The World Copper Factbook 2017
About ICSG The International Copper Study Group (ICSG) was formally established as an autonomous inter‐governmental organization on 23 January 1992, following a series of Ad Hoc meetings sponsored by the United Nations (UNCTAD) in 1986 and 1987 to review the world situation of copper and discuss the need for such a body. ICSG serves to increase copper market transparency and promote international discussions
The current members of ICSG of ICSG are: Australia
Japan
Belgium
Luxembourg
Brazil
Mexico
Chile
Mongolia
China
Peru
European Union
Poland
Finland
Portugal
France
Russian Federation
In order to fulfill its mandate, the Study Group has three main
Germany
Serbia
objectives:
Greece
Spain
India
Sweden
Iran
United States
Italy
Zambia
and cooperation on issues related to copper.
Increase market transparency by promoting an exchange of information on production, consumption, stocks, trade, and prices of copper, by forecasting production and consumption, and by assessing the present and future capacities of copper mines,
plants, smelters and refineries.
As part of its mandate to provide a global forum where industry and
Promote international cooperation on matters related to copper,
governments can meet and discuss common problems and objectives,
such as health and the environment, research, technology
ICSG meetings are held twice per year, typically in the Spring and Fall
transfer, regulations and trade.
at ICSG Headquarters in Lisbon, Portugal. The meetings of the Study
Provide a global forum where industry and governments can meet
Group are open to government members, their industry advisors and
and discuss common problems/objectives. The ICSG is the only
invited observers.
inter‐government forum solely dedicated to copper.
International Copper Study Group
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The World Copper Factbook 2017 ICSG Officers and Secretariat INTERNATIONAL COPPER STUDY GROUP OFFICERS FOR 2017
Chairman
Mr Sergio Hernandez (Chile)
Vice Chairman
Mr Li Yusheng (China)
Vice Chairman
Mr Ricardo Labo (Peru)
STANDING COMMITTEE
STATISTICAL COMMITTEE
Chairman
Mr Daniel Flanagan (U.S.A.)
Vice Chairman
Ms Manuela Ramirez (Spain)
Vice Chairman
Ms Cao Mingyue (China)
INDUSTRY ADVISORY PANEL
Chairman
Mr Salim Bhabhrawala (U.S.A.)
Vice-Chairman
Mr Naoki Kasuya (Japan)
Finance Committee Chairman
Mr Henrique Santos (Portugal)
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC COMMITTEE
Chairman
Vacant
Vice Chairman
Mr K D Diwan (India)
Contacts: International Copper Study Group Rua Almirante Barroso, 38‐6º 1000‐013 Lisbon, Portugal Tel: +351‐21‐351‐3870 Fax: +351‐21‐352‐4035
Chairman
Mr Mark Loveitt (IWCC)
SECRETARIAT
Secretary-General
Mr Don Smale
Director of Market Research and Statistics
Ms Ana Rebelo
Director of Economics and Environment
Mr Carlos Risopatron
Manager of Statistical Analysis
Mr Shairaz Ahmed
Secretary
Ms Fatima Cascalho
Acknowledgements and Copyright: ICSG would like to thank the International Wrought Copper Council, the International Copper Association, the Copper Development Association, the European Copper Institute, the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. National Park Service, the British Museum and Mr Luis Hernán Herreros Infante for their contributions to the Factbook.
e‐mail:
[email protected]
The International Copper Study Group's World Copper Factbook © 2017 is
website: www.icsg.org
published by the ICSG.
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The World Copper Factbook 2017 Key Physical Properties of Copper
Copper Properties and Benefits Chemical Chemical Symbol
Cu
At omic om ic Number Num ber
29
At omic om ic Weight Weig ht
63.54
Density
8960 8960 kg m
Melti Melti ng poin t
1356 1356 K
Specific Heat Heat cp (at 293 K)
0.383 0.383 kJ kg-1 K-1
Thermal cond uct ivit y
394 W m-1 K-1
Coeffici ent of linear expansion
16.5 16.5 x 10-6 10-6 K-1
Young's Modulus of Elastici ty
110 110 x 109 109 N m-2
Electri cal Conduct ivi ty (% IACS)
1.673 1.673 x 10 ohm-m
Cryst al Struc tur e
Face-Ce Face-Centered ntered Cubic
-3
-8
But copper’s benefits extend beyond mechanical characteristics:
Deficiencies, as well as excesses, can be detrimental to health.
