterproof. 2. Why do we use chalk to write write on a blackboard?
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
a) Because it is white. b) Because it is brittle. c) Because it is soft. Why do we need a special drill to make make holes in a concrete wall? a) Because concrete is hard. b) Because concrete is heavy. c) Because concrete is rigid. What kind of material should a fireproof door be made of? a) Combustible material. b) Non-combustible material. c) Plastic material. Why do builders need cranes to lift concrete panels? a) Because concrete concrete panels are square in shape. b) Because concrete panels panels are rigid. c) Because concrete panels are heavy. Why will a glass break into pieces when we drop it? a) Because it is brittle. b) Because it is smooth. c) Because it is tough. Why is is aluminium aluminium used to construct aircraft? a) Because aluminium is soft. b) Because aluminium aluminium is is easy to shape. c) Because aluminium is light.
E. Choose the correct properties of the following materials
glass: wood: lead: concrete: chalk:
a) rigid a) combustible a) light a) flexible a) rigid
b) permeable b) brittle b) hard b) rigid b) soft
c) brittle c) transparent c) heavy c) combustible c) flexible
F. You can form nouns from the adjectives that describe the properties of building materials. Adjective elastic soft fragile transparent flexible brittle rough plastic combustible tough rigid strong thick
Noun
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permeable weak dense hard smooth G. Make sentences about four properties of materials from this table.
Steel Concrete Glass wool Brick This means
has the property of
good sound insulation good thermal insulation high compressive strength high tensile strength
it can resist high compressive forces it can resist high tensile forces it does not transmit heat easily it does not transmit sound easily
H. Answer the following questions: questions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Why is glass used for windowpanes? Why is glass wool used in roof structures structures to keep heat in in the attic? Why is some steel covered with a thin layer of zinc? zinc? Why is concrete used for the columns of a building structure? Why is steel used in concrete as reinforcement?
I. Complete the sentences with the correct properties:
1. Various coatings are applied to protect iron from chemical reaction. This means that iron becomes ______________. 2. A wooden house burnt down, down, but the windows remained undamaged, i.e., i.e., wood is __________ and glass is ____________. 3. We need a special drill to make a hole in a concrete wall. This means concrete is ___________. 4. Electric repairmen use leather gloves, because leather is __________. 5. Concrete panels are lifted by a crane, crane, which means that a concrete panel is _________. 6. Vertical blinds are used in modern offices to prevent sunrays from penetrating into the room, i.e., blinds are _____________. J. What are the properties of the following materials?
concrete, wood, rubber, glass, stone, plastics, lead, clay, chalk, sandpaper. K. What are these materials used for in construction? Wood Strengths: cheap, lightweight, moderately strong in compression and tension Weaknesses: rots, swells swells and burns easily Use:
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Plastics Strengths: flexible, lightweight, long-lasting, strong in compression and tension Weaknesses: expensive Use: Aluminium (with ingredients of magnesium and copper) Strengths: lightweight, doesn’t rust, strong in compression and tension Weaknesses: expensive Use: Brick Strengths: cheap, strong in compression Weaknesses: heavy, weak weak in tension Use: Concrete Strengths: cheap, fireproof, weatherproof, moulds to any shape, strong in compression Weaknesses: Cracks with temperature changes, weak in tension Use: Reinforced concrete Strengths: low cost, fireproof and weatherproof, moulds to any shape, strong in compression and tension Weaknesses: can crack as it cools and and hardens Use: Iron Strengths: moulds to any shape, strong in compression Weaknesses: weaker than steel in tension, breaks without warning Use: Steel Strengths: one of the strongest materials used in construction, strong in compression and tension Weaknesses: rusts, loses strength in extremely high temperatures Use: L. List materials that possess the following properties.
lightweight – strong in compression – rusts – cheap – fireproof – strong in compression and tension – weak in tension – expensive – breaks under tension – swells and rots – can crack when cool and hard – cracks with temperature changes – loses strength in extremely high temperatures – doesn’t rust – heavy –
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Vocabulary aluminum apply, v. brittle chalk column combustible compressive concrete copper corrosion crane cutlery drill elastic feature fire resistant flammable, inflammable flexible force fragile hard heavy hole insulation layer lead leather lift, v. light moisture opaque particular penetrate perform permeable plastic property residential resistant rigid roof rough rubber rust sheet smooth soft
hliník použiť, aplikovať, požiadať, týkať sa krehký krieda stĺp horľavý stlačujúci, tlakový betón meď korózia, hrdzavenie žeriav príbor vŕtačka pružný, elastický črta, znak ohňovzdorný zápalný, horľavý, zapaľujúci sa pružný sila krehký, slabý, nepevný tvrdý ťažký diera izolácia vrstva olovo koža zdvihnúť, zodvihnúť ľahký vlhkosť (zo zrazenej pary) nepriehľadný, nepriesvitný konkrétny, jednotlivý, špecifický vniknúť vykonať, uskutočniť, účinkovať priepustný plastický vlastnosť, charakter; vlastníctvo, majetok obytný, bytový odolný, vzdorný, vzdorujúci tuhý, pevný, nepoddajný strecha drsný guma hrdza plech, plát, fólia, plachta, hárok hladký mäkký 27
strength tensile tough translucent transmit transparent vapour / vapor water-proof windowpane windshield, windscreen wire wood
sila, pevnosť ťahový, ťažný tuhý, tvrdý, pevný priesvitný prenášať, prepúšťať priehľadný para, výpar, opar vodotesný okenná tabuľa predné okno motorového vozidla drôt, vedenie (elektrické) drevo
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UNIT 4 Building Materials What are building materials? They are materials which which are used used for construction construction purposes. The history of building building materials extends back to the time when prehistoric man abandoned his his caves and started building shelters. Just about every type of available material has been used at one time or another for creating various human homes. Living spaces and their related structures have been created using myriad myriad materials, from mud to metal, and from plastic to grass. What we can see around us are various structures, in most cases, blocks of flats or detached houses that have been built of concrete panels or bricks. We also might have seen wooden cottages in villages and countryside. countryside. But are bricks, concrete and wood the only building materials currently used for building purposes? What about countries located in hot climates? climates? There people use cane, palm leaves leaves or brush, vines and bamboo for building shelters. In tropical tropical areas people build brush structures which are made entirely from plant parts. However, these materials have a relatively short life span because they deteriorate rapidly and are highly combustible. On the contrary, in the Arctic the Inuit used ice ice for igloos, which are shelters built of blocks of snow, snow, generally in the form of a dome. Ice blocks have also been used for ice hotels as a tourist attraction in northern areas that might not otherwise see many winter tourists. Apart from f rom extremely hot or extremely cold locations, when we talk about traditional building materials we can agree that natural materials such as mud, rocks and small plants are used as the most basic building materials, aside from tents made of flexible materials such as cloth or leather. leather. People all over the world have have used these three materials together to create homes to suit their local weather conditions. conditions. In general, stone and brush are used as basic structural components in these buildings, while mud is used to fill in the space between them. A. Complete the definitions definitions with the the highlighted words in the the text. Use the singular form where necessary.
1. A _________ is a rectangular block used for building walls and other structures. 2. A _________ is a shelter made of cloth and supported with with poles and ropes. 3. A _________ is a large hole in the side of a hill or under the ground. 4. ___________ means to become worse. 5. An __________ is is a building building made of of snow or ice. 6. A ___________ is a place place where people are protected from bad weather weather or from danger. 7. A __________ is a small house, usually in a village village or the countryside. 8. __________ is soft and wet earth. earth. B. Decide if the sentences are true or false. Correct the false false ones. 29
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
The Inuit Inuit build their shelters of mud. Ice hotels are built to be tourist attractions. Building materials materials like like plants are rather vulnerable. vulnerable. Cloth or leather leather is not used anymore for building building human shelters. We can see see many structures built of natural materials around us. Mud belongs belongs among traditional building building materials. materials.
C. Fill in the gaps with the the appropriate words from the text. text.
Prehistoric man left ___________ and started building ___________. The structures around us are built of ___________, __________ or __________. In tropical areas people use__________, ___________, or ___________ to build their homes. In the Arctic the Inuit build __________. In some other parts of the world people live in __________, which are made of cloth or leather. __________, ___________ and _________ ________ are natural building materials. D. Choose the correct option.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Brush structures are permanent/combustible/unco permanent/combustible/uncomfortable mfortable. Igloos are structures built of wood/mud/snow . Prehistoric man abandoned his caves/houses/tents . The structures structures around us are made of cane/concrete blocks/mud. Tents are made of bricks/leaves/leather . Cottages have been built in the countryside/in cities/in suburbs. In tropical areas people traditionally use sand/plants/bricks for building shelters. 8. There have been very few/ myriad /not many materials used to create human homes. Progress in science and technology and the invention of new substances have significantly influenced the use of building materials. The most widely used building materials throughout the world are bricks and stone, mortar and concrete, wood, metal, glass and plastics. Brick is an artificial stone made by forming clay into rectangular blocks which are hardened, either by burning in a kiln or sometimes, in warm countries, by sun-drying. The colour of the finished bricks depends on the mineral content of the bricks and the temperature at at which they are burned. For example, example, pink bricks are the result of high iron content; white or yellow bricks have a higher lime content. Most bricks burn to various shades of red. In the United Kingdom, bricks have been used in in construction for centuries. Until recently, many houses there were built almost entirely from red bricks. Although they are now now built using a mixture of of concrete blocks and other materials, many houses are lined with a layer of bricks for aesthetic appeal. Besides their use for building building structures, bricks bound together by mortar form pavements or pedestrian precincts and are also used for decorative purposes. Mortar is a material used in masonry to fill the gaps between blocks in construction. Mortar is a mixture of sand, a binder such as cement or lime, and water, and is applied as a paste, which then sets hard. 30
The most widely used building material is concrete. In its simplest form it is is a mixture of cement paste and aggregates. The paste, composed composed of Portland Portland cement and water, coats the surface of fine and coarse aggregates. Stone chips, gravel gravel or crushed rock are called coarse aggregates; sand is a fine aggregate, and cement is a binding material. After mixing, the cement hydrates hydrates and hardens into a stone-like material. Concrete has a high compressive strength, but a rather low tensile strength; therefore, it is strengthened using steel rods or bars and is then called reinforced concrete. concrete. The strength and properties of concrete depend on various factors, such as the quality of the binding material and aggregates; the size, grading and proportioning of the ingredients, the water-cement ratio, the method of mixing and placing, the site’s condition, the temperature, and the method of curing, i.e. supplying water to the concrete after casting. Concrete is extensively used in the construction of buildings, skyscrapers, bridges, dams and other water structures, road pavements and runways, and other structures. Besides the above materials, metal, glass and plastic belong among materials that have been widely widely used in the construction of buildings. Clear windows have been used since the invention invention of glass to cover small openings in a building. Modern glass “curtain walls” can be used to cover the entire facade of a building. E. Decide if the the sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones. ones.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Brick is a natural stone cut into rectangular blocks. blocks. Bricks can also also be sun-dried. Bricks are always red. Bricks are bound together by mortar. Mortar contains sand. Cement or lime makes mortar set hard. Sand is a binding material in concrete. Concrete has the property of high tensile strength.
F. Find the correct ending for the following sentences.
1. The invention of new substances substances has significantly significantly influenced a) the use of new machinery b) the use of building materials c) the process of building building houses houses 2. Brick is an artificial stone stone made by forming a) concrete b) mortar c) clay 3. The colour colour of finished bricks bricks depends on a) the mineral content of the bricks bricks b) the type of kiln they are burnt in c) the climate climate they are used in 4. Pink bricks contain higher amounts of a) lime b) iron c) lead 5. Bricks 31
a) have been used in construction for centuries b) were used in construction in the last last century c) have rarely been used 6. Bricks are bound together by a) cement b) concrete c) mortar 7. Bricks can be used for building building a) airport runways b) water structures c) pavements 8. Mortar is a mixture mixture of a) concrete, sand and binder b) sand, cement and water c) lime, water and ggravel ravel 9. Concrete is a mixture of a) cement, water and lime b) cement, water, sand and aggregates c) fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water 10. Concrete has the t he property of a) high tensile strength b) high compressive strength c) both high tensile and and compressive compressive strength Since the invention of Portland cement in the early 1800s, concrete has remained relatively unchanged. Producers have always always tinkered with the mix mix to find the right proportions of concrete’s basic ingredients, but the formula has never varied much. However, the manufacturing of Portland cement is responsible for about 5 percent of human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide, which is extremely unfriendly environmentally. In making concrete Portland cement and water form a paste in in which a series of reactions occur that harden the paste and lock the aggregates within it. These reactions use use up water and produce heat. Therefore, curing is important. The strengthening process can continue for years, but most of it occurs in the first few days and weeks. Some researchers want to eliminate eliminate Portland cement entirely and replace it with other cements to produce zero-carbon concrete. The cement industry, particularly in the United States and Europe, has reduced carbon dioxide emissions through the use of more efficient kilns and processes. There are companies that have started developing cements and can make concrete that absorbs carbon dioxide. Concrete is made and used just about everywhere, with China responsible for half of the world’s production. Concrete can be modified by adding other materials and chemicals. Some chemicals chemicals make wet wet concrete flow better into a form’s nooks without separating; others prevent the cement particles from flocking together, so the amount of water can be reduced, which means that less cement is needed as well. Chemicals can be added to slow the reactions to provide more time to work with the wet concrete, and other can speed the reactions up if the concrete needs to reach a certain strength in a short time. Engineers are also paying paying attention to the internal structure of the concrete to improve its strength and reduce permeability. G. Answer the following questions or complete the tasks. 32
1. 2. 3. 4.
Describe the process of the production of concrete. Why is the production of of concrete an environmental problem? Have there been substantial changes in manufacturing concrete? Which substance in concrete is responsible for the emission of carbon dioxide? 5. How long does the process process of strengthening take? 6. What has the cement industry in the US and Europe done to reduce carbon dioxide emissions? 7. What properties of concrete can be achieved by adding other materials or chemicals?
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Vocabulary abandon, v. acid admixture aggregate appeal artificial attain, v. available bamboo bar bind, v. block of flats brick brush building material cane cast, v. cave chip cloth coarse aggregate coat, v. compound compressive strength cottage crush, v. crushed rock cure, v. currently dam detached house deteriorate dome dry-dock entirely extend, v. flock, v. gap grading gravel grind, ground, ground, v. harden, v. hydration igloo kiln layer leather life span
opustiť, zanechať, vzdať sa čoho kyselina prísada, prímes plnivo, kamenivo, štrkopiesok výzva, naliehavá žiadosť umelý, neprirodzený dosiahnuť, dostať sa (kam) dostupný, k dispozícii bambus žrď, tyč, závora spájať, zviazať, spojiť maltou, tmeliť činžiak, obytný dom tehla krovinatý porast stavebný materiál trstina, rákosie liať, odliať jaskyňa úlomok, črepina látka, tkanina; utierka hrubé kamenivo, plnivo pokryť, potiahnuť, obaliť zlúčenina, zmes, zloženina pevnosť v tlaku domček, chalupa rozdrviť, rozbiť, zničiť drvené kamenivo vytvrďovať, ošetrovať (betón), vulkanizovať teraz, v súčasnej dobe hrádza, priehrada samostatne stojaci dom zhoršiť sa, skaziť sa kupola, klenba, dóm (zast.) suchý dok úplne, celkom tiahnuť sa, trvať, predĺžiť zhromažďovať sa, zbiehať sa medzera, pauza nivelizácia, vyrovnávanie, stupňovanie štrk (ťažený) mlieť, zomlieť stvrdnúť, stuhnúť hydratácia iglu vypaľovacia pec, sušiaca pec vrstva koža životnosť 34
lightweight concrete lime, limestone masonry mortar mud myriad nook palm paste pavement pedestrian precinct plant plastering purpose rapidly ratio reinforced concrete rod runway set hard severe shade shelter shrinkage significantly site skyscraper span strengthen, v. substance tensile strength tent vine
ľahčený betón vápno, vápenec murivo, kladenie muriva, murárska práca malta, omietka blato, bahno nespočetne kút, kútik palma kaša, pasta dlažba, chodník pešia zóna rastlina; podnik, závod omietanie, omietka, malta, sadrovanie účel rýchlo, prudko pomer, percento vystužený betón prút, tyč rozjazdová / pristávacia dráha stvrdnúť tvrdý, namáhavý, náročný odtieň, tieň prístrešok zmršťovanie, strata objemu významne miesto, plocha mrakodrap rozpätie, rozsah zosilniť látka, hmota, materiál pevnosť v ťahu stan vínna réva
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UNIT 5 Natural Building Materials A. Guess if the sentences are true true or false. Then read the text and find out if you guessed correctly.
1. Modern eco-buildings harness energy using solar panels, wind turbines or heat pumps. 2. Collecting rainwater is exceptional. 3. It is easier easier to build with with bricks and concrete slabs. 4. Rock structures do not demand hard work. 5. Straw bale houses are highly combustible. 6. Bamboo can be used for bridge constructions. 7. Wood might might shrink or expand over time. time. 8. Earth structures structures are used by half of the world‘s world‘s population. Construction of residential and office buildings comes at a tremendous expense to the planet. The use of traditional wood, steel and concrete frames consumes a huge amount of energy, and cement production results in water and air pollution and industrial waste that is usually not recycled. recycled. It is time to look at new possibilities that would be in harmony with the environment. Modern eco-buildings work with the climate. They are super insulated and capture solar energy, either passively using large glazed areas or actively with solar panels. Sometimes they even harness wind energy or have ground source heat pumps. Collecting rainwater is also not exceptional. One way of constructing environmentally-friendly houses is using natural building materials that are renewable and locally available as opposed to industrial or manmade products. Many of them are available throughout the world, so the costs and pollution associated with transportation goes down. B.
Answer the following questions.
1. Why is the use of traditional wood, wood, steel and concrete frames in construction a problem? 2. What are the typical features of modern modern eco-buildings? 3. Give three reasons reasons that make using using natural building materials materials environmentally friendly. It is much easier to build with perfectly shaped bricks or slabs of concrete, but it is possible to build beautiful houses with locally available stone. The stone can be mortared with earthen plasters plasters such as sand and clay or lime. Stone walls have very good thermal mass, which means that they absorb the outside temperature, hold it in and then radiate it through the home. Stone structures are extremely durable but very labour intensive. 36
Another solution is using straw bales for building building houses. They can act as actual structural building blocks or the fill for insulation in a traditional post-and-beam structure, where the frame supports the house. After the bales are stacked, the walls are plastered. Despite what people think, the thick thick walls provide excellent thermal and sound insulation. insulation. Moreover, since they are tightly packed, they are also fire resistant. In Asia and South America houses are frequently made out of wood. Bamboo is an extremely strong wood which grows very fast; it is also extremely flexible and durable. Besides being used for construction of scaffolds scaffolds it is used for highway or bridge construction in Asia. In Europe and the United United States itit is popular for decorative purposes, e.g., bamboo floors. However, bamboo has to be chemically chemically treated to make it waterproof and insect-resistant. Cordwood building uses wood that is cut into short lengths, about the size of firewood, which might otherwise go to waste. The pieces of cordwood are placed into mortar so that the length of the log determines the length of the wall. The ends of the log stick out of the mortar on both sides. The mortars that are commonly used include mixes of cement, lime, clay, sand or sawdust. Cordwood is a natural building material that offers both good insulation and good thermal mass. The logs provide insulation that keeps heat in the building, while the mortar provides the ability to store and release heat into the building. The wood might expand or shrink over time and crack the mortar, but you can remedy this t his problem through caulking.
Over one-third of the world's world's population lives in earthen structures. For many people, wood is neither affordable nor available, so builders use soil. A rammed earth house is built by packing down a mixture of soils into a temporary wall form that gives the mixture its shape. The form is usually wooden, and it must be strong enough to withstand the compression of the ramming. Ramming can either be done by hand or by machine, and once it's completed, the forms can be removed, leaving an earthen wall about 46 cm to 61 cm thick. Walls can be plastered with stucco or left bare; bare walls usually are internally stabilized with a small percentage of cement. When properly constructed, rammed earth walls are extremely durable and provide energy savings because of their thermal mass. A building material that is a combination of earth and a nd straw is cob. Cob is is a material used in the form of lumps and provides the opportunity for structural creativity. It enables curvy shapes and sculptural forms and requires a minimal amount amount of tools or construction experience. When the cob dries, it's like concrete, thanks to the reinforcement of the straw; however, the cob must dry before placing the next layer of cob lumps. Cob walls cannot be built very high, but when completed, cob walls, like all earthen methods, provide thermal mass which cools homes in the summer and warms them in the winter. One of the oldest forms of building with earth is adobe. It is made by pouring a mix of clay, sand, water and sometimes straw into a form, most commonly a brick mold. The forms are left to dry in the sun, and then the forms are removed. This curing process can take some time, and it requires a continuously dry climate so that the bricks can 37
solidify without getting wet. As the bricks dry, they shrink, so they should be inspected for cracking. Adjusting the ratio of clay and straw can help prevent cracking. Adobe bricks are stacked just like conventional masonry and typically connected with a mud mortar. However, adobe walls are vulnerable to moisture and usually need large roof overhangs and elevated foundations in wet climates. In addition, adobe buildings are not a good idea in earthquakeprone areas, although concrete can be added to the bricks to stabilize them. The above list of natural building materials and the ways they can be used in the building industry shows that it is possible to use renewable and recyclable materials and harm this planet less. C.
Choose the correct option.
1. Rock structures are a) durable and easy to build b) durable but very labour intensive intensive c) unstable and hard to build 2. Straw bales are a) fire-resistant b) highly combustible c) poor thermal insulators 3. Bamboo a) grows fast b) grows slowly c) is naturally waterproof 4. Cordwood is used a) as firewood b) with mortar mortar as a building material c) as a wooden frame 5. Ramming can be done a) only by hand b) only by machine c) by hand or by machine 6. Cob is a mixture of a) cement and stone b) earth and straw c) earth and wood 7. Adobe bricks are a) transported to kilns to dry b) cured by pouring water on them c) left to dry in the sun
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D. Fill in the the following table. Material
Method of utilization
Properties Positive Negative
rocks
straw bales
bamboo
cordwood
rammed earth
cob
adobe
E. Match the opposites.
1. fire-resistant 2. tightly 3. flexible 4. waterproof 5. shrink 6. completed 7. bare
a) rigid b) expand c) permeable d) unfinished e) combustible f) covered g) loosely
Modifiers Adjectives modify or describe nouns or pronouns, prono uns, giving more information about them. They are used to describe colour, material, shape, size, amount, price, price, quality, origin, temperature, age, direction, etc. In most technical texts their use is
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mandatory, giving the noun its real meaning, mea ning, e.g., solar panel, thermal insulation. We sometimes use compound adjectives. A compound adjective is formed when two or more adjectives work together to modify the same noun. These terms should be hyphenated to avoid confusion or ambiguity, e.g., long-term, air-conditioned, etc. In technical writing nouns are often used to modify other nouns and are called attributive nouns. The modifier often indicates origin or purpose. A fixed expression, which is made up of more than one word and functions as a noun, is a compound noun, e.g., a credit card, light bulb, etc. Modifiers are often hyphenated, but when the meaning is obvious, use of the hyphen is unnecessary. F. Find at least 5 examples of adjective-noun adjective-noun expressions and noun noun + noun expressions in the text. G. Fill in each of the blanks to form as many compound compound adjectives as possible.
