CRITICAL READING DETECTING PROPAGANDA Lecturer : Mrs Imelda
Prepared By : THIRD GROUP LUKMAN NULHAKIM
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AR'ANNARA()ARI
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LIA KARTIKA PUTRI
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NUR HALIMAH
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RI(HANI,A RI(HANI,A HANDOKO PUTRI : !"#"$!!"+ TUH-ATUL MUNA
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'ANI 'ANI HANDA' HANDA'ANI
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.UL-A HANUM
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('ARI-UDDIN KAMAL
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ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS ENGLISH EDUCATION
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2015
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I. DEFI DEFINI NITI TION ON OF PROP PROPA AGAND GANDA A
A. What What is prop propag agan anda da?? Propaganda is a systematic which aimed to transmute attitude, view, and the act of a the target group. Propaganda carried out through verbal symbols, writing, and behavior by using the mass media. B. The types types of prop propaga aganda nda 1. White White propag propagand andaa or be called propa propagan ganda da white white!! is a "ind of propag propagand andaa "nown "nown the truth as well as the accuracy of the story or the news want to be delivered. This type of propaganda his habit of going through through a duct that monopoli#ed by the government. $very $very intimation intimation that are disseminated disseminated will give the advantages advantages and accentuating accentuating "indness "indness the government. %. Blac" Blac" propa propaga gand ndaa is a "ind "ind of prop propag agan anda da clos closed ed.. Prop Propag agan anda da this this type type of givi giving ng a source of information wrong or inappropriate. &isseminators propaganda this will also be spreading spreading false information information and will give a bad precedent precedent to people or the state accused of it. '. (rey (rey propaga propaganda nda also also or in other other words words as propag propagand andaa grayish grayish or ha#y ha#y is a "ind "ind of propaganda that is less about the accuracy of information or the news spread. This This type of propaganda usually un"nown disseminators that spread the information. )f something information disseminated, we rarely "now the identity of the intimation disseminators. This type of propaganda propaganda will also re*ect something cruelty conducted conducted by big powers. powers. +. atio propaga propaganda nda is a "ind of of propaganda propaganda that that is positive. positive. This This type of propaga propaganda nda more more figu figure re into into the the dire direct ctio ion n of an integ integrat rated ed and and creat createe a good good name name.. )n addi additi tion on,, he promotes ties of friendship and improve the morals morals of something the case that propagated -. An eampl eamplee of the types types of propag propagand anda/ a/ 1. Whit Whitee prop propag agan anda da for eampl eamplee it is li"e li"e ) and T0) T0),, both both of this this media media of the the ancients until now, often still in use for communication tool the government to convey information about the government policy to the people of )ndonesia widely. %. $am $ampl plee of Blac" Blac" prop propag agan anda da that that had had we heard heard that that is that that ther theree was was a man man moderator moderator the event meeting an organi#ati organi#ation, on, who said that spea"er spea"er who they invite could not come because it had in the "idnap by son of a body of intelligence countries2 however the allegations not proved. '. $amples $amples of (rey propaganda propaganda ever ever we see on televisio television n are a propagand propagandaa in doing doing by political parties, the party of the 3A4&$5 said that the 5)3)4T$ of the )3T$)6, (amawan 7au#i has to retreat from his position, because he was not able to complete the $8)& -A& program, which conse9uently leads to a &TP problem still not resolved until now. But the 5)3)4T$ denied it, and said that the $8)& -A& program is not lin"ed to the &PT. +. 4ample 4ample ratio ratio propagan propaganda da very warm in our memory memory,, yesterday yesterday on 6ctobe 6ctoberr %:, we commemorate the day of oath of youth, for eample, that is the contents of the 4umpah Pemuda in use to remind and unify the youth across )ndonesia to stic" together for the sa"e of the nation. II. PROPAG PROPAGANDA ANDA DEVICES DEVICES
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We are fooled by propaganda chiefly because they appeal to our emotions rather than to our reason. They ma"e us believe and do something we would not believe or do. And since it appeal more to our emotions; we often don!t recogni#e it when we see it. Admittedly, on certain occasions it may be fun to be fooled.
