Criminal Law - Amendment Offence Against Women

Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013: Sexual Offences April 8, 2015 by kanchi Leave a Comment

ByYa mi mi ni ,Na t i ona lLa w Uni v e r s i t yJ odhpur Edi t or ’ s Not e :Th en at i o n wi d eo ut r a g eo v e rt h eb r u t a lg a ng r a pe a nd s u b s eq u en td e at ho ft h e  phy s i ot her apyi nt er ni nI ndi a’ sv er yownc api t alc i t y ,NewDel hiwast hedr i v i ngf or c ebehi ndt hepas s i ngof t h eCr i mi n alL aw ( Ame nd me me nt )Ac t ,2 01 3.I th asbe enk n owna l lo v e ra so neo ft h emo s tc o nc r e t es t e ps t a k e nb yt h eI n di a ng ov e r n me me ntt oc u r bv i o l e nc ea ga i n s two me me n.Ma j o ra me me nd me me nt sb yt h eAc t ,n oto nl y wi dent h eambi tofc er t ai noff enc esbutal s or ec ogni s ene w off enc esl i k eac i da t t ac k swhi c hear l i erl ac k ed as p e c i fi cp r o v i s i o na n dd e fi ni t i o ni nt h e Co de .Th e Ac ti sd ee me me dt ob eo n eo ft h e mo s ti mp or t a nt c h an ge st h ath a v eb ee nma dei nt h ee x i s t i n gc r i mi n all a wsna me me l yt h eI n di a nPe na lCo de ,t h eCo deo f Cr i mi na lPr o c ed ur ean dt h eI n di a nEv i d enc eAc t . Introduction

Th eCr i mi n alL aw ( Ame nd me me nt )Bi l l ,2 013 ,mo r ep op ul a r l yca l l e dt h eAn t i Ra peBi l l ,i sno wl a w.Th eAc t r d c amei n t of or c eo n3   Febr uar y ,2013f ol l owi ngt heout r ageoft heent i r enat i onbehi ndt hehomi c i dal gang t h r ap et h att oo kpl a c ei nNe w De l h io nt h en i g htof1 6   De ce mb mb er2 01 2.Th ep r o t e s ti nt heDe l h ia f t ert h e b ar b ar o usRa peI n ci d en ti n di c at e dt h e wh ol eo fI n di a ,t h e en or mi t yaswe l la st h es er i o us ne ssf o ran i mme di a t er e f o r mi nRa peLa ws . Th i sp r o j e c two r k sd i s c u s s est h e ma j o ra me me nd me me nt so ft h es e c t i o nsr e ga r d i n gs e x ua lo ffe nc e si nt h e I n di anPe nalCo de .Th ei n ser t i o no ft h en ew p r o v i s i o nsan dt h ea me me nd me me nto ft h ee x i s t i n gp r o v i s i o ns ha vebeendeal twi t hi ndet ai l i nt hepr es entwor k . Th eAc tr e c og ni z e st h eb r o adr a ng eo fs e x ua lc r i me st owh i c hwo me me nma yf a l lv i c t i m,a ndan umb ero f wa y si nwhi c hg en derb as eddi s c r i mi nat i onma ni f es t si t s el f .I tal s oac k nowl edgest hatl es s erc r i mesof bodi l yi nt egr i t yof t enes cal at et ogr av erones .I ts eek st ot r eatc as esas“ r ar es toft her ar e”f orwhi c hc our t s c a na wa r dc a pi t a lp un i s h me me nti ft h eyd ec i d es o .Th e Ac tc l a r i fi e sa nde x t e nd st h eo ff en s eo fs e x ua l as s aul t sorr apeasar es ul tofabus eofpos i t i onoft r us t .Aspert heAc t ,t hepol i c ewi l lal s obepenal i z ed f orf ai l i ngt or egi s t erFI Rs–t hi swi l l mak ei teas i erf orr apev i c t i mst or epor t t hei rc as es . Th e Ac ti n t r o du c ed u np r e c ed en t e dp r o v i s i o ns i nt h eI n di a n Pe na lCo de wh i c hc r i mi n al i s e ss e x u al v o y eu r i s m a nd s t al k i n ga nd a me me nd sl e ga lp r o v i s i on st op r o t e c tt h ep r i v a cy o fi n di v i d ual s ,s u c ha s di s c ont i nui ng t he pr ac t i c e ofe x ami n at i on oft h es ex ualhi s t or yo ft h ev i c t i m ofas ex ualas s aul tf or ev i denc e.Wi t hi ns t anc esoft hr eat st oi ndi v i dualpr i v ac yont her i s ei nI ndi a,i twashi ght i met hatt he c r i mi nal l awe xpandsi t ss copet odeal wi t hoff enc eswhi c hv i ol at ephy s i c al pr i v ac y . Th eAc th asal s ob ee nwi d el yc r i t i c i z edf o rn o tf o l l o wi n gt h er ec o mme mm nd at i o nsoft h eVe r maCommi t t e e t h a th a db e en s p e c i fi c a l l yc o n s t i t u t e dt oo b s e r v ea n dr e c o mme mm n dc h a n ge si nt h ep r e s e n tp en a l pr ov i s i ons . Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013

Th eCr i mi n alL a w( Ame nd me nt )Ac t ,2 01 3 ,a nI n di a nl e gi s l a t i o npa s s e db yt h eLo kSa bh aon1 9Ma r c h 2 01 3 ,a ndb yt h eRa j y aSa bh ao n2 1Ma r c h2 0 13 ,p r o v i d esf o ra me n dme nto fI n di a nPe na lCo de ,I n d i a n Ev i d en c eAc t ,a ndCo deo fCr i mi n al Pr o ce dur e ,1 97 3o nl a wsr e l a t e dt os e x ua lo ffe nc es .Th eBi l l r e ce i v e d Pr es i d ent i al as s ento n2Apr i l 2 01 3anddeemedt ocamei nt of or c ef r om 3Febr u ar y201 3.I twasor i gi nal l y a nOr d i n an cepr omu l g at e db yt h ePr e si d en to fI n di a ,Pr a na bMu k he r j ee ,o n3Fe br ua r y2 01 3,i nl i g hto f t h ep r o t e s t si nt h e2 01 2Del h ig an gr a pec a se . Th i si n ci de ntg en er a t e dh ug ei n t er n at i on al c o v er ag ea ndwasc on de mn edb yt h eUn i t e dNa t i o nsEn t i t yf o r Ge nd erEq ua l i t ya ndt h eEmp owe r me nto fWo me n,wh oc a l l e du pt h eGo v e r n me nto fI n di aa ndDe l h i“ t o d oe v er y t hi n gi nt h ei rp o we rt ot a k eu pr ad i c alr e f o r msa ndt h el i k et oma k e wo me n’ sl i v e ss af e ra nd s e c u r e ” . [ i ] Th er eh adb ee nwi d es p r e add ema ndb yt h ep u bl i ca swe l la sv a r i o ush uma nr i g ht sg r o up san dwo me n ’ s o r g ani s at i o nst oc h an geora me ndt h ee x i s t i n gl a wr e l a t i n gt os e x ua lo ffe nc es .A g r a v erp un i s hme ntf or t h ea c c u s e dwa sde ma nd edf o rc o mmi t t i n gs u c hah ei n ou sc r i me . I name et i ngatUN Women,J us t i c eVer mas t at edt h at ,“ t oen sur ei t ss uc c es s ,i ti si mp or t antt hatt heAc t bei mpl eme nt edwi t hdedi c at edhumana ndfi na nc i al r es our c es ,andc l ar i t yi nr ol esan dr es pons i bi l i t i es .A l a wi son l yasgo oda st h es y s t e msan di n di v i d ual st h ati mp l e me ntt h em.Mi n ds e t san da t t i t u de sn ee dt o c h ang es owo menc ant r u l yber e sp ec t e de qu al l yan dv a l u ei ns o ci e t y . ”[ i i ] easons for t!e "nactment

