International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Computer (IJAFRC) Volume 1, Issue 6, June 21!" I##$ 2%!& ' !&%
Customi.in+ A/#0 For ifferent m3edded evices And Inte+ration at Application 4a5er" Charan " V718 A" # 9an-unath728, #harmila7%8 ,
Department of C.S.E , S.I.T, Tumkur, Karnataka, India
[email protected][1, asman!u@man"ish.com[# ] A : # ; R A C ; Android is a softare stac< that includes operatin+ s5stem, middle are, applications for the development of devices" Android has evolved +reatl5 and user e=perience in addition to consumer level efficienc5 alon+ ith inte+ration of android poered devices also e=panded" :ecause of its core aspects li
ere e presented description of preparin+ and 3uildin+ A/#0 in local environment and implementation ith 0ro+rammin+ for inte+ratin+ user applications in android 3uild s5stem permanentl5" Inde= ;erms? Consumer level efficienc5, softare stac<, architectural modal, portin+ issues, automotive, android frameor< and android 3uild s5stem" I"
Introduction
$ndroid pro"ides complete soft%are platform and frame%ork rather than !ust operating s&stem for mo'ile de"ices and no% a da&s it also creates possi'ilities of using in a much %ider range of de"ices in "arious domains such as control s&stems, militar&, medicine and automoti"e. (racticall& the android architecture consists of application frame%ork on top of modified )inu* 'ased kernel and it is !a"a 'ased along %ith free licensing this facilitates its rapid deplo&ment in man& domains, allo%ing adopters to add additional proprietar& "alue in the th e android source. $ndroid+'ased smart phones Surpassed $pple i (hone shipments [ in "arious places of the %orld, clearl& sho%ing ho% $ndroid is open for inno"ation. $t the 'ottom of the stack is )inu* kernel %ith man& patches this pro"ides 'asic s&stem functionalit& process management, memor& management, net%orking and securit& 'ut android does not uses all )inu* kernel utilities some of them has 'een modified like (o%er manager and -inder to regulate it for mo'iles also. n top of )inu* the android includes a set of nati"e li'raries pro"iding support for C/C00 nati"e code used '& "arious components of the $ndroid s&stem. The some of the core li'raries specificall& designed for android are 'ionics, media support for audio, "ideo, Slite for data'ase etc there are man& technical reasons for reducing and optimi2ing some li'raries like -ionic in android. $nother ke& component of android s&stem is Dal"ik "irtual machine 3456 it is optimi2ed and designed specificall& for android. The $pplication frame%ork is a most e*tensi"e part of the android s&stem it pro"ides man& higher le"el ser"ices to applications. The de"elopers can easil& make use of ser"ices pro"ided '& the android including accessing location information, running ser"ices 'ackground, set alarms and much more. $ndroid %ill ship %ith asset of 'asic applications including a calendar, email client, maps, and S5S program, 'ro%ser and others. $ll applications are %ritten using the 7a"a programming language. ur & * 21!, IJAFRC All Ri+hts Reserved
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International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Computer (IJAFRC) Volume 1, Issue 6, June 21!" I##$ 2%!& ' !&%
application communicates in the !a"a code of frame%orks and it %ill intern makes a call to 78I to communicate %ith C code in nati"e li'raries and C code determines %hat is the 'est %a& to do this thi s for our application and using hard%are a'straction la&er of kernel %e can make use particular hard%are [9.