__________________ - proof __________________ - resistant __________________ - made __________________ - free __________________ - intensive
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Vocabulary adobe bamboo bare beam brick caulk, v. clay cob compression concrete frame cordwood crack, v. durable glazed harness heat pump lime log lump mortar mud overhang plaster post prone rammed earth renewable resistant rock sawdust scaffold shrink, v. slab stack, v. stick out straw bale stucco
nepálená tehla bambus holý, obnažený nosník, trám tehla utesniť, upchať hlina, íl linená mazanica, lepenica stlačenie, tlak betónová konštrukcia, skelet rovnané polenové drevo, siahovnica prasknúť, popraskať trvanlivý zasklený ovládnuť, spútať, využiť tepelné čerpadlo vápno brvno, kmeň kus, hruda, kocka malta blato, bahno previs, výčnelok omietka stĺp, podpera náchylný, majúci sklony zarazená, natlačená zemina obnoviteľný odolný skala, kameň piliny lešenie zmrštiť sa, zmenšiť sa doska, tabuľa navŕšiť, nakladať na kopu vyčnievať, trčať balík slamy štuka, štuková omietka
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UNIT 6 Foundations A. Answer the following questions. questions. 1. What structures require foundations? 2. What is the purpose of a foundation? 3. Do small structures such as wooden sheds sheds need foundations?
Foundations are designed by a geotechnical engineer to have an adequate load capacity with limited settlement; structurally, they are designed by structural engineers. The primary design design concerns are settlement settlement and bearing capacity. capacity. A foundation is a structure that transfers transf ers the loads of a superstructure to the t he earth. It supports and anchors a building or other structure. Geotechnical engineers investigate the soil and bedrock on and below a site to determine its engineering properties and how they will interact with the proposed construction. Geotechnical engineers then determine and design the types of foundations for structures such as high-rise buildings, bridges, and medium-to-large commercial buildings; they also work on smaller structures. Most foundations extend extend underground, and the foundations of large buildings often penetrate to the bedrock. The foundations built for above-ground structures include flat foundations (e.g., footings) and deep foundations (e.g., driven piles). A flat foundation is a type of foundation which is embedded in the soil near the surface. surface. However, it has to extend below the frost line, which is also called the frost depth. The frost line line is the maximum depth at which soil soil is expected to freeze. Flat foundations include spread footings, foundation strips, foundation frames and mat-slab foundations. Spread footings transfer the load of columns/pillars/piers into the subsoil. Spread footings are made of concrete or reinforced concrete. Foundation strips are constructed along the entire entire length of a wall. wall. Hence, the load of the structure is “spread” over a larger area. Foundation strips are placed below the frost line (where applicable). Reinforcing steel is used to give strength to concrete under tension. These foundations are common common in residential residential constructions, Mat-slab which include basements, and in many commercial structures. foundations are used to distribute heavy column and wall loads across an entire building area and to lower the contact pressure compared to conventional spread footings and foundation strips. It is basically a concrete slab the same size as the building. It is reinforced and distributes the load load of the building evenly over the given area. Mat-slab foundations can be constructed near a ground surface or at the bottom of basements. In high-rise buildings, mat-slab foundations can be be several meters thick, with extensive reinforcing to ensure a relatively uniform load transfer. tr ansfer.
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A deep foundation is embedded much deeper into ground to a stronger layer of soil. The reasons geotechnical engineers would recommend a deep foundation include: unusually large design loads, poor soil at a shallow depth, or site constraints such as property lines lines or the underground water level. There are different types of deep foundations including piles, drilled shafts, caissons and underground walls. Deep foundations can be made out of timber, steel, reinforced concrete and pretensioned concrete. Deep foundations can be installed by driving them into the ground or drilling a shaft and filling f illing it with concrete. A pile is a post-like foundation member that transfers the load of the building to a lower load-bearing soil strata by skin friction and supporting the foot. The most frequently used piles are screwed and bored, driven cast in situ, prefabricated, jet grouted and root piles. A beam is placed under each load-bearing wall, and the ends of the beam are then supported on piles. Piles can be made from steel, pressuretreated wood or concrete. Such foundations are useful for either a very heavy building or in regions where the top soil is unstable, prone to erosion, etc. The pile is driven into the earth until a stable soil layer layer or rock formation is reached. Another application is in places where flat foundations are impossible to construct due to topography such as very steep sloping sites. sites. In such situations, piles are the only solution. Caissons are watertight structures used in underwater work. They consist of an airtight chamber, open at the bottom and containing air under sufficient pressure to exclude water. They are a deep deep foundation support, which is constructed by placing fresh concrete and reinforce steel into a drilled shaft. Caissons are capable of supporting high, concentrated loads and are typically used to set piers for bridges, underpasses and structural supports, as well as slide prevention prevention applications. They are viewed as a reliable, versatile, and economical ec onomical foundation support solution. Underground walls, also called foundation walls, can be seen in accessible basements. They transfer the load of a building to the foundation. Such walls are usually made of poured concrete, but more commonly, of hollow concrete blocks – there are several types of technological processes. Sometimes brick or stone is also used. The concrete walls are reinforced with with steel against the tensile stresses stresses generated due to the top loading of the structure above and the push of the surrounding earth. When steel is used in in hollow concrete blocks, concrete concrete must be poured to hold the steel in place. B. In each sentence cross out the the italicized verbs that do not fit fit the sentence.
1. Most foundations extend / expend / stretch underground, and the foundations of large buildings often go through / penetrate/ permeate to the bedrock. 2. A foundation submits / holds up / supports and anchors the structure. 3. Foundations are painted / drawn / designed to have an adequate load capacity. 4. A foundation is a structure that transfers / transports / transmits the loads of a superstructure. 5. A deep foundation is given / embodied / embedded into the ground to a stronger layer of soil. 6. Geotechnical engineers investigate / invest / extract the soil and bedrock on a site. 43
7. Mat-slab foundations are used to dissipate / deliver / distribute heavy column and wall loads across an entire building area. are a. 8. A pile is deepen / driven / drilled into the earth until a stable soil layer or rock formation is reached. 9. Concrete walls are reinforced with steel against the tensile stresses generalized / concentrated / generated due to the top loading of the structure above and the push / move / pull pull of the surrounding earth. C. Say if the following sentences are true or false. Correct the false false ones.
1. A geotechnical engineer determines the type of foundation to be used for a certain type of structure. 2. Water does not freeze below the frost line. 3. Flat foundations are embedded above the frost line. 4. Mat-slab foundations belong among among types of deep foundations. 5. Geotechnical engineers would would recommend a deep foundation for structures with very large design loads. 6. A pile is a post-like foundation member that transfers transfers the load of a building to a lower load-bearing soil layer. 7. Piles are driven driven into the ground. 8. Single storey houses usually usually rest on pile foundations. 9. A caisson caisson is a hollow structure used for underwater work. 10. Reinforced steel is used to give strength to concrete in compression. D. Complete the sentences correctly.
1. Foundations are designed a) to prevent settlement of a structure structure b) to withstand a certain weight of a structure c) to strengthen a building site 2. A foundation is a structure that transfers loads a) to the top of a structure b) to a basement c) to the earth 3.
a) A geographical engineer b) A geotechnical engineer c) A geodesist investigates the soil to determine the type of foundation for a proposed structure.
4. Flat foundations a) have to extend below the frost line b) don’t have to extend below the frost line c) mustn’t extend below the frost line 5. Flat foundations include a) foundation strips strips and mat-slab foundations b) foundation strips, foundation frames and mat-slab foundations c) piers, piles and ccaissons aissons 44
6. Piles are a) anchored to the ground b) connected with grade beams c) driven into the ground 7. Underground walls a) can never be extended above the ground b) transfer the load of the building to the foundation c) are always made of of bricks bricks 8. Caissons are a) airtight structures b) watertight structures c) air-conditioned structures E. Cross the odd word out.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
strong elevation interior retaining damage caisson timber strong damp beam
deep depth rapid watertight repair drilled shaft steel solid arid post
low height exterior impermeable break pile sand weak sodden column
shallow altitude outside waterproof harm foundation strip concrete sturdy moist pier
An elevated building foundation (EBF) is a kind of seismic vibration control technology which remains remains an integral part of a building building superstructure. It is designed to shield the building’s superstructure against potentially destructive components of anticipated earthquakes, including both lateral and vertical shaking. EBF comprises a massive horizontal plate raised above the level of the ground and underpinned by multiple abutments; those abutments are resting on individual footings at the level of the ground and the top surface of plate is bearing a protected building superstructure. It is important to choose proper building materials, dimensions, and configuration of EBF for a particular construction site and local soil conditions. As a result any transmission of seismic wave energy into a building superstructure furnished with EBF will be considerably decreased and will enhance the seismic performance of the structure F. Answer the the following following questions. questions.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Have you ever experienced an earthquake? Have you visited a country that suffers suffers from frequent earthquakes? Have you ever seen a structure collapse as a result result of an earthquake? Which structural elements are important important for the safety of a building? Which elements are the most important: important: design, material or workmanship? workmanship?
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6. Which structures are most vulnerable in an earthquake – high-rise high-rise buildings, low-rise masonry buildings, bridges, tunnels, etc.?
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Vocabulary abutment access airtight altitude anchor, v. arid basement bear, v. bearing capacity bedrock bridge caisson comprise, v. constraint dam depth diffraction drilled shaft elevation embed, v. encompass, v. enhance, v. exclude, v. extend, v. flood footing foundation frost line furnish, v. grade grade beam heat loss high-rise building impedance in situ investigate, v. jet grouted load mat-slab foundation pad penetrate, v. pier pile pile cap pillar post pressure pre-tensioned concrete
opora, podperný pilier prístup, vstup vzduchotesný nadmorská výška, výška (smerom hore) ukotviť, pripevniť, upevniť suchý, vyprahnutý, aridný suterén, základ, podstavec, spodok uniesť, udržať, podopierať únosnosť podložie, skalný podklad most kesón obsahovať, zahŕňať, skladať sa obmedzenie priehrada hĺbka ohyb, difrakcia vŕtaná šachta, jama zdvih, zdvíhanie, výška vryť sa, vtlačiť sa pokrývať, zahŕňať, obklopiť, obohnať pozdvihnúť, zdokonaliť, zlepšiť, zväčšiť vylúčiť, vyradiť rozšíriť, zväčšiť, roztiahnuť záplava, povodeň, potopa základ, základová pätka základ nezámrzná vrstva zariadiť, vybaviť, poskytnúť stupeň, stúpanie, svah, nivelizácia, sklon prefabrikovaný základový pás tepelná strata výšková budova impedancia, zabránenie na (pôvodnom) mieste skúmať, pátrať, vyšetrovať injektovaný prúdom náklad, záťaž, zaťaženie základová doska podložka, plocha, chránič, vypchávka preniknúť, vniknúť, preraziť pilier, stĺp pilóta hlavica pilótového základu pilier, opora, stĺp stĺp, kôl, pilier tlak, nátlak predpätý betón
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propagate, v. reinforcing retaining wall root pile settlement shallow foundation shed site skin friction slab slope sodden spread footing strata (pl.) strip sturdy sufficient superstructure thaw, v. transfer, v. underground underpin, v. utility lines watertight
šíriť, rozširovať sa vystuženie, posilnenie oporná stena, oporný múr koreňová pilóta, mikropilóta sadanie, usadzovanie, osídľovanie, plytký základ kôlňa, prístrešok, búda miesto, plocha, stavenisko trenie na plášti (pilóty), povrchové trenie doska, tabuľa svah nasiaknutý, premočený, mokrý základová pätka, plošný základ vrstvy (geol.) pruh, pás robustný, masívny dostatočný, postačujúci nadzemná časť (budovy), horná konštrukcia rozmrznúť, roztopiť sa preniesť, presunúť,prepraviť podzemný, pod zemou podoprieť, podmurovať, posilniť Inžinierske siete, sieť technických zariadení vodotesný
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UNIT 7 Planning and Building a House A. Planning and building a house is a well-known procedure, so read the text and try to figure out the meaning of the unclear words connected with the topic.
There has recently been a boom in the building industry. Large investors and small private owners build new houses; in cities high-rise residential buildings are built; in the suburbs of the cities and villages, detached houses or bungalows are built. At the moment most cities cities in Slovakia look like like a large building site. Cranes, piles of bricks, panels and other building materials are all over the place and often obstruct traffic. The procedure for building building a house is quite a complex complex one. Investors usually have have an idea about the kind of house they want to build to meet their needs or that reflect current trends. First of all, all, they need a plot of land; then they should contact an architect, who will design the house. The architect, in cooperation with designers, draws preliminary plans to show the size of the house, the interior arrangement of the rooms and where where all the fittings must go in the house. The architect can also give the client a rough estimate estimate of the cost. The architect should cooperate with with a surveyor , who will measure measure the plot of land land or site. Together they will make make a plan, and the investor should then apply for a planning permit to the local building authority. After receiving a permit for the construction the architect works out what will be needed to build the house and how much it will cost. cost. At this stage the architect or the client himself should find a building contractor , also known as a builder . Several building contractors can be be invited invited to submit their tenders. The client will choose the contractor offering the best quality for a reasonable price. price. The architect usually assists his client to draw up a contract with the building contractor. The builder is the one who manages the whole process of constructing a house. He has to hire independent crews known as subcontractors to perform various types of work, and he regularly submits their bills to the client. At the very ve ry beginning the workmen on the building site mark the shape of the house with wooden pegs and tape. Everything is then ready for digging up the topsoil to prepare the site for laying the foundation. After the foundation is is laid and set, the workmen put a waterproof layer on top of it to prevent moisture in the ground from passing to the rest of the house. house. Then the bricklayers can start building the walls. To make the walls stronger the bricks must overlap each other. This is called binding/bonding. When the vertical walls are built, the carpenters can begin their work. A carpenter is a man who does the rough woodwork on a house, e.g., he installs the beams and joists that hold the ceiling up. In most cases the walls of the house are too high for the bricklayers, carpenters and plasterers to reach, so a scaffold has to be made. A scaffold is a platform of planks for the workmen to stand on. It is held up by a framework of steel tubes. After that the tiler can fix the roof tiles 49
onto the roof so that they overlap each other. When the roof is completed, the guttering and drainpipes are installed. They collect the rainwater that runs from the roof, and take it into the drains. A special crew then installs installs the windows. windows. Once the house is covered with the roof and the windows are installed, many different workmen come and finish the house. Plumbers install water pipes to carry clean water into the house. They also lay pipes to carry waste water away to sewers. At the same time electricians can start their work as well. They fasten wires wires on the walls and put in all the lights and plug-sockets according to a special plan made by the draftsman. They have to observe special safety safety precautions. When all the wires and pipes are in place, the house is ready for the plasterers. They cover the walls and ceilings with plaster to form a hard and smooth surface and leave it to the painters and decorators to give the interior of the house its final appearance. After the interior of the house is completed, the façade is constructed. When the house is completed, the client can occupy it. Construction contracts generally provide for various defects liability periods of six, twelve or eighteen months from completion. During this period the contractor contractor must correct correct any defects that appear in the fabric of the building. B. Substitute the underlined words with their synonyms or the words with
similar meaning from the list. Put them in the the proper grammatical form. builder, hinder, price, layout, process, sudden increase, complicated, agreement, authorization, present, initial, design
There has recently been a boom1 in the building industry. At the moment moment most cities cities in Slovakia look like a large building site. site. Cranes, piles of bricks bricks and panels and other building materials are all over the place and often obstruct2 traffic. The procedure3 for building a house is quite a complex4 one. Investors usually have an idea about the kind of house they want to build to meet the current5 trends. The architect, in cooperation with designers, draws preliminary 6plans to show the size of the house, the interior arrangement7 of the rooms and where all the fittings must go in the house. The architect can also give a client a rough estimate of the cost 8. He will make a plan9 and the client should then apply for a planning permit10 to a local building authority. The architect architect or the client himself should find a building 11 contractor . The architect usually assists his client to draw up a contract12 with the building contractor. C. Are these sentences true or false?
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)
A bungalow is a single-storey house. The architect measures measures a plot of land and the site. site. The builder manages the house construction process. All the bills are paid by the building contractor. A carpenter is a person, who builds or repairs wooden structures. structures. Electricians have to observe observe special safety precautions. Workmen put a waterproof layer on top of a foundation.
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D. Match the words with their meanings. meanings.
1. peg
a) the open pieces of pipe that are fixed along the edge of a roof to carry rainwater away
2. drainpipe
b) a block used for building walls and other structures
3. window ledge
c) a very tall machine used for lifting or moving heavy objects
4. guttering
d) an underground pipe or passage that carries sewage
5. brick
e) a pipe on the side of a building that carries rainwater down from the roof to the ground
6. crane
f) a small object used for marking the position of something
7. sewer
g) a shelf under a window, a windowsill
E. Match the jobs in column A with the job descriptions in column B A 1) architect
B a) A person or a company that builds or repairs buildings
2) carpenter
b) Covers a roof, floor, etc. with tiles
3) electrician
c) Installs and repairs pipes and water systems
4) builder
d) Paints houses, rooms, etc. and puts paper on the walls
5) tiler
e) Measures and records the details of an area of land
6) bricklayer
f) Deals with or repairs electrical equipment
7) surveyor
g) Makes and repairs wooden objects, does rough woodwork
8) painter
h) Builds walls, buildings
9) workman
i) Covers walls and ceiling with plaster
10) plumber
j) Designs buildings
11) plasterer
k) Does physical work such as building, repairing things, etc.
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F. Discussion
Would you like to live in a high-rise residential building in a city center or a detached house somewhere in a suburb or village? Why? Is building building houses an interesting job? Why? Why not? not? Do you think it is hard to be a site manager? Would you like to do any of the above-mentioned jobs? Which of the jobs are skilled manual jobs and which one is an unskilled manual job? Which jobs require a university education?
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Vocabulary binding/bonding bricklayer carpenter ceiling crane defect liability period detached house designer drainpipe fittings guttering joist lay the foundation moisture obstruct overlap peg plank planning permit plaster plot of land plug-socket plumber preliminary plan residential rough estimate safety precautions scaffold sewage sewer site submit tender surveyor tiler tinsmith topsoil waterproof layer
väzba murár tesár strop žeriav lehota povinnosti nahradiť škodu samostatne stojaci dom (rodinný) projektant odkvapová rúra armatúra, inštalácie strešný žľab nosník, podlahový nosník položiť základy vlhkosť prekážať, stáť v ceste prekrývať kolík doska, fošňa stavebné povolenie omietka parcela zástrčka inštalatér predbežný plán obytný hrubý odhad bezpečnostné opatrenia lešenie odpadová voda, kanalizačné splašky kanál, kanalizačná rúra miesto výstavby, stavenisko predložiť konkurznú ponuku zememerač, geodet obkladač klampiar vrchná vrstva pôdy vodovzdorná vrstva
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UNIT 8 Roofs A. Study the definitions of some words that appear in the text. shingle pitched roof beam girder truss rafter sheathing ridge gable B.
a thin piece of wood, slate, metal or the like, usually oblong, laid in overlapping rows to cover the roofs a roof sloping downward in two parts at an angle from a central ridge, so as to leave a gable at each end a horizontal bearing member, as a joist or lintel a large beam, made of steel, reinforced concrete, or timber, for supporting masonry, joists, etc. a wooden or metal frame of a triangular shape that supports a structure such as a roof or bridge a large piece of wood that supports a sloping roof a hard substance that covers or protects something the horizontal line in which the tops of the rafters rafter s of a roof meet the portion of the front or side of a building enclosed by or masking the end of a pitched roof
Read the text and find the meaning of the highlighted word in the the vocabulary.
A roof covers the top part of a building and protects it from the effects of weather, mainly rain, but it also protects the building building from heat, sunlight, cold or wind. The characteristics of a roof depend upon the purpose of the building it covers, the available roofing materials and the local traditions of construction and concepts of architectural design and practice. There are three elements to consider in a roof design: the available material, construction of the building and durability. The material of a roof may vary from wooden shingles or the bark of certain trees to slate, sheet metal and pre-cast concrete or ceramic ceramic tiles. Ceramic tiles have been the predominant roofing material for centuries. The construction of a roof is determined by its method of support, how the space underneath it is bridged and whether or not the roof is pitched. The pitch is the angle at which the roof rises from its lowest to highest point. Most roofs are sloped or pitched. pitched. The durability of a roof is a matter of concern because the roof is often the least accessible part of a building for purposes of repair and renewal, while its damage or destruction can have serious effects.
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Over the centuries, roof-building techniques have been refined to yield roofs of considerable strength and durability. A wide variety of materials have been developed, and homeowners have a vast selection of materials, colors, prices, and other choices. A contemporary roof, ro of, regardless of the shape or surface material, consists of a large number of components: wood framing, sheathing, underlayment, flashing, gutters, and, of course, the shingles or other finished surface. The supporting structure of a roof usually comprises beams that are long and made of strong, fairly rigid material material such as timber, cast iron or steel. steel. Steel girders became the major structural support for large roofs. Nearly all roofs are framed using one of two methods: standard “stick” framing or newer “ truss” truss” framing. Stick-framed roofs utilize individual rafters that span from the top of the exterior walls to the ridge. Truss-framed roofs are built from triangular-shaped, pre-made truss units. Stick framing
Truss framing
(ehow.com)
Gable and hip roofs may be built primarily of trusses; other roof shapes, particularly those with dormers, attic rooms, or attic storage areas are stick built. Stick framing creates a triangle between the rafters and ceiling joists. A collar beam adds strength at the middle. Truss construction is just as strong but is lighter weight and uses smaller sizes of lumber than stick framing. Because trusses are carefully engineered units that shouldn’t be cut, they are not a good choice for roofs that may be modified at a later date. Because they have several intermediate support members, they don’t allow for the use of attic space. A roof deck is made up of sheathing and, in most cases, an underlayment that’s called roofing felt. The type of deck used depends on the finished roof material. Most call for solid plywood or oriented strand board (OSB) panel sheathing; wood shingles and some tile or metal roofs call for spaced board sheathing. OSB is manufactured manufactured from waterproof heat-cured adhesives and rectangularly shaped wood strands that are arranged in cross-oriented layers, similar to plywood. Plywood is a laminated product made up of numerous thin strips of wood laid in alternating directions and bonded with glue into strong, stable sheets.
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Roofing felt is sandwiched between the sheathing and the surface material on most roofs. This heavy, fibrous black paper saturated with asphalt helps repel any water that might find its way past the roofing material. Roof surface material must be able to withstand wind, rain, snow, hail, and the sun. There are a variety of roof roof types. Some of them are simpler in design and construction such as shed roofs or common gable, hipped or pyramidal roofs. Others are more complex such as cross-gabled, cross-hipped, gambrel or mansard roofs. Residential buildings in cities usually have a flat roof with a top floor penthouse apartment. C. Complete the sentences 1 – 10 with their their parts from a) to j).
1. A roof covers the top part of a building ….. 2. The elements to consider in a roof design …. 3. Ceramic tiles have been predominant …. …. 4. The construction of of a roof is determined by its method of support, …. 5. The supporting structure of a roof usually comprises …. 6. Stick-framed roofs utilize individual rafters that …. 7. Truss-framed roofs are built …. 8. Gable and hip roofs roofs …. 9. Roofs with dormers, dormers, attic rooms, rooms, or attic storage areas …. 10. A roof deck is made …. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j)
up of sheathing and an underlayment that is is called roofing felt. may be built primarily of trusses. how the space underneath it is bridged bridged and whether or not the roof is pitched. are the available available material, construction construction of the building and durability. roofing material for centuries. and protects it from the effects effects of weather. span from the top of the exterior walls to the ridge. beams that are long and made of strong, strong, fairly rigid rigid material. from triangular-shaped, pre-made truss units. are stick built.
D. Say if the sentences are true or false.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
It is important important to consider what what material is is available before a roof is designed. designed. Local traditions play no role in the concepts of architectural design of a roof. Most roofs are flat. Damage or destruction of the roof can have serious effects. All roofs roofs are made of red baked tiles. Truss-framed roofs are built of triangular-shaped units. Stick-framed roofs roofs allow the use of attic space. Roofing felt is a sound insulation insulation layer of the roof.
E. Say how the following following roof types differ in construction. What type of buildings are they suitable or typically used for?