Th en at i o nwi d es p r e ado ut r a geo v e rt h eb r u t a lg an gr a pea nds u bs e qu en td ea t ho ft h ep hy s i o t h er a py i nt er ni nI ndi a ’ sv er yownc api t alc i t y ,New Del hiwast hedr i v i ngf or c ebehi ndt hepas si ngoft heCr i mi nal L aw ( Ame nd me nt )Ac t ,2 01 3t h ats o ug htt oa me ndt h ee x i s t i n gl a wsr e ga r d i n gs e x ua lo ffe nc e si nI n di a . Th eAc ti sde eme dt ob eo neo ft h emo s ti mp or t a ntc h an ge st h ath av ebe enma dei nt h ee x i s t i n gc r i mi n al l a wsna me l yt h eI n di a nPe na lCo de ,t h eCo deo fCr i mi n al Pr o c ed ur ea ndt h eI n di a nEv i d en c eAc t . #ir$a!a%a Case & 2012 'el!i an a*e Case

Th e20 12De l h ig an gr a pec a s ei n v o l v e dar a pea ndf a t a la s s a ul tt h ato c c u r r e do n1 6De c e mb e r2 01 2 i nMu n i r k a ,a n e i g h bo u r h o o d l o c a t e d i nt h e s o u t h e r np a r to f Ne w De l h i , wh e n a2 3 y e a r o l d f emal eph ys i ot h er ap yi nt er nwasbe at enandgangr apedi napr i v at ebusi nwhi c hs hewast r a v el l i ngwi t ha mal ef r i end.Thev i c t i ml at erd i edduet oheri nj ur i es .Thei nc i d entgener at edwi des pr eadna t i onalan d i n t e r n at i o na lc o v e r a ge a nd wa s wi d el yc o nd emn ed ,b ot hi nI n di aa nd a br o ad .Su bs e qu en t l y ,p ub l i c p r o t e st sa ga i n s tt h eGo v er n me nto fI n di aan dt heGo v er n me nto fDe l h if o rf a i l i n gt op r o v i d ea de qu at e s ec ur i t yf orwome nt ookpl ac ei nNe w Del hi ,wher et hous andsofpr o t es t er sc l as hedwi t hs ec ur i t yf or c es . [ i i i ]Si mi l arpr o t es t st ookpl ac ei nmaj orc i t i est hr oughoutt hec ou nt r ydemandi ngs t r i c t erl a wsands peedy  j us t i c e. +

acts

Th eg an gr a pe i n De l h it o okp l a c eo nt h en i g hto f1 6thDe c e mb e r2 0 12 .T he v i c t i m,a 2 3y e a ro l d ph y si ot her ap yi nt er nt ookar i dehomei napr i v at ebust hatni g ht ,wi t hherf r i end.Ther ewer es i xo t her peopl eont hebus ,i nc l udi ngt hedr i v er . Thev i c t i ma ndherf r i e ndwer ebeat enupwh ent he yr ai s edt h ei rs us pi c i onsast or out eoft hebust ot he d es t i n at i o n .T h ewo ma nwa sl a t e rr a pe db ya l lt h eme nwh i l et h eb uswa smo v i n ga ndh erf r i e ndwa s b ea t e nun c on s c i o us . [ i v ]   Af t e rt h eb ea t i n gsan dr a pe ,b ot ht h ev i c t i mswe r et h r o wno uto ft h emo v i n gb us byt hei rp er pet r at or sandl ef tont hes i deoft her oad,par t i al l yc l ot hed.Lat er ,aPCR v anar r i v edatt he s ceneaf t err ec ei v i ngac al l f r om apas s er by . Thev i c t i mswer et ak ent ot heSaf dar j ungHos pi t al i nDel hi f or t r eat ment . Medi c ali n v es t i g at i ono ft hewomans ug ges t eds hewaspenet r at edb yabl u ntobj ec t ,pr ob abl yar odl i k e o bj e ctt h ath adc a us e de x t e ns i v ed ama get ot h ei n t er n alo r g an so ft h ev i c t i m.T wobl o od s t a i n edme t a l r od swe r er e t r i e v edf r o mt h eb uso np ol i c ei n sp ec t i o n,whi c ht h eme di c a ls t a ffl at e rc o nfi r me dt ob et h e obj ec tu se df orp en et r at i o nt hath ad c aus ed s er i o usi nj ur i est ot he v i c t i m’ sut er us ,g eni t al sa nd t he ab do men . Wi t h i nad ayoft h ec ommi s s i o nc r i me ,a r r e s t swe r ema deb yt h eDe l h ip ol i c ei nt h ec a sea nda l lt hes i x ac c us edi nc l udi ngaj uv eni l ewer ear r es t ed.[ v ] +

-rial and .erdict

T r i al Th er ewa sah ug ed ema ndf o rs p e ed yt r i a la ndi mme di a t ep r o s ec u t i o ni nt h ema t t e r .Wh i l efi v eo ft h e ac c us edwer et r i edf ort hec r i mebef or et heAd di t i o nal Ses s i onsJ udgei nt heSp ec i al Fas tT r ac kCo ur t ,t he s i x t hac c us ed ,whowasaj uv eni l eatt h et i meo ft hec r i me,wast r i edb ef or et heJ uv eni l eJ us t i c eBoar d. Ho we v e r ,d ur i n gt h et r i a l ,o ne o ft h ea c c us e d,Ra m Si n gh wa sf o un dd ea di nh i sp r i s o nc e l l .Th e r e ma i n i n ga c c us e ds we r eb oo k ed f o rr a pe ,mu r d er ,k i d na pp i n g,d es t r u c t i o no fe v i d en c e,a n dt h e a t t e mp t e dmu r d ero ft h ewo ma n’ sma l ec o mp an i o nu nd erSe c t i o ns1 20 B,3 65 ,3 66 ,3 07 ,3 76( 2 ) ( g ) ,3 77 , 3 96 ,3 02 ,3 97 ,2 01an d4 12oft h eI n di a nPe na lCo de ,1 86 0. Co nv i c t i o na ndSe nt e nc i n g Thej uv eni l edef en dantwasf oundgui l t yofr ap eandmur deroft hev i c t i m un dert heJ uv eni l eJ us t i c eAc tb y st t h eJ uv e ni l eJ us t i c eBoa r do nt h e3 1  o fAu gu s t2 01 3.Hewa ss e nt e nc e dt ot h r e ey e ar si mp r i s o nme nti n ar ef or mf ac i l i t y . Th er ema i ni n gf o ura cc us e d,a f t e rt h ed ea t ho fRa m Si n gh ,we r ef o un dg ui l t yofr a pe ,mu r d er ,u nn at ur a l off enc esanddes t r uc t i onofe vi denc eb yt hef as t t r ac kc our t .The ywer es ent enc edt ode at hpe nal t ybyt he t h c o ur to n13   Sept ember2013. +

Conse/uences

Wi d es p r e ad p r o t e s t sf o l l o we da f t e rt h eg an gr a pe i n c i d en to c c u r r e d.Th er e we r ep r o t e s tmo v eme nt s nat i onal l yaswel lasi nt er nat i onal l y ,al ldemandi ngs t r i c t erl awst oc hec kv i ol enc eagai ns twomen.Thi s par t i c ul ari nc i d entg ar ner e dhugepo pul ar i t ybec aus eoft heh ei n ousnat ur eoft hec r i mec ommi t t ed.Asa r es ul toft henat i onwi depr ot es t s ,t heJ us t i c eVer maCommi t t eewascons t i t ut e dundert h enot i fi c at i ono f t heGo ver nmentofI ndi at osugg es tc hangesi nt heex i s t i ngl a ws .  -!e ustice .erma Committee

