INTRODUCTION
CRUDE OIL CRUDE OILS, S, pe petro trole leum um pro produc ducts ts and lu lubri brican cants ts are It is certainly not the intention of this author to rehighly complex materials and enormous efforts have been place place Annual Annual Book of ASTM Standards or Standards or the other valuable spent by the oil companies throughout the world to char- manual with the current book, but rather to view it as a acterize their chemical and physical properties with a high complementary material for the customer. The purpose of degree of precision and accuracy. The explosive growth in this book is to make available in one handy volume, the the avail availabili ability ty of mode modern rn analy analytical tical instrumentatio instrumentation n in essential elements of all analytical tests used to characterthe last three decades has significantly helped in the task ize the petroleum products. It is of course critical for the of petroleum products analyses. These modern techniques testing laboratory personnel to be fully familiar with all have large largely ly supp supplante lanted d the classi classical cal ‘‘ ‘‘wet wet chemi chemistry’ stry’’’ the details of the tests they are performing. But it is also types of analyses, which were used in the first half of this important for non-laboratory personnel to know at least century [1 [1]. However, there are still a few areas where the significance, advantages and limitations of particular some specific analyses need these older techniques. tests used to characterize the product quality. Both the ASTM Committee DO2 Petroleum Products and Lu- suppliers and the customers need to agree on the appro bricants has over most of this century led these efforts to priate product quality specifications, and this can be done develop more reliable and standard test methods to the only by understanding the pros and cons of these tests. point that in all corners of the world ASTM DO2 stan- Product specifications not based on realistic testing capadards are considered as the final arbitrators of the quality bilities can only lead to quality complaints and unhappiof a petroleum related product. Other national and inter- ness on the part of both suppliers and customers. As such, national standardization bodies such as IP in U.K., AF- we expect that this book will prove useful not only to the NOR in France, DIN in Germany, JIS in Japan, and ISO laboratory personnel, but also to the product specification have also contributed significantly in developing standard writers, formulators, process engineers, researchers, and testt met tes method hodss fo forr the ana analys lyses es of pet petro roleu leum m pro produc ducts. ts. marketing staff in understanding the importance of these However, many of the latter standards are based on the tests as well as their limitations, so that sound conclusions ASTM DO2 standa standards. rds. can be reached regarding the quality and performance of There The re are about 350 AST ASTM M tes testt met method hod sta standa ndards rds a company’s products. available that involve a variety of analytical techniques to Table I lists other international test methods that are identify or quantify, or both, over 170 chemical and physequivalent to the ASTM test methods. No claim is being ical properties of crude oils, gasoline, reformulated gasoline, lubricating oils, additives, transmission fluids, lubri- made that all details in ASTM and non-ASTM standards cating greases, gear oils, aviation fuels, diesel and heating are exactly the same. However, it is expected that if propfuels, petroleum waxes, marine fuels, and other specialty erly followed, both sets should give equivalent results. In petroleum products. These test methods are annually pub- an increasingly global marketplace, it is important to be lished in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards [2]. Addi- cognizant of such equivalency. Much of this information tional methods continue to be developed in many oil com- on the equivalent test methods has been extracted from a pany pa ny la labo bora rato tori ries es ei eith ther er to im impr prov ovee on th thee ex exis isti ting ng compilation that has been prepared by Mr. Tim Berryman publis lished hed by Ins Instit titute ute of Pet Petro roleu leum, m, Lon London don.. Almethods or to enable determination of other properties. and pub Many of such methods remain proprietary to the oil com- though at one time leading European national standards organ or ganiza izatio tions ns suc such h as IP IP,, DIN DIN,, and AFN AFNOR OR pr produ oduced ced panies. their own independent standards, lately they are being An earlier manual on the significance of tests for petrole tro leum um pr produ oducts cts emp emphas hasize ized d the rat ratio ional nalee of spe specifi cificc integrated with the ISO (or more specifically EN-ISO) setests conducted on different products [3 [ 3]. However, this ries standards. The reason for this is that there is a Eurvaluable manual did not include the details of any tests, opean Union legal requirement to publish all EN standard rdss as th thee na nati tion onal al st stan anda dard rdss an and d to wi with thdr draw aw al alll but rather discussed the compositions of products and the da existi sting ng con conflic flictin ting g sta standa ndards rds.. The vas vastt maj majori ority ty of EN primary quality characteristics that defined that material’s exi use in applications. standards are actually implementation of the correspond1
2 GUIDE TO ASTM TEST METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND LUBRICANTS
ing ISO standards. Table I retains the original designations of the European national bodies with which most people are familiar, rather than the new common EN-ISO designations. Again, it is not claimed that the alternate methods are exactly equivalent, but it should be remembered that they may be technically equivalent or technically related. The readers are encouraged to consult the IP publication of Mr. Berryman’s compilation for better understanding of the relationship among the test methods. My thanks to Mr. Berryman for permission to include his data here. All technical information included in this book is based on the Year 2000 editions of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards [2]. We plan to update this manual at some frequency depending on how many new or significantly revised test method standards are issued by ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants. If you notice any errors or omissions, please let us know. We will correct them in future editions.
References [1] Nadkarni, R. A., editor—‘‘Modern Instrumental Methods of Analysis of Petroleum Products and Lubricants,’’ ASTM STP 1109, ASTM, 1991. [2] Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volumes 05.01, 05.02, 05.03, and 05.04. [3] Dyroff, G. V., ed. Manual on Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products, 5th ed., ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, MNL 1, 1993.