Fi+ure 1" #hos the 9a-or Components In Android Architecture
II" Challen+es and Issues
:istoricall& $ndroid has 'een %idel& deplo&ed in mo'ile phones such as smart phones and ta'lets. 8o% the android is gro%n+up %ith more patches and po%erful "ersions of android has come up %ith support for ne% kind of things, as %ell as more strong multimedia processing, android is escalating 'e&ond its origins and started migrating [11 into a %ider arra& of applications and products. $s a result, an increasing num'er of de"elopers are educating them self on android and also 'ecause of the ad"ances in android and kernel de"elopment %e got curiosit& to e*plore some of its 'enefits and challenging issues as %ell as ne% possi'ilities it presents the& are •
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;or migrating android s&stem to the man& em'edded de"ices [#< %e ha"e to 'e a%are of the differences 'et%een the )inu* and android. The )inu* kernel dri"er polic& for android is to a"oid modules and it runs on a static hard%are configuration unlike )inu* distri'utions that can run on a most hard%are as possi'le. =e need to ensure that the kernel is appropriate %ith the target hard%are and %ith android, thus ensure suita'ilit& 'et%een android and the hard%are [11. )inu* kernel for an android needs to 'e compiled according to the hard%are of the target de"ice in %hich %e %ant to 'uild android s&stem [1#. -esides the kernel and dri"ers, the >?I of android needs to 'e adapta'le %ith the target platform. $ccordingl& the changes made in the android kernel and codes for the hard%are emulator do not %ork %ell %ith actual hard%are. Creating patches so that the )inu* kernel is attuned for android and android intern is tailored for the mo'ile phone or other de"ices [1. [1 . nce &ou ha"e the )inu* kernel ported, it is a fairl& eas& to get the rest of the android s&stem in place and then &ou can take ad"antage of a enormous num'er of the a"aila'le android apps that are e*isting in the communit&.
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Some functionalit& like Ethernet, $5/;5 radio is not supported '& default in android stack. 5odularit& is not included in stack designing so that packages and package features canAt 'e changes easil&. $ndroid stack has a strong dependenc& on hard%are of a de"ice. It is e"ident that the largest dependenc& is on the touch screen as user interacts "ia the touch screen. $ ma!orit& of the em'edded s&stems still does not contain an& displa& [1#.
Fi+ure 2" Fi+ure shos steps in portin+ android into AR9 3oard
(orting is the a'ilit& to create target hard%are specific images to 'ring life to target hard%are '& using host machine and de"eloping suita'le en"ironment to compile and 'uild the source %ith the help of cross platform tool+chain and finall& do%nloading those images to the target hard%are. III" 9i+ration of of android android 3e5ond the mo3ile phones
This section takes look at "alue of android migration and descri'es android porting procedure for $B5+ 'ased 'oard and non $B5+'ased 'oard. $ndroid is tr&ing to surpass 'e&ond the mo'ile terminal space and is generating an increased interest in the consumer electronics, automoti"e, home entertainment, "ideo sur"eillance and industrial euipment control domains. $lthough $ndroid is the standard fit for $B5 processor technologies, commercial ports of android are a"aila'le toda& on (o%er(C, S: 3Beneasas6, 5I(S, and *9 platforms. This porta'ilit& makes it the most %idel& used mo'ile S among all the other )inu*+'ased open platforms. The design of android S originall& onl& for the $B5 processor architecture, %hich made it the genuine choice for mo'ile phones as the first complete phone soft%are stack 'ased on )inu*. Since android is 'ased on )inu* kernel, thereAs a lot of opportunit& to make it a"aila'le on other processor technologies. The task of porting $ndroid to other processor technologies is not of little "alue, as $ndroid is hea"il& influenced '& the $B5 architecture. A" 0ortin+ android to an AR9'3ased 3oard"
The t%o steps procedure in porting to an $B5+'ased processor architecture 'oard. ;irst, (reparing the )inu* kernel for the 'oards [1 this reuires sta'le )inu* 'oard support package 3-S(6, including the 'oot+loader, )inu* kernel, and de"ice dri"ers for the $B5 'oard. =e need to get 'oard specific patches for android and ?+'oot the& can 'e freel& do%nloaded from )inaro instead creating from the scratch this %ill reuire time and efforts to de"elop, test, and harden the patches 'efore it can 'e used on the target &@ * 21!, IJAFRC All Ri+hts Reserved
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International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Computer (IJAFRC) Volume 1, Issue 6, June 21!" I##$ 2%!& ' !&%