OnDe c emb er2 3,2 0 12at h r e eme mb erCo mmi t t e eh ea de db yJ u s t i c eJ . S.Ve r ma ,f o r me rCh i e fJ u s t i c e o ft h eSu pr e meCo ur t ,wa sc o n s t i t u t e dt or e c o mme n da me nd me nt st ot h eCr i mi n alL a ws oa st op r o v i d e f o rqui c k e rt r i a la nden ha nc edp uni s hme ntf o rc r i mi n al sa c cu se do fc o mmi t t i n gs e x ua la ss a ul ta ga i ns t women. [ v i ]Th eo t h erme mb er so nt h eCo mmi t t e ewe r eJ us t i c eLe i l aSe t h ,f o r me rj u dg eo ft h eHi g hCo ur t ofDel hi andGopal Subr amani am,f or merSol i c i t orGen er al o fI n di a. Thec ommi t t eeur ge dt hepubl i ci ngener alandpar t i c ul ar l yemi nentj ur i s t s ,l eg alpr of es s i onal s ,NGOs , wo me n’ sg r ou psa ndc i v i ls oc i e t yt os h ar et h ei rv i e ws ,k no wl ed gea nde x pe r i e nc es u gg es t i n gpo ss i b l e amendment si nt hec r i mi n alan dot herr el e v antl a wst opr o vi d ef orq ui c k eri n v es t i g at i on,pr os ec ut i onand t r i a l ,a nda l s oe nha nc edp un i s h men tf o rc r i mi n al sa c cu se do fc o mmi t t i n gs e x ua la s sa ul to fa ne x t r e me n at u r eag ai n s two me n. O$ectie of t!e Committee

Th ek e yo bj e c t i v eo ft h e Co mmi s s i o nwa st or e v i e wf o rp os s i b l ea me nd me nt st ot h ec r i mi n all a wa nd s ugges tmeas ur esf orf as t ert r i al sandhar s herp enal t i esf orv i c i ousoff enc esr el at edt ov i ol enc eag ai ns t women[ v i i ] .   T ak i ngf ur t herc o gni z anc eoft hes t r i dents t or m ofpubl i cpr ot es t si ngener alandat r i but et o Ni r bha y ai npar t i c ul ar ,onJ anu ar y23,201 3,t h ec ommi s s i ons ubmi t t edi t sr ec ommen dat i onsbyi d ent i f y i ng ‘ l a c ko fg oo dg ov e r n an c e’a st h ec e nt r a lc a us eo fv i o l e nc ea ga i n s two me n.Th ec o mmi s s i o ng oe so nt o c r i t i c i z et hegov er nment ,t heaby s mal andol df as hi onedpol i c es y st em al ongs i depubl i capat hyi nt ac k l i ng v i o l e nc ea ga i n s two me n,a nd t h er e by ,r e co mme nd sd r a ma t i ct r a ns f or ma t i o ni nl e gi s l a t i o ns .I tma de r ec omme nd at i o nsonl a wsr e l at e dt or a pe ,s e x ua lh ar a ss me nt ,t r affic k i ng ,a ndc hi l ds e x ua la bu se ,me di c a l ex ami nat i onofv i c t i ms ,pol i c e,el ec t or al andeduc at i onal r ef or ms .[ v i i i ]   T heCo mmi t t e ea do pt e damu l t i d i s c i p l i n ar yap pr o ac hi n t er pr e t i n gi t sma nda t ee x pa ns i v e l y .Th eRe por t deal swi t hse xu al c r i mesatal l l e v el sandwi t ht h emeas ur esneededf orpr e v ent i onaswel l a sp uni s hment ofa l loff enc eswi t hs e xualo v er t onest ha tar eo naff r on tt oh uma ndi gni t y .[ i x ]   Thi si sont hebas i st hatt he i s s u eo fs e x u a la s s au l ta ga i n s two me ni so net h atg oe st ot h ec o r eo fs o c i a ln or msa ndv a l u es .Th e Repor tal s odeal swi t ht hec ons t r uc tofgenderj us t i c ei nI ndi aandt hev ar i ousobs t r uc t i onst ot hi s .The Commi t t ee ’ sappr oac hi sf oundedonac hi ev i ngt heguar ant eeofequal i t yf oral l i nt heCons t i t ut i onofI ndi a. Th ec o mp r e he ns i v e6 30p ag er e po r t ,wh i c hwa sc o mp l e t e di n2 9d ay s ,wa sa pp r e c i a t e db ot hn at i o na l l y andi nt er nat i onal l y .Thi sev ent ual l yl e dt ot hep as s i ngoft heCr i mi nalLa w( Amendme nt )Ac t ,201 3,whi c h wasc r i t i c i s e da sn ota deq ua t e l yap pl y i n gt h eCo mmi t t e e’ swor kan dr e co mme nd at i o ns .Th ec ommi t t e ei n i t sr epor tbl amedt hego ver nment ,pol i c ei ns ens i t i v i t yandgenderbi asf ort her i s i ngc r i mesagai ns twomen i nt h ec ount r y . I tal s oc r eat eds omeoff enc esl i k edi s r obi ngawoman,v o y eur i s m,s t al k i ngandt r affic k i ng.

ecommendations of t!e Committee

Th ef o l l o wi n ga r et her e c omme nd at i o nsoft heCommi t t e eewi t hr e ga r dt os e x ua lo ffe nc esi nI n di a[ x ] : 1. Puni shmentf or Rape:Th ep an elh as n o tr e c o mme n de dt h ed e at hp en al t yf o rr a pi s t s .I t s u gg es t st h att h epu ni s hme ntf o rr ap es h ou l db er i g or o usi mpr i s on me nto rRIf o rs e v eny e ar st o l i f e.I tr ec ommendst hatpuni s hmentf orc aus i ngdeat hora“ per s i s t entv eget at i v es t at e”s houl dbe RIf orat er mn otb el es st han20y e ar s ,bu tma ybef orl i f eal s o,whi c hs hal lmeant h er es toft he per s on ’ sl i f e.Gangr ap e,i ts ugg es t ss houl de nt ai lpuni s hmentofno tl es st han20y ear s ,whi c h ma ya l s oe x t e nd t ol i f ea n dg a ng r a p ef o l l o we db yd ea t h ,s h ou l db ep u ni s h e d wi t hl i f e i mp r i s o nme nt . 2. Puni shmentf orot hersexualoffences: Th ep an elr e c og ni s e dt h en ee dt oc u r ba l lf o r msof s e x u a lo ff e nc e sa n dr e c o mme n de d – Vo y e u r i s mb ep u ni s h e d wi t hu p t os e v e ny e a r si nj a i l ; s t al k i ngorat t empt st ocont ac taper s onr epeat edl yt hr oughan ymeansb yu pt ot hr eey ear s .Ac i d at t ac k swoul dbepu ni s hedb yu pt os ev eny e ar si fi mpr i s onment ;t r affic k i ngwi l lb epuni s hedwi t h RIf ors ev ent ot eny ear s . 3. Re gi s t e r i ngc ompl a i nt sandme di c a le x a mi na t i on:  Ev e r yc omp l a i n tofr a pemu s tb er e gi s t er e d b yt hepol i c eandc i v i ls oc i et ys ho ul dper f or mi t sdu t yt or epor ta nyc as eofr ap ec omi ngt oi t s k nowl edg e.“ An yoffic er ,whof ai l st or egi s t erac as eofr aper epor t edt ohi m,orat t emp t st oa bor t i t si nv es t i gat i on,c ommi t sanoff enc ewhi c hs hal l bepuni s habl easpr es cr i bed, ”t her e por t[ x i ]s a y s . Thepr o t oc ol sf ormedi c al e x ami nat i onofv i c t i msofs ex ual a ss aul th av eal s obe ensugg es t e d.The panels ai d,“ Suc h pr o t oc olbas ed,pr of es s i onalmedi c ale x ami nat i o ni si mp er a t i v ef oru ni f or m pr ac t i c eandi mpl eme nt at i on. ” 4. Bi l lofRi ght sf o rwome n: As e pa r at eBi l lo fRi g ht sf orwo ment h ate nt i t l e sawo ma nal i f eo f d i g ni t ya nds e cu r i t ya ndwi l le ns u r et ha tawo ma ns h al lh av et h er i g htt oh av ec ompl e t es e x ua l aut onomyi nc l udi ngwi t hr es pec tt oherr el at i ons hi ps . Th eJ u s t i c e Ve r ma Co mmi t t e e( J VC)r e po r twa sal a nd ma r ks t a t e me nt ,a pp l a ud ed b ya l lc i t i z e n s , wel c ome db yal lPol i t i c alPar t i es .J VC wass i gni fi c antbec aus ei ts ho wedami r r ort ot h eCons t i t ut i onof I ndi a,andr efl ec t e di t swi s eandj us tguar ant eesofwomen ’ sequal i t y . T oda yt hewomena ndyo ut hofI n di a ar el ook i ngwi t hh opeande xpec t at i ont owar dsPar l i amen t ,andt owar dsa l lPol i t i c alPar t i es .Ther ehas b ee na nu r g et oal lMemb er so fPar l i ame ntt op as sal a wu ph ol di n gt h es pi r i ta ndl e t t e roft h eJ u s t i c e Ve r ma Co mmi t t e e;t op as sal a wt h atma k esas t e pf o r wa r di no urc o l l e c t i v es t r u gg l et oe nds e x ua l v i ol enc ei nI ndi a. Amendment of t!e roisions of t!e Indian enal Code, 1450