. 3ame -alling is a device to ma"e us form *udgment without eamining the evidence on which it should be based. to those individuals, group, nations, races, policies, practices, and ideals that they would have us condemn and re*ect.
3ame8-alling is normally used in a negative sense. This propaganda techni9ue is mostly used to leave the opponent undesirable. By using demeaning words =name8callers = try to demean the other views and opinions opinions of others that do not match their own. This can be seen ma*orly in politics. 7or eample, in an article on Boston.com from the %: election, it high highli ligh ghts ts the the uses uses of name name call callin ing g in poli politi tics. cs. @ohn @ohn 5c-a 5c-ain in uses uses word wordss li"e li"e =redistributionist> and =socialist> to describe his opponent, "nowing that words li"e these are red flags in American culture. )n his statements, @ohn 5c-ain offers no support for his claims. The %: election, as well as other elections, was filled with propagandist!s claims. 4ome claims may be true, but there is no support support to bac" these claims when the argument argumentss are made. )n order to increase increase or decrease support support of a candidate, candidate, the ads are there to arise fear and mistrust, *ust li"e in the 5c-lintoc" article. )n a @ohn 5c-ain commercial, words li"e =painful taes,> =harder on budgets,> and =not ready to lead> are words and phrases that send shivers of dread down American!s spines. )n hard economic times li"e our recent ones, the American people are very cautious and wary around the sub*ect of mone money y. By plac placin ing g the the word wordss =pai =painf nful ul>> and and =ta =taes es>> toge togeth ther er in one one phra phrase se it automatically automatically sends sends a negative negative message to those those who are watching. watching. When it comes comes to a presidential election, people want a person who is a natural leader. When the ad claims that 6bama is =not ready to lead,> it puts doubt into the minds of the voters. These words do eac eactly tly what they they are are mean meantt to do; do; they they cast cast a dar" dar" ligh lightt upon upon the the cand candid idat ate, e, influencing their opinions by their feelings, but not by showing them the facts. 3ame -alling is popular in the wartime and politics circles, but it can also be found in everyday advertisements for everyday everyday materials. $ven a slightly less charged word will change change someone! someone!ss opinio opinion n about about a produc product. t. 7or eample eample,, in a Bounty Bounty paper towel
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commercial, they mention bargain brand. pon hearing bargain, one may hear cheaper or less 9uality. With this word choice, they are indirectly saying that their brand is better with higher 9uality materials. materials. Another eample, as stated in the 5c-lintoc" essay, essay, is by saying =foreign> rather than =imported> when it comes to non8native materials. The word foreign has such a derogatory tone to it that when a person hears it, it may change their view slightly. $ven though words li"e =bargain> and =foreign> cast a dar" shadow upon the products they are being used to describe, there is no concrete evidence that these products are ar e worse in value or performance. That is why it is propaganda. The =bargain8 foreign> brand can be *ust as good or better as the name brand, but its 9uality cannot be measured by its title. 3ame -alling is propaganda techni9ue used to smear the opponent!s opponent!s reputation with his or her audience. )t can be used to gather support for an issue, gain opposition against a competitor, and boost one!s one!s product higher than the other brands. The names being used to label a person or a product may not necessarily necessarily be true, or able to be proven, which which is what ma"es them propaganda. propaganda. 3ame -alling is invalid invalid when it comes to argumentat argumentation ion because there is no proof when the argument is presented. 4tatements can be fabricated and some may be true, but we cannot measure their credibility by heresy. By causing fear or produc producing ing mistru mistrust, st, name name callin calling g is a success successful ful way to change change anothe anotherr person person!s !s perspective to further boost one!s argument. argument.
2. Glit Glitte teri ring ng Gener General alit itie iess (littering generalities is a device by which the propagandist identifies his program with virtue by use of =virtue words>.