Explanation of Terms Accuracy—The accuracy of a test is a measure of how close the test result will be to the true value of the property being measured. As such the accuracy can be expressed as the bias between the test result and the true value. However, the absolute accuracy can only be established if the true value is known. AFNOR—Association Francaise de Normalisation (Paris). ASTM—American Society for Testing and Materials (U.S.A.). DIN —Deutsche Institut Fur Normung (Germany). IP—Institute of Petroleum (U.K.). ISO—International Organization for Standardization (Switzerland). JIS—Japan Industrial Standards (Tokyo). Precision—The precision of a test method is defined in terms of the variability between test results obtained on the same material, using a specific test method. The precision of a test is usually unrelated to its accuracy. The
results may be precise, but not necessarily accurate. Figures 1 to 4 1 depict in a bull’s eye analogy the relation between precision and accuracy. Ideal condition would be most precise and most accurate results. Precision is expressed as repeatability and reproducibility. Repeatability—The ‘‘within-laboratory precision’’ refers to the precision of a test method when the results are obtained by the same operator in the same laboratory using the same apparatus. Repeatability or repeatability interval of a test (indicated with the letter ‘‘r’’) is defined as the maximum permissible difference due to test error between two results obtained on the same material in the same laboratory. r
2.77
standard deviation of test
Most commonly this repeatability interval (r) is statistically defined at the 95% probability level, meaning that, even in normal conditions, differences between two test results are unlikely to exceed this repeatability interval more than five times in a hundred. Reproducibility—The ‘‘between-laboratory precision’’ is defined in terms of the variability between test results obtained on the aliquots of the same homogeneous material in different laboratories using the same test method. The term reproducibility or reproducibility interval (designated as ‘‘R’’) is completely analogous to the term repeatability. Only in this case, it is the maximum permissible difference between two results obtained on the same material but now in different laboratories. The statistical definition of reproducibility is along the same lines as above. Therefore differences between two or more laboratories are unlikely to exceed the reproducibility interval more than five times in a hundred. R
2.77
standard deviation of test
Reproducibility is generally higher than repeatability by a factor of 2 to 4. The repeatability and reproducibility values, have very important implications in today’s quality conscious market. As the demand for clear product specifications, and hence control over product consistency grows, it is meaningless to establish product specifications that are more restrictive than the reproducibility/repeatability values of the specification test methods.
1
Committee on Standards, ‘‘Precision and Bias’’ ASTM Standardization News, ASTM, January 1985, p. 45.
Introduction 3 TABLE I—Test Method Equivalence. ASTM IP
a
Analysis
Tag flash point Distillation Melting point Cleveland Open Cup flash point Pensky-Martens flash point Saponification number Water distillation Pour point Drop melting point Sulfur, bomb method Copper corrosion Saybolt color Conradson carbon residue Cone penetration Specific energy, bomb method Reid vapor pressure Gum in fuels Kinematic viscosity Kinematic viscometer calibration Sediment Ash Ramsbottom carbon residue Oxidation stability Dropping point Aniline point Ignition quality Neutral number Rust Wax oil Oxidation stability Sulfated ash Foam Cone penetration Congealing point Oxidation stability Oxidation characteristics of inhibited mineral oils Neutral number Water reaction Bromine number Distillation characteristics at reduced pressures Refractive index Water washout Sulfur by lamp Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) vapor pressure Density Hydrocarbon types Needle penetration Smoke point Water separability Cone penetration Color, ASTM Vanadium in fuel oils Sulfur by high temperature Density Karl Fischer water Sediment and water Copper corrosion in LPG Gas chromatography (GC) analysis of LPG Dropping point lubricating grease Four ball method Viscosity index calculations Oxidation stability Freezing point H2S in LPG Cloud point Lead, volumetric Extreme pressure properties