Th eCr i mi n alL aw ( Ame nd me nt )Ac t ,2 01 3t h atc a mei n t of o r c eont h e3rd  o fF eb r u a r y ,2 0 13a me n de da s we l la si n s e r t e dn e ws e c t i o nsi nt h eI PC wi t hr e g ar dt ov a r i o uss e x u a lo ff en c e s .T he n ew Ac th as e x pr e ss l yr e c og ni z edc er t a i na c t sasoff enc eswh i c hwer ed eal tun derr e l a t e dl a ws .Ne wo ffe nc esl i k e , ac i dat t ac k ,s ex ual h ar as s ment ,v o y eur i s m,s t al k i ngh av ebe eni nc or por at edi nt ot heI ndi anPenal Co de.

Sexual Offences +

Sexual 6arassment 7 Section 389A

Se xualh ar as s menti sb ul l y i ngorc oer c i onofas ex ualna t ur e,ort heunwel c omeori nappr opr i at epr omi s e o fr e wa r dsi ne x c ha ng ef o rs e x ua lf a v or s .[ x i i ]   Thec r i t i c alf ac t ori st heun wel c omenes so ft h ebe ha vi our , t h er e byma ki n gt h ei mp ac to fs u ch a ct i o nso nt h er e ci p i en tmo r er e l e v an tr a t h ert h an i n t en to ft he per pet r at or . Th ee s s e n t i a l so ft h eo ff e nc eo fs e x u a lh a r a s s me n ta sd e fi n ed i nt h ec a s eo fVi s h ak av .St a t eo f  [ xi i i ] Raj a s t h an   a r e– 1. p hy s i c al c on t ac ta ndad v an ce si n v ol v i n gu nwe l c omea nde x pl i c i ts e x ua lo v er t u r es ;o r 2 . ad ema n do rr e qu es t f o rs e x u al f a v o ur s ;o r 3 . ma k i n gs e x u a l l yc o l o ur e dr e ma r k s ; o r 4 .f o r c i b l ys h owi n gp or n og r a ph y ;o r 5. a nyo t h eru nwe l c omeph y s i c a l ,v e r b al o rn on v e r b al c on du cto fs e x ua ln at u r e . Ac c or di ngt ot h eI ndi a n Co ns t i t ut i o n,s ex ualhar as s menti nf r i ngest h ef u ndament alr i ghtofawomant o genderequal i t yunderAr t i c l e14andherr i ghtt ol i f eandl i v ewi t hdi gni t yunderAr t i c l e21. Ex i s t i ngPr ovi s i ons Be f o r et h ep as s i n go ft h eAc t ,t h epr o v i s i o nsi nt h eI PC t h atde al twi t hs e x ua lh ar as s me nte x i s t e db ut t h er ewa sn os uc hp r o v i s i o nt h atc l e ar l yl ai dd ownt h ep un i s h me ntf o rs e x ua l l yh ar a ss i n gap er s on .T he pr o vi s i onswer e[ x i v ] •

Sec t i on20 9:   Ob sc e neac t san ds o ng s,t ot h ea nn oy a nc eofo t h er sl i k e :

a )d oe san yobs c en ea cti nan ypu bl i cp l a ceor b)s i ngs ,r ec i t esorut t er san yobs c enesong,bal l adorwor dsi nornearan ypubl i cpl ac e. Puni shment :I mp r i s on me ntf o rat e r mu pt o3mon t h sorfi ne ,orb ot h. •

Sec t i on35 4: As s aul torus eofc r i mi nal f or c eonawomanwi t hi nt entt oou t r agehermo des t y .

Puni shment :   2y e ar si mp r i s o nme nto rfi n e,o rb o t h . •

Sec t i on37 6:Rape

Puni shment :   I mpr i s onmentf orl i f eor10y e ar san dfi ne •

Sec t i on50 9:Ut t e r i n ga nywo r dorma ki n ga nyg es t u r ei n t e nd edt oi n su l tt h emo des t yofawoma n.

Puni shment :   I mpr i s onmentf or1y ear ,orfi ne,orbo t h.( Cogni s abl ean dbai l abl eoff ens e) Pr ovi si onsaf t erAmendment Se c t i o n3 5 4A–Se x u al h ar a s s me nth asb e enma deag en de rn eu t r a lo ff en c ewh er e ase a r l i e r ,ama nwh o ma k esun we l c o mes e x u ala dv a nc e s ,f o r c e f u l l ys ho wspo r n og r a ph yord ema nd s / r e qu es t ss e x ua lf a v o ur s f r om a woman commi t st he offenc e ofse xualhar ass ments i mpl i c i t eru nd ers e c t i o n3 54 A;t h i si s p un i s h ab l eb yi mp r i s o nme nto fu pt ot h r e ey e ar s .Ma k i n gs e x u al l yc o l o ur e dr e ma r k sa l s oa mo un t st o s e x ua lh ar a ss me nt ,wh i c hi spu ni s ha bl eb yi mp r i s on me ntf o ru pt oo ney e ar .[ x v ] +

Assault or se of Criminal orce to woman wit! intent to disro$e 7 Section 389;

Ex i s t i ngPr ovi s i ons Th er ewa sn os pe ci fi cpr o v i s i onr e ga r d i n gt hi soff en c e.Th ea c twa sd ea l tu nd erSe c t i o n3 54 .Ou t r a gi n ga wo ma n ’ smo de s t ywa sp un i s h a bl ewi t hi mp r i s o n me ntf o rma x i mu m 2y e a r sa n dfi neu nd erI PC. Pr ovi si onsaf t erAmendment Sec t i on354B–I famanas s aul t sorus esc r i mi nal f or c et oan ywomanorabe t ss uc hac twi t ht h ei nt ent i o n o fd i s r o bi n go rc o mp el l i n gh ert ob en ak e di na nyp ub l i cp l a c e,h ec o mmi t sa no ffe nc eu nd ers e c t i o n 3 54 B,wh i c hi spu ni s h ab l ewi t hi mp r i s o nme ntb et we ent h r e ea nds e v e ny e ar s . Thi ss ec t i ondeal swi t hav er ys pec i fi coff enc eandaddst oandsuppl ement st hepr o vi s i o ndeal i ngwi t ht he o ff e nc eo fo u t r a g i n gt h emo d es t yo fawo ma n .[ x v i ]   Thi si sawe l c o mep r o v i s i o ni nv i e wo ft hef a ctt ha t ma n yc a s e sh a v eb ee nr e po r t e di nt h en e wsofwo me nb e i n gs t r i p p edi np ub l i casani n s t r u me nto f p un i s h me ntmo s t l yi nba c k wa r dar e as . +