Copper makes vital contributions to sustaining and improving society. Copper's chemical, physical and aesthetic properties make it a material
Copper is essential to the health of plants, animal and humans.
Antimicrobial
Properties. Properties.
Due
to
copper’s
antimicrobial
of choice in a wide range of domestic, industrial and high technology
properties, copper and copper alloy products can be used to
applications.
eliminate pathogens and reduce the spread of diseases. of diseases.
Recycling. Recycling. Copper is one of the most recycled of all metals.
Alloyed with other metals, such as zinc (to form brass), aluminum or
Virtually all products made from copper can be recycled and
tin (to form bronzes), or nickel, for example, it can acquire new
recycled copper loses none of its of its chemical or physical properties.
characteristics for use in highly specialized applications. In fact, society's infrastructure is based, in part, on copper.
International Copper Study Group
Energy Efficiency. Efficiency. Copper can improve the efficiency of energy production and distribution systems.
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Copper in History
A rchaeological rchaeological evidence demonstrates that copper was one of the first metals used by humans and was used at least 10,000 years ago for items such as coins and ornaments in western Asia. During the prehistoric Chalcolithic Period (derived Period (derived from chalkos, chalkos, the Greek word for copper), man discovered how to extract and use copper to produce ornaments and implements. As early as the 4th to 3rd millennium BC, workers extracted copper from Spain's Huelva region. The discovery that copper, when alloyed with tin, produces bronze, led to the Bronze Age, Age, c. 2,500 BC. Israel's Timna Valley provided copper to the Pharaohs (an Egyptian papyrus records the use of copper to treat infections and to sterilize water). Cyprus supplied much of the Phoenician, Greek and Roman needs for copper. "Copper" is derived from the latin Cyprium, Cyprium, literally Cyprian metal. The Greeks of Aristotle's era were familiar with brass as a valued copper alloy. In South America, the pre-Columbian Maya, Aztec and Inca civilizations exploited copper, in addition to gold and silver. During the Middle Ages, Ages, copper and bronze works flourished in China, India and Japan. The discoveries and inventions relating to electricity and magnetism of the late 18th and early 19th centuries by scientists such as Ampere, Faraday and Ohm, and the products manufactured from copper, helped launch the Industrial Revolution Today, copper continues to serve society's needs. Although copper has been in use for at and propel copper into a new era. Today, least 10,000 years, innovative applications for copper are still being developed as evidenced by the development of the copper chip by the semi-conductors industry.
Images courtesy of the of the British Museum, the Copper Development Association Association and ICSG.
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Copper Today The global demand for copper continues to grow: world refined usage has more than tripled in the last 50 years thanks to expanding sectors such as electrical and electronic products, building construction, industrial machinery and equipment, transportation equipment, and consumer and general products. Some of the highlights of 2015 copper production and usage are listed below. In the chapters that follow, more in‐depth information is presented on copper production, trade, usage, and recycling. For the most up‐to‐date information on the global copper market, please visit our website at www.icsg.org www.icsg.org..
Copper Production Highlights
Copper Usage Highlights
Preliminary figures indicate that global
Refined copper usage (usage by semis plants or the
copper mine production in 2016 reached
first users of copper) in 2016 reached 23.5 million
20.2 million tonnes. The largest producer
tonnes. China was also the largest consumer of
of mined copper was Chile (5.6 million
refined copper in 2016 with apparent usage of
tonnes).
around 11.7 million tonnes.
Smelter
production
in
2016
reached
According to the International Copper Association
around 19.0 million tonnes. China was the
(ICA), equipment was the largest copper end‐use
largest producer of blister of blister & anode in 2016
sector in 2016, followed by building construction
(7.2 million tonnes)
and infrastructure.
Refinery Production in 2016 increased to 23.3 million tonnes, including 3.9 million tonnes of secondary of secondary refined production.
New copper applications being developed include antimicrobial copper touch surfaces, lead‐free brass plumbing, high tech copper wire, heat exchangers, and new consumer products as well.
Images courtesy of CDA of CDA and Luis Hernán Herreros from www.visnu.cl www.visnu.cl,, © Copyright Anglo American (Faena Los Bronces y Mantos Blancos – Blancos – Chile)
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Global Distribution of of Identified Identified and Undiscovered Copper Resources in Porphyry and Sediment‐hosted Stratabound Copper Deposits
1/
In 2013 the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) completed a geology‐based, cooperative international assessment of copper resources of the world
2/.