)n the glittering generalities devices, words are used to stir up our emotions and befog our thin"ing. )n one device =bad words> are used to ma"e us mad; in the other =good words> are uses to ma"e us glad. The propagandist is most effective in use of these devices when his words ma"e us create devils to fight of gods to adore. (littering generalities are commonly used in propaganda, such as advertisements and slogans slogans for political campaign. campaign. A glittering glittering generalities generalities is a clever use of an attractive or =glittering word> or phrase that provides no specific details. sing such word vaguely or out of contet means that they may be interpreted in many different ways, yet at the same time, they elicit strong emotional responses due to their inherently strong meaning. The term =glittering generalities> was first used by an American lawyer in the nineteenth century to describe describe phrases phrases that that are convinci convincing ng on the the surface, surface, but have little little deeper meaning.
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(litter (littering ing (enera (eneraliti lities es ma"e ma"e you you feel good good becaus becausee they they sound sound powerf powerful. ul.
=-hange We -an Believe )n> This slogans for Barac" 6bama!s presidential campaign is catchy and attractive at first glance. ou get ecited about the words =change> and =believe,> since you want to believ believee that that someth something ing will will chang change. e. When When you you thin" thin" about about this this phrase phrase more, more, however, many 9uestions arise/ what "ind change?
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4. Testim stim nia nial Testimonial pengutipan2 D Testimoni Eesa"sian2 is a techni9ues provide opportunities for people to say that an idea or program or product with the aim of promoting a particular product is good or bad. This techni9ue is very common in use in advertising techn techni9 i9ue uess and and also also in futu future re poli politi tical cal camp campaig aigns ns and and re9ui re9uire re a grad gradua uall proc process ess of communication. 5essages received based on the eperience gained. 4o the communicator provide information based on their eperience to an information. and =selamat pagi>. #. Car Car$ St Sta%"i a%"in ng This techni9ue as propaganda to highlight the good things of something. -ard stac"ing includes the selection and use of facts or falsity, illustrations or confusion and reasonable or unreasonable a statement that gives the worst or the best possibility for an idea,
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programs, people and goods. This propaganda techni9ue only accentuate the things or the bright side only, only, so that the public only see one side only. only.
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$ample / Advertising the use of condoms, condom ads on various, often appears the statement Csafe se with a condomC. condomC. 6n the one hand, hand, the use of condoms may be able to CsecureC the se offender from venereal diseases or <)0 A)&4. 6n the other hand, the widespread use of condom ads will certainly encourage people to do free se or premarital se. The rise of premarital se or se will cause another problem. &. 'an$ (a (agn The =Band Wagon> is a device to ma"e us follow the crowd, to accept the propagandist!s proram en masse. . . Because he wants us to =follow the crowd> in masse he directs his appeal to groups held together by common ties of nationality, religion, race, environment, se vacation. Thus propagandist campaigning for or against a program will appeal to us as -atholics, Protestants, 5oslems or @ews; as members of the 3ordic race or as 3egroes; as farmers or as a school teachers; as housewives or as miners. All the articles of flattery are used to harness the fears and hatreds, pre*udices and biases, convictions and ideals common to the group; thus emotion is made to push and pull the group on to the Band Wagon. )n newspaper articles and in the spo"en word this device is also found. =&on!t throw your vote away. 0ote for your candidate. . 3early everybody wins every election G before the votes are in.
$ample from the Band Wagon/ a. HBWH HBWH ming> by by *oin us us to wal" a way way in =-ar =-ar 7ree &ay>. &ay>. e. HBWH HBWH @ohn @ohn haw" haw"in ings gs,, is the winn winner er of the the %+ %+ 3obel 3obel pri#e pri#e for litera literatu ture re,, said, said, =other universities can claim they!re the first, but ) believe my almamater8(lobal Iuantum niversity8 is the best. @oin it to shape your glorious future.