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F. Fill in the the missing verb or noun form. Verb
Noun
cover __________ __________ design __________ __________ __________ renew destruct __________ select __________
___________ protection roof ___________ practice bridge slope ___________ ___________ damage ___________ span
G. Fill in the missing noun form. form. Adjective
Noun
strong rigid simple fibrous triangular long durable variable various
______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________
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H. Using the following points points write a short outline about about roofs.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Roof characteristics Materials used in roof construction construction Method of construction Roof cover Roof types
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Vocabulary bark beam cast iron chord collar beam cross gable roof cross hipped roof deck dormer fibrous flashing flat roof gable gable roof gambrel roof girder gusset gutter hip/hipped roof joist lumber mansard roof pitch pitched roof plywood pyramidal roof rafter repel (v.) ridge roofing felt saltbox roof sandwich, v. sheathing shed roof shingle slate spaced board sheathing strand stick framing stud tile timber truss truss framing underlayment web member yield v.
kôra (stromu) trám, nosník liatina, liate železo pás (nosníka), priehradový prút, rozpätie oblúku hrada, rozpera, hambálok priečna sedlová strecha priečna valbová strecha krytie strešné okno, vikier vláknitý, vláknový krytie trhlín, lemovanie, tesnenie (z plechu) plochá strecha štít, štítová stena sedlová strecha podlomenicová strecha, manzardová (U.S.) nosník, tram, hrada výstužný, rohový plech, styčný plech odkvapový žľab, odkvapová rúra valbová strecha stropný trám / nosník, stropnica rezivo, stavebné drevo manzardová strecha stupeň, úroveň šikmá, sklonená strecha preglejková sendvičová doska stanová / pyramídová strecha krokva, trám v krove odraziť, zabrániť hrebeň (strechy) strešná lepenka, plsť strecha s nesúmerným pozdĺžnym štítom stlačiť medzi dvoma vrstvami obloženie, obklad, plášť (krycí materiál) pílová / shedová strecha šindeľ (na strechu) bridlica strešné laty s medzerami vlákno rámová konštrukcia z tyčí a klád výčnelok, výstupok škridla, škridlica stavebné drevo, rezivo priehradový nosník, priehradový tram väzníková rámová konštrukcia podložka, podklad, výstuž stojina ustúpiť čomu, byť nahradený / vystriedaný čím 59
UNIT 9 Green Roofs A. Topic introduction. introduction. Find answers answers to the the following following questions.
1. Do you think it is possible possible to plant vegetation on rooftops? 2. Can green roofs make any difference to the environment? 3. Are they financially efficient? B. Read the article.
A green roof is the roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and soil, or a growing medium planted over a waterproof membrane. They are also referred to as eco-roofs, vegetated roofs or living roofs. Modern green roof technology began in the early 1970s in Germany when the first complete green roof systems were developed and marketed on a bigger scale. The first approach was to offer a reliable technology providing sophisticated irrigation and reliable protection against root ingress for rooftop gardens. Green roofs can be categorized as extensive, semi-intensive and intensive, depending on the depth of the planting medium and the amount of maintenance they need. Extensive green roofs are are 80 – 150 mm deep, designed to be self-sustaining self-sustaining and should require only a minimum of maintenance. They are ideal for the growth of drought-tolerant plants that do not need irrigation. irrigation. The soil depth of semi-intensive green roofs should be between 150 mm to 300 mm for planting shrubs, perennials, herbs and grasses. Whether irrigation is necessary or not depends on the regional climate and the kind of plants plants that are used. Intensive green roofs are more park-like park-like with easy access and require a reasonable depth of soil to grow large plants, trees or traditional lawns. They are considered “intensive” because they need a lot of maintenance such as irrigation, feeding and weeding. Green roofs are beneficial beneficial to the environment environment in several ways. ways. They reduce the level level of carbon dioxide and smog in the atmosphere as well as the urban heat island1 effect by cooling cooling and humidifying humidifying the surrounding air. Green roofs can reduce the risk of flooding in towns and cities by lowering the amount of rain water run-off and delaying the time at which run-off occurs. occurs. As a result, result, they prevent combined sewer overflow. They insulate buildings buildings and keep the temperature within a building cooler cooler in the summer months and warmer in the winter, making the building more energy efficient. Their sound-absorbing and insulating properties properties can help make buildings and their surrounding quieter. quieter. Vegetation on a roof increases the life life expectancy of rooftop waterproofing due to protection from ultraviolet rays and any mechanical 1
An urban heat island is a metropolitan area that that is considerably warmer warmer than the surrounding areas, which is caused by various factors such as increasing heat, which is released from fuel combustion and humans, and as a result of the configuration of roads, pavements, parking lots and buildings in cities. 60
impact. Besides improving improving air quality and neutralizing the acid acid rain effect, they also provide a habitat for birds, birds, butterflies and other insects. They can be a partial compensation for landscape landscape lost to building building development. And for us humans, green roofs provide attractive views from other buildings. A green roof can be much more than just a lawn on a building, and the concept is much older than many people realize. realize. Creative green roof designs date date back to the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of of the original ancient wonders of the world. In Scandinavia green roofs are nothing new, and green roofed architecture dates back centuries. Residential and farm structures used simple grass-covered green roofs primarily to absorb rainfall and provide thermal protection. More contemporary green green roof strategies are applied in Japan. One Japanese green roof sits on a massive building containing offices, retail space, a theater and a museum. The roof itself itself features over 30,000 plants from over 70 different species and brings usable green space to a dense urban core. One of the great examples of contemporary contemporary green roof architecture is the Hundertwasser- designed building, the Waldspirale2 (wooded spiral), which features over 100 apartments and wraps around a shared landscaped courtyard space with an actual flowing stream. The largest green roof in Canada is on the Vancouver Convention & Exhibition Center, which opened to public on April 4, 2009. It features a number of native plants and an apiary. Green roofs are becoming increasingly popular in the United States, although they are not as common common as in Europe. Europe. A number of European countries have very active active associations promoting green roofs including Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Sweden and the UK. C. Decide if the sentences are true or false. Correct the false false ones.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
A green roof is a roof that is painted green. Green roofs are also called called living living roofs. Extensive green roofs do not need much much irrigation. Intensive green green roofs do not need much maintenance. Green roofs diminish the risk of flooding in urban areas. Vegetation on a roof roof damages the rooftop and decreases its life life expectancy. Green roof design dates back to ancient times. Green roofs are more widespread widespread in Europe than in the US.
D. Put the following words in the correct order to make sentences.
1. also / as / roofs / to / Green / referred / living / roofs / are 2. green / were / systems systems / The / complete /early / Germany / in / in / first /developed / roof / seventies / the 3. Extensive / plants / growth / ideal / -tolerant / for / are / the / green / drought / roofs / of 4. beneficial / several / Green / in / environment / are are / to / the / roofs / ways ways 5. Japan / More / roof / applied applied / in / contemporary / green / are / strategies strategies 6. help / buildings buildings / -absorbing / can / properties properties / insulating / make / quieter / Sound / and 2
The Waldspirale is the name of a residential building complex in Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany built in the 1990s. Its diagonal roof is planted with grass, shrubs, flowers and trees. 61
7. rooftop / Vegetation / increases / on / life / a / roof roof / expectancy / of /a 8. roofs / The / is / concept concept / green / older / most / realize / people / of / than E. Match the opposite meanings of the words.
1. depth 2. extensive 3. humidify 4. efficient 5. improve 6. contemporary 7. retail 8. dense 9. urban 10. common 11. diminish 12. beneficial
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l)
sparse unfavorable increase intensive rural rare dry out old worsen height wasteful wholesale
F. Choose the correct option.
1. Modern green roof technology began in a) the late sixties b) the late seventies c) the early seventies 2. Green roofs can be categorized categorized depending on a) roof accessibility b) depth of planting planting medium c) depth of planting planting medium and maintenance maintenance needed 3. Intensive green roofs need a) intensive maintenance b) intensive sunshine c) intensive rain 4. Green roofs a) damage rooftop waterproofing b) protect rooftop waterproofing from ultraviolet rays rays c) protect rooftop waterproofing from water 5. An urban heat a) b) c)
island island is an island on the lake in the city an area in a city that is warmer than the surrounding areas a place place where people can sunbathe
6. Green roofs can a) diminish the risk of flooding b) increase the risk risk of flooding c) prevent flooding
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7. Green roof design a) is a completely completely new new idea b) dates back to ancient times c) belongs among the wonders of the world 8. Green roof design is widely widely used a) in European countries, the US, Canada and Japan b) all over the world c) in the countries with frequent rainfall
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Vocabulary access ancient apiary combined sewer core dense depth drought feature, v. flooding flowing stream growth habitat heat humidify impact ingress irrigation landscape lawn life expectancy maintenance overflow perennial planting medium ray retail roof root run-off scale self-sustaining shrub species waterproof weeding
prístup, vstup starý, starodávny, staroveký včelín združený stokový kanál jadro, stredná časť hustý, sýty hĺbka sucho, obdobie sucha vystupovať, figurovať záplava, povodeň tok, prúd rast, nárast, vzrast prirodzené prostredie, domov (zvieraťa) teplo, horko zvlhčiť účinok, vplyv, dopad vstup, prístup, priesak (vody) zavlažovanie, zavodňovanie krajina trávnik priemerná dĺžka života, životnosť údržba pretekať, vyliať sa, zaplaviť trvalka prostredie pre výsadbu lúč maloobchod, maloobchodný strecha koreň odtok, príval dažďovej vody veľkosť, rozsah, miera sebestačný krík, krovie, krovina druh, trieda (živočíchov) nepremokavý, vodotesný plieť, zbaviť buriny
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UNIT 10 High-Rises, Skyscrapers and Towers A. Answer the questions.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Name some skyscrapers or towers that are landmarks landmarks in their cities. Why have high-rises and skyscrapers been so popular recently? recently? What building materials are are high-rises and skyscrapers skyscrapers built of? Give a few examples of high-rise buildings in in Bratislava. Do you know which structure was considered the first “skyscraper” in Bratislava?
The history of of tall buildings buildings dates back thousands of years. From ancient times architects and engineers tried to reach the sky. sky. First they started building towers. They were made of heavy stone and had thick sturdy walls. The rooms were dark and cramped as too many windows would have weakened the structures. Good examples of such structures are the San Gimignano towers in Italy. Since the middle of the 19th century high-rise buildings have been dominant landmarks in towns and cities, and are visible from long distances. There are a few reasons for building high-rises. Firstly, it is the need need to express economic and corporate power and domination in impressive impressive visual visual terms. Secondly, people people needed to effectively utilize expensive land and finally, connections to the infrastructure were improved improved by concentrating many people in a small area. Public institutions can be united under a single roof, and the distances between them are minimized. A good example of such an urban architectural philosophy is Manhattan in New York. B. Replace the highlighted words with their equivalents or words with similar meaning. city, company, authority, touch, idea, municipal, attractions, made use of, gloomy, communications
C. Answer the following questions.
1. What W hat were the first tall structures? 2. Why W hy were rooms in ancient towers dark and cramped? 3. What W hat are the main reasons for building high-rises? There are a few definitions definitions of a high-rise. It is a multistorey multistorey building with with at least 12 floors or 35 meters in height. The average height of a level is around 4 meters. Buildings lower than 35 meters are are called low-rise buildings. To be considered a lowrise building, an edifice must have at least one floor above the ground. A high-rise is tall enough to require the use of a system of mechanical vertical transportation such as elevators. elevators. The invention of the elevator was essential. Some structural engineers 65
define a high-rise as any vertical construction for which wind is a more significant load factor than an earthquake or weight. However, this criterion also fits some other tall structures such as towers. The construction of of high-rises was enabled enabled by the invention and development of new ne w building materials and technologies. A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building which is taller than 150 m. Most cities define the term empirically; even a building of 80 meters may be considered a skyscraper if it protrudes above its built environment and changes the overall skyline. skyline. The materials used for the structural system of high-rise high-rise buildings and skyscrapers are reinforced concrete and steel. steel. Most skyscrapers skyscrapers have a steel frame, while residential tower blocks (blocks of flats) are usually constructed out of concrete. D. Match the words to their meanings.
a building, especially one of large size and imposing appearance the boundary line between earth and the sky
- protrude - elevator
the weight supported by a structure to stick out from somewhere
- earthquake - empirical
capable of being inhabited
- reinforce
a building or structure tall in proportion to its lateral dimensions
- load
sudden movement of the earth’s crust
- edifice
a moving platform or cage for carrying passengers or freight from - tower one level to another provable or verifiable by experience and experiment
- skyline
to make a part of building or structure stronger
- inhabitable
E. Choose the best answer.
1. A high-rise building is a) a building building with with 35 floors; b) a building of at least 12 12 m; c) a building 35 m in height 2. A low-rise building is a) lower than 12 m; b) lower than 35 m; c) a single floor building 3. What enabled the construction of skyscrapers? a) the invention of concrete; b) the invention of steel; steel; c) the invention invention of a crane 4. Why did people start building skyscrapers? a) they wanted to live live closer to the sky; b) they wanted to have a nice view; c) they needed to effectively utilize expensive land 5. A high-rise is a construction for which a) wind is a significant significant load factor; b) weight is the only significant load factor; c) an earthquake is the most significant load factor 66
The first skyscraper to use structural steel in its frame was the Home Insurance Building, built in Chicago in 1885. It was a 10-floor building (with two more more floors added later), which was demolished in 1931. The tallest commercial building in the world constructed of of load-bearing masonry is the Monadnock Monadnock Building. Building. The seventeen-story building building is 60 meters tall. The northern half (1889-1891) of the Monadnock represents the last Chicago skyscraper built using load-bearing wall construction; in order for the structure to support its own weight, the walls at the base of the structure are 1.83m thick. The building was so heavy that itit sank into the ground after it was built, requiring steps to be installed at the entrances and the walls curved in slightly slightly at the second floor. The southern half of the building (1891-1893) was built using the more technologically advanced steel frame construction, which allowed for narrower piers piers and wider windows. The radical difference in in construction between the two halves marks the building’s place in architectural history at the end of one building tradition and the beginning of another. Today, however, many of the tallest skyscrapers are built almost entirely of reinforced concrete. A skyscraper taller than 300 meters is referred to as supertall. Skyscrapers are sometimes also called towers, e.g. the Twin Towers, the Petronas Towers, etc. Towers are tall human-made structures that are almost always taller than they are wide. They are generally built built to take advantage of their height and can stand alone or as part of a larger structure. They are often used as tourist attractions. In history the tower has provided its users with an advantage in surveying defensive positions and obtaining a better view of the surrounding areas, including battlefields. Simple towers like lighthouses, bell towers, clock towers, signal towers and minarets were used to communicate information over greater distances. In recent years, radio masts and cell phone towers facilitate communication by expanding the range of transmitters. A tower can also be used to store items items or liquids liquids by using gravity to move objects or substances downwards, e.g., a storage silo or a water tower. Towers can also be used to support bridges, especially suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges, or railroad bridges. F. Match the synonyms.
demolish base entrance curved frame mast survey communicate facilitate substance
skeleton pole talk investigate knock down bent matter make possible entry foundation
G. Say how the words differ in their meanings.
1. a capital / a town / a city / a metropolis / a suburb / a neighborhood 67
2. a high-rise building / a skyscraper / a tower / a penthouse H. Read the following following information and make a table with the list of the world’s tallest skyscrapers giving their name, city, height, number of floors and year of completion.
Officially, there are 200 high-rise buildings and skyscrapers which are taller than 237m or 50 floors, see www.emporis.com – World’s Tallest Skyscrapers. Most of them were built built in the late 1990s and 2000s. At the moment moment the tallest skyscraper in the world is Burj Khalifa (originally called Burj Dubai) with its 818 m and 162 floors, which was completed completed in 2009. Taipei 101 in Taiwan takes the second place place on the list. Its height is 509 m, and its name indicates the number of its floors – 101. It was completed in 2004. The third tallest skyscraper in the world is the Shanghai World Financial Center, which is 492 m high, has 101 floors and was completed in 2008. The Petronas Towers with their height of 452 m and 88 floors takes fourth place. Completed in 1998 (some resources state the year of completion as 1996), they took over first place from the Sears Tower (since (since July 15, 2009 the Willis Tower) in Chicago after 24 years years of domination as the tallest skyscraper in the world. The Sears Tower was was completed in in 1974. It is 442 m tall and has 108 floors. One of the oldest skyscrapers is the Empire State Building Building in New York City. City. It was the tallest building in the world world from 1931 to 1974. With its 381 m and 102 floors, it takes the fourteenth place on the list. The oldest one on the list is is the Chrysler Building, NYC, NYC, which was completed completed in 1930. This skyscraper is is 319 m high, has 77 floors and dominated as the tallest building in the world for just a few months as the Empire State Building was completed a few months later. I.
Discuss in groups.
1. Do you think t hink it is a good idea to build high-rises and skyscrapers? 2. Give the pros and cons of skyscrapers. 3. Would W ould you like like to live or work in a skyscraper? Why, or why not? Give your reasons. 4. What conditions and requirements should a skyscraper meet for living or working in it? 5. If you could build a skyscraper in Bratislava, which location would you choose and what parameters of the skyscraper would you suggest?
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Vocabulary bell tower cable-stayed bridge corporate cramped earthquake edifice elevator facilitate habitable = inhabitable landmark lighthouse liquid load load-bearing masonry low-rise building mast pier protrude reinforced concrete residential tower block sink (sank, sunk) skyline steel frame sturdy substance support suspension bridge take over utilize weight
zvonica závesný most podnikový, firemný, spoločný stiesnený, prepchatý zemetrasenie budova, stavba (veľká, impozantná) výťah uľahčiť, napomáhať obývateľný výrazný bod v krajine maják tekutina, kvapalina zaťaženie, bremeno, náklad podporný múr nízkopodlažná budova stožiar, anténa pilier, stĺp vyčnievať, vystupovať, prečnievať vystužený betón, železobetón obytná budova, činžiak klesnúť, poklesnúť, ponoriť sa silueta, panorama, obzor oceľový rám, oceľový skelet robustný, masívny látka, hmota, materiál podopierať, podpera visutý most prevziať, zabrať použiť, využiť tiaž, váha
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UNIT 11 Container Houses A. Before you read the text, discuss the following:
1. What kind kind of temporary shelters are there? 2. What circumstances circumstances make people use temporary shelters? 3. Do you find the use of shipping shipping containers for building shelters a good idea? We have seen them on trains, on the back of trucks, but mainly at ports piled onto cargo ships. There are more than 20 million million steel shipping containers scattered around the world. As there is a shortage of affordable housing, housing, some innovative innovative architects came up with the idea of converting steel shipping containers to houses. They are strong, safe, comfortable and eco-friendly and can be built in just 90 days, which is 40% faster than traditional houses. They are affordable, save time and money and can be transported anywhere. Containers might be the answer to the problems of today characterized by overpopulation, migration and natural catastrophes that leave thousands of people homeless. Container homes are a fast, green, economical and surprisingly flexible alternative to traditional houses. Steel shipping containers used used for offices, stores, restaurants and private residences are portable and durable. They are made to survive rough treatment and resist salt corrosion. corrosion. Although they need better thermal insulation insulation than brick houses, the walls are surprisingly soundproof. A container-based house sits on a traditional concrete block foundation. The units have to be modified ifif we want to use them for housing. Side panels are removed to create an open interior space. The vertical steel support beams are left in place place for load-bearing purposes. Openings are cut into into the outer walls for doors and windows. Isolative ceramic coating is sprayed on both sides of steel walls to provide thermal insulation. The units are then lifted lifted by a crane onto the foundation, hooked into into place and welded down to be fixed completely to the foundation. Attaching them to an embedded steel reinforcement and welding them in place ensures they will be immovable. Adjacent units are welded to each other above and below. A conventional hipped roof can be placed to shelter the big steel box structure within two or three hours. hours. A trussed roof is is fastened with metal metal straps that are welded welded to the steel sides and wrapped around the rafters at 1.22 meter intervals. Each individual rafter is tied to the steel roof roof by clips to protect the roof from uplift. uplift. Once insulated, the existing container walls are faced with drywall for finishing, when transforms the ugly corrugated steel interior and prepares it for paint or wallpaper. Drywall is also used for the interior partition walls. Windows and doors are installed into pre-cut openings with with the minimal use of wood framing. After the doors are hung and the roof shingled, the house is ready ready for furnishing. The exterior walls are often clad with fiber-cement siding. 70
In many ways steel shipping containers are are an ideal building material. They are designed to carry heavy loads, can be easily transported and are relatively cheap. The price of one container is $1,200 – 1,500. Their fire and safety ratings will impress insurance companies and code officials. In hurricane-prone areas the container house offers tremendous sustainability and strength. The largest complex in the world constructed of shipping containers is Keetwonen in Amsterdam. It was built in 2005 to provide temporary housing for students. The life expectancy of this complex complex of buildings is until 2016. The most famous example of shipping container architecture might be the Container City by the Trinity Buoy Wharf on the Thames, Thames, which which was completed in 2000. Another example example of a shipping container structure is the Freitag Shop in Zurich. It is a 26-meter-tall structure made of 17 containers. The first four floors of the building serve as the store’s display display space. The other containers are used for storage and for a staircase that takes visitors to a viewing platform at the very top of the building. In New Zealand they are used as holiday homes that are affordable and can be transported anywhere. All of this proves that living in a steel box can be stylish and environmentally environmentally friendly. B. Fill in the the missing words. Choose from the following list. strong, removed, durable, sits, hipped, loads, modified, portable, cheap, rough, scattered, comfortable
1. About 20 million million steel shipping shipping containers are _________ around the world. 2. Steel shipping containers are _________ and made to survive ________ treatment. 3. They are are designed to carry heavy ________. 4. Steel shipping containers are __________ and relatively ________. 5. A container-based house _________ on a traditional concrete block foundation. 6. The units have to be _________, and the side panels have to be _________ to create an open interior space. 7. A conventional conventional _________ roof covers covers the steel steel box structure. C. Complete the chart with the the matching synonyms from the pool. . quick long-lasting adaptable permanent provisional fixed rapid natural interim variable prompt transportable within your means movable short-term reasonably priced recyclable inexpensive adjustable stable steady ecological resilient transferable transfer able fast
green
affordable aff ordable
portable
durable
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flexible
immovable
temporary
D. Choose the best answer. 1. Steel shipping containers are a) immovable b) transportable c) permanent 2. Container-based houses need a) waterproof insulation b) sound insulation c) thermal insulation 3. A container house rests on a) a traditional concrete block block b) the soil c) a wooden board 4. A conventional hipped roof a) can be placed on a container structure b) must be placed on a container structure c) must not not be placed on a container structure 5. Steel shipping containers are a) very expensive b) affordable c) free of charge 6. Container houses can be used a) for military purposes only b) as a permanent housing c) as a temporary housing E. Make sentences matching parts of sentences in column A with parts of sentences in column B. A 1. A container based house sits
B drywall for finishing.
2. The units have to be modified
with metal straps.
3. The units are often lifted
for interior partition walls.
4. A trussed roof is fastened
on a traditional concrete block foundation.
5. Container walls are faced with
impress insurance companies.
6. Drywall is also used
offers tremendous sustainability and strength.
7. The fire safety rating will
if we want to use them for housing.
8. In hurricane-prone areas the container house
by crane onto the foundation.