.o%eurism 7 Section 389C

Vo y e ur i s mi st h ea c to fwa t c h i n g ap er s o ne ng ag edi np r i v a t ea c t i v i t i e s .I fama n wa t c h esawo ma n e ng ag edi npr i v a t eac t i v i t i e s ,wh ent h ewo ma nd oe sno te x pe cta ny o net obewa t c h i n g,h eh asc ommi t t ed t h eo ff en c eo fv o y e ur i s m. [ x v i i ] Ex i s t i ngPr ovi s i ons Th er ewa sn os p e c i fi coff e nc eu n de rI PC.Ho we v e r ,u nd e rI n f o r ma t i o nT e c h no l o gyAc t ,2 00 0b o t hme n a ndwo me nwe r epr o t e c t e da ndpu ni s h me ntf o rt h ea c twa supt o3y e ar sa nd / o rfi n eu pt oRs .2l a k h. Pr ovi si onsaf t erAmendment

Se c t i o n3 54 C –An yma nwh owa t c h es ,o rc a p t u r e st h ei ma geo fawo ma ne ng a gi n gi nap r i v a t ea c ti n c i r c u ms t a nc e s wh er es h e wo ul du s ua l l yh av et h ee x p ec t a t i o no fn o tb ei n go bs e r v e de i t h erb yt h e per pe t r at ororb ya nyot herper s onatt hebehes toft hep er pe t r at orordi s s emi nat ess uc hi mag es hal lbe p un i s h ed .Un de rSe ct i on3 54C,s uc hap er s oni sl i a bl e . I nc as eoffi r s tc on vi c t i on,i mpr i s onmenti sno tt obel es st hanon ey e ar ,butma ye x t e ndt ot hr e ey ear s , a nds h al l a l s obel i a bl et ofi n e,a ndo nas e co ndo rs u bs e qu en tc o nv i c t i o n,p un i s hme ntwi t hi mp r i s o nme nt ofei t herd es c r i pt i onf orat er m whi c hs hal lno tbel es st hant hr eey ear s ,butwhi c hma ye xt endt os ev e n y ear s ,ands hal l al s obel i abl et ofi ne.[ x v i i i ] +

Stal
I tmea nsf ol l owi ngap er s onan dmak i ngorat t empt i ngt omak ec ont ac tf orper s on ali nt er ac t i on,des pi t ea c l e ard i s i n t er e stb ei n gd i s pl a y edb yt h eo t he rpe r s o n.St a l k i n g ma yb ec ommi t t edb ot hp hy s i c al l yan d t hr oug hel ec t r o ni cmedi a . [ x i x ] Ex i s t i ngPr ovi s i ons Nos p ec i fi co ff en c eu n d erI PC. Pr ovi si onsaf t erAmendment Se c t i o n3 54 D –St a l k i n gh asbe enma d e as p e c i fi coff e nc eu n de rt h i sne ws e c t i o n.I fama ns t a l k sa wo ma n,h ema yb ep un i s h edwi t hi mp r i s o nme nto fu pt ot h r e ey e ar sf o rt h efi r s tt i me ,a ndfi v ey e ar sf o r t hes ubs equentc on vi c t i ons .Ho we v er ,t heoff enc ei ss ubj ec tt oc er t ai ne x cept i onsl i k ewher eaper s onc an s h ow t h att h ea c t sdo newe r ei np ur s u an c eo fs o mel a w,a mo un t e dt or e as o na bl ec o nd uc to ri no r d ert o p r e v en t i o no fs o mec r i me . Aspe rt hede fi ni t i o ni nSec t i o n3 54 Dt h eoff en cewa sg en de r n eu t r a loff en ce,ma ki n gt h ec r i meo fs t a l k i n g p un i s h a bl ef o rb ot ht h eg e nd e rwh e t h erma l eo rf e ma l e .Ho we v e r ,t h eAme n dme n tAc to f2 01 3c h a ng ed ‘ Whos oe v er ’t o  A ‘nyMan’   ma k i n gt h eo ffe nc eo fSt a l k i n gag en de r s p ec i fi coff e nc e .Se c t i o n3 54 Do ft h e Or di nanc eof2013,washi ghl yi ns pi r edf r om t hedefi ni t i onof‘ St al k i ng’ i nSec t i on2Aoft hePr ot ec t i onf r om t h Ha r a ss me ntAc t ,1 99 7p as s edbyBr i t i s hPa r l i a men ton25   Nov ember2012. [ x x ] Undert heAc t ,t heoff enc ei sl i mi t edt ot heph ys i c alac toff ol l owi ngorc ont ac t i ngaper s on,pr o vi dedt hat t her eha sbee nac l e ars i g nofdi s i nt er es t ,ort omoni t or i ngt heus eb yawomanoft hei nt er n et ,emai lor an yot h erf or msofe l ec t r oni cc ommuni c at i o n. +

a*e 7 Section 3=8 and 3=5

 [ xxi ]ma J us t i c eKr i s hnaI y e ri nt hec as eo fRa fi qv .St a t eo fU. P . d ear e ma r kt h at ,“ amur der erk i l l st he body ,butar api s tk i l l st hes oul ” .T hePa r l i a me n tb yme a nsofAme n dme n tAc t ,2 0 13h a se n l a r g e dt h e a mb i to fr a peb yma k i n gc e r t a i nn on p en et r a t i v eac ta so ffe nc ea mo un t i n gt or a pe .Th eAme nd me ntAc t , 2 01 3r e pe a l e dt h e Or d i n an c e( Ame n dme n t )Ac t ,2 01 3 wh i c hwa sh a v i n g wi d era mb i t ,t h er e b yr a i s i n g s er i ousques t i onsr egar di ngt hel ac unasorl oophol est hatt hej udi c i ar yc oul dc onf r onti nf ut ur e.

Ex i s t i ngPr ovi s i ons Se c t i o n s3 7 5,3 7 6a n d3 7 6 ADo ft h eI PC c o v e rr a p e.Ho we v e r ,me d i c a le x a mi n a t i o n wa sn o ta n e x c ep t i o nu nd ert h eol dp r o v i s i o n.Rap eu nd ert h eI PC h adb ee ni n t er p r e t edt ome ano nl ype ni l ev a gi n al i nt er c our s e. Pr ovi si onsaf t erAmendment Se c t i o n3 75–Un de rt h en ews ec t i o n,amani ss ai dt oc ommi tr ap ei ft h er ei s : •

•

•

•

•

Penet r at i o no fpe ni si nt ov agi n a,ur et hr a,mout hora nusofan yper s on,ormak i ngan yot h er p er s o nt odos owi t hhi mo ra nyo t he rp er s on ; I ns er t i onofan yobj ec toran ybodypar t ,notbei ngpeni s ,i nt ov agi na,ur et hr a,mout horanusof a nyp er s on ,o rmak i n ga nyo t he rp er s ont odos owi t hhi m ora nyo t h erp er s on ; Mani p ul at i onofan ybo dypar ts oast ocaus epene t r at i onofv agi na,ur et hr a,mout horanusoran y b od ypa r to fs u c hp er s o no rma k est h ep er s o nt odos owi t hhi mo ra nyo t h erp er s o n; Appl i c at i onofmout ht ot hepe ni s ,v agi n a,a nus ,ur e t hr aofan ot herp er s onormak ess uc hper s on t od os owi t hh i mo ra nyot he rp er s on ; Las t l y , t ouc hi ngt hev agi na,peni s ,anusorbr eas toft h eper s onormak est heper s ont ouc ht h e v agi na,peni s ,an usorbr e as to ft hatper s onora nyot herper s on.[ x x i i ]