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III. PROPAGANDA AND E)OTION Emtinal (r$s* Words such as luury, beautiful, paradise, and economical are used to evo"e positive feelings in the viewer. Words that will ma"e you feel strongly about someone or something fear, desire for success, ecitement, being part of a group2. $motional $motional Wo Words are a way of advertising advertising and a techni9ue techni9ue used in propaganda. propaganda. By using emotional words, advertisers and propagandists can bring across positive feelings about their product to consumers. -ustomers can be convinced by the simple use of words such as Clove, Clove, adore, adore, hate, hate, care, care, etcC. etcC. Words such as these these bring bring out the positive positive emotions emotions and feelings in people without needing to include the facts., for eample / =)f you want to be cool, wear this *ac"et>. Pr+agan$a Pr+agan$a an$ Emtin Relatins,i+* 6bserve that in all these devices our emotion is the stuff with which the propagandists wor". Without it they are helpless/ with it, harnessing it to their purposes, they can ma"e us glow with pride or burn with hatred, they can ma"e us #ealots in behalf of the program they espouse. As we said at the beginning, propaganda as generally understood is epression of opinion or action by individuals or groups with reference to predetermined ends. Without the appeal to our emotion G to our fears and to our courage, to our selfishness and unselfishness, to our loves and to our hates8propagandists would influence few opinions and few actions.
To say say this this is not not to cond condem emn n emot emotio ion, n, an esse essent ntia iall part part of life life,, or to asser assertt that that all all predetermined end of propagandists are =bad>. What we mean is that the intelligent person does not want propagandists to utili#e his emotions, even to attainment of =good> ends, without "nowing what is going on. in the attainment of ends he may later consider =bad>. cause.
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E-ERCISES * Rea$ t,e flling senten%es an$ $e%i$e ,i%, +r+agan$a te%,ni/0es t,e re+resent. sing t,e flling %$es +la%e t,e a++r+riate letters in frnt f ea%, senten%e. NC GG Tr Te
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All your friends drin" 4prite. ou try it tooJ This ca car is is la latest th thing in in speed, po power an and lu luury. @ohn @ohn Eerr Eerry y, can candi did date ate for for pre presi sid dent, ent, was seen seen play playin ing g foo footb tbal alll at at th the chu churc rch h pic picn nic yesterday. 4upersta star Will &e &empsey sey says -h -heewees are are the be best for br brea"f a"fast ast. Leading 5e 5edical me men cl claim -also ca capsul sules will cu cure th the co common co cold.
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Abraham Lincoln stated he was born to fight slavery. 4enator sandy oger is a two8faced politician. 3ine out of ten people use (usto 4having -ream. (olden ci cigarett ettes la last longer, er, tas tastte be better, er, an and us use fi finer to tobacc acco. Bill Adams is is the wor"ingman!s friend.
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Ta"e th the ad advice of 4t 4tan 4to"ely, trac" ac" st star/ =Wear W Wh hi# 4g 4goesJ> sJ> )nd )ndependent ent lab labo oratory tests sh show Pu Puresi esil" is is th the bes bestt fo for yo your s" s"in. $verybody!s da dancing 7lip and 7lop. Let us us te teach yo you ho how. 4mart people drin" WindagainstJ Buy new Bloo#e 4oap in the gi giant ec economy si#e.
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7orty million )ndonesians dr drin" Eapal Api. Why not yo you? -athy But Butterfield eld, 6ly 6lympic sw swimming cham champ pion. -la -laims 7or 7ormfit sw swimsui suits are are the best. 4urely you do don!t wa want to to elect a slac"er li li"e 5a 5artin BryanJ 4ena 4enato torr 4to 4toc"to c"ton n rose rose his posit ositio ion n afte afterr havin aving g been een a comm common on lab laborer orer.. Ben 7r 7ran"lin 4a 4avings an and Lo Loan Assoc sociati ation wi will he help yo you sa save mo moneyJ eyJ
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Leading medical men recommended ta"ing Pilch Pills three times daily for increased vigor. An hone honest st Americ erican an,, ic ich hard ard ee eev ves belie elieve vess in in fre freed edom om and and lov lovee of of fel fello low w man man.. -ome to Bali, where you can en*oy paradise8li"e life. 7ly with Lion Air8*ust li"e what 4iti 3urhali#ah does. @oh @ohn 4een is cl clearly rly un8American can in in his vi views toward fre free sp speech ech.
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