The USGS
assessed undiscovered copper in two deposit types that account for about 80% of the world’s copper supply. Porphyry copper deposits account for about 60% of the of the world’s copper. In porphyry copper deposits, copper ore minerals are disseminated in igneous intrusions. Sediment‐hosted stratabound copper deposits, in which copper is concentrated in layers in sedimentary rocks, account for about 20% of the world’s identified copper. The mean undiscovered totals for porphyry and sediment‐hosted deposits are 3,100 and 400 Mt respectively, resulting in a global total of 3,500 of 3,500 Mt of copper. of copper. With identified copper resources currently estimated at 2,100 Mt, total copper resources (undiscovered + identified) are estimated at 5,600 Mt.
A. Identified Copper Resources Western Europe, 4%
B. Undiscovered Copper Resources
Africa and the Middle East, 8%
Eastern Europe and Southwestern Asia, 6% Australia, 1%
Eastern Europe and Southwestern Asia, 7%
Africa and the Western Europe, Middle East, 5% 3% South America, 21%
Australia, 1% South America, 39%
Southeast Asia Archipelagos, 9%
Southeast Asia Archipelagos, 6%
Central America and the Caribbean, 5%
South Central Asia and Indochina, 3%
South Central Asia and Indochina, 15%
North Central Asia, 8% Northeast Asia, 0% >1% North America, 23%
Central America and the Caribbean, 2%
North America, 13%
North Central Asia, 14%
Northeast Asia, 7%
1/ Undiscovered Copper Resources ‐ A Global Assessment, April 2014, Presentation at ICSG meeting, Lisbon, by Mrs Jane Mrs Jane M. Hammarstrom (USGS Global Mineral Resource Assessment Team) Assessment Team) 2/ Supporting 2/ Supporting studies, including documentation of the of the assessment methodology and descriptions of individual of individual tracts, are available on the USGS Mineral Resources Program Web site, at http://minerals.usgs.gov/global/ .
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The World Copper Factbook 2017 The output of electro‐refining is refined copper cathodes, assaying over
Chapter 3: Copper Production
99.99% of copper. of copper.
How is Copper Produced?
Alternatively, in the hydrometallurgical route, copper is extracted from
Geologists look for signs and/or anomalies that would indicate the presence of a mineral deposit. Under the right geological, economic, environmental and legal conditions, mining can proceed. Primary copper production starts with the extraction of copper‐bearing ores. There are three basic ways of copper mining: surface, underground mining and leaching. Open‐pit mining is the predominant mining method in the world. After the ore has been mined, it is crushed and ground followed by a
mainly low grade oxide ores and also some sulphide ores, through leaching (solvent extraction) and electrowinning (SX‐EW process). The output is the same as through the electro‐refining route ‐ refined copper cathodes. ICSG estimates that in 2016, refined copper production from SX‐EW represented 16% of total of total copper refined production. Refined copper production derived from mine production (either from metallurgical treatment of concentrates or SX‐EW) is referred to as “primary copper production”, as obtainable from a primary raw material source. However, there is another important source of raw material
concentration by flotation. The obtained copper concentrates typically
which is scrap. Copper scrap derives from either metals discarded in semis
contain around 30% of copper, but grades can range from 20 to 40 per
fabrication or finished product manufacturing processes (“new scrap”) or
cent. In the following smelting process, sometimes preceded by a roasting
obsolete end‐of ‐life products (“old scrap”). Refined copper production
step, copper is transformed into a “matte” containing 50‐70% copper. The
attributable to recycled scrap feed is classified as “secondary copper
molten matte is processed in a converter resulting in a so‐called blister
production”. Secondary producers use processes similar to those
copper of 98.5‐99.5% copper content. In the next step, the blister copper
employed for primary production. ICSG estimates that in 2016, at the
is fire refined in the traditional process route, or, increasingly, re‐melted
refinery level, secondary copper refined production reached 17% of total
and cast into anodes for electro‐refining.
copper refined production.
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Copper Mine Production World Copper Mine Prod Produc uc tio n, 1900 1900-2 -2016 016 (thousand (thousan d metric metric tonn es copper) Source: ICSG 22,000 20,000 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
Concentrates
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
SX-EW
Since 1900, when world production was less than 500 thousand tonnes copper, world copper mine production has grown by 3.2% per annum to 20.2 million tonnes in 2016. SX‐EW production, virtually non‐existent before the 1960s, increased to 3.9 million tonnes in 2016.