F. Read the text again and write a paragraph of about 500 words promoting container houses in a magazine. 72
Vocabulary adjacent affordable beam clad clip coating compliant corrugated steel drywall embed, v. fiber-cement siding foundation framing hipped roof hook into, v. interim load-bearing partition wall prone to rafter reinforcement remove, v. resilient scatter, v. shingle soundproof steady strap sustainability trussed roof wallpaper weld, v. wrap
vedľajší, priľahlý cenovo dostupný trám, nosník obložený, krytý sponka, svorka náter, povlak poddajný, podriaďujúci sa vlnitá oceľ montovaná stena, suchá stena zakotviť, vtlačiť vlákno-cementové oplášťovanie základy rámovanie valbová strecha pripevniť, zahákovať dočasný, provizórny nosný, únosný priečka, deliaca stena náchylný, majúci sklony krokva výstuž, vystuženie, spevnenie odstrániť odolný, pevný rozptýliť, roztrúsiť šindeľ zvukotesný stabilný, stály remeň, pás, objímka, slučka udržateľnosť strecha s priehradovou konštrukciou tapeta zvárať, zvarovať obal, plášť, obaľovať
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UNIT 12 Road and Highway Building You might have heard about a busy road, road traffic, a road accident, or road safety. “Road” is always the key word. What is a road then? A road is a strip of land connecting two or more destinations. destinations. It is almost exclusively exclusively built to enable travel travel by car and other wheeled vehicles; in most countries road transport is the most utilized way to move goods. A road can also be a street street with buildings along along one or both sides. Road building and maintenance maintenance in cities or outside them is one of the few areas of economic activity that remains dominated by the public sector (though often through private contractors). Roads are typically paid for by taxes or levies on fuel, though some public roads are funded by tolls. In order to support heavy vehicles moving at high speeds, a modern road is made up of several layers. layers. Each layer helps the layers above it to support the weight weight and pressure of moving traffic. Roads that carry more traffic at higher speeds, like highways, are built to stronger standards than roads that carry less traffic, such as secondary or rural rural roads. The process of building building a road starts by removing the vegetation and testing the soil to see if it will support the weight; and if it will not, a layer of soil is removed and replaced to form a roadbed, which is the bottom layer of the road. The number of layers layers in a road often depends on the intended use of the road, but generally roads have three distinct layers: the roadbed, the base course, and the wearing course. The base course rests directly directly on top of the roadbed and is often made up of compacted gravel with drainpipes usually installed within it to control rain rain and moisture drainage. A road’s road’s top layer, which directly supports moving vehicles, is called the wearing course. It is a solid layer and is designed to be smooth and withstand withstand erosion from traffic and weather. There are two main types of pavements used as a wearing course – bituminous (asphalt), a flexible pavement, and concrete, a rigid pavement. The former one is cheaper and easier to construct, construct, but requires more maintenance. Most roads in our country are bituminous. Concrete pavements last for a very long time with minimal upkeep, but are more expensive and time-consuming to build. A. Match the words with their their meanings meanings
road traffic pedestrian transport
a) one who goes or travels on foot b) available for people in general to use; owned by the government c) the amount of money that you pay to use a bridge or road d) a machine that you travel in or on, especially one with an engine that travels on roads 74
public toll
vehicle speed tax pavement
e) a strip of land connecting two or more destinations f) an amount of money you have to pay to the government that it uses to provide public services and pay government institutions g) the rate at which something moves h) the vehicles that are travelling in an area at a particular time i) the surface of a road (AmE) j) the process of moving people or things from one place to another
B. Choose from from the following expressions expressions to to complete the sentences. There are a few expressions that need to be used more than once while others do not need to be used at all.
(pavement, levy, public, cars, rigid, traffic, layers, wearing, use, highways, speeds, concrete, tax, maintenance, roadbed, tolls, transport, flexible, base, vehicles, bituminous)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
A road is is built to enable enable travel by _________ and other wheeled __________. Road building and ____________ is covered from ___________ funds. Some roads, roads, bridges or tunnels are funded by _________. The _________ on fuel is a part of the petrol price. Highways are roads that carry more ___________ at higher ____________. ____________. ____________ are built to stronger standards than other roads. The number of ___________ in a road often depends on the intended ________ of the road. 8. The __________ course rests directly directly on top of the ___________ and the road’s top layer is called the ____________ ___________ _ course. 9. Bituminous pavements are ____________ and concrete pavements are __________. 10. _____________ pavements are ar e more mo re expensive than ____________ pavements. There are a few measures involved in building a road to make road traffic safe. Modern roads are designed to allow water to drain away from a road to its edges. Water is carried away by gutters, or it simply drains away to a naturally porous verge or into ditches. On the side of a road there may be retro reflectors on pegs, rocks or crash barriers. They will be white toward the direction direction of the traffic on that side of the road and red towards the other direction. direction. There may be cat’s eyes eyes in the road surface, which are retro reflectors that protrude slightly, but can be driven over without damage. Major roads are usually called main main roads. Smaller roads are are known as secondary roads. Roads are usually divided by a central band into two sections, one for traffic going one way, and the other for traffic going going the other way. You can turn off off a road 75
at a crossroads, which is also called a road junction. It is a place where two or more roads either meet or or cross. A junction between 3 road segments (arms) is a T junction or Y-junction. One type t ype of junction which is very popular these days and a nd is to be found in many places is a roundabout, which has an island in the middle. A highway, also widely known as a motorway, speedway or expressway, is a major road within a city or one that links several cities together. In America it is also called an interstate highway if it crosses a state line; in Australia, people call such a road a freeway. A full description of a highway varies by country and language, but generally it is a road which has multiple lanes of traffic in each direction, often with a physical division division between the directions of the flow. Access to and from a highway is possible using a ramp or slip road, which is a short section of road which allows vehicles to enter or exit a motorway. Pedestrians are not allowed to cross cross a highway or walk along it. There are some other restrictions about what types types of vehicles are allowed to travel on a highway and the minimum minimum speed of traffic. When other roads cross highways, they can go under them so they form an underpass or over them using an overpass also called called a flyover. If the city is very large, there is usually a complete ring road rather than a mere bypass. C. Complete the sentences correctly. Choose from the options options below. below.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Water is carried away from the road by gutters … Retro reflectors are white … Cat’s eyes are … Roads are usually divided … You can turn off a road road … A roundabout … A highway is a major road that … Access to and from the highway is possible … Other roads can cross highways via …
… has an island in the middle. … by a central band into two sections. … toward the direction of the traffic. … an overpass also called a flyover or an underpass. … or it simply drains away to a naturally porous verge, or ditches. … using a ramp or a slip road. … retro reflectors in the road surface that slightly protrude. … at crossroads also called a road junction. … links several cities together. D.
Match the synonyms or words of similar meaning roundabout highway crossroads slip road motorway stream overpass traffic circle vehicle road junction flow layer ramp flyover course automobile 76
Road safety measures have to be observed by drivers drivers as well as pedestrians. They include speed limits that change at different places and on different types of roads, various traffic signs and road markings, and traffic lights. It is important to be careful at pedestrian crossings, which are usually illuminated by flashing beacons and marked with white stripes (zebra crossings). crossings). Fastening seatbelts is is compulsory in most countries in the world, and drink-driving is prohibited altogether. Parking in cities cities presents great problems. In most city centers parking is permitted for limited periods only, and payment is is required nearly nearly everywhere. As exhausts from motor vehicles constitute 75 per cent of all urban smog, ecologists have been calling on municipal municipal authorities to return the streets to the people. As a result, result, town councils have created pedestrian precincts which are areas in the centers of towns where motor traffic is not allowed. E. Decide if the sentences are true true or false. Correct the false ones.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Pedestrians do not have to observe traffic signs. Speed limits limits differ according to the type of road. Only drivers drivers are obliged to fasten their seatbelts in Europe. Running a red light is a serious offence. offence. You can drink beer before driving in Slovakia. It is easy to find a parking place in the city centre; you you can park anywhere for free. 7. Cars and trucks produce exhausts and constitute a problem for the environment. 8. You have to observe traffic lights but not road markings. F. Discuss the following topics.
1. Have you you got a driving driving license? Are you a good and safe driver? 2. What safety measures measures should drivers drivers observe? Are there any safety measures that you find pointless? 3. What are the most common traffic signs? signs? 4. Do you you find it reasonable to move goods by trucks on roads? Could you find a more environmentally friendly solution for moving goods? 5. Which is more more convenient for drivers – to pay tolls or to pay a levy on fuel or another type of tax?
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Vocabulary access accident arm band base course beacon bend bituminous bottom break down (ph.v.) bypass carriageway carry, v. cat’s eye compact, v. contractor council crash barrier crossroads, pl. damage destination distinct ditch drain away (ph.v.) drainpipe edge exhaust fasten, v. flash, v. flow flyover fuel fund, v. grade highway illuminate, v. install, v. intend, v. interstate highway junction lane lay-by level crossing levy link, v. main road mere municipal
prístup, vstup nehoda, nešťastie, náhoda rameno, výbežok pás, pruh, ozdobný pás podkladová vrstva, spodok maják zatáčka, zákruta, ohyb, oblúk asfaltový spodok, spodná časť, dno pokaziť sa (auto, zariadenie) objazd, obchvat vozovka niesť, nosiť, priniesť, priviesť odrazka na vozovke zhutniť, stlačiť, lisovať dodávateľ, zmluvná strana rada zvodidlo križovatka poškodenie, škoda cieľ cesty, miesto určenia odlišný, iný, zreteľný, výrazný priekopa, jarok odviesť (vodu), odvodniť, odkvapkať odkvapová rúra, dažďový zvod okraj, hrana, hranica výfukový plyn, odvod plynu, pary zapnúť, pripevniť, priviazať blikať, blýskať sa, zablesknúť sa prúd, tok, prúdenie nadjazd palivo financovať stupeň, stúpanie, svah, nivelizácia diaľnica osvetliť, osvietiť namontovať, nainštalovať, zaviesť mať v úmysle, hodlať, zamýšľať medzištátna diaľničná komunikácia križovatka, odbočka dopravný, jazdný pruh, prúd odstavná plocha, zastávkový pruh úrovňová križovatka odvod, daň, poplatok, dávka spojiť, pripojiť hlavná cesta číry, obyčajný, jednoduchý, holý, prázdny mestský, oblastný, komunálny 78
overpass pay for (ph.v.) pedestrian crossing pedestrian precincts peg permit, v. pressure protrude, v. pull in (ph.v.) pull off (ph.v.) ramp road remain, v. remove, v. replace, v. rest, v. restriction retro reflector ring-road roadbed road junction road marking roundabout rural safety seatbelt secondary road slightly slip road solid speed strip stripe support surface tax toll traffic traffic lights traffic sign trunk road turn off (ph.v.) underpass upkeep urban utilize, v. vary, v. vehicle verge
nadjazd financovať, hradiť prechod pre chodcov pešia zóna, oblasť stĺpik, kolík, čap, vytyčovací bod dovoliť, povoliť, pripustiť tlak vyčnievať, vystupovať zastaviť, prísť autom na parkovacie miesto, odpočívadlo odísť z okraja cesty šikmá cesta, vetva, rameno križovatky (mimoúrovňovej) ostať, zostávať vyňať, vytiahnuť, presunúť nahradiť spočívať, podopierať, ležať, byť položený obmedzenie odrazka okružná komunikácia, okruh cestné podložie cestná križovatka značenie na ceste kruhový objazd dedinský, vidiecky bezpečnosť bezpečnostný pás vedľajšia cesta slabo, jemne, nepatrne vetva, rameno križovatky (mimoúrovňovej) pevný, tuhý, tvrdý rýchlosť pruh, pás pruh, pásik podpora, opora, príspevok povrch daň mýto premávka, pouličný ruch, doprava dopravné svetlá dopravná značka hlavná cesta, hlavná dopravná tepna zahnúť, zabočiť, odbočiť podjazd údržba mestský, týkajúci sa mesta, urbanistický použiť, využiť, upotrebiť, zužitkovať meniť, obmeňovať, pozmeňovať vozidlo okraj, postranný deliaci pás, obruba, medza 79
wearing course weight wheel withstand
obrusná vrstva (vozovky) hmotnosť, váha koleso odolávať, znášať, vydržať
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UNIT 13 Bridges A. Think about the following questions and try to give an answer.
1. What functions functions do bridges perform? 2. What do all all bridges have in common? 3. What is the reason for different bridge designs? A bridge is a structure designed to provide continuous passage over a physical obstacle such as waterways, deep valleys, or transportation transportation routes. Bridges commonly carry highways, railroad lines, and pathways, but may also carry water, power cables, or telecommunication lines. Designs of bridges vary, depending on the function of the bridge and the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed. Some special types of bridges are defined according to their function. In structures such as highways or railroad lines an overpass elevates one route to provide clearance to traffic on the lower level. level. Aqueducts also belong to bridge structures and are used for the transportation transportation of water. A viaduct carries carries a railroad or highway highway over a land feature, such as as a valley, that can obstruct passage. The earliest bridges were simple structures created by spanning a gap with timber or rope. Designs became more complex as builders developed new construction methods and discovered better materials. B. Match the highlighted highlighted words correctly with their definitions.
1. A road, pedestrian walkway, railroad, bridge, etc., crossing over some barrier, such as another road or walkway 2. A long, high bridge-like structure that carries a water conduit or canal across a valley or over a river 3. An object which blocks your way, so that you must try to go around it 4. The distance between two objects; the amount of clear clear space 5. A bridge for carrying a road, railroad, etc., over other roads or railroads 6. A course, way, or road for passage passage or travel 7. To block a road, passage, etc. 8. A route or course by which a person or thing passes or travels C. Read the following text with the description of different bridge designs.
Bridge designs differ in the way they support loads, especially the weight of the bridges themselves and the weight and stresses of the vehicles crossing them. There are basically eight common bridge designs which differ in appearance, construction methods and materials used, as well as in the way they deal with the forces of tension or compression they are subject su bject to.
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Beam bridges are horizontal beams supported at each end by piers. The earliest beam bridges were simple logs that rested across streams. The weight on the top of the beam pushes straight down on the piers piers at either either end of the the bridge. Beam bridges are the most commonly used bridges in highway construction. Cantilever bridges are built using cantilevers—horizontal beams that are supported on only one end. Most cantilever bridges use two cantilever arms that extend from opposite sides of the obstacle to be crossed and meet at the center. Good examples of cantilever bridges are the Quebec Bridge, Canada, with a span of 549m, the Firth of Forth Bridge in Scotland, which spans 521m, and the Minato Bridge in Osaka, Japan, with a span of 510m. Arch bridges are arch-shaped and have abutments at at each end. They have great natural strength. In an arch, the force of the load is carried outward from the top to the ends of the arch, where the abutment keeps the arch ends from spreading apart. Thousands of years ago the Romans and Greeks built arches out of stone. One belonging among the oldest is the Mycenaean Arkadiko Bridge in Greece from 1300 B.C. Today, most most arch bridges are made of steel or concrete. Good examples examples of such bridges are the Sydney Harbour Bridge, completed in 1932, which has a span of 503m, or the Apollo Bridge in Bratislava, which was opened to the public on September 5, 2005, and spans 231m.
Apollo Bridge (Arch bridge)
Truss bridges are bridges composed of straight, connected elements in a triangular configuration, which may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads. Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges. The basic types of truss bridges have simple designs and are economical to construct owing to their efficient use of materials. materials. They can carry heavy loads and are relatively lightweight. Trusses are utilized utilized in the construction of beam, cantilever and arch bridges. An example of a beam bridge using trusses is the Old Bridge in Bratislava.
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Old Bridge (Truss bridge)
Suspension bridges consist of two main cables that are hung (suspended) from towers. The main cables of a suspension suspension bridge drape over over two towers with with the cable ends buried in enormous concrete blocks known as anchorages. The roadway is suspended from smaller smaller vertical cables cables that hang down from the main cables. In some cases, diagonal cables run from the towers to the roadway and add rigidity to the structure. The main cables support the weight of the bridge and transfer the load to the anchorages and the towers. Suspension bridges are used for the longest spans. A typical example of a suspension bridge is the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, which was completed in 1937. Today, the longest suspension bridge is the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge between Honshu and Awaji Islands in Japan with a span of 1,990m. Suspension bridges can span long distances, but their design has a serious drawback. They are very flexible, flexible, and traffic loading may cause large deflections or bending in the bridge roadway. Therefore, they are rarely used for railroads, as trains are heavy and can travel fast. The cable-stayed bridge represents a variation of the suspension bridge. Cablestayed bridges have towers which are shorter, than those of suspension bridges and the roadway is attached directly to the towers by a series of diagonal cables. cables. They are used for intermediate-length intermediate-length spans. The construction of a cable-stayed cable-stayed bridge is faster and cheaper than suspension bridges, as less cable is required and anchorages are not necessary. necessary. A typical example example of a cable-stayed cable-stayed bridge is the Oresund Bridge, which crosses the Oresund Strait between Malmo, Sweden, and the Danish Capital Region. Its span is 490, and its total length is 7.85 km. The New Bridge (Nový most)
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New Bridge (Cable-stayed bridge)
Movable bridges make up a class of bridges in which a portion of the bridge moves up or swings out to provide additional clearance beneath the bridge. A drawbridge is a type of movable bridge typically associated with the entrance of a castle surrounded by a moat. Movable bridges are usually found over heavily traveled waterways. There are many kinds of movable bridges; however the three most common types of movable bridges are the bascule bridge, a typical example of which is the Tower Bridge in London, the vertical-lift bridge and the swing bridge. A pontoon bridge or floating bridge is a bridge bridge that floats on water. It is formed formed by fastening together sealed floating containers called pontoons and placing a roadbed on top of them. These bridges are temporary structures originally originally used for military purposes.
When designing a bridge, engineers must consider several factors – the distance and the feature such as a river, river, bay or canyon to be crossed. They have to make decisions about the type of bridge, the materials of which it will be made, the type of foundations that will support the structure, and the construction method to be used. Bridges must must be convenient to build, use, use, and maintain. As bridges are tax-payer funded projects, their appearance is important and they must be designed to endure and provide service for at least 50 to 100 years. D. Say if the sentences are true or false. Correct the false false ones.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
The main purpose of building bridges is their aesthetic appeal. Arch bridges were built by the Romans and Greeks before the birth of Christ. Cantilevers are horizontal beams that are supported by two piers. Truss bridges can carry heavy loads and are relatively lightweight. lightweight. Suspension bridges bridges are mainly used used for railroads. A cable-stayed bridge is a variation of a cantilever cantilever bridge. Movable bridges are temporary structures.
E. Complete the sentences with the the correct expression: expression:
1) A place where where something can be firmly fastened is a) a tower b) a column c) an anchorage 84
2) A bridge composed of straight, connected connected elements in a triangular configuration is called a) a truss bridge b) a cantilever bridge c) a cable-stayed bridge 3) Floating containers that form floating floating bridges are are called a) decks b) chambers c) pontoons 4) a) Swing bridges b) Cable-stayed bridges c) Pontoon bridges belong among types of movable bridges. 5) a) Floating bridges b) Cable-stayed bridges c) Truss bridges represent a variant of suspension bridges. 6) a) Beam bridges b) Arch bridges c) Truss bridges can also be simple logs that rest across streams. 7) The design of a bridge depends on a) the financial aspects only. b) the distance to be crossed and thepurpose, for which it si being built. c) the transportation situation at the site of its construction.
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Vocabulary abutment anchorage arch bridge bascule bridge beam beam bridge bending cable-stayed bridge cantilever cantilever bridge clearance compression deflection drape drawback drawbridge floating bridge load moat obstacle obstruction overpass passage pontoon roadbed route span stream stress suspension bridge swing bridge tension truss truss bridge vehicle vertical-lift bridge
podpera, podperný pilier kotvenie oblúkový most zdvižný most nosník nosníkový most ohýbanie, ohyb závesný most konzola konzolový most svetlá výška, voľný priechod tlak vychýlenie, odchýlka visieť nevýhoda, nedostatok zdvíhací/padací most pontónový most zaťaženie, náklad vodná priekopa prekážka zatarasenie, zablokovanie nadjazd prechod, pasáž pontón vozovka, cestné podložie trasa rozpätie, rozsah riečka, potok, prúd (vody) tlak, napätie, namáhanie visutý most otočný most ťah,napätie priehradový nosník priehradový most vozidlo výsuvný most
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UNIT 14 Tunnels A. Guess if the following statements are true or false.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
A tunnel is a subterranean structure. A tunnel is a tube that is wider than it is longer. Tunnels were originally originally built for military and and civil-defense purposes. Pedestrians are not allowed to enter a tunnel. It is essential essential to investigate the soil conditions conditions before the tunnel project starts. The method of excavation depends on the technological equipment available.
B. Read the text and check if you you guessed correctly.
A tunnel is an underground structure structu re which is usually shaped like a tube. It is longer than it is wider wider and is open at each end. Generally, the purpose of tunnels tunnels is to enable the direct transportation of passengers and goods through a certain obstacle. They can be used for road road and rail traffic as well as for pedestrians or cyclists. Some are constructed to transport water, sewage, oil and gas or carry telecommunication cables. Some tunnels were built for military military and civil-defense civil-defense purposes. Tunnels are dug in various types of materials, from soft clay to hard rock, and the excavation method depends on the soil conditions. It is therefore essential to investigate the soil conditions and assess the nature of the rock or the exact location of a fault zone before the tunnel project starts. There are various tunneling methods: the cut-and-cover method, the drill and blast method, or methods using a Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) and a New Tunnel Boring Machine. C. Answer the following questions. questions.
1. 2. 3. 4.
What kind of a structure structure is a tunnel? What purposes do tunnels serve? What does the method of excavation excavation depend upon? What are the most commonly commonly used tunneling methods?
Cut-and-cover is a simple method of construction for shallow tunnels where a trench is excavated and the lining lining for the tunnel is built. Then the tunnel is roofed over with the earth or other fill that was originally removed. A strong overhead support system system is required to carry the load of the covering material, roads, streets or other transportation systems.
The usual technique for tunneling through hard rock is the drill and blast method. This method involves drilling many holes in the rock and then filling them with 87
explosives such as dynamite. The area should then be cleared, with all the workers workers and equipment withdrawn to a safe distance, after which the blasting material is detonated. Broken rock is is removed, often on conveyor belts. The disadvantage disadvantage of this method is an “overbreak”, when explosives explosives tear away too much much rock. In spite of that drill and blast is the most frequently f requently used tunneling method. In the event of excavating through soil that is too soft or fluid and therefore needs some support, we use a tunneling shield. It serves as a temporary support structure for the tunnel while it is being excavated before the lining with concrete, cast iron or steel is completed. The shield has a sharp edge and is driven into the tunnel face by a hydraulic hammer. The entire tunneling process can be highly automated by using Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM). There are a variety of TBMs that operate in in a variety of conditions, from hard rock to soft clays or sands. A TBM is a rotating cutting wheel that breaks the ground and drops it through slots in the cutting wheel for removal. Tunnel diameters can range from 1 meter to 16 16 meters. A TBM has the advantages advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel and makes TBMs suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas. The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be difficult to transport. In the 1960s the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) was invented and has become the predominant technique for excavating and supporting tunnels of shorter lengths and of noncircular noncircular cross-sections. Based on geotechnical measurements, an optimal cross section section is computed. Using this method the excavation is carried out in a sequence of smaller sections which are supported immediately after excavation by shotcrete. Shotcrete is concrete conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at a high velocity onto a surface which is compacting at the same time. It creates a natural load-bearing ring. D. Choose the correct correct option to complete the sentences.
1. The cut-and-cover method is used for the construction of a) deep tunnels b) shallow tunnels c) trenches 2. Shallow tunnels require a a) strong overhead support system b) strong bottom support system system c) heavy load system 3. The drill and blast method method is used for tunneling tunneling through a) clay and soft soft rock b) sand, gravel or silt c) hard rock 4. The drill drill and blast method is a) the only tunneling method b) the most frequently used tunneling method c) the least least frequent tunneling method 5. Tunneling shields shields are used for excavating through 88
6.
7.
8.
9.
a) clay or soft rock rock b) sand, gravel or silt c) hard rock A tunneling shield is a) a permanent support structure b) a temporary support structure c) a load bearing structure TBMs produce a) uneven tunnel walls walls b) rough tunnel walls walls c) smooth tunnel walls walls TBMs are a) cheap to construct b) expensive to construct construct c) difficult to construct The NATM was invented invented for excavating a) tunnels of shorter shorter lengths and circular cross-sections b) tunnels of shorter shorter lengths and noncircular cross-sections c) longer tunnels with with noncircular cross-sections
Despite using various sophisticated methods of tunneling and a geotechnical investigation before tunnel excavating is started, the hazards connected with this process cannot be entirely eliminated. eliminated. Water can pour into tunnels not yet lined lined with concrete or plastic sealers. sealers. Dust from blasting is another problem. Ventilation is a major problem in all tunnels, but particularly in those used by automobile automobile traffic. Most of them have have two systems of ducts. Huge fans pump in fresh air air through one of them, while polluted air is sucked out through the other. The cost of tunneling is determined by the length of the tunnel and the time needed for its construction. The use of modern and sophisticated methods might make tunneliing more economically feasible. E. In the above two paragraphs paragraphs find the words that fit the following definitions. definitions.