D 56 D 86 D 87 D 92 D 93 D 94 D 95 D 97 D 127 D 129 D 130 D 156 D 189 D 217 D 240 D 323 D 381 D 445 D 446 D 473 D 482 D 524 D 525 D 566 D 611 D 613 D 664 D 665 D 721 D 873 D 874 D 892 D 937 D 938 D 942 D 943 D 974 D 1094 D 1159 D 1160 D 1218 D 1264 D 1266 D 1267 D 1298 D 1319 D 1321 D 1322 D 1401 D 1403 D 1500 D 1548 D 1552 D 1657 D 1744 D 1796 D 1838 D 2163 D 2265 D 2266 D 2270 D 2274 D 2386 D 2420 D 2500 D 2547 D 2596
ISO
123 55 36 34 136 74 15 133 61 154
3405 3841 2592 2719 6293 3733 3016 6244
13 50 12 69 131 71-1 71-2 53 4 14 40 132 2 41 177 135 158 138 163 146 179 76 142
6615 2137
139 289 130 215 107 161 160 156 49 57 412 310 196 235 75 411 264 239 226 388 16 401 219 248
2160
3007 6246 3104 3105 3735 6245 4262 7536 2176 2977 5165 6619 7120 2908 3987 6247
DIN
JIS
51411 51751 51570 51376 51758 51559 51582 51597
K 2265 K 2265 K 2503 K 2275 K 2269
51577 51759 51411 51551
K 2513 K 2580 K 2270
51900 51754 51784 51562 51562 51789
K 2580 K 2254
K 2258 K 2261 K 2283 K 2272
51780 51775 51585 51575 51566 51580
K 2280 K 2501 K 2510 K 2272 K 2518
2207
AFNOR
M07-003 M07-002 T60-114 T60-118 M07-019 T60-110 T60-113 T60-105 T60-121 T60-109 M07-015 M07-003 T60-116 T60-132 M07-030 M41-007 M07-004 T60-100 M07-063 M07-045 T60-117 M07-012 T60-102 M07-021 M07-035 T60-151 T60-120 M07-013 T60-143 T60-129 T60-119 T60-128
51808 4263 6618 6250 3839 6616 5661 11009
51558T1 51415
K 2501
T60-112 M07-050
51423T2 51807T2 M07-031
4256 3675 3837 3014 6614 2049 3993 6296 3734 6251 7941 6299 11008 2909 12205 3013 8819 3015 2083 11008
51616 51757H 51791 51579 51406 51578
K 2249H K 2536 K 2537 K 2580
51793 51619
T60-101 M07-024 T66-004 M07-028 T60-125 T60-140 T60-104 M07-027 M07-025 M41-008 T60-154 M07-020 M41-010 M41-013
51350 T60-136 51421 51855T3 51597
K 2276 K 2269
M07-048 M41-011 T60-105 M07-014
4 GUIDE TO ASTM TEST METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND LUBRICANTS TABLE I—Test Method Equivalence. (Continued ) ASTM IP ISO a
Analysis
LPG properties Cold cranking simulator Sulfur by X-ray fluorescence Electrical conductivity Timken Suilfur by Wickbold combustion Boiling range by GC Distillation characteristics with 15-plate column Base number Brookfield viscosity Sulfur by oxidative microcoulometry Mercaptan sulfur Lead by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) JFTOT Acidity of aviation turbine fuel (ATF) Sulfur by oxidative microcoulometry Acid numbers, semi-micro method Lead by iodine chloride Metals by atomic absorption (AAS) Benzene by GC Sulfonates Seta flash point Water by distillation Water and sediment Alkyl nitrate Phosphorus by colorimetry Density, digital Benzene by infrared spectroscopy (IR) Sulfur by ND-XRF Karl Fischer water Aniline point Microcarbon residue Metals by AAS Nitrogen by chemiluminescence detection Base number Sediment Metals by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) Karl Fischer water Doctor test Aluminum and silicon in fuels Vapor pressure Shear stability index Oxygenates Noack volatility Freezing point Auto-freeze point Particulate matter Cold filter plugging Friction and wear Aromatic hydrocarbon a
For further information, see the Introduction.
D 2598 D 2602 D 2622 D 2624 D 2782 D 2785 D 2887 D 2892 D 2896 D 2983 D 3120 D 3227 D 3237 D 3241 D 3242 D 3246 D 3339 D 3341 D 3605 D 3606 D 3712 D 3828 D 4006 D 4007 D 4046 D 4047 D 4052 D 4053 D 4294 D 4377 D 4529 D 4530 D 4628 D 4629 D 4739 D 4870 D 4927 D 4928 D 4952 D 5184 D 5191 D 5275 D 5599 D 5800 D 5901 D 5972 D 6217 D 6371 D 6425 D 6379
432 350
8973
274 240 243
6297
276 267 342 428 323 354 373 413 425 369 303 358 359 430 149 365 429 336 356 381 398 308 379 417 375 407 386 30 377 394 294 408 421 434 435 415 309
DIN
51377 51400T6 51412T2 51434
4260 3924 8708 3771 9262 16591 3012
AFNOR
K 2541 T60-142 K 2501 T42-011
6249
K 2276
M07-022
K 2276B
M07-051
51558T3 M07-052 7537 3830 8691
51790T3
3679 13759 4265 12185
51757D
K 2249D
8754
T60-172 M07-053
3648 10370 51391T1 M07-058 6619 10307
K 2501 51391T2
10337 5275 10478
51416 M07-079 51382 51581
15167 116 51834
436
JIS
Introduction 5 TABLE II—Alphanumeric Index Reference to ASTM Standards by
TABLE II—Alphanumeric Index Reference to ASTM Standards by
Designation Number.