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Copper Mine Production by Region, 1960 versus 2016 Thousand metric tonnes copper Source: ICSG
1960 19%
2016
3%
5%
Oceania
9%
Africa
25% 12%
41%
6%
Europe North America
15%
11% 36%
18%
Asia Latin America
From less than 750,000 tonnes copper in 1960, copper mine production in Latin America has increased to 8.3 million tonnes in 2016, representing 41% of of the the global total. Asia has also exhibited significant growth. The region’s share of of global global production has increased from from just just 6% to 18% over the respective period. Conversely, North America’s share declined from 36% to 15%.
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Cop per Min e Prod Prod uctio uct io n by Cou ntry: nt ry: Top Top 20 Coun trie tri es in 2016 (Tho (Tho us and metric ton nes) Sou rce: ICSG ICSG Chile Peru China United States States Aust Au st ralia ral ia Congo Zambia Mexico Indonesia Canada russian fed. Kazakhstan Poland Mongolia Brazil Iran Laos Spain Bulgaria Turkey 0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
Chile accounted for almost one‐third of of world world copper mine production in 2016 with mine output of of 5.55 5.55 million tonnes copper.
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Trends in Copper Mining Capacity, 2000‐2020 Thousand metric tonnes (Bars) and Annual percentage change (Line) Source: ICSG Directory of Copper of Copper Mines and Plants – Plants – July 2017
8.0%
Concentrates
7.0% 6.0% 5.0%
h t w o4.0% r g %
3.0%
2006‐ 2011: +2.0%
2000‐2005: +3.1%
2012‐ 2016: +4.8%
2017‐ 2020: +2.9%
2.0% 1.0% 0.0% 2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
24,000
8.0%
21,000
7.0%
T h o 18,000 u s a n 15,000 d m e t r 12,000 i c t o n n 9,000 e s c o 6,000 p p e r
6,000
SX‐EW
5,000 T h
6.0% 4,000
5.0%
2000‐2005: +3.7%
h t w o4.0% r g %
3,000 2006‐2011: +6.0%
3.0% 2.0%
3,000
1.0%
‐
0.0%
2,000 2012‐ 2016: +1.3%
1,000
o u s a n d m e t r i c t o n n e s c o p p e r
2017‐2020: +1.2%
‐ 2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
Copper mining capacity is estimated to reach 25.9 million tonnes copper in 2020, with 19% being SX‐EW production. This will be 10% higher than global capacity of of 23.5 23.5 million tonnes copper recorded in 2016. Growth in copper mine capacity is expected to average 2.5% per year going forward as new capacity is added at existing and some new operations. The ratio between production and capacity is called the capacity utilization rate. The world mine capacity utilization rate was around 86% in 2016.
Note: Capacity data Capacity data reflects production reflects production capabilities not necessarily not necessarily production forecasts production forecasts
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Top 20 Copper Mines by Constraints Capacity (basis on2017) Copper Supply Thousand metric tonnes copper Source: ICSG Directory of Copper of Copper Mines and Plants – Plants – July 2017 R an k
Min e
Co u n tr y
Ow n er (s )
1
Es c ondida
Chile
BHP Billit on (57. 5%), Rio Tint o Corp. (30%), Japan Es condida (12. 5%)
2
Gras berg
Indonesia
P. T. Freeport Indonesia Co. (PT-FI), Rio Tint o
3
Morenc i
United S t ates
4
Buenavista del Cobre (former Cananea)
5 6
So u r c e
C a p ac i t y
Concs & SX-EW
1, 270
Conc entrat es
750
Freeport -McMoRan Inc 72%, 28% affiliat es of Sumitomo Corporat ion
Concs & S X-EW
520
Mexic o
Grupo Mexic o
Concs & S X-EW
510
Cerro Verde II (Sulphide)
Peru
Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. 54%, Compañia de Minas Buenaventura 19.58%, Sumitomo 21%
Conc entrat es
500
Collahuas i
Chile
Anglo American (44%), Glenc ore plc (44%), Mit s ui (8. 4%), JX Holdings (3. 6%)
Conc s & SX-E W
454
Conc entrat es
450
Conc entrat es
450
Conc entrat es
450
BHP Billiton (33.75%), (33.75%), Teck (22.5%), Glencore plc (33.75%), Mits ubishi Corp. Corp. (10%) MMG (62.5%), Guoxin International Investment Corporation Limited (22.5%), CITIC Metal Co., Ltd. (15%)
7
Ant amina
Peru
7
Las Bambas
Peru
7
Polar Division (Norilsk/ Talnakh Russia Mills)