'oard. nce sta'le )inu* kernel, )inu* -S(, specific ?+'oot is a"aila'le for do%nloading onto the 'oard, the ne*t step is to preparing android and all images for the specific processor 'oard and %e can follo% this procedure. Bemem'er to %ork using 'it machine for >inger'read and later "ersions of the android and # 'it machines %ill support fro&o and earlier "ersions. ur local en"ironment is euipped for do%nloading and 'uilding android $S( '& installing packages as per the instructions of the official %e'site [. Do%nload the 'oard supporti"e android source from >oogleAs android site using repositor& management tool repo once successfull& getting into the %orking director& it contains these su'+ directories. Initiali2e the en"ironment using en"setup.sh shell script it %ill generate lunch command. F . 'uild/en"setup.sh E*ecute shell script generated lunch command and choose 'uild name that is the name of the target target de"ice and choose 'uild t&pe for targeting t argeting emulator %e can use full+eng. -uild the $ndroid in local en"ironment using make tool. Fmake +! The successful 'uilding using make tool %ill create an image files named s&stem.img, userdata.img, ramdisk.img in generic director&. Then the image file is read& to 'e do%nloaded on the 'oard. •
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;igure #. gi"es high le"el details of android porting steps reuired for an $B5 processor+'ased 'oard. The illustration assumes the )inu* -S( is de"eloped from scratch. If a )inu* -S( is alread& accessi'le freel& from 'oard "endors and it is full& configured for the target hard%are, then the first step is not necessar& or ma& 'e reuired for incorporating additional de"ice dri"ers for the target 'oard. :" 0ortin+ android to to non AR9'3ased 3oard"
$ndroid open source pro!ect can run on an& C(? in the %orld as android supports $B5, 5I(S, po%er architecture, *9 processors like Intel atom and other C(?As and as long as %e are programming in !a"a the architecture does not matters. 5a!orit& of the C(?As in em'edded de"ices are alread& $B5 'ased 'ut still %e ha"e some non+$B5 'ased C(?As the& o'ligates to port android on a different non $B5+'ased processor architectures like Super+: and Intel atom the follo%ing general steps are essential [11. a large amount of code needs to 'e re%ritten and updated to achie"e this portG $lter the android 'uild s&stem to support the other architecture. • • • • • • •
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(orting of the Dal"ik 45 for other processor. Include architecture and 'uild support. =iden 'ionic run+time li'rar&/linker support to ha"e room for the other architecture. :ard%are+related tunings are needed to control audio, "ideo, and graphics. (ort the android media frame%ork and other o ther li'raries. Integrate android+specific )inu* Kernel patches into the 'oardAs -S(. Support the other architecture technolog& in the android SDK and android targets in the customi2a'le de"elopment s&stem. Conduct the platform and integration testing of android stack components, "er& thorough testing is reuired.
The dal"ik 45 and 'ionic C li'rar& are optimi2ed for the android and the& are "ital components in the stack at the same time porting of these components on non+$B5 'ased C(?As is "er& difficult and comple* task. ?pon completing the porting acti"it& thorough testing is mandated to "alidate the port. && * 21!, IJAFRC All Ri+hts Reserved
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International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Computer (IJAFRC) Volume 1, Issue 6, June 21!" I##$ 2%!& ' !&%
=hile these illustrated procedures are 'rief, to turn these into realit& %e %ill reuire lo%+le"el and platform+le"el e*perience and a thorough understanding of the target en"ironment, especiall& for the non+$B5 platforms. C" Android applications applications in em3edded devices 3e5ond mo3iles"
There is no full fledged usage of android in all em'edded de"ices 'ecause lack of interface reuirement for so man& de"ices this is also one of the reason to limit android 'ut %e can find it in onl& fe% of the em'edded de"ices like set+up 'o*es, cameras, enterprise desktop I( phones and also in future %e can get more num'er of em'edded de"ices ena'led %ith android some of the applications of android that %e can claim in different em'edded de"ices and real+time features [#H[## the& are. •
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?sing android po%ered set+up 'o*es increases user e*perience %ith the tele"ision and it is 'etter for the operators and also eas& to de"elop [1. The applications de"eloped using android S can support EC> monitoring in mo'ile de"ices [1< [# and also for collecting sensor& data from "arious em'edded sensors [1. Beal+time s&stem features and se"eral capa'ilities of android are used for implementing Body area networks [1. The android penetration into the desktop I( phones used %ithin enterprises offers more securit& and also rich interface. ?se of android in camera generates more applications in the de"ice 'ecause %e can %alk around the strong app store of the android communit&.