Designation Number. (Continued)
Test Method
D 56 D 61 D 71 D D D D D D
86 87 88 91 92 93
D 94 D 95 D 96 D 97 D 127 D 128 D 129 D 130 D 156 D 187 D 189 D 217 D 240 D 287 D 322 D 323 D 381 D 445 D 473 D 482 D 483 D 524 D 525 D 565 D 566 D 611 D 612 D 664 D 665 D 721 D 808 D 849 D 873
Analysis
Page
Test Method
Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester Softening Point of Pitches (Cube-in-Water Method) Relative Density of Solid Pitch and Asphalt (Displacement Method) Distillation of Petroleum Products Melting Point of Petroleum Wax (Cooling Curve) Saybolt Viscosity Precipitation Num ber of Lubricating Oils Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester Saponification Number of Petroleum Products Water in Petroleum Products and Bituminous Materials by Distillation Water and Sediment in Crude Oils by Centrifuge Method (Field Procedure) Pour Point of Petroleum Products Drop Melting Point of Petroleum Wax Including Petrolatum Analysis of Lubricating Grease Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General Bomb Method) Copper Corrosion from Petroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products (Saybolt Chromometer Method) Burning Quality of Kerosene Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method) Gasoline Diluent in Used Gasoline Engine Oils by Distillation Reid Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method) Existent Gum in Fuels by Jet Evaporation Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity) Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel Oils by the Extraction Method Ash from Petroleum Products Unsulfonated Residue of Petroleum Plant Spray Oil Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (Induction Period Method) Carbonizable Substances in White Mineral Oil Dropping Point of Lubricating Grease Aniline and Mixed Aniline Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents Carbonizable Substances in Paraffin Wax Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration Rust Preventing Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water Oil Content of Petroleum Waxes Chlorine in New and Used Petroleum Products (Bomb Method) Copper Strip Corrosion by Industrial Aromatic Hydrocarbons Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)
147 299
D 874
104 112 87 354 275 144 145 284 369
D D D D
892 893 937 938
D 942 D 943 D 972 D 974
271 213
D D D D D
207 310
D 1094 D 1157
87
D 1159
289
1015 1018 1091 1092 1093
78 D 1160 58 84
D 1209 D 1217
80 170
D 1218
161
D 1263
158
D 1264
345
D 1266 D 1298
162 353 D 1319 285 39 336
D 1321 D 1322 D 1364 D 1401
277 D 1403 249 62 118 24 61 12
D D D D
1405 1465 1478 1480
D 1481
281 D 1500 242 63 88 245
D 1544 D 1548 D 1552
Analysis
Page
Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oils and Additives Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating Oils Insolubles in Used Lubricating Oils Cone Penetration of Petrolatum Congealing Point of Petroleum Waxes, Including Petrolatum Oxidation Stability of Lubricating Greases by the Oxygen Bomb Method Oxidation Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oils Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Greases and Oils Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator Titration Freezing Points of High-Purity Hydrocarbons Hydrogen in Petroleum Fractions Phosphorus in Lubricating Oils and Additives Apparent Viscosity of Lubricating Greases Acidity of Distillation Residues of Hydrocarbon Liquids and their Distillation Residues Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels Total Inhibitor Content (TBC) of Light Hydrocarbons Bromine Number of Petroleum Distillates and Commercial Aliphatic Olefins by Electrometric Titration Distillation of Petroleum Products at Reduced Pressure Color of Clear Liquids (Platinum-Cobalt Scale) Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer Refractive Index and Refractive Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids Leakage Tendencies of Automotive Wheel Bearing Greases Water Washout Characteristics of Lubricating Greases Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method) Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity) or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes Smoke Point of Aviation Turbine Fuels Water in Volatile Solvents (Karl Fischer Reagent Titration Method) Water Separability of Petroleum Oils and Synthetic Fluids Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease Using One-Quarter and One-Half Scale Cone Equipment Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels Blocking and Picking Points of Petroleum Wax Low-Temperature Torque of Ball Bearing Greases Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnometer Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer ASTM Color of Petroleum Products (ASTM Color Scale) Color of Transparent Liquids (Gardner Color Scale) Vanadium in Heavy Fuel Oil (Discontinued 1997) Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High-Temperature Method)
40 149 197 82 83 252 251 128 11&43 155 189 266 29 17 371 334 56 114 77 100 278 203 382 315 101 177 236 296 379 377 81 164 50 332 105 106 73 76 337 313
6 GUIDE TO ASTM TEST METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND LUBRICANTS TABLE II—Alphanumeric Index Reference to ASTM Standards by
TABLE II—Alphanumeric Index Reference to ASTM Standards by
Designation Number. (Continued )
Designation Number. (Continued)
Test Method
D 1657 D 1662 D 1740 D 1743 D 1744 D 1747 D 1796 D D D D D
1831 1832 1833 1839 1840
D 1957 D 2001 D 2007
D 2008 D 2068 D 2070 D 2078 D 2161 D 2265 D 2266 D 2270
Analysis
Page
Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by Pressure Thermohydrometer (Discontinued 1998) Active Sulfur in Cutting Oils Luminometer Numbers of Aviation Turbine Fuels Corrosion Preventive Properties of Lubricating Greases Water in Liquid Petroleum Products by Karl Fischer Reagent Refractive Index of Viscous Materials Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure) Roll Stability of Lubricating Grease Peroxide Number of Petroleum Wax Odor of Petroleum Wax Amyl Nitrate in Diesel Fuels Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in Aviation Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet-Spectrophotometry Hydro xyl Value of Fatty Oils and Acids Depentanization of Gasoline and Napthas Characteristic Groups in Rubber Extender and Processing Oils and Other Petroleum-Derived Oils by the Clay-Gel Absorption Chromatographic Method Ultraviolet Absorbance and Absorptivity of Petroleum Products Filter Blocking Tendency of Distillate Fuel Oils Thermal Stability of Hydraulic Oils Iodine Value of Fatty Quaternary Ammonium Chlorides Kinematic Viscosity to Saybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol Viscosity Dropping Point of Lubricating Grease Over Wide Temperature Range Wear Preventing Characteristics of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method) Calculation of Viscosity Index from Kinematic Viscosity at 40 and 100 C Trace Sediment in Lubricating Oils Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method) Particulate Contamination in Aviation Fuel by Line Sampling Softening Point of Pitch (Cube-in-Air Method) Density (Specific Gravity) of Solid Pitch (Pycnometer Method) Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels Color of Dyed Aviation Gasolines Ash in Coal Tar and Pitch Coking Value of Tar and Pitch (Modified Conradson) Hydrogen Sulfide in Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases (Lead Acetate Method) Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates by Mass Spectrometry Determination of C2 Through C5 Hydrocarbons in Gasolines by Gas Chromatography Cloud Point of Petroleum Products Molecular Weight (Relative Molecular Mass) of Petroleum Oils from Viscosity Measurements Relative Molecular Mass (Molecular Weight) of Hydrocarbons by Thermoelectric Measurement of Vapor Pressure Ethylene, Other Hydrocarbons, and Carbon Dioxide in High-Purity Ethylene by Gas Chromatography Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricating Grease (Timken Method)
99
D 2510 D 2511
18 210 92
D 2532 D 2533
370 D 2549 279 373 280 262 241 23 235 195 107 175
D 2276 D 2319 D 2320 D D D D
2386 2392 2415 2416
D 2420 D 2425 D 2427 D 2500 D 2502 D 2503 D 2505 D 2509
D 2569 D 2595 D 2596 D 2602 D 2603 D 2619 D 2622 D 2624
335
D 2638
138 328 198
D 2649 D 2669 D 2709
355 D 2710 119 386
D 2711 D 2717 D 2782
351
D 2273 D 2274
Test Method
D 2783 287 246
D 2784
258
D 2786
300 102
D 2789
152 75 37 86
D 2878
191
D 2887
183
D 2890
178
D 2892
67 230
D 2893
D 2882
D 2896 229 D 2981 179
D 2982 D 2983
205
D 3104
Analysis
Page
Adhesion of Solid Film Lubricants Thermal Shock Sensitivity of Solid Film Lubricants Viscosity and Viscosity Change After Standing at Low Temperature of Aircraft Turbine Lubricants Vapor Liquid Ratio of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels Separation of Representative Aromatics and Nonaromatics Fractions of High-Boiling Oils by Elution Chromatography Distillation of Pitch Evaporation Loss o f Lubricating Greases Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four Ball Method) Viscosity, Cold Cranking Simulator (Discontinued 1993) Sonic Shear Stability of Polymer-Containing Oils Hydrolytic Stability of Hydraulic Fluids (Beverage Bottle Method) Sulfur in Petroleum Products by X-Ray Spectrometry Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate Fuels Real Density of Calcined Petroleum Coke by Helium Pycnometer Corrosion Characteristics of Solid Film Lubricants Apparent Viscosity of Petroleum Waxes Compounded with Additives (Hot Melts) Water and Sediment in Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge Bromine Index of Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Electrometric Titration Demulsibility Characteristics of Lubricating Oils Thermal Conductivity of Liquids Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Fuels (Timken Method) Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Fuels (Four Ball Method) Sulfur in Liquified Petroleum Gases (OxyHydrogen Burner or Lamp) Hydrocarbon Types Analysis of Gas-Oil Saturate Fractions by High Ionizing Voltage Mass Spectrometry Hydrocarbon Types in Low Olefinic Gasoline by Mass Spectrometry Apparent Vapor Pressures and Molecular Weights of Lubricating Oils Indicating the Wear Characteristics of Petroleum and Non-Petroleum Hydraulic Fluids in a Constant Volume Vane Pump Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography Liquid Heat Capacity of Petroleum Distillate Fuels Distillation of Crude Petroleum (15-Theoretical Plate Column) Oxidation Characteristics of Extreme Pressure Lubricating Oils Base Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Perchloric Acid Titration Wear Life of Solid Film Lubricants in Oscillating Motion Glycol-Base Antifreeze in Used Lubricating Oils Low-Temperature Viscosity of Automotive Fluid Lubricants Measured by Brookfield Viscometer Softening of Pitches (Mettler Softening Point Method)
20 329 352 338 176 116 127 135 71 294 190 322 121 94 90 348 290 57 93 326 133 134 316 180 184 228 387 59 172 110 248 45 388 160 349 301
Introduction 7 TABLE II—Alphanumeric Index Reference to ASTM Standards by
TABLE II—Alphanumeric Index Reference to ASTM Standards by
Designation Number. (Continued)
Designation Number. (Continued)
Test Method
D 3115 D 3117 D 3120 D 3227 D 3228 D 3230 D 3231 D 3233 D 3235 D 3236 D 3237 D 3239 D 3240 D 3241 D 3242 D 3245 D 3246 D 3338 D 3339 D 3340 D 3341 D 3343 D 3348 D 3427 D 3461 D 3519 D 3523 D 3524 D 3525 D 3601 D 3603 D 3605 D 3606 D 3607 D 3701 D 3703 D 3704
Analysis
Page
Test Method