Norilsk Nic k el
10
El Tenient e
Chile
Codelc o
Conc s & S X-EW
432
11
Los Bronc es
Chile
Anglo Amercian 50. 1% , Mit subis hi Corp. 20. 4%, Codelc o 20%, Mit s ui 9. 5%
Concs & SX-EW
410
12
Los Pelambres
Chile
Ant ofagas t a P lc (60%), Nippon Mining (25%), Mit s ubis hi Materials (15% )
Conc ent rat es
400
13
Chuquicamata
Chile
Codelc o
Conc s & S X-EW
350
14
Radomiro Tomic
Chile
Codelc o
Conc s & S X-EW
330
15
Sent inel
Zambia
Firs t Quantum Minerals Lt d
Conc entrat es
300
16
Bingham Cany on
United S t ates
Kennec ot t
Conc entrat es
280
17
Kans ans hi
Zambia
Firs t Quantum Minerals Lt d (80%), ZCCM (20%)
Conc s & S X-EW
270
18
Toromoc ho
Peru
Chinalco
Conc entrat es
250
19
Oly mpic Dam
Aust ralia
BHP Billiton
Concs & S X-EW
225
20
Mut anda
Congo
Glenc ore Plc
SX-EW
220
Note: Capacity data Capacity data reflects production reflects production capabilities not necessarily not necessarily production forecasts production forecasts
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Constraints on Copper Supply
With copper concentrate in strong demand, there has been growing interest in understanding the obstacles that can prevent copper mine supply from coming on‐stream. Below are some of the operational and financial
constraints identified from the study. For more information about ICSG research related to constraints on copper supply, please contact the ICSG Secretariat at
[email protected]
Declining ore grades: a serious issue in developed copper areas such as the USA and Chile Project finance: prolonged economic and price volatility may have significant impact on cost of capital of capital Tax & investment regimes: recent research indicates these are less important than geological endowments Other cost issues: lower capital expenditure may have adverse long term effect on copper supply; operating cost escalation
Water supply: a critical issue in dry mining districts
Energy: coal is the fuel chosen to power main copper mines and processes… climate change may increase costs
International Copper Study Group
Other environmental issues: governments are becoming more aware of the impact of mining to the surrounding environment in recent years. In countries like Peru and the Philippines, the relationship with indigenous community is also a key factor. Resource nationalism: It has become a priority for certain governments to develop their mineral resources that have not been exploited until now. While willing to develop their natural resources, countries might be seeking to extract strong revenue flows from them. It will be important to balance royalty/taxation levels with the need to encourage capital investment to develop their rising industries. Sulphuric acid supply and price: 16% cost factor for SX‐EW projects Skilled labor: open labor markets would help address this constraint Labor strikes: tend to increase when refined prices are high and GDP is growing faster, but tend to be longer and less frequent otherwise High domestic costs if there if there is “Dutch disease” (resulting in higher exchange rates due in part to strong exports) Rate between imported inputs and domestic input costs affected by the currency strength of the of the producer Political risks: Security and transport accessibility is crucial to mine operation
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Copper Smelter Production World Cop per Smelter Prod Prod uc tion , 19801980-2016 2016 Tho usand metric metric tonnes co pper Sour ce: ICSG ICSG 20,000 17,500 15,000 12,500 10,000 7,500 5,000 2,500 0
1980
1985
1990
1995
Pr im im ar y Feed
2000
2005
2010
2015
Seco n d ar y Feed
Smelting is the pyrometallurgical process used to produce copper metal. In 2016, world copper smelter production reached 19.0 million tonnes copper. Recently, the trend to recover copper directly from ores through leaching processes has been on the increase. Primary smelters use mine concentrates as their main source of of feed feed (although some use copper scrap as well). Secondary copper smelters use copper scrap as their feed.