The2013Ac te x pa ndst hedefi ni t i onofr apet oi nc l ud eor al s exaswel l ast h ei ns er t i ono fanobj ec toran y o t herb odypar ti nt oawoman ’ sv agi na,ur et hr aoran us . Th ep un i s h me ntf o rr a pei ss e v e ny e ar sa tt h el e as t ,a ndma ye x t e ndu pt ol i f ei mp r i s o nme nt .An yma n whoi sapol i c eoffic er ,medi c al offic er ,ar myper s onnel ,j ai l offic er ,publ i coffic erorpu bl i cs er v antc ommi t s r apema yb ei mpr i s onedf ora tl eas tt eny e ar s .Apun i s hmentofl i f ei mpr i s onment ,e xt endi ngt odeat hh as beenpr es c r i bedf ors i t uat i onswher et her apec onc l udeswi t ht hedeat hoft hev i c t i m,ort hev i c t i m ent er i ng i n t oav e ge t a t i v es t a t e .Ga ngr a peh asbe enp r e sc r i be dap un i s hme nto fa tl e as t2 0y e ar sun de rt h en ewl y a me n de ds e c t i o n s . Th en ew a me nd me ntd efi n e s‘ c o n s en t ’ ,t ome ana nu n eq u i v o c a la gr e eme ntt oe ng ag ei nap ar t i c u l a r s ex ualac t ;c l ar i f y i ngf ur t her ,t hatt heabs enc eofr es i s t anc ewi l lnoti mpl yc ons ent .Nonc ons enti sak ey i ngr edi e ntf orc ommi s s i onoft heoff enc eofr ape.Thedefi ni t i o no fc ons entt her ef or ei sk eyt ot heo ut c ome ofar apet r i al ,andhasbeeni nt er pr et eds y st emi c al l yt odegr adeanddi s cr edi tv i c t i msofr ape. Ex c ept i onst ot heSe c t i on Mar i t al r ape,ac ont ent i ousi s s ueamongf emi ni s tgr oupsi nI ndi a,i sanex c ept i ont os ec t i on375,pr ov i ded t hatt hewi f ei sno tunder15y ear sofage .

Ane x c ep t i o na l s oha sb ee np r o v i de df o rt h ep ur p os eofme di c al e x ami n at i on .I nApr i l ,2 01 3,t h eSu pr eme Cour tc r i t i c i s edpr es entmedi c al t es t sf orr apes ur v i v al s ,andhasc as t i gat edt hes t andar dt wofi ngert es ti n t h ec as eo fLi l l u@ Raj es hv .St at eo fHar y a na .J us t i c esBSChauhanandKal i f ul l aha v edi r ec t edt he  [ xxi i i ] c ent r et opr ov i debet t ermedi c alt es t st hatdonotv i ol at et hedi gni t yofr apes ur v i v or s ,t huspr ev ent i nga “ s ec on dr a pe ” . Gender neut r alorGender speci ficOffence Ear l i ert heoff enc eofr ape,i . e.‘ s ex ualas s aul t ’wasage ndern eut r aloff enc e,whi l eno wt hi soff enc ei s wo me nc e nt r i c .On l yama ni sa s s ume dt obec ap ab l eofc o mmi t t i n gs u c ho ffe nc ean dt h att o oa ga i n s ta womanonl y . Theas pec tofgen dern eut r al i t ywasr equi r edi nf ol l o wi ngas pec t s : 1. Neut r al i t ywi t hr e spec tt ot hev i c t i m Of t ent h eme mbe r soft hema r g i n al i s eds e xl i k e‘ T r an sg end er ’a r ea l s ov i c t i mo ft hi soff en cea nda ss uc h t he yc annotc l ai ma nypr ot ec t i onbec aus et hec r i meofr apei snotgend erneu t r al .[ x x i v ] 2. Neut r al i t ywi t hr es pec tt ot heper pe t r at or Du r i n gt h e wari nI r aqi ts ur f a ce dt ha tma nywome no ffic er sa l s oi n v ol v e dt h ems el v e si nt or t u r i ngt h e pr i s oner sbyv ar i ants ex ualas saul t s[ x x v ] .   T hi ss t r e ng t h en edt h ea s s u mp t i o nt h ate v e nwo me nc a nb e p er p et r at orofs uc hc r i me s.Th er ear et woo cc as i o nswh ent h en ee df o rg en de rn eu t r al i t ya r i s ese v eni n I n di a .Fi r s t l y ,wh en d ur i n gs o me c o mmu na lo rc as t e i s tv i o l e nc e a wo me ni sf o un dt ob ep ar t i c i p us c r i mi n us .Se co nd l y , wh enat r a ns ge nd erp er s oni sanoff en de r .Th er e c en tc a seo fPi n ki Pr a man i k ,wh er e herp ar t n erfi l edac as eo fr apeag ai ns ther ,s howst hev er yr eal pos s i bi l i t yo ff emal et omal et r ans gender per s onsormal et of emal et r ans genderper s ons( ei t herpr e-orpos t -t r ans i t i o n)c aus i ngs ex uala ss aul ton awoman[ x x v i ] . 3. Mar i t al Rape Th ea bs e nc eo fl a wo n ma r i t alr ap e( s e x ua la ss a ul t ) ,wo ul da l s of a i lt h eo bj e ct i v ea sma r r i e d wo me n c a nn otb ep r o t e c t e d.Th el a wu nd er3 76 Aa nde x c e pt i o nu nd er3 75s h ou l db ed el e t e de qu at ema r i t a l r ap ean ds e x ua la ss a ul t .Ast h eS.3o fDVA[ x x v i i ]i sonl yappl i c abl ei ngr av el i f et hr eat eni ngs cenar i ot he needf orc ons entofwomani s n’ ti mpor t a ntl e av i ngherasanobj ec to fs e x Criticism of t!e Act

Th e Cr i mi n alL a w( Ame nd me nt )Ac t ,2 0 1 3h asb ee ns t r o ng l yc r i t i c i s e db ys e v e r a lh uma nr i g ht sa nd wo me n ’ sr i g ht so r g an i s a t i o ns f o rn o ti n c l u di n gc e r t a i ns u g ge s t i o ns r e c o mme nd ed b yt h e Ve r ma Co mmi t t e e Re po r tl i k e ,ma r i t a lr a pe ,r e du c t i o no fa ge o fc o ns e nt ,a me nd i n g Ar me d Fo r c e s( Sp ec i a l Po we r s )Ac ts ot h atn os an ct i oni sne ed edf o rp r o se c ut i n ga na r me df o r c ep er s on ne la cc u se do facr i me a ga i n stwo ma n.TheGo v er n me ntofI n di ar e pl i e dt h ati th a sn otr e j e ct e dt h es ug ge s t i o ns f ul l y ,b ut c h an ge sc anbema deaf t e rp r o pe rd i s c u s s i o n.