Explosive Reactivity of Lubricants with Aerospace Alloys Under High Shear Wax Appearance Point of Distillate Fuels Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry Mercaptan Sulfur in Gasoline, Kerosene, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels (Potentiometric Method) Total Nitrogen in Lubricating Oils and Fuel Oils by Modified Kjeldahl Method Salts in Crude Oil (Electrometric Method) Phosphorus in Gasoline Extreme Pressure Properties of Fluid Lubricants (Falex Pin and Vee Block Methods) Solvent Extractable in Petro leum Waxes Apparent Viscosity of Hot Melt Adhesives and Coating Materials Lead in Gasoline by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Aromatic Types Analysis of Gas-Oil Aromatic Fractions by High Ionizing Voltage Mass Spectrometry Undissolved Water in Aviation Turbine Fuels Thermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels (JFTOT Procedure) Acidity in Aviation Turbine Fuel Pumpability of Industrial Fuel Oils Sulfur in Petroleum Gas by Oxidative Microcoulometry Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels Acid Number of Petroleum Products by SemiMicro Color Indicator Titration Lithium and Sodium in Lubricating Greases by Flame Photometry Lead in Gasoline—Iodine Monochloride Method Hydrogen Content of Aviation Fuels Rapid Field Test for Trace Lead in Unleaded Gasoline (Colorimetric Method) Air Release Properties o f Petroleum Oils Softening Point of Asphalt and Pitch (Mettler Cup-and-Ball Method) Foam in Aqueous Media (Blender Test) Spontaneous Heating Values of Liquids and Solids (Differential Mackey Test) Diesel Fuel Diluent in Used Diesel Engine Oils by Gas Chromatography Gasoline Diluent in Used Diesel Engine Oils by Gas Chromatography Foam in Aqueous Media (Bottle Test) Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Steam Turbine Oil in the Presence of Water (Horizontal Disk Method) Trace Metals in Gas Turbine Fuels by Atomic Absorption and Flame Emission Spectroscopy Benzene and Toluene in Finished Motor and Aviation Gasoline by Gas Chromatography Volatile Contaminants from Used Engine Oils by Stripping Hydrogen Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry Peroxide Number of Aviation Turbine Fuels Wear Preventive Properties of Lubricating Greases Using the (Falex) Block on Ring Test Machine in Oscillation Motion
131
D 3705 D 3707
383 318
D 3709 D 3710
214 D 3712 240 283 265 132 137 347 199
D 3828 D 3829 D 3831 D 3944 D 3945 D 3948 D 4006 D 4007
181 D 4045 381 327
D 4046 D 4047
16 276 319 165 14 204 200 186 202
D 4048 D 4049 D 4052 D 4053 D 4055 D 4056 D 4072 D 4170 D 4172
21 298
D 4176
148 169
D 4291 D 4292
108
D 4294
159
D 4308
148 282
D 4310 D 4312
216
D 4377
47
D 4420
357 187
D 4421 D 4422 D 4486
261 385
D 4529 D 4530 D 4539 D 4624
Analysis
Page
Misting Properties of Lubricating Fluids Storage Stability of Water-in-Oil Emulsions by the Oven Test Method Stability of Water-in-Oil Emulsions Under Low to Ambient Temperature Cycling Conditions Boiling Range Distribution of Gasoline and Gasoline Fractions by Gas Chromatography Oil Soluble Petroleum Sulfonates by Liquid Chromatography Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Tester Borderline Pumping Temperature of Engine Oil Manganese in Gasoline by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Solidification Point of Petroleum Wax Shear Stability of Polymer Containing Fluids Discontinued 1998; Replaced by D 6278 Water Separation Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separator Water in Crude Oil by Distillation Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure) Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Hydrogenolysis and Rateometric Colorimetry Alkyl Nitrate in Diesel Fuels by Spectrophotometry Phosphorus in Lubricating Oils and Additives by Quinoline Phosphomolybdate Method Copper Corrosion from Lubricating Grease Resistance of Lubricating Grease to Water Spray Density and Relative Density of Liquids by Digital Density Meter Benzene in Benzene and Aviation Gasoline by Infrared Spectroscopy Pentane Insolubles by Membrane Filteration Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester Lubricants Toluene-Insoluble (TI) Content of Tar and Pitch Fretting Wear Protection by Lubricating Greases Wear Preventing Characteristics Lubricating Fluid (Four Ball Method) Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures) Ethylene Glycol in Used Engine Oil Vibrated Bulk Density of Calcined Petroleum Coke Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy Electrical Conductivity of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Precision Meter Sludging and Corrosion Tendencies of Inhibited Mineral Oils Toluene Insolubles (TI) Content of Tar and Pitch (Short Method) Water in Crude Oils by Potentiometric Karl Fischer Titration Aromatics in Finished Gasoline by Gas Chromatography Volatile Matter in Petroleum Coke Ash in Analysis of Petroleum Coke Kinematic Viscosity of Volatile and Reactive Liquids Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels Carbon Residue (Micro Method) Filterability of Diesel Fuels by Low-Temperature Flow Test (LTFT) Apparent Viscosity by Capillary Viscometer at High-Temperature and High-Shear Rates
215 307 308 52 309 146 55 211 302 291 375 364 374 314 22 269 89 372 98 48 196 378 331 156 384 366 125 95 323 122 295 331 365 32 359 38 354 166 60 139 25
8 GUIDE TO ASTM TEST METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND LUBRICANTS TABLE II—Alphanumeric Index Reference to ASTM Standards by
TABLE II—Alphanumeric Index Reference to ASTM Standards by
Designation Number. (Continued)
Designation Number. (Continued ) Test Method
D 4625 D 4628 D 4629 D 4636 D 4683 D 4684 D 4693 D 4715 D 4739 D 4740 D 4741 D 4742 D 4807 D 4808
D 4809 D 4815 D 4816 D 4860 D 4868 D 4870 D 4892 D 4893 D 4927
D 4928 D 4929 D 4930 D 4931 D 4951 D 4952 D 4953 D 4998 D 5001
Analysis