Fi+ure %? Fi+ure shos su3'folders in A/#0 folder"
IV" >o to customi.e for transportin+ android into ne device
This sections starts %ith introduction a'out $S( %ith 'rief description a'out directories in android source then %e 'rings glimpse of the customi2ation to 'e made to design and get android life onto the ne% de"ice. A" Bhat is A/#0
(ro!ect responsi'le for creating android s&stem is called $S( it is primaril& de"eloped and maintained '& >oogle as of free a"aila'ilit& it is more open to inno"ation that &ou often donAt see in IS and 'ecause of more fle*i'ilit& in customi2ing android it facilitated creation of more custom B5As, rooting options and the& all pro"ide pro"ide plent& of features [1. $fter s&nching $S( from from official %e'site &ou %ill get su'+ folders as sho%n in ;ig some s ome of the important su'+folders are. • • •
/'ionic/ it is %here 'ionic C li'rar& optimi2ed for em'edded de"ices is stored. /'oota'le/ 'oot and start up related code. /de"elopment/ pro!ects associated to de"elopment such as source code for sdk and ndk tools. ?suall& not a folder &ou tap %hen %orking %ith the platform for a target.
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/'uild/ it is one of the comple* part of the s&stem and it %ill pick specific 'oard, specific target and product. /cts/ the compati'ilit& test suit director& made to test reuirements for the android s&stem to 'e an android s&stem and each android "ersion has its o%n compati'ilit& definition document and compati'ilit& test suit that runs tests on target hard%are. /dal"ik/ this director& contains the Dal"ik "irtual machine at /dal"ik/"m, the de* compiler at /dal"ik/d* and core class li'raries as %ell as related tools. /de"ice/ this is place %here most of the de"ice specific things %ill 'e stored and some of the commonalities %ill 'e stored in i n /de"ice/common. /e*ternal/ E*ternal refers to e*ternal open source li'raries. That means li'raries that the $ndroid platform dependent upon 'ut that are not primaril& de"eloped and maintained '& $ndroid open source pro!ect. T&pical e*amples are %e'kit for the 'ro%ser, ;reeT&pe for fonts. /frame%orks/ the director& contains android frame%ork to support all the s&stem and user applications for e*ample if %e %ant media support is pro"ided through /frame%orks/media folder and for graphics /frame%orks/graphics folder. /hard%are/ + this is %here "er& hard%are specific things %ill go. The /hard%are/li'hard%are folder 'asicall& contains things to a'stract real ph&sical hard%areJs. This folder also contains the reference radio interface la&er implementation. /ndk/ + this ndk ha"e tool+chain for 'uilding nati"e code that ma& 'e lo% memor& footprint code, C(?+intensi"e code and cross compiling &our nati"e code for target de"ice architecture. /packages/ this is the place %here things 'ound to the applications are stored for e*ample apps that get included into the pro!ect are stored in /packages/apps folder and the& %ill goes to de"ices. The %allpapers and content pro"iders also stored here. /pre'uilt/ the things that are pre'uilt and also distri'uted files in the 'inar& form %ill goes here. /s&stem/ this is a director& a lot of s&stem related things as %ell as source code files for the core android s&stem %ill 'e stored. This also includes source code for the init process and default init.rc script that pro"ide d&namic configuration of the platform. /out/ the out/target/product/generic location contains reuired images that &ou can run using emulator command and also the& can 'e do%nloaded and flashed to a de"ice if &ou are 'uilding for target hard%are.
It is a !ust partial "ie% of the tracking and customi2ing the files in $S( in order to prepare for transporting [ android into ne% de"ice 'ut real implementation needs lot of %ork to 'e done. %e need minutes of all components making up android including kernel androidism to optimi2e and de"elop patches for kernel to%ards make it compati'le %ith specific hard%are as %ell as android and also %e need to learn adding support for ne% hard%are in the de"ice [#. V" ;rac
(orting android to the de"ices the& are not meant to support for android is more challenging task 'efore starting first %e need to find out ho% does ne% de"ice hea"il& differs from usual android de"ices, s%itching into an& one of the specific android "ersions like >inger'read, Ice cream sand%ich %e need to go through the compati'ilit& guidelines including memor&, storage, displa& resolution, >raphics reuirements specifications that our ne% de"ice should satisf& and de"ice should pro"ide android applications compati'ilit&, pro"ide android marketplace support, pro"ide access to >oogle ser"ices %ithout modif&ing an& >oogle $(IAs and frame%ork.