1. something that could be dangerous or cause damage or accidents _______________ 2. a substance that is painted on a surface to protect it from air, air, water, etc. _______________ 3. the process of explosing something ________________ 4. a system that allows the movement movement of fresh air around a room or building _______________ 5. a pipe or tube in a building building that carries something such such as air or protects wires wires _______________ 6. possible or likely to succeed _______________ The longest tunnels in the world are water supply tunnels, such as the Delaware Aqueduct in the state of New York, which is 137,000 meters long, the Paijanne Water Tunnel, with its length of 120,000 meters and the Orange-Fish River Tunnel in South Africa and Bolmen Water Tunnel in Sweden, both 82,000 meters long.
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The longest railway tunnel is the Seikan Tunnel in Japan, which is 53,850 meters long and was completed in 1988. A unique kind of tunnel with the longest underwater section is the Channel Tunnel connecting England and France. The construction started in 1988 and was completed in 1994. The longest land tunnel is the Lotschberg Base Tunnel, a railway tunnel in the Bernese Alps in Switzerland, with its 22 km single single track. It was completed in 2007. Many tunnels in the world serve as a metro with a variable length from about 14,000 m up to 41,500 m. A large number of tunnels tunnels in the world world are under construction, and they will be completed between 2013 and 2025. Passives are very common in scientific writing, where we are most interested in events and processes, in things that happen. We use a passive verb to say what happens to the subject. Who or what causes the action is often unknown or unimportant. The passive verb forms: Present Tense: auxiliary (am/is/are) + past participle of a full verb, e.g. is transmitted, are considered Past Tense: auxiliary (was/were) + past participle of a full verb, e.g. was made, were given Future Tense: auxiliary (will be) + past participle of a full verb, e.g. will be used Modal verbs (can, may, must, should, have to ) + be + past participle of a full verb, e.g. can be classified, should be added, must be done, have to be observed
F. Use the verbs in brackets brackets and make passive sentences.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A tunnel is is an underground structure structure which (shape) like like a tube. Tunnels (can use) for road traffic, rail traffic as well well as pedestrians and cyclist. cyclist. Some (construct) (construct) to transport transport water, sewage, oil and gas. In the past some (build) for military and civil-defense purposes. Tunnels (dig) in various types of materials.
G. There are many passive expressions in the text. Find at least 10 sentences where passives were used. H. Make the sentences from the text passive.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Since early times people have used tunnels for transporting transporting water and goods. Explosives tear away too much rock. In case of excavating through soil that is too soft we use a tunneling shield. A TBM breaks the ground and drops itit through slots in the cutting wheel for removal. A TBM TBM produces produces a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel. Shotcrete creates a natural load-bearing ring. Huge fans pump fresh air through ducts. 90
I. Choose the correct preposition.
1. A tunnel is is an underground structure structure usually shaped like a tube, which is longer than wider and open on/at/in each end. 2. The purpose of tunnels tunnels is to enable the direct transportation transportation of passengers and goods through/into/across a certain obstacle. 3. This method involves involves drilling many holes on/for/in the rock, then filling them in/with/by explosives such as dynamite. 4. The shield has a sharp sharp edge and is driven into/through/to the tunnel face with/by/to a hydraulic hammer. 5. A TBM has the advantages of limiting the disturbance for/to/of the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. 6. Using this this method the excavation is carried carried in/on/out in a sequence of smaller sections. 7. Shotcrete is concrete conveyed in/through/with a hose. 8. It is pneumatically projected at/on/with a high velocity onto a surface compacting in/on/at the same time. 9. Huge fans pump on/in/out fresh air through one of them, while polluted air is sucked in/on/out through the other. 10. The cost of tunneling is determined dete rmined with/by/at the length of the tunnel and the time needed for/on/to its construction.
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Vocabulary assess blast cast iron clay compact conveyor belt cross-section cut-and-cover cut-and-cover method disturbance drill duct edge excavate fault feasible fill fluid hose lining overbreak overhead pneumatically project roof over sealer slot tear, tore, torn trench upfront velocity
posúdiť, odhadnúť, stanoviť odpáliť, vybuchnúť liatina Íl, hlina natlačiť, zhutniť stlačiť dopravný pás priečny rez, prierez vykopávka s dočasným zastropením stavba v otvorenom výkopw porucha, narušenie vŕtať, vyvŕtať šachta, prieduch hrana, ostrie vykopať, vyhĺbiť chyba, zlyhanie, puklina, zlom vhodný, prijateľný výplň, náplň; vyplniť, naplniť tekutina; nestabilný, premenlivý hadica ostenie nadmerný výlom horný, vrchný, stropný pneumatický, na stlačený vzduch projekt, plan; projektovať, premietať zastrešiť tesniaca hmota štrbina, škára, medzera trhať, odtrhnúť, roztrhnúť výkop, ryha počiatočný, pred niečím rýchlosť
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UNIT 15 Fundamentals of Urban Drainage A. Read the explanations of these new new terms and try to find the the correct term in the Slovak language. Check in a dictionary.
sewage
a mixture of waste from the human body and used water that is carried away from houses by sewers, e.g., Chlorine is used to treat sewage.
sewer
a pipe or passage under the ground that carries away waste material and used water from houses and factories
sewerage
the system by which waste material and water are carried away in sewers and then treated to stop it from being harmful
drainage
a system of pipes or passages in the ground for carrying away water or waste liquids, e.g., drainage channels
to drain
to make water or liquid flow away from something, e.g., Deep ditches were
runoff (technical)
rain or other liquid that flows off the land into rivers and streams
sludge (technical) flow
the solid substance that is left when the liquid waste from fr om houses, factories, etc., (sewage) has been cleaned a smooth steady movement or supply of liquid
treatment
a process by which something is cleaned, protected, etc., e.g., the
dug to drain the fields.
treatment of waste oils and solvents
B. Fill in the proper proper word. Choose from the following. sewage (2), sewers (2x), sludge, runoff, treatment (3x), drains, wastewater 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
__________ transport _____________ from a building to _____________ facilities. Most __________ are arranged so that gravity moves the ___________. Storm _________ are large pipes that transport storm-water __________ from streets to avoid their flooding. ____________ is treated in a _____________ plant. Chemical _____________ removes bacteria and offensive smells from the __________ and water.
C. Choose the most logical option.
1. Originally, cities had no sewers. Where did wastewater go? a) It dried out.
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b) Wastewater ran down the streets, streets, which had stepping stones to keep pedestrians out of muck. c) People swept itit away. 2. Where does untreated sewage go in developed countries? a) It is released directly to surface water. b) It is conveyed to a treatment plant. c) It is kept in enormous septic septic tanks and later later recycled. 3. Most large cities have a) a single sewer for surface runoff, household and commercial sewage. b) separated and combined sewers. c) open channel drainage. D. Read the text.
A complete well-functioning urban drainage (sewerage) and a nd treatment system is the most effective solution to the sewage and urban runoff problem. Such systems allow utilization of the most modern methods for household and commercial wastewater disposal, including flushing toilets and in-sink garbage grinders. The need for cesspools, septic tanks, and other on-site sewage disposal systems is therefore eliminated. A planning report of an urban drainage system has to contain drainage area characteristics such as topography, drainage patterns, surface conditions, location of streets and existing drainage systems to which the proposed system may be connected. It also has flow rates and the quality of the receiving waters, along with future developments, which include population trends, land use, the present and projected quantity and quality of the sewage and storm-water runoff, etc., as well as the environmental policy and standards information and the financial aspects of the planned system. E. Match the underlined words from the text with their synonyms or words with similar meaning. meaning. Change their grammatical form where necessary
landscape – strategy – overflow – removal – eradicate – tendency – municipal – F. Answer the the following questions.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
What is the urban sewerage system a substitution for? What belongs to an on-site on-site sewage disposal system? What aspects are important in planning an urban sewerage system? Why are these aspects aspects important? important? Why do population trends have to be considered in urban drainage system system planning? 94
The main types of sewer systems are:
a) separated sewers b) combined sewers c) open channel drainage. a) Separated sewers consist of storm sewer networks that mainly carry surface runoff from streets, roofs, parking lots, and other surfaces toward the nearest receiving water body or a man-made channel, and sanitary sewers that carry household and commercial sewage and industrial wastewater toward a treatment plant. b) Combined sewers are used for the collection and conveyance of both surface runoff and sanitary sewage and industrial wastes in one conduit. Combined sewer systems are common in older U.S. and European urban centers. centers. Urban drainage by separate systems is more expensive than a combined sewer system since it uses two parallel networks of conduits. c) Open channel drainage includes swales, roadside ditches, and drainage channels. The channels should be lined either with a man-made lining (asphalt, concrete, gabions, mats) or natural grasses and sod. Grassed, maintained waterways are an excellent and cheap alternative to underground storm sewers, especially in suburban zones. They enhance the infiltration and attenuation of pollutants. G. In the text about sewer systems find the words with the following meanings:
1. a long narrow passage for water or other liquids to flow along _______________ (par. a) 2. relating to people’s health especially to the system of supplying water and dealing with human waste _____________ (par. a) 3. the process of transporting something or someone from one place to another _______________ (par. b) 4. a pipe or passage that water flows through to go from one place to another ________________ (par. b) 5. reduction of the strength, amount or size of something ______________ (par. c) 6. a long narrow hole dug along along the side of a road or field, so so that water can run into it ______________ (par. c) H. Read the part about sewer systems again and explain the difference between them. Then read about the sewer types. Sewer types. Sewers can be divided into: a) building sewers b) lateral (branch) sewers, c) main (trunk) sewers d) interceptors and outfall (relief) sewers. a) Building sewers connect a building’s plumbing to the nearest lateral (branch) public sewer line. The minimum recommended size of building connections is 95
100 mm for single-family homes, and the minimum minimum slope should be 2%. The building connection should be equipped with backwater gates if there is a danger of sewer backup and basement flooding. b) Lateral (branch) sewers are used to collect wastewater from building connections and convey it to a main sewer. A lateral sewer has no other sewer tributary except building connections. The minimum diameter of lateral lateral (branch) sewers should be 200 mm. c) Main (trunk) sewers accept flow from several lateral (branch) sewers and convey it to a treatment plant or to an intercepting sewer. d) Interceptors are large sewers that were originally designed to accept dry weather flow from a number of of trunk sewers and carry the flow to a treatment facility. facility. In more recent systems large interceptors are used for storage of combined sewer overflows (in-line storage). Common sewer materials include concrete (plain or reinforced), vitrified clay, iron and steel (cast iron, ductile iron, corrugated steel), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Small and medium-sized sewers are assembled mostly from concrete or vitrified clay pipes. In general, both materials are similarly economic economic and, when installed properly, properly, infiltration should be minimal. For larger flows, cast-in-place concrete sewers are used when standard concrete pipes are not available. available. Practices differ for different types of sewers. I. Say if the sentence is true or false. Correct the false sentences.
1. Separated sewers consist consist of storm sewer sewer networks and and sanitary sewers. 2. Sanitary sewers mainly convey surface runoff. 3. Combined sewers are are used for collection collection and conveyance of industrial industrial wastes and sanitary sewage in two conduits. cond uits. 4. A conduit is a pipe. 5. Population trends are important for the planning planning of an urban drainage system. 6. Building sewers sewers are connected connected directly to main sewers. 7. Main sewers convey wastewater to a treatment plant or an intercepting sewer. 8. A well-functioning well-functioning urban drainage system system eliminates the need for cesspools cesspools or septic tanks.
Compound Nouns A compound noun no un consists of two or more nouns joined together. Compound nouns occur frequently in scientific and technical writing precisely because they give them conciseness. The more technical and specialized the subject, the more frequent and more complicated complicated the compound nouns. The most complicated compound compound nouns occur in newspaper headlines and technical advertisements. Compound nouns are sometimes difficult to understand. However, they are not as difficult as they look look if you always follow this principle: begin at the end and then work backwards! E.g., wastewater disposal, in-sink garbage grinders, on-site sewage disposal system There are three things to notice about compound nouns: 1. Some compounds compounds are joined by a hyphen and some are not. There are no rules for the use of hyphens, e.g. wastewater, waste water, waste-water. 2. The first half of a compound is never plural, e.g., a student hostel, a 50-centimeter ruler. 96
3. The relationship between the two nouns forming the compound can take many different forms, e.g., an oilcan, oil exports, an oilfield, oil pollution, an oil heater, an oil expert. 1. Find the compound compound nouns in the text and underline them. 2. See the word explanations in the pre-reading part of this unit and the vocabulary at the end of this unit and try to explain the meanings of the following compounds by using similar defining clauses. E.g., A sewage treatment facility is a facility for processing sewage.
storm runoff channel drainage surface water runoff problem wastewater disposal
on-site sewage disposal system backwater gate sludge digestion household wastewater plumbing sewage treatment facility
3. Explain the difference in the meaning of these expressions:
channel drainage and drainage channel surface water and water surface treatment facility and facility treatment
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Vocabulary attenuation backup backwater gate branch sewer cast-in-place concrete sewers cesspool, cesspit conduit convey, v. conveyance drain, v. drainage drainage channel dry weather flow ductile iron eradicate flooding flow flow rate gabion grinder channel channel drainage in-line storage interceptor lateral sewer lining mat outfall sewer = relief sewer overflow plumbing runoff sanitary sewers septic tank sew, v. sewage sewer sewer system sewer tributary sewerage sludge sludge digestion sod storm water runoff swale treatment plant tributary area trunk sewer vitrified clay
stenšovanie, zmenšovanie, zoslabovanie nahromadenie vodné vráta, spätná klapka, priepust, uzáver vedľajší stokový kanál monolitné betónové kanály žumpa, kalová jama potrubie, rúra, kanál dopravovať, transportovať doprava, transport odvodňovať odvodňovanie, kanalizácia odvodňovací kanál bezdažďový prietok, minimálny prietok kujné železo eliminovať, vylúčiť, odstrániť, zlikvidovať zaplavenie prúd, tok prietok drátkoštrková hať drvič, šrotovník, mlynček, brúsny kotúč žľab, priekopa, kanál (otvorený) odvodňovanie kanálom, žľabom lineárna nádrž záchytná stoka bočná prípojka obklad izolačná krytina vypúšťací, odtokový kanál prepad, odtoková komora domová inštalácia/kanalizácia, inštalácia potrubia odtok splašková kanalizácia septik odvodňovať, vypúšťať odpadová voda stoka, kanál kanalizačná sústava prítok, spádová prípojka kanalizácia, splašková voda kal vyhnívanie kalu drn, drnová pokrývka odtok prívalových vôd močiar, terénny žľab čistička odpadových vôd spádová oblasť hlavný, kmeňový kanál kameninová hlina 98
UNIT 16 Wastewater Treatment A. Read the article (Part I.) briefly and underline the key words in the text. Explain their meaning. wastewater, pollution, contamination, damage, sewage treatment plant, solid, disposal, disease-producing organisms
B. Discuss.
1. Are natural water resources safe? Can you eat fish caught in the river river Danube? 2. Have you heard of a case case of natural water (streams, (streams, lakes, ponds or oceans) oceans) contamination? If so, where where was it? Was there any damage to the water fauna or flora? 3. Where can the leakage of chemicals be critical? critical? What can be done to prevent it? 4. Do you think treatment plants plants might help prevent such cases? 5. What are the conditions conditions of wastewater treatment if you you compare developed countries and developing ones? Read the text. Part I. All municipal sewage and wastewater must eventually find their way into water courses or other bodies of water that constitute the natural drainage of a region. This can cause damage, including contamination and pollution of water supplies, swimming and bathing beaches; shellfish contamination, killing of fish, the creation of conditions offensive to sight or smell, and impairment of the use of natural waters for recreation, agriculture, commerce, commerce, or industry. The primary objective of sewage and wastewater treatment is to prevent such damage to receiving waters.
However, only conveying the wastewater to the nearest treatment plant can solve this problem. Treatment plants are an integral part of an entire sewerage system. Thus, planning, development, and operation of sewage treatment plants depend upon the character of the collecting system and upon the means for ultimate disposal of the wastewaters. wastewaters. In choosing the treatment process process to be employed and in determining the degree of treatment, consideration must be given to the location of the plant, the nature of its present and anticipated future surroundings, the character and waste assimilative capacity of the available receiving water body, and the uses to which these waters are to be put. The engineer who designs designs a treatment plant should be familiar with the regional water development and wastewater disposal plans. Civil and environmental environmental engineers must master not only the technical details but also the economic and social implications of their planning. Therefore, they have
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to seek the most economical and objective solutions to all the problems that are presented to them. The pollution content of sewage consists of organic and inorganic compounds, which exist partially as suspended solids (settled, suspended, or floating) that move with the water and partially as dissolved solids. solids. There are also also small living living organisms (e.g. bacteria) that find nourishment in the sewage’s organic matter and may cause uncontrolled decomposition of sewage, resulting in offensive odor problems and an unsightly appearance. appearance. There is is also the potential for the presence of diseaseproducing organisms. C. Match the following following phrases from the the article.
1. Municipal sewage and and wastewater must find
a) to the nearest plant
2. contamination and pollution
b) of the available receiving water body
3. conveying the wastewater
c) the most economical objective solution
4. operation of sewage treatment plants
d) their way way into water courses.
5. the character and assimilative capacity
e) should be familiar with wastewater disposal plans
waste
and
6. The engineer who designs a treatment plant
f) of water supplies
7. engineers have to seek
g) may cause uncontrolled decomposition of sewage
8. small living organisms
h) depend upon the character of the collecting system
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D. Fill in the the gaps with appropriate words
However, only _________ the wastewater to the nearest treatment plant can solve solve this problem. Treatment plants are an integral part of an entire ___________ system. Thus, planning, development, and operation of sewage ___________ plants depend upon the character of the collecting system and upon the means for ultimate __________ of the wastewaters. In choosing the treatment process to be employed and in determining the degree of treatment, consideration must be given to the _________ of the plant, the nature of its present and anticipated future surroundings, the character and waste ___________ capacity of the available receiving water body, and the uses to which these waters are to be put. The engineer who designs a treatment plant should be familiar with the regional water development and __________ disposal plans. Civil and environmental engineers must master not only the technical details but also the economic and social __________of their planning. Therefore they have to t o seek the most economical and __________ solution to all the problems that are presented to them. The pollution content of sewage consists of organic and inorganic ___________, which exist partially as suspended solids (settled, suspended, or floating) that move with the water and partially as __________ solids. There are also small living organisms (e.g. bacteria) that find ____________ in the sewage’s organic matter and may cause uncontrolled ____________ of sewage, resulting in __________ odor problems and an ___________ appearance. There is also the potential for the presence of disease-producing organisms.
sewerage treatment location assimilative conveying disposal implications objective wastewater compounds nourishment offensive unsightly dissolved decomposition
Part II. The removal and stabilization of sewage materials is accomplished in treatment work that can be categorized into the following groups: 1. Mechanical processes: a) Screening: Because of their size the particles particles will be trapped on screens or bar racks. Sand filters work predominantly in the same fashion. b) Flotation units: As a result of their buoyancy, pollutants pollutants will rise to the surface where they can be skimmed off, for example, as in grease traps and skimming tanks. c) Sedimentation tanks tanks and clarifiers: clarifiers: Particles sink to the bottom of the tanks because of gravity. 2. Chemical processes: chemical additives enhance the ability of particles to settle or kill microorganisms (chlorine). 101
3. Biological processes: The life processes of nature are used in sewage purification: a) naturally in the soil or ponds and lagoons b) artificially on on trickling filters, filters, activated sludge units, units, or septic tanks.
The efficiency of the treatment plant as well as the effects on the environment and on the surrounding residential areas must be considered. Modern treatment plants are often partially automated and equipped with a number of telemetric sensors and measuring devices. The signals reflect the operating conditions of various units and are transmitted to a centrally located control room. E. What kind of of process do the the following words describe?
Screening is the process of... Floating... Skimming... Sedimentation... Purification is the act of... F.
Fill in the gaps in the following following paragraph with the correct word from the following word couples. 1
power/treatment, 2 current/volume, 3charge/pay, 4money/charge, 5 bills/material, 6 sludge/water 7 sewage/stormwater, , 8 fares/fees, 9consumption/waste, 10 irrigation/drying out
A 1 _________ plant measures the incoming 2 _________ from major pipes in order to track and 3 ________ customers. Generally G enerally the th e sewage 4 __________ is actually paid as a surcharge on customers’ water 5 ________. The difference between incoming 6 _________ and outgoing o utgoing 7 _________ is used to establish the sewage rate 8 ________ as a percentage of water use. The metering also gives administrators a means to measure water 9 _________ and 10 _________ of lawns and other diversions to the storm sewers. G.
Answer the following questions or follow the tasks.
1. What is the primary objective of sewage sewage and wastewater treatment? 2. What can be damaged due to untreated wastewater getting into the bodies of water? 3. What is an integral part of a sewerage system? 4. What do civil civil and environmental engineers need to consider consider in planning the treatment process? 5. What substances substances can be found in sewage? 6. How are they treated? 7. What are the categories of sewage treatment work? 8. Describe the three types of mechanical processes. 9. Is implementing implementing treatment plants in the sewerage system obligatory in our country? 10. Why is it important to use a wastewater treatment plant as a part of the sewerage system? 102
Technical texts contain a number of reductions that make them more concise. Gerunds (e.g. swimming), forms of the past participle (e.g. suspended), abstract nouns (e.g. contamination) and compound nouns (e.g. treatment plant) are used for this purpose. H. Find as many of them as possible in both parts of the text. Gerunds
Past participles
Abstract nouns
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Compound nouns
Vocabulary bar rack body of water buoyancy clarifier constitute, v. contamination convey, v. discharge, v. effluent feasible flotation grease impairment implication leakage lift station municipal nourishment odor/odour offensive off-line outlet pollution rack screen screening shellfish sink, sank, sunk skim off, v. solid suspend, v. suspended solid trap trickling filter ultimate unsightly water course watershed
výstužová mreža objekt, nádrž vztlak, plávateľnosť klarifikátor, usadzovacia nádrž tvoriť, vytvoriť, utvárať znečistenie, zamorenie, kontaminácia dopraviť, prepraviť, preniesť vypustiť, vyliať odpadová voda, odtok vhodný, uskutočniteľný plávanie, vznášanie sa mastnota, tuk poškodenie, zhoršenie asociácia, aspekt, dôsledok presakovanie, unikanie, netesnosť zdvíhacia stanica mestský, obecný, komunálny výživa zápach, vôňa, aróma úražlivý, útočný, pohoršujúci nezapojený na ústredný počítač výpust, odtok znečistenie, zamorenie mreža pletivo, sito triedenie, preosievanie; sieťové pletivo, drôtené pletivo lastúrniky klesnúť, ponoriť sa zbierať penu, odpeniť tuhá látka zadržať, prerušiť, zavesiť, visieť nerozpustná látka lapač, zachytávač biologický filter konečný, najvzdialenejší nepekný, škaredý, neestetický vodný tok rozvodie, povodie
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UNIT 17 Dams A. Think about the topic topic and answer the following questions.
1. What is the purpose of building dams? 2. What are the positive and negative effects effects of dams on the environment? 3. Give a few examples of dams in in Slovakia or abroad. B. Say if the sentences are true or false. Then read the text and correct the false ones.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
A dam is is a barrier across flowing water water that speeds up the flow of water. Dam construction construction dates back to 3000 B.C. In some places places dams constituted constituted the beginning of new towns or cities. cities. The best place for building a dam is a shallow shallow part of a watercourse. The seismic stability of a dam’s location is important. Embankment dams are cheaper to build build because they are made of concrete. Arch dams are curved. The only purpose for building dams is the generation of electric power.