Cr i t i c so ft he2013Ac tr u nt heg amuto fp ol i t i c alan di deol ogi c alaffil i at i ons . Oneoft hemos tno t abl e o mi s s i o nsoft h eAc ti si t sf a i l u r et oc r i mi na l i z emar i t a lr a pe —a sr ec o mme nd edb yt h eVe r maCo mmi t t ee —wh i c hp l a c esI n di ai nt h ec o mp an yo fas e l e c tg r o upo fn at i o ns ,i n c l u di n gCh i n a,Pa k i s t a na ndSa ud i Ar abi a.I nt h ef er v entdebat et hatpr ec ededt he2013Ac t ,oppon ent si ns i s t edt ha tc r i mi nal i z i ngmar i t al r apewoul dd es t r o yt hei ns t i t ut i onofmar r i age,andal l o w woment of a br i c at ec l ai msofr ape,s i nc er ape wi t h i nma r r i a gewa s“ d i ffic ul tt opr o v e. ”T her eme dye s po us edb yt h es el f s t y l eds a v i o r so fma r r i a gei s di v or c eorp r os ec ut i onf orc r uel t y ,butnotf orr ape.Howev er ,s uc h“ j us t i fi c at i ons ”i gnor et hev er ys pec i fi c h ar msi n du c edb yt h ec r i meo fr ap e,whi c hv i o l a t esawo ma n’ sph y s i c ali n t e gr i t yan ds e x ua la ut o no myby f or c i nghert osubmi tt ounwant edi nt er c our s e. 'istinction $etween t!e .erma Committee ecommendations and t!e Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013

Th ema j o rd i ff e r e nc e sb et we ent h eOr d i n an c ep as s e dbyt h eg o v e r n me nta ndt h eJ .S.Ve r maCo mmi t t e e r e c o mme n da t i o n swe r e[ x x v i i i ] : 1 . Th eJ u s t i c eJ .S.Ve r maCo mmi t t e er e c omme nd ed20y e ar si mp r i s o n me ntf o rg a ng r a pean dl i f e i mpr i s onmentf orr apean dmur derbutr ef r ai nedf r om us i ngt het er m“ deat hpenal t y ”t ho ught h er e wa spu bl i cou t c r yt os e nt en c er a pi s t swi t hd ea t hs en t e nc ef o l l o wi n gt h eb r u t a lg an gr a pea nd mu r d ero fa23 y e ar o l dme di c al s t u de nti nDe l h io nDe ce mb er1 6,2 01 2. Ho we v e r ,t h eo r d i n an c ep as s e db yt h eCa bi n etwe ntf o rah ar s h erp un i s h me ntf o rar a pi s t–ami n i mu mo f 2 0y e ar si mp r i s on me ntf o rr ap i s t san de v end ea t hp en al t yi ne x t r emec as es . 2. Ver mapa nel r ec c ome ndedcr i mi nal i z at i onofmar i t al r apebutt heor di na nc er ej ec t edi t .[ x x i x ] 2. Th eJ u st i c eJ .S.Ve r maCo mmi t t e er ec omme nd edr es t r i c t i o no fp ol i t i c i a nsf a c i ngs ex ua lo ffe nc e c har gesf r om c ont es t i n gel ec t i ons .Or di nanc er ej ec t edt hi sr ec ommendat i on. 2 . Th ep an elr e c o mme nd edt h att h es e n i o rp o l i c eo ra r myo ffic i a l sb eh el dr e s p on s i b l ef o rs e x u a l off enc escommi t t edbyt hei rj uni orbutt heor di nanc er ej ec t edi t . 2 . Th eJ u s t i c eJ .S.Ve r maCo mmi t t e ewa nt e dt oma k ev i d eo gr a ph yo fr e c o r d i n gs t a t e me ntf r o m v i c t i m mandat or ybutt heo r d i n anc emadei topt i onal . 2 . Th eJ u s t i c eJ .S.Ve r maCo mmi t t e ewa nt e dt h ed efi n i t i o nf o rs e x u alo ff en c e sa sr a peb utt h e or di nanc er epl ac edi twi t ht hewor d“ s ex ual as saul t ” . Conclusion

Th eCr i mi n alL a w( Ame nd me nt )Ac t ,2 0 13h a sb e enk n o wna l lo v e ra son eo ft h emo s tc o n c r e t es t e p s t a k enb yt h eI n di a ng ov e r n me ntt oc u r bv i o l e nc ea ga i n s two me n.Ma j o ra me nd me nt sb yt h eAc ti nt h e I n di a nPe na lCo de ,n o to nl ywi d ent h ea mb i to fc e r t a i no ffe nc e sb uta l s or e c og ni s e sn ew o ffe nc e sl i k e ac i dat t ac kswhi c hear l i erl ac k edaspec i fi cpr ov i s i onanddefi ni t i oni nt heCode.

Thedefi ni t i onofr apehasbee name nd edt oi nc l u deno tj us tpe nov agi nali nt er c our s ebu tt hei ns er t i onof anobj ec toran yot herbo dypar ti nt oawoman ’ sv agi n a,ur e t hr aora nus ,a ndor al s ex .Thi sr es pondst oa l o ng s t a ndi n gd ema ndo fwo men ’ sr i g ht sgr o ups .Th ei s s ueofr a peb ydi ff er e ntme answa sh i g hl i gh t e di n t h eDe l hi g ang r a pec as e,wh er eani r onr o dwa si n se r t edi n t ot h ey o un gwoma n’ sb od y . Des pi t ei t sfl aws ,t heAc tbear sapr ogr es s i v ei ns i ghtt omak ea ni mpac tandfi ghtabat t l eagai ns tv i ol enc e agai ns twomen.Ho we ver ,t heAc tb yi t s el fi sno ts uffic i entt or edr es sands eekj us t i c ef orv i ol enc eag ai ns t wo me n.Fo rt h i s ,t h e Go v e r n me nto fI n di an ee dst oma k ec o l o s s ali n v es t me nt si nb ui l d i n gn ec e s s ar y i nf r as t r uc t ur et odealwi t ht hec r i mess uppl ement edbymeani ngf ulr ef or msi nj udi c i ar y( bui l di ngf as tt r ac k women’ s cour t s,mor e engagementofwomen l awy er s,women doct or st o ex ami ne vi ct i ms)and moder ni s at i onoft hepol i c es y s t em ac r os swhol eo fI ndi a. Th e2 01 3Ac ts h ou l dbev i e we da same r epl a ce ho l d eri nt h eo ng oi n gs t r u gg l eag ai n s ts e x ua lan dg en der bas edv i ol enc ei nI n di a.Themos to v er whel mi ngpr os pec ti st heo v er h aulo fp r e vai l i nga t t i t udest or ape a n d s e x u a loff e n s e si na p o pu l a c eo s t e n s i b l yg r a p pl i n g wi t hmo r a l“ c o n f u s i o n , ”a se c o n omi c moder ni z at i onnec es si t at esf ar r eac hi ngchangesi ngenderr ol eswhi l es oc i alat t i t udesr emai nst eepedi n mo r a lc o ns e r v a t i s ma ndmi s o gy n y . Th er ea r ea l r e ad ya mp l el a wsp r e s c r i b i n gd et e r r e ntp un i s h me ntf o ro ff en c esa ga i n s two me n.Wh ati s ac t ual l yr equi r edi sac onc r et el egi s l at i on,t hi swashowev er ,par t i al l yac hi ev edt hr ought hepas si ngoft he Cr i mi na lL a w( Ame ndme nt )Ac t ,2 01 3;t oi nf u se s e ns i t i v i t y ,u nd er s t a ndi n g an d mo r es i g ni fi c an t l y ,t h e mi nds etamongpol i c e,e x ec ut i v est oi mpl ementt hel a wsmor ei ns pi r i tt h ani nl e t t er .Onl yt hende t er r ent p un i s h me ntc a nbea wa r d edi nc r i me sa ga i n s two me n. On15ma r c h20 14 ,t h ee x e c u t i o no ft wowa ss t a y e db yt h eSCt i l lma r c h31–p a wa na n dmu k e s hg up t a . Deat hs ent enc euphel db yt heHi ghc our tofdel hi .Fel l i nt ot her ar es tofr ar ec at egor y . Edi t edbyKanchiKaushi k [ i ]“ Th e Cr i mi n al L aw ( Ame nd me nt ) Ac t ,2 01 3” a v a i l a bl e a th t t p : / / www. y c c e . e du / a dmi n / p df / An t i r ape _bi l l _2 013. p df ;ac c es s edon13 . 0 2. 201 4 [ i i ] “ UN Wo me n we l c o me sI n d i a ’ sCr i mi n a lL a w( Ame n dme n t )A c ta sa d e t e r r e n tt ov i o l e n c ea g a i n s t wo me n”a v a i l a bl ea th t t p : / / www. u nwo me ns o u t h as i a . o r g / 2 01 3/ u nwo me nwe l c o me s i n di a %E2 %8 0%9 9s c r i mi nal l awac t as adet er r ent t ov i ol enc eagai ns t women;ac ces s edon13. 02. 2014 [ i i i ]“ Wh a th a pp e ne do nt h en i g h to f1 6th  Dec ember2 012?”a v ai l abl eatht t p: / / i bnl i v e. i n. c om/ news / del hi g an g r a pe wh at h ap pe n ed o nt h en i g ht o f d e c emb er 1 62 0 12 / 4 20 72 93 2 44 . h t ml ; a c c e s s e d o n 1 2. 0 2. 2 01 4 [ i v ]St at ev .Ram Si nghandOr s. ,Da t eo fj u dg eme nt :1 00 92 01 3 [ v ]   “ How t hepol i c ec r ac k edt heDel higangr apec as e”a vai l abl eatht t p: / / www. ndt v . c om/ ar t i c l e/ c i t i es / howt hepo l i c ec r ac k edt hed el hi ga ngr apec as e306 698;ac c es s edon14. 02. 2014