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The >oogle $S( is up+to date reference 'ut limited de"ice support mainl& it support for >oogleAs official de"ice >ala*& 8e*us. The )inaro $S( [ is most integrated %ith %ide hard%are support and 'ecause of its $ndroid added "alues like e*tra and optimi2ed packages it gi"es more hard%are de"ices support than stock >oogle ICS, it supports for TI panda'oard, TI -eagle-oard, ;reescale i.5<, ST Sno%'all, Samsung rigen de"ices. •
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Take &our $S( and create director& for our ne% de"ice %ith complete product description under de"ice director& of the $S( sources. Create "endersetup.sh file that is e*ecuted '& 'uild/en"setup.sh and can use an&thing defined in en"setup.sh Create $ndroid.mk, $ndroid(roducts.mk, ne%Lde"iceLname.mk files and enter ne% de"ice name, de"ice 'rand and specif& all make files. The "alues %e put here is "er& important 'ecause that %ill 'e referenced '& some other scripts during the run time. Create de"ice.mk file it is the de"ice specific s pecific product definition file. It lists all the o"erla&s, files, modules, properties that are specific to hard%are of the ne% de"ice. $nd set (BD?CTL($CK$>ES, (BD?CTL(B(EBTML4EBBIDES (BD?CTL(B(EBTML4EBBIDES and some other make file rules specific to our ne% de"ice. 'uild/core/product.mk file in $S( contains 'uild options like Target and compiler options, Ena'le 8E8 feature, ;ile+s&stem and partitioning and some other options that %e need to edit according to our target ne% de"ice. Create a de"ice/m& compan&/m& de"ice/o"erla& director& %ith same depth and files &ou %ant to o"er%rite for ne% de"ice specific settings that &ou ma& %ant to customi2e for target de"ice, this %ill a"oids &ou touching the files from $S(. If &ou ha"e ?+'oot customi2ed for &our specific ne% de"ice !ust replace it %ith the generic 'oot+ loader pro"ided '& >oogle at 'oota'le/'ootloader/legac& and if &ou not using pre'uilt "ersion of the ?+'oot &ou ma& !ust specif& true for the T$B>ETL8L-T)$DEB, T$B>ETL?SEL?-T and specif& customi2ed configuration file using ?-TLC8;I> commands in -oardConfig.mk then ?+-oot 'oot+loader is 'uilt '& the specified configuration file. In android kernel no dri"ers are 'uilt as modules and according to )inu* kernel dri"er polic& the dri"ers can 'e loaded or unloaded, if &ou do not %ant to use pre'uilt kernel then %e need to specif& our o%n kernel configuration file through KEB8E)LC;I> command. The net%ork and connecti"it& for &our ne% de"ice reuired to o"erla& some resources in frame%ork/'ase/core/res/res/"alues/cofig.*ml. =ithin this file %e need to change fe% lines 'ased on %hat are the interfaces the processor 'oard of our ne% de"ice %ill support and edit net%ork attri'utes and radio attri'utes. ;or media support %e create mediaLprofiles.*ml file and used to declare the multimedia profiles and capa'ilities like decoding and encoding rate that our ne% de"ice 'oard %ill support. "erride in -oardConfig.mk for phone or ta'let mode. :$) 3hard%are/li'hard%are6 acts as a 'ridge 'et%een regular kernel implementation and android frame%ork.
It is a !ust partial "ie% of the tracking and customi2ing the files in $S( in order to prepare for transporting [ android into ne% de"ice 'ut real implementation needs lot of %ork to 'e done and %e need minutes of all components making up android including kernel androidism to optimi2e and de"elop patches for kernel to%ards make it compati'le %ith specific hard%are as %ell as android and also %e need to learn adding support for ne% hard%are in the de"ice [#.