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Trends in Copper Smelting Capacity, 2000 and 2020 Percentage share of total of total capacity, by technology type Source: ICSG Directory of Copper of Copper Mines and Plants – Plants – July 2017
2000
2020
6.4% 0.5%
5% 8%
14.8%
0% 1%
12%
19.6% 58.7% 74% Flash/C ont in uous Modified Reverb /Convert Low Grade EW
Reverb/Blast/Rotary Electric Un kown
The use of of Flash/Continuous Flash/Continuous technology accounted for 59% in total copper smelting capacity in 2000. This share rose to 73% in 2016. It is expected to remain around this level until 2020. Note: Capacity data Capacity data reflects production reflects production capabilities not necessarily not necessarily production forecasts production forecasts
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Copper Cop per Smelter Prod Prod uc tion tio n b y Regio Regio n, 1990 1990--201 2016 Thou sand sand metr metr ic tonnes Source: Sour ce: ICSG ICSG
12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000
0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 Africa
America
Asia
Eu r o p e
Oceania
Asia’s share of of world world copper smelter output output jumped jumped from 27% in 1990 to almost 60% in 2016 as smelter production in China expanded rapidly.
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Copper Smelter Production by Country: Top 20 Countries in 2016 Thousand metric tonnes Source: ICSG China Japan Chile Russ ian Fed. Fed. India Zambia Ko rean rean Rep. United States Poland Germany Au s trali tr alia a Canada Bulgaria Peru Spain Kazakhstan Mexico Indonesia Iran Brazil
0
1 ,0 0 0
2 ,0 0 0
3 ,0 0 0
4 ,0 0 0
5 ,0 0 0
6 ,0 0 0
7 ,0 0 0
8 ,0 0 0
In 2016, China accounted for over a third of of world world copper smelter production, followed by Japan and Chile with 8% share each and Russian Federation (5%). Note: Capacity data Capacity data reflects production reflects production capabilities not necessarily not necessarily production forecasts production forecasts
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Top 20 Copper Smelters by Capacity (basis 2017) Thousand metric tonnes copper Source: ICSG Directory of Copper of Copper Mines and Plants – Plants – July 2017
Ran k
Sm el t er
Co u n t r y
Op er at o r /Ow n er (s )
Pr o c es s
Cap ac i t y
1
Guixi (smelter)
China
Jiangxi Copper Corp.
2
Birla Copper (Dahej)
I ndia
Birla Group (Hidalc o)
3
Chuquic amata (smelter)
Chile
3
Hamburg
Germany
3
Bess hi/ Ehime (Toyo)
3
Saganoseki/ Ooita (s melter)
7
El Teniente (Caletones)
Chile
Codelco Chile
Reverberatory/ Teniente Conv.
40 0
7
China
Jinchuan No n- Ferrous Metal Co.
Reverberatory/ Kaldo Conv.
400
China
Jinchuan Non-Ferrous Metal Co.
Flas h s me lter
4 00
7
Jinchuan (smelter) Jinchuan (Fangchenggang smelter) Jinguan (smelter)
Tongling Non-Ferrous Metals Group
Flas h Smelter
40 0
7
Xiangguang copper (smelter) China
Yangg u Xiangguang Co pper Co
Outokumpu Flash
40 0
7
Sterlite Smelter (Tuticorin)
I ndia
Vedanta
I sas melt Process
4 00
7
Norilsk (Nikelevy, Medny)
Russia
Norilsk Nic kel
Reverb, Elec tric, Vanyukov
40 0
14
Pirdop (smelter)
Bulgaria
Aurubis (99.77%)
Outokumpu Flash
36 0
14
Ilo Smelter
Peru
I sas melt Process
3 60
16
Onahama/ Fukushima
J apan
Mitsubishi/ Reverb.
3 54
17
Jinlong (Tongdu)
China
Flas h Smelter
3 50
17
Yunnan
China
Southern Copper Corp. (Grupo Mexico 75 .1%) Mitsubishi Materials Corp. (49.29%), Dowa Metals & Mining Co. Ltd.(31.15 %), Furukawa Furukawa Metals Metals & Re sources Co. Ltd. (12.67%) Tongling Nonferrous Metals Corp. (57.4%), Sumitomo (35%), Pingguo Aluminium Co. Yunnan Copper Industry Group (Local Government)
I sas melt Process
3 50
17
Kansans hi (s melter)
Zambia
First Quantum Minerals Ltd
I s asmelt Proc ess
350
20
Naos hima/ Kagawa (smelter) Japan
Mitsubishi Materials Corp.