1
______________________ _ _______________________ A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow of water; it often creats a reservoir, lake or impoundment. 2
______________________ _ _______________________ There are quite a few reasons for building dams. A dam can be a reservoir reservoir of the water supply for households and industry as well as for irrigation in agriculture. It also plays a role in flood control, serves to generate hydroelectric power, enhances river navigation, and creates a habitat for fish and wildlife. In some locations they are just used as a recreation area for leisure activities. 3
______________________ _ _______________________ Dams were first built in Mesopotamia and the Middle East to control water levels in the Tigris and Euphrates Euphrates rivers. In Jordan there are remains remains of the earliest known dam, the Jawa Dam, which dates back to 3000 B.C. In ancient Egypt, about 25 km km south of Cairo, the Sadd el-Kafara el-Kafara diversion dam was built to control floods. It was built around 2650 B.C., but was destroyed by heavy rains during its construction or shortly afterwards. The Romans introduced the concept of large reservoir dams, which could secure a permanent water supply for urban settlements during the dry season. Examples of such dams dams include the Lake Homs Dam or the Harbaqa Dam, both built in Roman Syria. Syria. The highest Roman dam, with a height of 50 m, was the Subiaco Dam near Rome, which which was destroyed in 1305. Dams were often applied to block rivers in order to regulate the water level in the Netherlands, which is a lowlying country. country. Dams also prevent prevent the sea from entering marshes. Such dams 105
characterized the beginning of new towns or cities, and the word “dam”, which has the same meaning as in English, was often part of a place name, e.g., the Dutch capital of Amsterdam (old name: Amstelredam), which began with a dam through the river Amstel in the late 12th century. Rotterdam is a city where a dam dam was built on the river Rotte. 4
______________________ _ _______________________ The best place for building a dam is a narrow part of a deep river valley, but there are a few engineering factors to be taken into account in the selection of a location such as the permeability of the surrounding rock or soil, seismic stability and possible earthquake faults, slope stability and landslides, and peak p eak flood flows.
5
______________________ __ ________________________ Based on the building material used, dams can be classified as embankment dams or concrete dams. Considering the type of construction, there are four major classes classes of dams: embankment, gravity, arch and buttress. Embankment dams, which are also called earth-fill dams, are constructed of compacted earth, earth, rock or both. They have a triangular-shaped profile and are typically used to retain water across across broad rivers. Embankment dams rely on their weight to hold back the force of water, such as gravity dams made from concrete. The material used makes them cheaper to construct; as a result, more than 80 percent of all large dams are of this type. The Aswan High Dam across the river Nile Nile is a typical example of an embankment dam. Gravity dams consist of thick, vertical walls of concrete built across relatively narrow river valleys with a firm bedrock. Their weight alone is great enough to resist overturning or sliding tendencies due to horizontal loads imposed by upstream water. They are expensive to build because they require a huge mass of concrete. Nevertheless, many people prefer their solid appearance to the thinner arch or buttress dam. A typical example of a solid solid gravity dam is is the Hoover Dam or the Grand Coulee Dam. The Itaipu Dam is an example of a hollow gravity dam. A gravity dam can be combined with an arch dam, i.e., an arch-gravity dam, for areas with massive amounts of water flow, but less material available for f or a purely gravity dam. Arch dams are curved and limited to narrow canyons with strong rock walls that can resist the thrust of the arch arch at the foundation and sides of the dam. They are built built of concrete, and their stability is obtained by a combination of arch and gravity action. The safety of an arch dam is dependent on the strength of the side wall abutments; not only should the arch be well situated on the side walls but also the character of the rock should should be carefully inspected. There are quite a few types of arch arch dams, such as single arch dams, double-curvature or thin-shell dams, or multiple arch dams. They are similar types types of dams that minimize the amount of concrete necessary for construction, but transmit loads to the foundation and abutments. Buttress dams are essentially hollow gravity dams constructed of steel-reinforced concrete or timber. They may be flat or curved, and supported by a series of buttresses that brace the dam on the downstream side.
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A cofferdam is usually a temporary barrier constructed to exclude water from an area that is is normally submerged. They are commonly commonly made of wood, concrete or steel sheet piling and are used to enable construction of the foundation of permanent dams, bridges or similar structures. When the project is completed, the cofferdam may be demolished or removed. 6 ___________________ When a dam is put into operation, water is released from the upstream reservoir over a spillway or through gates in a manner to satisfy the intended objectives. The operating rules for maximizing power generation, for example, include maintaining the hydraulic head. In contrast, water levels in flood control reservoirs must be periodically reduced to allow for new storage during anticipated periods of flood hazards. Operating issues, however, can easily become complex and highly politicized and may be difficult to resolve. This is particularly true for river systems containing several reservoirs, and for dams serving multiple purposes, and in cases where adverse social, ecological, and environmental impacts are significant. C. Read the text again and choose choose the logical heading for for each part.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Important factors to consider in the location location of dams. Definition of a dam. Operating issues. Classification of dams. Historical outline of dam construction. construction. Purposes of building dams.
D. Reading Comprehension. Comprehension. tasks.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Answer the following questions or fulfill the
Name 4 functions of dams. dams. Give 5 – 7 reasons reasons for building building dams. When and where were dams first first built? Which place place names contain contain the word “dam” and why? why? What is the best place for building building a dam? What 4 factors should be considered in the selection selection of the location for a dam? How can dams be classified on on the basis of of the material used? used? Name 4 major classes of dams. Analyze the important important facts about each type of dam and fill in the table.
E. Using the information about dams complete this table. Dam class
Structural features
Material
Location
Embankment Gravity Arch Buttress
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Positives/Negatives
F. Fill in the gaps in the sentences using the words from the the text.
remains marsh habitat irrigation buttress flood thrust abutment bedrock reservoir 1. __________ is the word for bringing water to soil through a system of pipes pipes in order to make crops grow. 2. __________ is an artificial or natural lake where water is stored so that it can be supplied to the houses in an area. 3. __________ is the type of place that an animal normally lives in or a plant normally grows in. 4. __________ mean the part of something something that is left left after the rest has been finished, used, or destroyed. 5. __________ is a large amount of water water that covers an area that was was dry before. 6. __________ is an area of soft wet land. land. 7. __________ is the solid solid rock under the ground that supports the soil above it. 8. __________ is a quick quick hard push. 9. ___________ is the place where each of the parts of a canyon or the like receives the thrust of an arch dam. 10. ___________ is any a ny external prop or support built to steady a structure by by opposing its outward thrusts. G. Match the attributes (adjectives or nouns) with the nouns. nouns.
environmental power water flood urban river dry temporary
settlements navigation impacts barrier season generation hazards level
H. Fill in the the missing prepositions. 1. A dam is a barrier ________ the flowing water. 2. There are a few reasons ________ building dams. dams. 3. A few engineering factors factors should be taken ______account in the selection ____ a location. 4. It plays its role _______ flood control. 5. Dams prevent the sea ________ entering marshes. 6. Earth-fill dams are constructed _______ compacted earth, rock or both. 7. A cofferdam is usually a temporary barrier constructed _______ exclude water ________ an area that is normally submerged. 8. When a dam is put ______ operation, water is released _______ the upstream reservoir ______ a spillway or _______ gates in a manner to satisfy intended objectives.
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I. Discuss.
What is the impact of huge dams on the environment, the economy and the population? Find some examples of dams that were or are being built in our country or somewhere else in the world. What positives or negatives were were related to these structures?
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Vocabulary abutment arch dam barrier bedrock brace buttress dam cofferdam dam embankment dam enhance flood generate gravity dam habitat hydraulic head impoundment irrigation marsh obstruct peak release remains (pl.) retain retard slide spillway steel sheet piling submerge thrust upstream
opora, pätka klenby klenbová priehrada prekážka, zábrana, ohradenie skalné podložie výstuž, vzpera; vystužiť pilierová (gravitačná) priehrada ochranná hrádza priehrada, hrádza; prehradiť sypaná zemná priehrada zdokonaliť, zlepšiť zplava, povodeň, potopa vytvárať, generovať, produkovať gravitačná priehrada prirodzené prostredie, biotop hydraulické vzdutie vodná zdrž, zavlažovanie močiar, bažina, mokraď zatarasiť, zablokovať vrchol, maximum, najvyšší stupeň uvoľniť, prepustiť, vypustiť zvyšky, trosky, zrúcanina uchovať, zadržať, ponechať si spomaliť, brzdiť kĺzať sa, pošmyknúť sa; šmyk, pokles prepad, preliv, výpustný objekt oceľová hnaná výstuž, štetová stena ponoriť, potopiť, zaplaviť nápor, sila; vraziť, strčiť horný tok rieky
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UNIT 18 Environmental Issues and Engineering Part 1 What is the environment? An environment represents the conditions and influences of a place in which an organism lives. lives. The large number number of different different types of environments, e.g., urban environments, tropical rainforest environments, etc., makes it impossible to formulate a single definition. definition. The relationship between living living organisms and their environment forms part of the subject of ecology.
All over the world, wildlife is being threatened because habitats and woodlands are being destroyed. Rainforests are being cut down so that people can use the land to grow crops. Many animal and plant species have become extinct, and many more are endangered, so they need legal protection if they are to survive. Some people believe that global warming will produce rising sea levels and climate change and that carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels are contributing to the greenhouse effect. Acid rain, rain, which contains acid from factory smoke, causes damage to trees, rivers, and buildings. buildings. The world’s population is growing and puts pressure on the limited resources of the Earth. A. Choose the correct option.
1. Animals, birds, birds, and plants that live in natural natural conditions are called: a) habitats b) woodlands c) wildlife 2. The process in which heat is unable to escape from the atmosphere and causes the temperature of the Earth to t o rise is: a) global warming b) the greenhouse effect c) acid rain 3. A forest in a tropical region of the world world where it rains rains a lot is: is: a) a tropical rainforest b) woodlands c) forestry 4. The study of the environment environment and the way plants, animals, animals, and humans live live together and affect each other is called: a) environmentalism b) green peace c) ecology 5. The slow increase in the temperature of the Earth caused by the increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is: a) global warming b) the greenhouse effect c) global effect 6. The type of place that an animal normally lives in or a plant normally grows in is its: a) habitation b) habitat c) habit 7. Many animal animal and plant plant species need protection by: by: a) the courts and governments b) the Church c) the media 8. Something that has died out and is no longer in existence existence is: a) extinct b) exit c) exist 9. Something or someone that is threatened with with extinction is: is: a) damaged b) destroyed c) endangered 111
B. Answer the following questions and discuss.
1. Which of the problems mentioned in the above text do you find the most serious? 2. Does education play any role role in people’s attitude toward the environment? environment? 3. Can an individual do anything to protect protect the environment? environment? 4. What do you you personally do to protect the environment? Let us give you a few suggestions: • Switch the lights off when you leave the room and switch off electric appliances whenever possible. • Do not waste water; let it run only when necessary. Check if your water taps are leaking. • Walk to school or use public transport; it is more environmentally friendly than going by car. • Reuse plastic shopping bags, and when they are too damaged, put them in the recycling bin. • Use “green” products whenever it is possible. s pecial bins to be recycled. • Put paper, glass, cans and plastic into special What is environmental engineering? Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to improve the environment, provide healthful water, air and land for human habitation and other organisms, and investigate the possibilities for remediation of polluted places.
As long as people have recognized that their health and well-being are related to the quality of their environment, they have applied thoughtful principles to improve its quality. The Romans constructed constructed aqueducts to prevent prevent drought and create a clean healthful water supply for the metropolis metropolis of Rome. Bavaria in the 15th century created laws restricting the development and degradation of the alpine country that contained the region’s water supply. Modern environmental engineering began in London in the middle of the 19th century when it was realized that proper sewerage could reduce the incidence of waterborne diseases such as cholera or typhoid fever. The introduction of treatment of drinking water and sewage in industrialized countries reduced waterborne diseases from leading causes of death to rarities. These days engineers and scientists assess the impacts of proposed projects on environmental conditions. They evaluate if there are likely to be any adverse impacts on water quality, air quality, habitat quality, flora and fauna, noise impacts, visual impacts, etc. If impacts are expected, they then develop mitigation mitigation measures to prevent such impacts. impacts. Engineers and scientists also work work to secure water supplies for potable and agricultural use. Water is treated to achieve water quality quality objectives for its end users. Most urban and many rural rural areas no longer discharge discharge human waste directly on the land through outhouses or septic tanks, but rather deposit such waste into water and convey it from households by means of sewer systems.
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C. Say if these sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones.
1. The health and well-being of of people are not related to the quality quality of their environment. 2. The Romans constructed aqueducts to prevent floods. 3. In the past people were interested in in the quality of their environment. 4. Typhoid is a waterborne waterborne disease. disease. 5. The impact of new projects on the environment is not taken into consideration. 6. In developed countries people discharge human waste directly on the land. 7. Human waste should be treated and detoxified before it is is discharged into a river or ocean system. D. Match the words in column A to the gaps in column B. A
1) potable 2) habitation 3) waste 4) pollution 5) aqueduct 6) drought 7) mitigation 8) sewer 9) ecology
B
a) ___________ is a reduction of an unpleasant, harmful or serious situation. b) __________ is a long period of dry weather when there is not enough water for f or plants and animals to live. c) _________ is an underground pipe or passage that carries waste water and refuse. d) ___________ is the study of the environment and the way plants, animals, and humans live together and affect each other. e) __________ is unwanted materials or substances that are left after you have used something f) __________ is the act of living in a place. g) __________ is a structure like a bridge, used to carry a water supply across valley. h) __________ water is suitable for drinking. i) __________ is the process of making air, water, soil, etc. dangerously dirty and not suitable for people to use.
E. Match the synonyms or words with similar meanings. meanings.
1) impact 2) assess 3) clean 4) provide 5) habitation 6) polluted 7) measures 8) treatment 9) discharge 10) convey
a) supply b) release c) occupancy d) methods e) carry f) influence g) uncontaminated h) consider i) handling j) contaminated
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Vocabulary acid rain adverse aqueduct assess, v. carbon dioxide contain, v. contribute, v. convey, v. crop cut down, ph.v. degradation destroy, v. discharge, v. disposal drought emission endanger, v. environment fossil fuel global warming grade greenhouse effect habitat habitation impact incidence incineration investigate, v. law legal litter mitigation occupancy outhouse potable pressure prevent, v. realize, v. recognize, v. remediation resource rubbish septic tank sewage treatment sewerage sewer system species supply
kyslý dážď nepriaznivý, škodlivý akvadukt stanoviť, určiť, ohodnotiť oxid uhličitý obsahovať, zahŕňať prispieť, prispievať dopraviť, prepraviť, preniesť plodina, úroda zoťať, stínať; znížiť rozpad, rozklad, degradácia, zníženie zničiť, rozbiť vypustiť, vyliať likvidácia, odstránenie sucho emisia, vypúšťanie, vyžarovanie ohroziť, vystaviť nebezpečenstvu prostredie; životné prostredie fosílne palivo globálne otepľovanie sklon, spád, svah, stupeň skleníkový efekt nálezisko, lokalita, prostredie osídlenie, bydlisko, sídlo vplyv, dopad výskyt spaľovanie (odpadu) vyšetrovať, pátrať, preskúmať právo, zákon právny, zákonný, legálny smeti, odpadky zmiernenie (následkov, bolesti) obývanie, užívanie, obsadenie vonkajší záchod, latrína pitný (voda) tlak zabrániť, zamedziť, predísť uvedomiť si, chápať; uskutočniť spoznať, zistiť, pripustiť, uznať revitalizácia, ozdravenie zdroj odpad, smeti, hlušina septik, vyhnívacia nádrž úprava odpadovej vody kanalizácia, kanalizačné splašky kanalizačný systém druh (živočíšny, rastlinný) zásoba, dodávka, prísun 114
survive, v. thoughtful threaten, v. tropical rainforest typhoid urban waterborne disease water treatment wildlife woodland
prežiť, zostať nažive, vydržať ohľaduplný, pozorný, zamyslený ohroziť, ohrozovať, zastrašiť tropický dažďový prales týfus mestský choroba prenášajúca sa vodou úprava vody divá zver, život vo voľnej prírode lesnatý kraj, zalesnená oblasť
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Part 2 Waste Management Waste management is the process of managing waste materials that are produced as a result of of human activities. It involves the collection, transport, processing processing and/or disposal of waste materials. materials. Waste management practices practices are often very different between urban and rural areas and between residential and industrial producers, even in the same local region. There are various waste management concepts. One of them is represented by the term ‘3Rs’, or ‘Reduce – Reuse – Recycle’, which practically means to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste. There is a new practice of holding the producer of a product responsible to some extent for the management of waste products associated with that product, e.g., motor vehicles, large appliances, like ovens and refrigerators, tyres, electronic equipment, including including computers, and mobile mobile phones. Domestic, industrial industrial and commercial waste waste is collected and then removed. The removal of waste waste is called waste disposal. disposal. Collection and disposal methods vary widely between different countries and regions. In large countries with a low population, solid waste is carried to landfills. Disposing of waste in a landfill is the most traditional method of waste disposal, and it remains a common practice in most countries. Disposed waste should be compacted and covered covered to prevent problems problems with pests, rats and wind-blown wind-blown litter. A modern and well-run landfill should include methods to prevent leakage. In smaller countries with a high population density, incineration is the most most common method of disposing of waste. It is the process of destroying waste by burning it, which might be harmful for the environment if pollution control measures are not applied. A relatively recent recent idea in waste management has been to treat the waste material as a resource to be exploited, and some developed countries have developed methods by which resources may be extracted from waste. The most environmentally friendly method of getting rid of waste is to recycle it, which means to reuse the materials that that would otherwise be considered considered waste. The most common items recycled include glass and plastic bottles, paper in any form, aluminium cans and, more recently, obsolete computers, kitchen appliances or other electronic equipment. A. Find words or expressions in the article which mean:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
typical of the countryside (par. 1) area in which most buildings are houses (par. 1) the control control and operation of a bu business siness or or organization organization (par. 2) made smaller or firmer by pressing it (par. 3) the process of seeping out, escaping (par. 3) no longer used because replaced replaced by something newer and more effective (par. 3)
B. Choose the best answer to each question. question. 116
1. What is waste management? a) It is the process of generating a maximum amount of waste. b) It is the process of managing waste materials materials by the collection, transport, processing and disposal of waste material. c) It is the transportation of waste to landfills. 2. What are the producers of a product responsible for in terms of waste management? a) They are responsible for f or recycling waste associated with their production. b) They are not responsible for anything. c) They are responsible to some extent for the management of of the waste products associated with that product. 3. What was the traditional way of managing domestic, industrial industrial and commercial commercial waste? a) Domestic, industrial and commercial waste was collected and recycled, respectively. b) Domestic, industrial and commercial waste was collected and composted, respectively. c) Domestic, industrial and commercial commercial waste was collected and sent to a landfill, respectively. 4. What is the most most common method of waste disposal in small and densely populated countries? a) Incineration. b) Land fills. c) Recycling. 5. Which method is the most traditional and cheapest way way of waste disposal? disposal? a) Composting. b) Land fills. c) Collecting. 6. Why should disposed waste in landfills be covered? a) To prevent people stealing any items from them. b) To prevent spreading a bad odour. c) To prevent rats, pests and wind-blown litter. 7. Why is recycling considered an efficient method of waste disposal? a) Because the waste materials may be treated as a resource resource to be exploited. b) Because recycling is a very cheap method of waste disposal. c) Because people cannot do anything else with waste. C. Mark the odd word in the line.
rats incineration furniture pollution waste plastic bottles disposal generate incinerate
pests landfill magazines contamination bin computers removal produce extinguish
mice covering newspapers prevention rubbish mobile phones elimination destroy burn 117
dogs composting paperboard smog litter refrigerators addition make cremate
reduce
recycle
reuse
reprocess
D. Read the text again and complete the the sentences.
1. Waste management management involves involves ___________, ___________, ___________ and ___________ of waste materials. 2. One concept of waste management is the concept concept of ‘3Rs’, which means ___________, ___________, ___________. ______ _____. 3. In compliance with a new practice, ____________ of a product are held responsible to some extent for the ___________ of __________ __________. 4. Managing domestic, industrial and commercial waste has traditionally consisted of ___________, followed by ___________. 5. _____________ means burying burying waste in a large hole hole in the ground. 6. A well-run well-run ___________ can be a hygienic and relatively inexpensive method of ___________ of waste materials. 7. Disposed waste should be ___________ and covered covered to prevent problems with ________ and ___________ litter. 8. ____________ is the process of destroying waste by burning it. 9. The most environmentally friendly method of __________ ____ of waste is to ___________ it. 10. A relatively recent idea in waste management mana gement has been b een to treat the waste material as as a __________ to be exploited. E. Decide which waste management practices are more preferable and why. Waste Management Practice
Pros
Open dumps Covered landfills Incineration Composting Recycling
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Cons
Vocabulary acid rain adverse appliance aqueduct assess, v. associate, v. benefit blow, blew, blown bury, v. carbon dioxide collection combustion compact, v. concept contain, v. contribute, v. convey, v. crop cut down, ph.v. degradation destroy, v. discharge, v. disposal disposal dispose, v. drought elaborate, v. emission endanger, v. environment extract, v. fossil fuel generate, v. get rid of, ph.v. global warming grade greenhouse effect habitat habitat habitation habitation hold responsible impact incidence incineration incineration investigate, v. item
kyslý dážď nepriaznivý, škodlivý prístroj, spotrebič, zariadenie akvadukt stanoviť, určiť, ohodnotiť spájať si čo s čím úžitok, osoh, prínos fúkať, viať, duť, vháňať vzduch zakopávať, pochovať oxid uhličitý zhromažďovanie, zber, zbierka, zbieranie spaľovanie, horenie tlačiť, lisovať, zhutniť pojem, myšlienka, chápanie obsahovať, zahŕňať prispieť, prispievať dopraviť, prepraviť, preniesť plodina, úroda zoťať, stínať; znížiť rozpad, rozklad, degradácia, zníženie zničiť, rozbiť vypustiť, vyliať likvidácia, odstránenie likvidácia, odstránenie usporiadať, smerovať, rozmiestniť sucho rozpracovať, rozvinúť, prepracovať emisia, vypúšťanie, vyžarovanie ohroziť, vystaviť nebezpečenstvu prostredie; životné prostredie získať, vyťažiť fosílne palivo vytvoriť, vyvolať, spôsobiť zbaviť sa čoho globálne otepľovanie sklon, spád, svah, stupeň skleníkový efekt nálezisko, lokalita, prostredie nálezisko, lokalita, prostredie osídlenie, bydlisko, sídlo osídlenie, bydlisko, sídlo dávať zodpovednosť za čo vplyv, dopad výskyt spaľovanie (odpadu) spaľovanie (odpadu) vyšetrovať, pátrať, preskúmať predmet, položka, kus 119
landfill law leakage legal litter litter mitigation obsolete occupancy outhouse pest potable potable pressure prevent, v. process, v. realize, v. recognize, v. remediation resource rubbish rubbish seep out septic tank sewage treatment sewer system sewerage species supply survive, v. thoughtful threaten, v. tropical rainforest typhoid tyre, Br / tire, Am urban water treatment waterborne disease wildlife woodland
skládka (odpadu) právo, zákon únik, vytekanie, presakovanie právny, zákonný, legálny smeti, odpadky smeti, odpadky zmiernenie (následkov, bolesti) zastaraný, prekonaný obývanie, užívanie, obsadenie vonkajší záchod, latrína drobný škodca pitný (voda) pitný (voda) tlak zabrániť, zamedziť, predísť spracovať uvedomiť si, chápať; uskutočniť spoznať, zistiť, pripustiť, uznať revitalizácia, ozdravenie zdroj odpad, smeti, hlušina odpad, smeti, hlušina presakovať, prenikať, unikať septik, vyhnívacia nádrž úprava odpadovej vody kanalizačný systém kanalizácia, kanalizačné splašky druh (živočíšny, rastlinný) zásoba, dodávka, prísun prežiť, zostať nažive, vydržať ohľaduplný, pozorný, zamyslený ohroziť, ohrozovať, zastrašiť tropický dažďový prales týfus pneumatika mestský úprava vody choroba prenášajúca sa vodou divá zver, život vo voľnej prírode lesnatý kraj, zalesnená oblasť
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UNIT 19 Alternative Sources of Energy A. Answer the following questions. questions.