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VII" Implementation
$ndroid is customi2a'le in all the < le"els 'efore porting into an& $B5 'ased 'oards in this %ork %e started customi2ing from the application le"el. $S( porting into ne% de"ices consists of t%o ma!or steps s teps as descri'ed in the paperN here %e ha"e done preparing $S( on host machine making it %orking on android "irtual de"ice. $ndroid %ill al%a&s arri"es along %ith man& applications, this forms an application la&er in the android stack including -ro%ser, camera, Email, phone phone etc. =hen it mo"es 'e&ond mo'iles and ta'lets to some other em'edded de"ices, all the core applications need not 'e reuired and some of them need to 'e ne%l& integrated to the operating s&stem. =e ha"e prepared make file to descri'e an& user defined application sources to the android 'uild s&stem and integrate to it permanentl&. •
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>o to packages/ apps/ in this location %e need to cop& application source code as %e de"eloped using android SDK. (rogramming $ndroid.mk file in application to descri'e user source code to the android 'uild s&stem. (BD?CTL($CK$>ESGO P 4o+in D EEEEEEthis is the additionEEEEEEEE $pplications(ro"ider P -ackupBestoreConfirmation P -ro%ser P -ugreport P Contacts P etcQ..
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Then add make file to the product packages for that %e need to edit /'uid/target/core.mk file that means add our application in the list of product packages. Content of the make file. )C$)L($T:GO F3call m&+dir6 Include F3C)E$BL4$BS6 )C$)L5D?)ELT$>S GO tests )C$)LST$TICL7$4$L)I-B$BIES GO P android+common P gua"a P android+support+"1 P android+support+" P )C$)LSBCL;I)ESGO F3call all+!a"a+files+under, src6 )C$)L($CK$>EL8$5EGO )ogin )C$)L(B>?$BDL;)$>L;I)ESGO proguard+pro!ect.t*t )C$)LSDKL4EBSI8GO current include F3-?I)DL($CK$>E6 includeF3callall+makefiles+under,F3)C$)L($T:66
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Fi+ure !" Fi+ure shos emul ator ith inte+rated ne application"
VIII" Conclusion and future or<
In this paper %e look at challenges and 'enefits of android migration into ne% em'edded de"ices and %e presented general procedures to port android to $B5 and non+$B5 'oards including partial "ie% a'out :o% to customi2e android source for preparing it to port onto ne% de"ices. $fter 'uilding $S( on the local host %e prepared top le"el file in the director& for the user application to run directl& along %ith e*isting operating s&stem. ur implementation is help full in integrating ne% applications 'ased on the target de"iceN ne% applications can 'e carried along %ith the generated operating s&stem images. The success of android %as onl& possi'le due to eas& porta'ilit& of )inu* to "arious hard%are platforms 'ut android is a %atered+do%n, limited )inu* distri'ution [< that %orks for one specific purpose and )inu* kernel inside %as al%a&s al%a&s unaltered %e need to appl& some patches to add features features that %e %ant for our ne% de"ice [#1. The customi2ing a'ilit& of $S( and also as an em'edded android %ith )inu* kernel it pro"ides ne% possi'ilities [19 for porting into man& more de"ices. Creating androidism in the kernel for different target hard%areAs %e can definitel& make android to support for ne% kind of de"ices other than mo'iles [. I" References
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Top Smartphone perating S&stems, Shipments, and 5arket Share, # #H1 3?nits in 5illions6 anal&sed at httpG//%%%.idc.com
[1H.
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)oc perneel,et all Can $ndroid 'e used for real+time purposeV International conference on computer s&stems and industrial informatics3I7EIT6 Dec #H1# pages 1+.
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Claudio 5aia, E"aluating $ndroid S for Em'edded Beal+Time S&stemsV (u'lished in (roceedings of the th International =orkshop on Em'edded Beal+Time $pplications, 7ul& #H1H. pp. +H.
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International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Computer (IJAFRC) Volume 1, Issue 6, June 21!" I##$ 2%!& ' !&%
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Igor Kalko", $achen, Dominik ;ranke $ real+time e*tension to the $ndroid platformV (roceedings of the 1Hth International =orkshop on 7a"a Technologies for Beal+time and Em'edded S&stems pu'lication &earG#H1# (ages 1H<+11.
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