Mitsubishi Continuous
342
7
C o d e lc o
Outokumpu Flash Outokumpu Flash, Ausmelt, Mitsubishi Continuous Outokumpu/ Teniente Converter
450
Aurubis
Outokumpu, Contimelt, Electric
4 50
Japan
Sumitomo Metal Mining Co. Ltd.
Outokumpu Flash
450
Japan
Pan Pac if ic Copper Co. Ltd
Outokumpu Flash
450
China
90 0 500
Note: Capacity data Capacity data reflects production reflects production capabilities not necessarily not necessarily production forecasts production forecasts
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Refined Copper Production World Refined Copper Production, 1960‐2016 Thousand metric tonnes Source: ICSG 25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 Refinery Refinery Primary
Refinery Refinery Secon dary
Refinery SX-EW SX-EW
With the emergence of of solvent solvent extraction‐electrowinning (SX‐EW) technology, refined copper produced from leaching ores has increased from less than 1% of of world world refined copper production in the late 1960’s to 16% of of world world output in 2016.
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Trends in Refined Capacity, 2000-2020 Thousand metric metric ton nes copp er Source: ICS ICSG G Directory Directory of Copp er Mines Mines and Plants - July 2017 35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
2000
2002
2004
2006
El ec t r o l yt i c
2008
2010
2012
El ect r o w i n n i n g
2014
2016
2018
2020
Fi r e Ref i n i n g
This chart shows world copper refinery capacity by refining process. The ratio between production and capacity is called the capacity utilization rate. The world refinery capacity utilization rate was around 86% in 2016. Note: Capacity data Capacity data reflects production reflects production capabilities not necessarily not necessarily production forecasts production forecasts
International Copper Study Group
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Refined Cop per Prod uctio n by b y Regio Regio n, 1990 1990--2016 2016 Thousand metric tonn es Source: Sour ce: ICSG ICSG
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Africa
America
Asia
Europe
Oceania
Regions with the highest output of of refined refined copper in 1990: the Americas (4,250 kt), followed by Europe (3,004 kt) Leading region in the world in 2016: Asia (12,677 kt) as compared to 2,505kt in 1990.
International Copper Study Group
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Refined Copper Production by Country: Top 20 Countries in 2016 Thousand metric tonnes Source: ICSG China Chile Japan United States Russ ian Fed. Fed. India Congo Germany Korean Rep. Poland Aust Au st ralia ral ia Mexico Spain Zambia Belgium Peru Kazakhstan Canada Indonesia Brazil 0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
In 2016, China accounted for over a third of of world world copper refined production, followed by Chile (11%), Japan (7%) and the United States (5%).
International Copper Study Group
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Top 20 Copper Refineries by Capacity (basis 2017) Thousand metric tonnes copper Source: ICSG Directory of Copper of Copper Mines and Plants – Plants – July 2017
Ran k
Pr o c e s s
Ca p ac i t y
1
Guixi
C hina
Ji angxi C opper Corporation
Electrolyti c
900
2
Jinchuan
C hina
Ji nchuan Non Ferrous Co.
Electrolyti c
650
3
Daye/ Hubei (refi nery)
C hina
D aye Non-Ferrous Metals C o.
Electrolyti c
600
4
Bi rla
India
Bi rla Group (Hidalco)
Electrolyti c
50 0
4
Yunnan C opper
C hina
Yunnan C opper Industry Group (64.8%)
Electrolytic
5 00
6
Pyshma Refinery
Russi a
UMMC (Urals Mini ng & Metallurgi cal C o.)
Electrolyti c
460
7
Amarillo
United States
Grupo Mexi co
Electrolyti c
45 0
7
Chuquicamata Refinery
C hile
C odelco
Electrolyti c
450
7
Toyo/Ni i hama (Besshi)
Japan
Sumi tomo Metal Mi ni ng C o. Ltd.
Electrolyti c
450
10
Onsan Refinery I
Korean Republic LS-Nikko C o. (LS, Ni ppon Mi ning)
Electrolyti c
440
11
Hamburg (refinery)
Germany
Aurubis
Electrolyti c
41 6
12
El Paso (refinery)
United States
Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc.
Electrolyti c
415
13
Las Ventanas
C hile
C odelco
Electrolyti c
41 0
14
Jinchuan (Fangchenggang
C hina
Ji nchuan Non-Ferrous Metal C o.