1. What gives gives energy to our bodies? 2. What forms of energy do you you know? 3. Is there enough energy around the world? B. Match the words with the definitions.
1. alternative (adj.) 2. energy (n.)
a) a substance, especially gas, that goes into the air b) regular rise and fall of the sea under the gravitational pull of the moon
3. emissions (n.pl)
c) can be replaced by natural processes; it is never used up
4. generate (v.)
d) different from something else, not traditional
5. tide (n.)
e) to get control of something in order to use it for a particular purpose
6. harness (v.)
f) produce or create something
7. renewable (adj.)
g) electricity and other forms of power used for making things work
What is energy? The word is taken from the Greek “energos”, “energos”, which means “active, working”. It can be characterized characterized as the physical physical and mental strength that makes you able to be active, or in other words, it is is the ability to do work. Energy comes in many different forms, such as kinetic, thermal, electrical and nuclear energy and surrounds us in all aspects of our life. Harnessing it is is a challenge for mankind. Energy may be converted from one form to another, but it is never created or destroyed. Like the conquest of an empire, the domination of energy has demanded large amounts of time, effort, effort, research and experimentation. The first battle was won when man tried to use animal energy to move things instead of his own muscles. In recent times, three energy generators have been used by man: electricity, steam and motors. There is a great demand demand for energy production. Energy consumed consumed as ‘heat’ is mainly used to heat rooms; ‘kinetic energy’ is principally employed to operate vehicles; and ‘electrical energy’ is used to produce light and operate electronic appliances. Since the early/mid early/mid 1800s, fossil fuels such as wood, wood, coal, petroleum or natural gas have been mainly used to produce energy, but they have resulted in environmental problems such such as polluted air air and global warming. Therefore, one of 121
the most important things we can do is use renewable forms of energy and support alternative energy sources. C. Replace each underlined word with one of the words from the list below. Use it in its correct grammar form. unconventional, need, control, change, utilize, fight, dynamic, cause
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Energy is the physical and mental mental strength that makes you active. Harnessing the energy is the challenge for mankind. Energy may be converted from one form to another. Domination of energy has has demanded large amount of of time, effort, research and experimentation. The first battle was won when man used animal energy to move things. There is a great demand for energy production. Using fossil fuels to produce energy energy resulted in environmental problems. People all over the world should support alternative energy sources.
D. Put the following words in the correct order to make sentences.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
forms / Energy Energy / different / many / comes comes / in never / is is / or / Energy / created created / destroyed People / things / move / animal / energy / used / to light / produce produce / energy / Electric Electric / to / used / is fuels / caused caused / Burning / warming / of / fossil / global most / is / renewable renewable / things / One / important / the / of / of / forms / use / energy
Alternative energy refers to energy sources which are not based on the burning of fossil fuels or the splitting of atoms. The renewed interest in this field of study comes from the undesirable effects of pollution, both from burning fossil fuels and nuclear waste byproducts. Fortunately, there are many means of harnessing energy which have less less damaging impacts on on our environment. There are some possible possible alternatives, such as hydropower, solar energy, wind power, geothermal energy, tidal energy, and waste utilization. E. Try to figure out which energy sources are described in the following paragraphs. Choose the the correct option. option.
1. This is the most controversial source of energy, produced through controlled reactions in the nucleus of the atoms of certain substances, such as uranium or plutonium. Although it is very clean, some people think it is too dangerous. Nevertheless, some countries, such as France, use it extensively because of its high efficiency. a) solar power
b) thermal power
c) nuclear power
2. This is the most most traditional form of energy, which uses coal, oil or natural gas as fuel. Electricity is obtained from generators driven by steam turbines. Although very effective, it represents one of the major sources of air pollution. a) geo-thermal energy
b) thermal power
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c) nuclear power
3. This is a form of hydropower that exploits the rise and fall in sea levels due to the movement of water caused by the interaction between the gravity of the Earth, Moon and Sun. This energy is is essentially inexhaustible and classified classified as a renewable energy source. Although not yet widely used, this power has great potential for future energy generation and is more predictable than other renewable forms of energy. a) hydraulic power b) solar power
c) tidal power
Since ancient Egypt, people have used the energy of flowing water to operate machinery and grind grain. However, hydropower has had the greatest influence on people’s lives during the 20th century. It has played a major role in making making the wonders of electricity a part of everyday life and helped spur industrial development. Hydropower continuously produces 24 percent of the world’s electricity and supplies more than 1 billion people with electric energy. Hydropower converts the energy of flowing water into electricity. electricity. It comes from damming rivers rivers and utilizing the potential energy stored in the water. As the water stored behind a dam is released released at high pressure, its kinetic energy is transferred to turbine blades and used to generate electricity. This system has has enormous costs at the beginning, but has relatively low maintenance costs and provides power quite cheaply. F. Find the correct ending of the sentence.
1. A structure that uses a water wheel or turbine to drive a mechanical process such as flour or lumber production or metal shaping is called: a) a watermill b) a watergate c) a millstone 2. The waterwheel was was first used: used: a) in the Modern Era b) in the Medieval Era c) Before Christ 3. Watermills a) do not exist anymore b) are obsolete c) are efficient energy generators 4. Hydropower covers: a) nearly one quarter of world’s world’s electricity electricity production b) nearly one third of world’s world’s electricity electricity production c) a minor minor amount of world’s world’s electricity electricity production Solar energy is one of the most promising promising sources of energy energy for the future. The use of solar energy can be either either passive or active. If the heat from direct solar solar radiation is used in the appropriate construction and orientation of buildings without further technical measures, we we talk about the utilization of passive passive solar energy. However, many technologies have been developed to make use of solar radiation. Some of these technologies, such as solar collectors, are being used to heat rooms or water, while others produce electricity. Solar energy could be used to run cars, cars, power plants, and spacecraft. Wind power is another alternative energy source and could be used without producing byproducts that are harmful to nature. Electricity generated by wind wind turbines is absolutely free of emissions, although research is still needed on reducing the noise levels levels of the turbines. turbines. Like solar power, harnessing the wind is highly highly dependent upon the weather and and the location. The application of wind energy 123
converters is attractive only in areas with a high average wind speed, e.g., coastal regions. However, wind turbines can spoil the view of the landscape; aesthetics are therefore another big problem in using wind power. G. Fill in the proper word or expression. Choose from the following word list. generate, rooms, solar, operate, wind, water, sun, collectors, alternative
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
The use of _________ energy can be active or passive. Solar energy uses radiation emitted by the _______. Solar __________ are mainly used used to heat __________ or __________. Wind power is used in large scale ________ farms for national electrical grids. Wind energy was originally originally used to _________ mechanical machinery to do physical work, such as crushing grain or pumping water.
Geothermal energy is an alternative energy source, although it is not plentiful enough to replace more than a minor amount of future energy needs. Geothermal energy is obtained from the internal heat of the planet and can be used to generate steam to run a steam turbine. This in turn generates generates electricity. Furthermore, geothermal energy can be used for heating houses and other buildings, the direct heating of greenhouses, or keeping roads free of snow and ice with heat pipes. Tidal energy generators are similar to the more conventional hydroelectric power dams. The tidal process utilizes the natural motion of the tides to fill reservoirs, reservoirs, which are then slowly discharged through electricity-producing turbines.
The conversion of waste products into useful forms of energy usually requires only low additional costs, compared to other methods of disposal; the resulting energy is usually quite inexpensive and is generated in a considerable amount. For this reason, waste utilization is the second largest source of renewable energy after hydropower. However, itit is is iimportant mportant to find an environmentally environmentally acceptable technology for this energy-generating process. H. Say if the sentence is true or or false. Correct the false sentences.
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)
Energy can be destroyed. The demand for energy around the world is rising. Kinetic energy is used to produce light. light. Thermal power plants produce nuclear waste. People have used water energy since ancient times. Cars could run on solar energy. Wind power is independent of its location. location. We can use tidal power in our country. Waste can be used for energy generation.
I. Choose the correct option.
1) Kinetic energy is employed to heat rooms/to operate vehicles/to produce light . light .
2) Burning fossil fuels
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is an alternative energy source/is a very efficient method of energy generation/has resulted in environmental problems. 3) Waste utilization/wind power/incineration
is the second largest source of renewable energy after hydroelectricity. 4) Solar power and harnessing the wind are highly dependent upon modern appliances/the weather and location/energy absorption.
5) Geothermal energy
can completely replace/can replace only a minor amount/can replace a major amount of future energy needs.
6) The conversion of waste products into into useful forms of of energy
requires low additional costs/would be very inefficient/is very expensive.
J. Match the words with the the same or similar meaning.
1. produce 2. energy 3. harness 4. convert 5. waste 6. impact 7. spur 8. enormous 9. speed 10. discharge
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j)
change influence stimulate release velocity power generate garbage utilize huge
K. Topics for discussion
1) 2) 3) 4)
What can you do to save energy? What do you you personally do? Can one person make a difference in a global world? How? Do you think nuclear energy is clean? Is it a good alternative? Which of the alternative energy sources do you find the most efficient or practical for the future? 5) Which of the alternative energy sources discussed have been used in our country? In which places? Have you any knowledge of other countries’ utilization of alternative sources?
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Vocabulary average blade byproduct conquest convert, v. converter dam, v. decomposition dump emit, v. fossil fuels generate, v. grain greenhouse grind, v. ground, ground harmful harness, v. impact incineration inexhaustible landscape mankind operate, v. plentiful power plant predictable radiation refer to, v. release, v. renewable result in, v. scale spacecraft, pl. spacecraft split, v. spoil, v. spur, v. steam tidal tide, (high tide, low tide) undesirable velocity
priemer, priemerný lopatka (turbíny), čepeľ, plocha stebla vedľajší produkt dobytie, podrobenie, získanie premeniť, zmeniť, pretvoriť konvertor, transformátor, menič (prúdu) prehradiť, zatarasiť rozkladanie, rozklad skládka, hromada odpadkov, smetisko vydávať, vysielať, vyžarovať fosilné, pevné palivo (uhlie, ropa, zemný plyn) vyrobiť, vyrábať, tvoriť Zrno, obilie, pšenica (AmE) skleník zomlieť, rozdrviť škodlivý využiť, spútať, pripojiť, pripútať vplyv, účinok spaľovanie, horenie nevyčerpateľný, hojný krajina, krajinka, krajinomaľba ľudstvo prevádzkovať, riadiť, fungovať, pracovať bohatý, hojný, plodný, úrodný elektráreň predvídateľný, očakávaný žiarenie vzťahovať sa na čo, mať súvislosť s čím pustiť, uvoľniť, vypustiť obnoviteľný viesť k čomu, dopadnúť ako rozsah, škála, stupeň, stupnica kozmická loď, raketa štiepiť, deliť skaziť, pokaziť, zničiť, zmariť ponúkať, poháňať, urýchliť para prílivový, odlivový príliv, odliv nežiaduci, neprijateľný rýchlosť
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UNIT 20 Green Buildings A. Say if the sentences are true or false.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Green buildings reduce negative impacts on human health. The operating costs of green buildings are higher. Building materials materials for green buildings are imported from abroad. Low-energy homes have to have good thermal insulation. insulation. The orientation of windows windows is essential essential in a passive passive house design. Solar water heating increases energy loads. loads. The heat heat island island effect is positive.
B. Read the article and find out out if you guessed correctly.
When we think of a “green” home, we usually get a picture of a shining new edifice made from straw bales, adobe or an experimental material, complete with solar electric panels and a high-tech heating system. A green building is the outcome of a design which focuses on increasing the efficiency of the use of resources – energy, water and materials; at the same time reducing negative impacts on human health and the environment through the selection of better sites, design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal. An effective green building will result in reduced operating costs by increasing productivity and using less energy and water; improved health of the public and occupants due to improved indoor air quality; and reduced environmental impacts by lessening, for example, storm water runoff and the heat island effect. Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of buildings, as buildings account for a large amount of land use, energy and water consumption, and air and changes in the air quality. As of 2006, buildings used 40 per cent of the total energy consumed in both the US and European Union in water and electricity. A huge amount of carbon dioxide production can also be attributed to residential, industrial or commercial commercial buildings. According to the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), reducing the amount of natural resources buildings consume and the amount of pollution they give off of f is seen as crucial for future sustainability. A green building brings together a vast array of practices and techniques to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. Green builidngs often emphasize taking advantage of renewable resources, resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using plants and trees through green roofs and rain gardens for reduction of rainwater run-off.
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Building materials for green buildings should be extracted and locally manufactured near the building site to minimize the energy embedded in their transportation. Building materials typically considered to be “green” include rapidly renewable plant materials such as bamboo (because bamboo grows quickly) and straw, lumber, ecological blocks, dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal, and other products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable. Green buildings often include measures measures to reduce energy use. To increase the efficiency of a building envelope, they may use high-efficiency windows and insulation in walls, ceilings, ceilings, and floors. floors. Another strategy, passive passive solar building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orientate windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reduces energy loads. Finally, on-site generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of a building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a building. C. Choose the correct correct meanings of the the given words.
1. edifice a) an electric appliance b) a large building c) a type of timber 2. lumber a) trees that have been cut down to be used as wood b) a plastic material material used in civil engineering c) a tool used to maintain maintain machines 3. bamboo a) material that the cell walls of plants are made of b) a tall tropical plant with with hollow stems c) strong cloth cloth used to make tents or bags 4. ceiling a) a grey powder made from lime or clay b) a piece of equipment for producing electricity from chemicals, heat or light c) the inner surface of the top part of a room 5. awning a) a sheet of material outside a shop, tent to keep away the sun or the rain b) a covering that can be pulled down over a window window c) a circular folding frame covered with cloth to provide shade from the sun 6. porch a) a structure you can stand on that sticks out out from the upstairs wall of a building b) an entrance covered by a roof outside the front door of a house or a church 128
c) a small small building used for storing things 7. pollution a) the gas or steam steam produced when an engine is working b) a substance that makes air, water water and soil dangerously dirty c) the process of making making air, water and soil dangerously dirty 8. adobe a) a hard block of baked clay used for building walls, walls, houses, etc. b) a solid mass of of hard material such as wood wood or stone with straight sides c) earth and straw that are made into into bricks for building houses D. Match the following following phrases to complete complete sentences.
1. The design of green buildings 2. Green buildings
a) in decreased decreased working expenses through higher efficiency. b) using up power and water, and changes in air quality. c) is considered considered essential for future sustainability. d) two-fifths of overall overall energy used up in the US and EU in water and power. e) focuses on saving resources. resources.
3. An effective green building will result 4. Public and occupant health will be better 5. Buildings account for a huge amount of land utilization, 6. As of 2006, 2006, buildings consumed 7. Reducing the amount of pollution given off 8. Green building design often
f) lays emphasis emphasis on making making use of renewable resources. g) due to better interior air conditions. h) reduce harmful effects on health and the environment.
E. Fill in the missing form. noun maintenance removal operation
verb
construct alter production pollution transport reduction orient/orientate place consume generation
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F. Answer the the following questions.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
What should the design of a green building focus on? In which way can negative impacts on human health be reduced? What will an effective green building result result in? What is negative about about traditional buildings? How much energy in water water and electricity did buildings buildings use in the EU and US in 2006? 6. Do you think that situation situation has improved or worsened? 7. What practices can be used to reduce the impact of buildings on the environment? 8. What can be done to increase the efficiency of a building envelope?
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Vocabulary adobe alteration array awning bale bamboo consumption crucial dimension stone edifice efficiency embed envelope extract generation give off heating impact implement lessen lumber occupant outcome pollution porch removal renewable residential resource runoff straw sustainability take advantage to be attributed to ultimately
nepálená tehla zmena, obmena, adaptácia zZoskupenie, rad plátená markíza, roleta bal bambus spotreba rozhodujúci, veľmi dôležitý tesaný kameň, kváder budova, stavba (veľká) efektívnosť vstavať, vložiť, zapustiť obvodový plášť vytiahnuť, vybrať, extrahovať výroba, vytváranie vydávať, vypúšťať kúrenie, vyhrievanie vplyv, dopad uskutočniť, previesť, realizovať zmenšiť, znížiť rezivo, stavebné drevo obyvateľ, nájomník, užívateľ výsledok, záver znečistenie Krytý vchod, prístrešok pred vchodom, veranda odstránenie, odpratanie, odvoz obnoviteľný obytný, bytový zdroj odtok slama udržateľnosť využiť byť pripisovaný čomu konečne, definitívne, napokon
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GLOSSARY A abandon, v. abutment access accident accomplish, v. acid acid rain addition adjacent adjust admixture adobe adverse affordable aggregate airtight alteration altitude aluminum anchor, v. anchorage ancient angle apiary appeal apply, v. approximately aqueduct arch bridge arch dam arid arm array artificial assess assess, v. attain, v. attenuation available average awning
opustiť, zanechať, vzdať sa čoho opora, podperný pilier prístup, vstup nehoda, nešťastie, náhoda vykonať, uskutočniť, dosiahnuť, zrealizovať kyselina kyslý dážď sčítanie vedľajší, priľahlý upraviť, prispôsobiť prísada, prímes nepálená tehla nepriaznivý, škodlivý cenovo dostupný plnivo, kamenivo, štrkopiesok vzduchotesný zmena, obmena, adaptácia nadmorská výška, výška (smerom hore) hliník ukotviť, pripevniť, upevniť kotvenie starý, starodávny, staroveký uhol včelín výzva, naliehavá žiadosť použiť, aplikovať, požiadať, týkať sa približne akvadukt oblúkový most klenbová priehrada suchý, vyprahnutý, aridný rameno, výbežok zZoskupenie, rad umelý, neprirodzený posúdiť, odhadnúť, stanoviť stanoviť, určiť, ohodnotiť dosiahnuť, dostať sa (kam) stenšovanie, zmenšovanie, zoslabovanie dostupný, k dispozícii priemer, priemerný plátená markíza, roleta
B backup backwater gate
nahromadenie vodné vráta, spätná klapka, priepust, uzáver 132
bale bamboo band bar bar rack bare bark barrier bascule bridge base course basement beacon beam beam bridge bear, v. bearing capacity bedrock bell tower bend bending bent bind, v. binding/bonding bituminous blade blast block of flats body of water bottom brace branch sewer break down (ph.v.) brick bricklayer bridge brittle broadcast brush budget building material Building Structures and Architecture Building Technology and Management bulb buoyancy bursar buttress dam bypass byproduct
bal bambus pás, pruh, ozdobný pás žrď, tyč, závora výstužová mreža holý, obnažený kôra (stromu) prekážka, zábrana, ohradenie zdvižný most podkladová vrstva, spodok suterén, základ, podstavec, spodok maják nosník, trám nosníkový most uniesť, udržať, podopierať únosnosť podložie, skalný podklad zvonica zatáčka, zákruta, ohyb, oblúk ohýbanie, ohyb naklonený, zakrivený spájať, zviazať, spojiť maltou, tmeliť väzba asfaltový lopatka (turbíny), čepeľ, plocha stebla odpáliť, vybuchnúť činžiak, obytný dom objekt, nádrž spodok, spodná časť, dno výstuž, vzpera; vystužiť vedľajší stokový kanál pokaziť sa (auto, zariadenie) tehla murár most krehký rozhlasový krovinatý porast rozpočet stavebný materiál Pozemné stavby a architektúra Technológie a manažérstvo stavieb žiarovka vztlak, plávateľnosť kvestor pilierová (gravitačná) priehrada objazd, obchvat vedľajší produkt 133
C cable-stayed bridge cadastre caisson calculate cane cantilever cantilever bridge carbon dioxide carpenter carriageway carry, v. cast iron cast, v. cast-in-place concrete sewers cat’s eye caulk, v. cave ceiling cesspool, cesspit chalk channel channel drainage charge chip chord circle circumference Civil and Transportation Engineering clad clarifier clay clearance clip cloth coarse aggregate coat, v. coating cob cofferdam coincide, v. collar beam column combined sewer combustible common fractions compact compact, v.
závesný most kataster kesón vypočítať trstina, rákosie konzola konzolový most oxid uhličitý tesár vozovka niesť, nosiť, priniesť, priviesť liatina, liate železo liať, odliať monolitné betónové kanály odrazka na vozovke utesniť, upchať jaskyňa strop žumpa, kalová jama krieda žľab, priekopa, kanál (otvorený) odvodňovanie kanálom, žľabom elektrický náboj úlomok, črepina pás (nosníka), priehradový prút, rozpätie oblúku kruh obvod Inžinierske konštrukcie a dopravné stavby obložený, krytý klarifikátor, usadzovacia nádrž íl, hlina svetlá výška, voľný priechod sponka, svorka látka, tkanina; utierka hrubé kamenivo, plnivo pokryť, potiahnuť, obaliť náter, povlak linená mazanica, lepenica ochranná hrádza zhodovať sa, udiať sa v rovnakom čase hrada stĺp združený stokový kanál horľavý zlomky natlačiť, zhutniť stlačiť zhutniť, stlačiť, lisovať 134
compliant compound compression compressive compressive strength compulsory, a. concrete concrete frame conduit cone conquest constitute, v. constraint consumption contain, v. contamination contractor contribute, v. control, v. convert, v. converter convey, v. conveyance conveyor belt copper cordwood core corporate corrosion corrugated steel cottage council crack, v. cramped crane crash barrier crop cross gable roof cross hipped roof crossroads, pl. cross-section crucial crush, v. crushed rock cube cure, v. currently curved (line) cut down, ph.v. cut-and-cover
poddajný, podriaďujúci sa zlúčenina, zmes, zloženina stlačenie, tlak stlačujúci, tlakový pevnosť v tlaku povinný, nutný, nevyhnutný betón betónová konštrukcia, skelet potrubie, rúra, kanál kužeľ dobytie, podrobenie, získanie tvoriť, vytvoriť, utvárať obmedzenie spotreba obsahovať, zahŕňať znečistenie, zamorenie, kontaminácia dodávateľ, zmluvná strana prispieť, prispievať riadiť, kontrolovať premeniť, zmeniť, pretvoriť konvertor, transformátor, menič (prúdu) dopravovať, transportovať doprava, transport dopravný pás meď rovnané polenové drevo, siahovnica jadro, stredná časť podnikový, firemný, spoločný korózia, hrdzavenie vlnitá oceľ domček, chalupa rada prasknúť, popraskať stiesnený, prepchatý žeriav zvodidlo plodina, úroda priečna sedlová strecha priečna valbová strecha križovatka priečny rez, prierez rozhodujúci, veľmi dôležitý rozdrviť, rozbiť, zničiť drvené kamenivo kocka vytvrďovať, ošetrovať (betón), vulkanizovať teraz, v súčasnej dobe krivka, oblúkový zoťať, stínať; znížiť vykopávka s dočasným zastropením 135
cut-and-cover method cutlery cylinder
stavba v otvorenom výkope príbor valec
D dam damage dean debt decimal fraction decomposition defect liability period deflection degradation degree dense density department depth depth designer destination destroy, v. detached house deteriorate diagonal diameter differ, v. diffraction dimension stone dirt discharge discharge, v. disposal distinct distinguish, v. disturbance ditch ditch division dome dormer dozen drain away (ph.v.) drain, v. drainage drainage channel drainpipe drape
priehrada, hrádza; prehradiť poškodenie, škoda dekan dlh desatinné čísla rozkladanie, rozklad lehota povinnosti nahradiť škodu vychýlenie, odchýlka rozpad, rozklad, degradácia, zníženie akademická hodnosť, stupeň, miera hustý, sýty hustota katedra, oddelenie, ministerstvo (USA) hĺbka hĺbka projektant cieľ cesty, miesto určenia zničiť, rozbiť samostatne stojaci dom (rodinný) zhoršiť sa, skaziť sa priečny, diagonálny priemer líšiť sa, rozlišovať ohyb, difrakcia tesaný kameň, kváder hlina, prach, špina prietok, vytekanie vypustiť, vyliať likvidácia, odstránenie odlišný, iný, zreteľný, výrazný rozlíšiť, odlíšiť, rozoznať porucha, narušenie priekopa, jarok priekopa, kanál, stavebná jama delenie kupola, klenba, dóm (zast.) strešné okno, vikier tucet, dvanásť odviesť (vodu), odvodniť, odkvapkať odvodňovať odvodňovanie, kanalizácia odvodňovací kanál odkvapová rúra, dažďový zvod visieť 136
draw, v. drawback drawbridge drill drilled shaft drought dry weather flow dry-dock drywall duct ductile iron dump durable dwelling
kresliť nevýhoda, nedostatok zdvíhací/padací most vŕtať, vyvŕtať; vŕtačka vŕtaná šachta, jama sucho, obdobie sucha bezdažďový prietok, minimálny prietok suchý dok montovaná stena, suchá stena šachta, prieduch kujné železo skládka, hromada odpadkov, smetisko trvanlivý obydlie, príbytok, bytová jednotka
E earthquake edge edge edifice efficiency effluent elastic elective electric current elevation elevator ellipsoid embankment dam embed, v. emission emit, v. enclose, v. encompass, v. encounter, v. endanger, v. enhance enroll, AmE., enrol, BrE. entirely entry exam envelope environment Environmental Engineering environmental, a. equal, v. equipment eradicate establish, v. even number
zemetrasenie okraj, hrana, hranica hrana, ostrie budova, stavba (veľká, impozantná) efektívnosť odpadová voda, odtok pružný, elastický voliteľný, výberový elektrický prúd zdvih, zdvíhanie, výška výťah elipsoid sypaná zemná priehrada zakotviť, vtlačiť emisia, vypúšťanie, vyžarovanie vydávať, vysielať, vyžarovať obklopiť, ohradiť, oplotiť, priložiť pokrývať, zahŕňať, obklopiť, obohnať stretnúť sa, naraziť na čo (náhodne) ohroziť, vystaviť nebezpečenstvu zdokonaliť, zlepšiť prihlásiť sa, zapísať sa, prijať do úplne, celkom vstupná skúška obvodový plášť prostredie; životné prostredie Inžinierstvo životného prostredia týkajúci sa životného prostredia rovnať sa vybavenie, zariadenie, výstroj eliminovať, vylúčiť, odstrániť, zlikvidovať založiť, zriadiť, uviesť do chodu párne číslo 137
excavate exclude, v. exhaust extend, v. extract
vykopať, vyhĺbiť vylúčiť, vyradiť výfukový plyn, odvod plynu, pary rozšíriť, zväčšiť, roztiahnuť vytiahnuť, vybrať, extrahovať
F facilitate facility faculty fasten, v. fault feasible feature feature, v. fiber-cement siding fibrous figure fill fire resistant fittings flammable, inflammable flash, v. flashing flat roof flexible floating bridge flock, v. flood flooding flotation flow flow rate flowing stream fluid flyover football pitch footing force formula fossil fuels found, v. foundations (pl.) fraction fragile framing frost line fuel fund, v.