Distillate Fuel Storage Stability at 43 C (110 F) Analysis of Barium, Calcium, Magnesium, and Zinc in Unused Lubricating Oils by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Trace Nitrogen in Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Syringe/Inlet Oxidative Combustion and Chemiluminescence Detection Corrosiveness and Oxidation Stability of Hydraulic Oils, Aircraft Turbine Engine Lubricants, and Other Highly Refined Oils Viscosity at High Shear Ratio and High Temperature High Shear by Tapered Bearing Simulator Yield Stress and Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils at Low Temperature Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel Bearings Coking Value of Tar and Pitch (Alcan) Base Number Determination by Potentiometric Titration Stability and Compatibility of Residual Fuels Viscosity at High Temperature and High Shear Rate by Tapered-Plug Viscometer Oxidation Stability of Gasoline Automotive Engine Oils by Thin-Film Oxygen Uptake (TFOUT) Sediment in Crude Oil by Membrane Filtration Hydrogen Content of Light Distillates, Middle Distillates, Gas Oils, and Residue by LowResolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Intermediate Precision Method) MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C1 to C4 Alcohols in Gasoline by Gas Chromatography Specific Heat of Aircraft Turbine Fuels by Thermal Analysis Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Mid-Distillate Fuels (Clear and Bright Numerical Rating) Net and Gross Heat of Combustion of Burner and Diesel Fuels Total Sediment in Residual Fuels Density of Solid Pitch (Helium Pycnometer Method) Pitch Volatility Analysis of Lubricant and Additive Components—Barium, Calcium, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Zinc by Wavelength-Dispersive XRay Fluorescence Spectroscopy Water in Crude Oils by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration Organic Chloride Content in Crude Oil Dust Control Material on Calcined Petroleum Coke Gross Mo isture in Green Petro leum Coke Additive Elements in Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test) Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and GasolineOxygenate Blends (Dry Method) Wear Characteristics of Tractor Hydraulic Fluids Lubricity of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Ballon-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE)
Page
Test Method
304 217
D 5002 D 5003
237
D 5004 D 5018
91 D 5056 25
D 5059 D 5133
30 D 5183 333 D 5184 70 46 306 26
D 5185
247 D 5186 286 188 D 5188 D 5190 171 D 5191 233
D 5236 D 5275
173 D 5291 367 D 5292 168 288 103
D 5293
D 5307 D 5384
363
D 5441
65 120
D 5442 D 5443
231 220
Density and Relative Density of Crude Oils by Digital Analyzer Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI) of Petroleum Coke Real Density of Calcined Petroleum Coke by Xylene Displacement Shear Viscosity of Coal Tar and Petroleum Pitches Trace Metals in Petroleum Coke by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spectro scopy Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate, Viscosity/ Temperature Dependence of Lubricating Oils Using a Temperature-Scanning Technique Coefficient of Friction of Lubricants Using the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine Aluminum and Silicon in Fuel Oils by Ashing, Fusion, Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Additive Elements, Wear Metals and Contaminants in Used Lubricating Oils and Determination of Selected Elements in Base Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry Aromatic Content and Polynuclear Aromatic of Diesel Fuels and Aviation Turbine Fuels by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Vapor-Liquid Ratio Temperature Determination of Fuels (Evacuated Chamber Method) Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Automatic Method) Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method) Distillation of Heavy Hydrocarbon Mixtures (Vacuum Potstill Method) Fuel Injector Shear Stability Test (FISST) of Polymer Containing Fluids Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and Lubricants Aromatic Carbon Contents of Hydrocarbon Oils by High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils Between 5 and 30 C Using the Cold Cranking Simulator Distillate Fuel Storage Stability by Oxygen Overpressure Boiling Range Distribution of Crude Petroleum by Gas Chromatography Chlorine in Used Petroleum Products (Field Test Method) Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) by Gas Chromatography Petroleum Waxes Analysis by Gas Chromatography Paraffin, Naphthene, and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Type Analysis in Petroleum Distillates through 200 C by Multi-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Particulate Contamination in Aviation Fuels by Laboratory Filtration Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Motor Fuels, and Oils by Ultraviolet Fluorescence Engine Oil Volatility by Gas Chromatography Apparent Viscosity at High-Temperature and High-Shear Rate by Multicell Capillary Viscometer
97 163 96 356 223 201 350 68 218
221
31 339 342 343 111 141 239 36 27 305 51 64 232 263 185
D 5452 19 D 5453 341 389 208
Page
D 5304 360 226
Analysis
D 5480 D 5481
257 321 126 28
Introduction 9 TABLE II—Alphanumeric Index Reference to ASTM Standards by
Designation Number. (Continued) Test Method
D 5482 D 5483 D 5501 D 5580
D 5599 D 5600
D 5621 D 5622 D 5623 D 5705 D 5706 D 5707 D 5708 D 5762 D 5763 D 5769 D 5770 D 5771 D 5772 D 5773 D 5800 D 5845 D 5846 D 5853 D 5863 D 5901 D 5949 D 5950 D 5972
TABLE II—Alphanumeric Index Reference to ASTM Standards by
Designation Number. (Continued)
Analysis
Page
Test Method
Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method—Atmospheric) Oxidation Induction Time of Lubricating Greases by Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry Ethanol Content of Denatured Fuel Ethanol by Gas Chromatography Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene p/m-Xylene, o-Xylene, C9 and Heavier Aromatics and Total Aromatics in Finished Gasoline by Gas Chromatography Oxygenates in Gasoline by Gas Chromatography and Oxygen Selective Flame Ionization Detection Trace Metals in Petroleum Coke by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry Sonic Shear Stability of Hydraulic Fluid Total Oxygen in Gasoline and Methanol Fuels by Reductive Pyrolysis Sulfur Compounds in Light Petroleum Liquids by Gas Chromatography and Sulfur Selective Detection Hydrogen Sulfide in Vapor Phase Above Residual Fuel Oils Extreme Pressure Properties of Lubricating Greases Using a High-Frequency, Linear Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine Friction and Wear Properties of Lubricating Grease Using a High-Frequency, LinearOscillation (SRV) Test Machine Nickel, Vanadium, and Iron in Crude Oils and Residual Fuels by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Atomic Emission Spectrometry Nitrogen in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Boat-Inlet Chemiluminescence Oxidation and Thermal Stability Characteristics of Gear Oils Using Universal Glassware Benzene, Toluene, and Total Aromatics in Finished Gasolines by Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry Semi-Quantitative Micro Determination of Acid Number of Used Lubricating Oils Cloud Point of Petroleum Products Cloud Point of Petroleum Products (Linear Cooling Rate Method) Cloud Point of Petroleum Products (Constant Cooling Rate Method) Evaporation Loss of Lubrication of Oils by the Noack Method MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, Methanol, Ethanol, and tert-Butanol in Gasoline by Infrared Spectroscopy Universal Oxidation Test for Hydraulic Fluids and Turbine Oils Pour Point of Crude Oils Nickel, Vanadium, Iron, and Sodium in Crude Oil, and Residual Fuels by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automated Optical Method) Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method) Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Tilt Method) Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automatic Phase Transition Method)
344
D 5984
244 124 33
255 224
D 5985 D 5986
D 6021 D 6045 D 6079
293 254
D 6082 D 6160
320
D 6203 D 6217
193
D 6258
136
D 6277
69
D 6278 D 6293
222 238
D 6296 D 6304
250
D 6334
35
D 6351
15 66 66 66 129 234
D 6352
270 219
D 6371 D 6374 D 6375 D 6376
D 6378 D 6379
153 272 273 154
Page
Semi Quantitative Field Test Method for Base Number in Petroleum Products by ColorIndicator Titration Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Rotational Method) Oxygenates, Benzene, Toluene, C8 –C12 Aromatics and Total Aromatics in Finished Gasoline by Gas Chromatography/Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Total Hydrogen Sulfide in Residual Fuels by Multiple Headspace Extraction and Sulfur Specific Detection Color of Petroleum Products by the Automatic Tristimulus Method Lubricity of Diesel Fuels by High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) High Temperature Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating Oils Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Waste Materials by Gas Chromatography Thermal Stability of Way Lubricants Particulate Contamination in Middle Distillate Fuels by Laboratory Filtration Solvent Red 164 Dye Concentration in Diesel Fuels Benzene in Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels Using Mid Infrared Spectroscopy Shear Stability of Polymer Containing Fluids Using a European Diesel Injector Apparatus Oxygenates and Paraffin, Olefin, Napthene, Aromatic (O-Pona) Total Olefins in Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels by Multi-dimensional Gas Chromatography Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration Sulfur in Gasoline by Wavelength Dispersive XRay Fluorescence Low Temperature Fluidity and Appearance of Hydraulic Fluids Boiling Range of Distribution of Petroleum Distillates in Boiling Range from 174 to 700 C by Gas Chromatography Cold Filter Plugging Point of Diesel and Heating Fuels Volatile Matter in Green Petroleum Coke Quartz Crucible Procedure Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Oils by Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) Noack Method Trace Metals in Petroleum Coke by Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil: VPCR (Expansion Method) Vapor Pressure (VP) of Petroleum Products, Hydrocarbons, and Hydrocarbon—Oxygenate Mixtures (Triple Expansion Method) Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Aviation Fuels and Petroleum Distillates—High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive Index Detection Engine Oil Volatility by Capillary Gas Chromatography Water Tolerance (Phase Separation) of Gasoline— Alcohol Blends Friction and Wear Properties of Extreme Pressure (EP) Lubricating Oils Using SRV Test Machine Filterability of Distillate Fuel Oils
44 274 34
192 79 209 151 260 330 259 303 49 292 256 243 368 325 206 54
D 6377 253
Analysis
D 6417 D 6422 D 6425 D 6426
72 358 130 225 340 346 182
123 380 157 140
10 GUIDE TO ASTM TEST METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND LUBRICANTS TABLE II—Alphanumeric Index Reference to ASTM Standards by
Designation Number. (Continued) Test Method
D 6428 D 6443
D 6445 D 6446 D 6447 D 6450
Analysis
Total Sulfur in Liquid Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives by Oxidative Combustion and Electrochemical Detection Calcium, Chlorine, Copper, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Zinc in Unused Lubricating Oils and Additives by Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (Mathematical Correction Procedure) Sulfur in Gasoline by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Net Heat of Combustion (Specific Energy) of Aviation Fuels Hydroperoxide Number of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Voltametric Analysis Flash Point by Continuously Closed Cup (CCCFP) Tester
FIG. 1—Bull’s eye analogy.
Page
317 227
324 167 194 143