[ v i ]   “ Re p or tSu mma r y :Re p or to ft h eJ u s t i c eVe r maCo mmi t t e eo nAme n dme n t st oCr i mi n a lL a w,2 0 1 3” av ai l abl e at ht t p: / / www. pr s i ndi a. or g/ par l i ament t r ac k/ r epor t s ummar i es / j us t i c ev er mac ommi t t eer epor t s u mma r y 2 62 8/ ;a c c e s s e do n1 4. 0 2. 2 01 4 [ v i i ]   Bhat t ac har y a,Ri t upar na ,Cr i mi n alL aw ( Ame nd me nt )Ac t ,2 01 3:Wi l li te ns u r e wo me n’ ss a f e t yi n  publ i cs pac es ? ;a vai l abl e at :h t t p: / / www. s pac eandc ul t ur e. i n/ i ndex . php/ s pac eandc ul t ur e/ ar t i c l e/ v i ew/ 11/ 2; a c c e s s e do n1 4. 0 2 . 2 01 4 [ v i i i ] Su p r an o t e5 [ i x ]Sa nd ee pJ o s hi ,“ Ve r ma Co mmi t t e e mo ot ss e v e r ep un i s h me ntf o rv o y e ur s ,s t a l k e r s ”a v a i l a bl ea t ht t p: / / www. t hehi ndu. c om/ news / nat i onal / v er mac ommi t t eemoo t s s ev er epuni s hment f or v o y eur s s t al k er s / ar t i c l e4 369 79 7. ec e;ac c es s edon14. 02. 2 014 [ x ] “ Rec ommendat i ons of t he J us t i c e Ve r ma Commi t t ee” av ai l abl e at ht t p: / / www. ndt v . c om/ ar t i c l e/ r ec ommendat i ons of t hej us t i c ev er mac ommi t t ee;a c ces s edon15. 02. 2014 [ x i ]   Re po r to ft h eCo mmi t t e eo nAme n dme nt st oCr i mi n al L a w;J an ua r y2 3 ,2 01 3 [ x i i ]   Pal udi ,Mi c hel eAnt oi net t e;Bar i c k man  A , c ademi candWor k pl ac eSex ualHar as s ment .SUNY Pr es s. p p.2 5( 1 99 1) [ x i i i ] Vi s h ak av . St at eo fRa j as t h ana ndOr s .   AI R199 7SC 301 1 [ x i v ] “ LawsonSex ualHar as sment :Ex i s t i ngI ndi anl aws ”av ai l abl eatht t p: / / s af edel hi . j agor i . or g/ deal wi t hs ex ual har as s me nt / l eg al i nf or mat i on;ac c es s edon14 . 0 2. 201 4 [ x v ]   “ Si mpl i f y i ngt h eCr i mi nal La w( Amen dmen t )Ac t ,2 013”a v ai l abl eat ht t p: / / gr a ys cal e. or g. i n/ ent r i es / gener al / s i mpl i f y i ngt hec r i mi nal l awamendment ac t 2013%E2%80%93i pc par t i ;ac c es sedon13. 02. 2014 [ x v i ]“ Changed Legal Posi t i on On Sex ual Offenc es Under st andi ng Cr i mi nal Law ( Amendment ) Or di nanc e,2 013”a vai l abl eath t t p: / / nl r d. or g/ r es our c es womens r i ght s / r apel aws / gov er nment not i fi c at i ons adv i s or i es r apel a ws / c hangedl eg al pos i t i onons ex ual off enc es under s t an di ngc r i mi n al l a wa mendment o r d i n an c e2 01 3;a c c es s e do n1 4. 0 2. 2 01 4 [ x v i i ]   Su pr ano t e15 [ x v i i i ]Se c t i o n7 ,Cr i mi n al L aw( Ame nd me nt )Ac t ,2 01 3 [ x i x ]   Su pr ano t e7 [ x x ]   “ TheCr i mi nal Law( Amendment )Bi l l ,2013–ACr i t i c al Anal y si s ”av ai l abl eatht t p: / / r os t r uml egal . i n/ t hec r i mi nal l awamendment bi l l 2013ac r i t i c al anal y s i s ;a c ces s edon15. 02. 2014

[ x x i ]Rafi qv .St at eOfU. P .1981SCR( 1)402 [ x x i i ]   Su pr ano t e16 [ x x i i i ]Li l l u@ Raj es hv . St at eo fHar y a na   AI R201 3SC 178 4 [ x x i v ]   Up en dr aBa x i ,Hu ma n Ri g ht sVi o l a t i o nsa g ai n s tt h eT r a ns g e nd erCo mmu ni t y ( Pe op l e sUn i o nf o r Ci v i l Li ber t i es ,Kar nat ak a( PUCL K)2003)av ai l abl eat h t t p: / / a i . e ec s . u mi c h. e du / p eop l e / c on wa y / TS/ PUCL / PUCL %2 0Re po r t . h t ml ;a cc e ss e do n1 4. 0 2. 2 014 [ x x v ]   SeymourM.Her sh,T or t ur eAtAb uGh ar i b   ( Ne wy o r k e r . c om 2 00 4)a v ai l a bl ea t ht t p: / / www. ne wy or k er . c om/ ar c hi v e/ 2004/ 0 5/ 1 0/ 040 51 0f a_f ac t ;ac c es s edo n14. 02. 2014 [ x x v i ]   Ar v i ndNar r ai n,Th eCr i mi n alL a w (Ame n dme nt )Bi l l2 0 12 :Se x u a lAs s a u l ta saGe nd e rNe ut r a l Offe nc e  ( Ec onomi candPol i t i c al Week l y2012)a vai l abl eatht t p: / / www. epw. i n/ webe xc l us i v es / c r i mi nal l awamendment b i l l 20 12s ex ual as s aul t gender n eut r al off enc e. ht ml ;ac c es s edon14 . 02 . 2014 [ x x v i i ]Do me s t i cVi o l e nc eAc t ,2 00 5 [ x x v i i i ]“ Gov er nment Or di nance vs . J. S. Ver ma Commi t t ee Recommendat i ons” av ai l abl e at ht t p: / / www. i bt i mes . c o. i n/ ar t i c l es / 430786/ 20130202/ gov er nment or di nanc ev s j s v er mac ommi t t eer e c omme nd at i o ns . h t ml ;a c c es s e do n1 4. 0 2. 2 01 4 [ x x i x ]“ Or di nanc e by pas s es al l vi t al r ec ommendat i ons of Ver ma panel ” av ai l abl e ht t p: / / www. t hehi ndu. c om/ news / nat i onal / or di nanc eby pas s es al l v i t al r ec ommendat i ons of v er map an el / ar t i c l e 43 72 83 5. e c e;a cc es s edo n1 3. 0 2. 2 01 4

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