uľahčiť, napomáhať zariadenie fakulta zapnúť, pripevniť, priviazať chyba, zlyhanie, puklina, zlom vhodný, uskutočniteľný črta, znak vystupovať, figurovať vlákno-cementové oplášťovanie vláknitý, vláknový obrazec, tvar, cifra výplň, náplň; vyplniť, naplniť ohňovzdorný armatúra, inštalácie zápalný, horľavý, zapaľujúci sa blikať, blýskať sa, zablesknúť sa krytie trhlín, lemovanie, tesnenie (z plechu) plochá strecha pružný pontónový most zhromažďovať sa, zbiehať sa záplava, povodeň, potopa záplava, povodeň plávanie, vznášanie sa prúd, tok, prúdenie prietok tok, prúd tekutina; nestabilný, premenlivý nadjazd futbalové ihrisko základ, základová pätka sila vzorec fosilné, pevné palivo (uhlie, ropa, zemný plyn) založiť, zriadiť, položiť základy základy zlomok krehký, slabý, nepevný rámovanie nezámrzná vrstva palivo financovať 138
furnish, v.
zariadiť, vybaviť, poskytnúť
G gabion gable gable roof gambrel roof gap geek generate generate, v. generation Geodesy and Cartography girder give off glazed global warming grade grade beam grading graduate, v. grain gravel gravity dam grease greenhouse greenhouse effect grind, ground, ground, v. grinder growth gusset gutter guttering
drátkoštrková hať štít, štítová stena sedlová strecha podlomenicová strecha, manzardová (U.S.) medzera, pauza počítačový fanatik, čudák vytvárať, generovať, produkovať vyrobiť, vyrábať, tvoriť výroba, vytváranie Geodézia a kartografia nosník, tram, hrada vydávať, vypúšťať zasklený globálne otepľovanie stupeň, stúpanie, svah, nivelizácia, sklon prefabrikovaný základový pás nivelizácia, vyrovnávanie, stupňovanie absolvovať, vyštudovať Zrno, obilie, pšenica (AmE) štrk (ťažený) gravitačná priehrada mastnota, tuk skleník skleníkový efekt mlieť, zomlieť drvič, šrotovník, mlynček, brúsny kotúč rast, nárast, vzrast výstužný, rohový plech, styčný plech odkvapový žľab, odkvapová rúra strešný žľab
H habitable = inhabitable habitat habitat habitation hard harden, v. harmful harness harness, v. head heat heat loss heat pump
obývateľný prirodzené prostredie, domov (zvieraťa) nálezisko, lokalita, prostredie osídlenie, bydlisko, sídlo tvrdý stvrdnúť, stuhnúť škodlivý ovládnuť, spútať, využiť využiť, spútať, pripojiť, pripútať predstavený, vedúci, hlava; viesť, byť na čele teplo, horko tepelná strata tepelné čerpadlo 139
heating heavy hemisphere high-rise building highway hipped roof hole hook into, v. hose humidify hydration hydraulic head
kúrenie, vyhrievanie ťažký pologuľa výšková budova diaľnica valbová strecha diera pripevniť, zahákovať hadica zvlhčiť hydratácia hydraulické vzdutie
I igloo illuminate, v. illumination impact impairment impedance implement implementation implication impoundment incidence incineration inclined inexhaustible ingress in-line storage install, v. Institute of Forensic Engineering insulation integer intend, v. interceptor interim interstate highway investigate, v. irrigation
iglu osvetliť, osvietiť osvetlenie, intenzita osvetlenia účinok, vplyv, dopad poškodenie, zhoršenie Impedancia, zabránenie uskutočniť, previesť, realizovať vykonanie, uskutočnenie, realizácia asociácia, aspekt, dôsledok vodná zdrž, výskyt spaľovanie, horenie šikmý, klopený nevyčerpateľný, hojný vstup, prístup, priesak (vody) lineárna nádrž namontovať, nainštalovať, zaviesť Ústav súdneho znalectva izolácia celé číslo mať v úmysle, hodlať, zamýšľať záchytná stoka dočasný, provizórny medzištátna diaľničná komunikácia vyšetrovať, pátrať, preskúmať zavlažovanie, zavodňovanie
J joist junction junk
nosník, podlahový nosník , stropný trám križovatka, odbočka odpad, haraburdie; zahodiť, vyhodiť, zbaviť sa
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K kiln knot
vypaľovacia pec, sušiaca pec uzol, slučka
L land consolidation landmark landscape lane lateral sewer law lawn lay the foundation lay-by layer lead leakage leather legal length lessen level crossing levy life expectancy life span lift station lift, v. light lighthouse lightweight concrete lime, limestone line lining link, v. liquid litter load load-bearing load-bearing masonry log longevity longitudinal section low-rise building lumber lump
pozemkové úpravy výrazný bod v krajine krajina, krajinka, krajinomaľba dopravný, jazdný pruh, prúd bočná prípojka právo, zákon trávnik položiť základy odstavná plocha, zastávkový pruh vrstva olovo presakovanie, unikanie, netesnosť koža právny, zákonný, legálny dĺžka zmenšiť, znížiť úrovňová križovatka odvod, daň, poplatok, dávka priemerná dĺžka života, životnosť životnosť zdvíhacia stanica zdvihnúť, zodvihnúť ľahký maják ľahčený betón vápno, vápenec čiara Ostenie, obklad spojiť, pripojiť tekutina, kvapalina smeti, odpadky zaťaženie, bremeno, náklad nosný, únosný podporný múr brvno, kmeň dlhovekosť, dĺžka života pozdĺžny rez nízkopodlažná budova rezivo, stavebné drevo kus, hruda, kocka
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M main road maintain, v. maintenance mankind mansard roof marsh masonry mass mast mat Mathematical and Computational Modeling mat-slab foundation measure, v. mere mitigation moat moisture mortar muck mud multiplication municipal myriad
hlavná cesta udržiavať údržba ľudstvo manzardová strecha močiar, bažina, mokraď murivo, kladenie muriva, murárska práca hmotnosť stožiar, anténa izolačná krytina Matematicko-počítačové modelovanie základová doska merať púhy zmiernenie (následkov, bolesti) vodná priekopa vlhkosť (zo zrazenej pary) malta, omietka špina, blato, neporiadok blato, bahno násobenie mestský, oblastný, komunálny nespočetne
N nook notch nourishment numeral
kút, kútik zárez, vrub výživa číslica, cifra
O obligatory oblique observation obstacle obstruct obstruction occupancy occupant octagon odd number odor/odour offensive off-line opaque
povinný, záväzný šikmý, naklonený pozorovanie prekážka zatarasiť, zablokovať, prekážať, stáť v ceste zatarasenie, zablokovanie obývanie, užívanie, obsadenie obyvateľ, nájomník, užívateľ osemuholník nepárne číslo zápach, vôňa, aróma úražlivý, útočný, pohoršujúci nezapojený na ústredný počítač nepriehľadný, nepriesvitný 142
operate, v. optional outcome outfall sewer = relief sewer outhouse outlet overbreak overflow overhang overhead overlap overpass
prevádzkovať, riadiť, fungovať, pracovať voliteľný, nepovinný, fakultatívny (s možným výberom) výsledok, záver vypúšťací, odtokový kanál vonkajší záchod, latrína výpust, odtok nadmerný výlom prepad, odtoková komora; pretekať, vyliať sa, zapl previs, výčnelok horný, vrchný, stropný prekrývať nadjazd
P pad palm particular partition wall pass an exam, v. passage paste pattern pavement pay for (ph.v.) peak pedestrian crossing pedestrian precinct peg peg penetrate, v. pentagon perennial perform perimeter permeable permit, v. perpendicular photogrammetry pier pile pile cap pillar pitch pitched roof plank planning permit plant planting medium plaster
podložka, plocha, chránič, vypchávka palma konkrétny, jednotlivý, špecifický priečka, deliaca stena zložiť skúšku prechod, pasáž kaša, pasta vzor, model, schéma, vzorka dlažba, chodník financovať, hradiť vrchol, maximum, najvyšší stupeň prechod pre chodcov pešia zóna, oblasť kolík stĺpik, kolík, čap, vytyčovací bod preniknúť, vniknúť, preraziť päťuholník trvalka vykonať, uskutočniť, účinkovať obvod priepustný dovoliť, povoliť, pripustiť kolmý fotogrametria pilier, stĺp pilóta hlavica pilótového základu pilier, opora, stĺp stupeň, úroveň šikmá, sklonená strecha doska, fošňa stavebné povolenie rastlina; podnik, závod prostredie pre výsadbu omietka 143
plastering plastic plentiful plot of land plug-socket plumber plumbing pneumatically pollution pontoon porch post potable power plant power, (mat.) predictable preliminary plan pressure pre-tensioned concrete prevent, v. prime number prism project prone prone to propagate, v. property proportion protrude pull in (ph.v.) pull off (ph.v.) purpose pyramid pyramidal roof
omietanie, omietka, malta, sadrovanie plastický bohatý, hojný, plodný, úrodný parcela zástrčka inštalatér domová inštalácia/kanalizácia, inštalácia potrubia pneumatický, na stlačený vzduch znečistenie, zamorenie pontón Krytý vchod, prístrešok pred vchodom, veranda stĺp, podpera pitný (voda) elektráreň mocnina predvídateľný, očakávaný predbežný plán tlak, nátlak predpätý betón zabrániť, zamedziť, predísť prvočíslo hranol projekt, plan; projektovať, premietať náchylný, majúci sklony náchylný, majúci sklony šíriť, rozširovať sa vlastnosť, charakter; vlastníctvo, majetok časť, podiel, percento vyčnievať, vystupovať, prečnievať zastaviť, prísť autom na parkovacie miesto, odpočí odísť z okraja cesty účel, cieľ, zámer ihlan stanová / pyramídová strecha
Q quantity
množstvo, počet, kvantita
R rack radiation radius, pl. radii rafter rammed earth ramp road rapidly ratio ray
mreža žiarenie polomer krokva, trám v krove zarazená, natlačená zemina šikmá cesta, vetva, rameno križovatky (mimoúrovň rýchlo, prudko pomer, percento lúč 144
reach realize, v. recognize, v. record, v. rectangle rector refer to, v. reflect, v. reinforced reinforced concrete reinforcement reinforcing release release, v. remain, v. remains (pl.) remarkable remediation remote, v. removal remove, v. rename, v. renewable repel (v.) replace, v. requirement research residential residential tower block resilient resistant resource rest, v. restoration restriction result in, v. retail retain retaining wall retard retro reflector rewarding, a. rhombus ridge rigid ring-road road junction road marking roadbed rock
dosiahnuť uvedomiť si, chápať; uskutočniť spoznať, zistiť, pripustiť, uznať zapísať, zaznamenať, nahrať si obdĺžnik rektor vzťahovať sa na čo, mať súvislosť s čím odrážať, vyjadrovať, zobrazovať, odzrkadľovať vystužený vystužený betón, železobetón výstuž, vystuženie, spevnenie vystuženie, posilnenie uvoľniť, prepustiť, vypustiť pustiť, uvoľniť, vypustiť ostať, zostávať zvyšky, trosky, zrúcanina pozoruhodný revitalizácia, ozdravenie diaľkový, vzdialený, odľahlý odstránenie, odpratanie, odvoz vyňať, vytiahnuť, presunúť, odstrániť premenovať obnoviteľný odraziť, zabrániť nahradiť požiadavka výskum obytný, bytový obytná budova, činžiak odolný, pevný odolný, vzdorný, vzdorujúci zdroj spočívať, podopierať, ležať, byť položený obnova, obnovenie, znovuzavedenie obmedzenie viesť k čomu, dopadnúť ako maloobchod, maloobchodný uchovať, zadržať, ponechať si oporná stena, oporný múr spomaliť, brzdiť odrazka prospešný, užitočný, výnosný kosoštvorec hrebeň (strechy) tuhý, pevný, nepoddajný okružná komunikácia, okruh cestná križovatka značenie na ceste vozovka, cestné podložie skala, kameň 145
rod roof roof over root root (mat.) rough rough estimate roundabout route rubber rubbish runoff runway rural rust
prút, tyč strecha zastrešiť koreň odmocina drsný hrubý odhad kruhový objazd trasa guma odpad, smeti, hlušina odtok, príval dažďovej vody rozjazdová / pristávacia dráha dedinský, vidiecky hrdza
S safety safety precautions saltbox roof sandwich, v. sanitary engineering sanitary sewers sawdust scaffold scale scatter, v. scholarship screen screening sealer seatbelt secondary road secretary self-sustaining semi-circle sensing septic tank set hard settlement severe sew, v. sewage sewage treatment sewer sewer system sewer tributary sewerage shade
bezpečnosť bezpečnostné opatrenia strecha s nesúmerným pozdĺžnym štítom stlačiť medzi dvoma vrstvami zdravotné inžinierstvo splašková kanalizácia piliny lešenie rozsah, škála, stupeň, stupnica rozptýliť, roztrúsiť štipendium pletivo, sito triedenie, preosievanie; sieťové pletivo, drôtené ple tesniaca hmota bezpečnostný pás vedľajšia cesta tajomník, tajomníčka, sekretárka sebestačný polkruh snímanie septik, vyhnívacia nádrž stvrdnúť sadanie, usadzovanie, osídľovanie, tvrdý, namáhavý, náročný odvodňovať, vypúšťať odpadová voda, kanalizačné splašky úprava odpadovej vody kanál, stoka, odvodňovacia priekopa, kanalizačná r kanalizačná sústava prítok, spádová prípojka kanalizácia, splašková voda, kanalizačné splašky odtieň, tieň 146
shallow foundation shape sheathing shed shed roof sheet shellfish shelter shingle shrink, shrank, shrunk shrinkage shrub significantly sink, sank, sunk site skim off, v. skyline skyscraper slab slab-on-grade foundation slash slate slide slightly slip road slope sloping slot sludge sludge digestion smooth sod sodden soft solid solution soundproof spacecraft, pl. spacecraft spaced board sheathing span sparse special purpose facility species speed sphere spillway spiral split, v. spoil, v. spread footing
plytký základ tvar obloženie, obklad, plášť (krycí materiál) kôlňa, prístrešok, búda pílová / shedová strecha plech, plát, fólia, plachta, hárok lastúrniky prístrešok šindeľ (na strechu) zmenšiť sa, scvrknúť sa zmršťovanie, strata objemu krík, krovie, krovina významne klesnúť, poklesnúť, ponoriť sa miesto, stavebná plocha, stavebná parcela, staveni zbierať penu, odpeniť silueta, panorama, obzor mrakodrap doska, tabuľa plošný základ rez, zárez, lomeno bridlica kĺzať sa, pošmyknúť sa; šmyk, pokles slabo, jemne, nepatrne vetva, rameno križovatky (mimoúrovňovej) svah zvažujúci sa štrbina, škára, medzera usadený kal, bahno vyhnívanie kalu hladký drn, drnová pokrývka nasiaknutý, premočený, mokrý mäkký pevný, tuhý, tvrdý; tuhá látka riešenie, výsledok, roztok zvukotesný kozmická loď, raketa strešné laty s medzerami rozpätie, rozsah riedky, zriedkavý, rozptýlený účelové zariadenie druh, trieda (živočíchov) rýchlosť guľa prepad, preliv, výpustný objekt špirála štiepiť, deliť skaziť, pokaziť, zničiť, zmariť základová pätka, plošný základ 147
spur, v. square stack, v. steady steam steel frame steel sheet piling stick stick framing stick out storm water runoff straight strand strap straw straw bale stream strength strengthen, v. stress strip stripe stucco stud sturdy subdivision submerge submit tender substance subtraction sufficient superstructure supply support support, v. surface surface area surveying surveyor survive, v. suspend, v. suspended solid suspension bridge sustainability swale swing bridge
ponúkať, poháňať, urýchliť štvorec navŕšiť, nakladať na kopu stabilný, stály para oceľový rám, oceľový skelet oceľová hnaná výstuž, štetová stena palica, palička, klátik rámová konštrukcia z tyčí a klád vyčnievať, trčať odtok prívalových vôd priamy, rovný vlákno remeň, pás, objímka, slučka slama balík slamy riečka, potok, prúd (vody) sila, pevnosť zosilniť tlak, napätie, namáhanie pruh, pás pruh, pásik štuka, štuková omietka výčnelok, výstupok robustný, masívny sekcia ponoriť, potopiť, zaplaviť predložiť konkurznú ponuku látka, hmota, materiál odčítanie dostatočný, postačujúci nadzemná časť (budovy), horná konštrukcia zásobovanie, dodávka, prísun podopierať, podpera, podpora, opora, príspevok podporovať, pomáhať povrch obsah, plocha mapovanie, vymeriavanie, topografické meranie zememerač, expert, znalec, geodet prežiť, zostať nažive, vydržať zadržať, prerušiť, zavesiť, visieť nerozpustná látka visutý most udržateľnosť močiar, terénny žľab otočný most
T take advantage
využiť 148
take over tapering tax tear, tore, torn tensile tensile strength tension tent thaw, v. thoughtful threaten, v. thrust tidal tide, (high tide, low tide) tile tiler timber tinsmith to be attributed to toll topsoil tough tower traffic traffic lights traffic sign transfer, v. translucent transmit transparent trap trapezoid treasurer treatment treatment plant trench triangle triangular prism tributary area trickling filter tropical rainforest trunk road trunk sewer truss truss bridge truss framing trussed roof tuition turn off (ph.v.) typhoid
prevziať, zabrať zbiehajúci sa do špičky, hrotu daň trhať, odtrhnúť, roztrhnúť ťahový, ťažný pevnosť v ťahu ťah,napätie stan rozmrznúť, roztopiť sa ohľaduplný, pozorný, zamyslený ohroziť, ohrozovať, zastrašiť nápor, sila; vraziť, strčiť prílivový, odlivový príliv, odliv škridla, škridlica obkladač stavebné drevo, rezivo klampiar byť pripisovaný čomu mýto vrchná vrstva pôdy tuhý, tvrdý, pevný veža premávka, pouličný ruch, doprava dopravné svetlá dopravná značka preniesť, presunúť,prepraviť priesvitný prenášať, prepúšťať priehľadný lapač, zachytávač lichobežník pokladní, minister financií zaobchádzanie, liečenie čistička odpadových vôd výkop, ryha trojuholník trojhran spádová oblasť biologický filter tropický dažďový prales hlavná cesta, hlavná dopravná tepna hlavný, kmeňový kanál priehradový nosník, priehradový tram priehradový most väzníková rámová konštrukcia strecha s priehradovou konštrukciou školné, výučba, učenie, vyučovanie zahnúť, zabočiť, odbočiť týfus 149
U ultimate ultimately undergraduate underground underlayment underpass underpin, v. undesirable university unsightly upfront upkeep upstream urban urban utility lines utilize utilize, v.
konečný, najvzdialenejší konečne, definitívne, napokon univerzitný študent, vysokoškolák (pred získaním titulu podzemný, pod zemou podložka, podklad, výstuž podjazd podoprieť, podmurovať, posilniť nežiaduci, neprijateľný univerzita nepekný, škaredý, neestetický počiatočný, pred niečím údržba horný tok rieky mestský, týkajúci sa mesta, urbanistický mestský Inžinierske siete, sieť technických zariadení použiť, využiť použiť, využiť, upotrebiť, zužitkovať
V vapour / vapor vary, v. vehicle velocity verge vertical-lift bridge vice-dean vice-rector vine vitrified clay volcano volume
para, výpar, opar meniť, obmeňovať, pozmeňovať vozidlo rýchlosť okraj, postranný deliaci pás, obruba, medza výsuvný most prodekan prorektor vínna réva kameninová hlina vulkán, sopka objem
W wallpaper waste water course Water Resources Management and Hydraulic Structures water treatment waterborne disease waterproof waterproof layer watershed
tapeta odpad vodný tok Vodné hospodárstvo a vodné stavby úprava vody choroba prenášajúca sa vodou nepremokavý, vodotesný vodovzdorná vrstva rozvodie, povodie 150
watertight wearing course web member weeding weight weld, v. wheel width wildlife windowpane windshield, windscreen wire withstand wood woodland wrap
vodotesný obrusná vrstva (vozovky) stojina plieť, zbaviť buriny hmotnosť, váha, tiaž zvárať, zvarovať koleso šírka divá zver, život vo voľnej prírode okenná tabuľa predné okno motorového vozidla drôt, vedenie (elektrické) odolávať, znášať, vydržať drevo lesnatý kraj, zalesnená oblasť zabaliť, obviazať, ovinúť; obal, plášť
Y yield
ustúpiť čomu, byť nahradený / vystriedaný čím
151
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