Electrolyti c
40 0
14
Jinguan (refinery)
C hina
Tongli ng Non-Ferrous Metals Group
Electrolyti c
400
Jinl inlong (Tongdu) du) (refine inery)
Chin China a
Electrolytic
400
14
Shandong Fangyuan
C hina
Tonglin gling g NonFerr errous Metal Cor Corp. 52 %, Shar Sharp pline ine International 13%, Sumitomo Corp. 7.5%, Itochu Corp. 7.5% D ongyi ng, Shandong
Electrolyti c
40 0
14
Sterli te Refi nery
India
Vedanta
Electrolyti c
40 0
14
Xi angguang C opper
C hina
Yanggu Xi angguang C opper Co
Electrolyti c
400
20
CC R Refi nery (Montreal)
C anada
Glencore plc
Electrolyti c
370
14
Ref i n er y
Co u n t r y
Ow n er (s )
Note: Capacity data Capacity data reflects production reflects production capabilities not necessarily not necessarily production forecasts production forecasts
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
World Copper and Copper Alloy Semis Production World Copper and Copper Alloy Semis Production Production,, 1980‐2016P Thousand metric tonnes Source: ICSG 33,000 30,000 27,000 24,000 21,000 18,000 15,000 12,000 9,000 6,000 3,000 0 1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Semis fabricators process refinery shapes such as cathodes, wire bar, ingot, billet slab and cake into semi‐finished copper and copper alloy products using both unwrought copper materials and direct melt scrap as raw material feed. Semis fabricators are considered to be the “first users” of of refined refined copper and include wire rod plants and brass mills. P / Preliminary. For some countries still incomplete
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Copper and Copper Alloy Semis Production by Region, 1980 & 2016P Thousand metric tonnes Source: ICSG 25,000 1980
2016
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0 Af ri ca
As ia
Eur op e
Nor th A mer ic a
Ocean ia
Sou th A mer ic a
Asia accounted for 81% (or almost 24.1 million metric tonnes) of of semis semis output in 2016, compared to 23% in 1980. P / Preliminary. For some countries still incomplete
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Copper & Copper Alloy Semis Production Capacity by Region & Product Source: ICSG Directory of Copper of Copper and Copper Alloy Fabricators 2017 Semis Semis Productio n Capacity Capacity by Prod uct, 2016 2016 vs 2017 2017 (million ton nes gro ss w eight) Sour ce: ICSG ICSG
Semis Production Capacity by Region, 2017 (%) Source: ICSG Other Africa 1%
60
Asia (ex. China) & Oceania 20%
50 40 China 40%
30
Middle East & North Africa 5%
20 10
Americas 14%
-
Eastern Europe & Central Asia 6%
Western Europe 14%
20 16 Wi r e Ro d Tu b es Fo i l
20 1 7 PSS Al l o y Wi r e Po w d er
RBS In g o ts No t Cl as s i fi ed
In 2017, China will account for the largest share of
Wire rod plants are estimated to account for 61% of
world semis production capacity (40%) and the largest
world first use capacity in 2017, or 34.9 million tonnes.
number of of semis semis plants (559). Note: Capacity data Capacity data reflects production reflects production capabilities not necessarily not necessarily production forecasts production forecasts
International Copper Study Group
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Copper and Copper Alloy Semis Production Capacity by Country: Top 20 Countries, 2017 Thousand metric tonnes Source: ICSG Directory of Copper and Copper Alloy Fabricators 2017
China USA Germany Japan Ko rean Rep. Rep. Italy Brazil India Taiwan Russian Fed. Turkey Mexico Iran Thailand Vietnam Spain France Indonesia UA E Ukraine
0
4,000
8,000
12,000
16,000
20,000
24,000
Note: Capacity data Capacity data reflects production reflects production capabilities not necessarily not necessarily production forecasts production forecasts
International Copper Study Group
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Chapter 4: Copper Trade Copper products across the value chain are traded internationally. Often,
World Copp er Impo Impo rts by Produc t Category, Category, 2016 2016 /2 /2 Thousand metric metric ton nes c opper (unless o therwise noted) Source: ICSG ICSG
countries where upstream copper production capacity exceeds downstream production capacity will import the raw materials needed to meet their
Concentrates
production needs, and vice versa. Major product categories of copper of copper traded Blister & Anode
internationally include:
Copper concentrates
Copper blister and anode
Copper cathode and ingots
Copper scrap and
Copper semis
Refined Copper Copp er Scrap /1 /1 Copper & Copper Allo y Semis /1 0
Copper powders and compounds are also traded globally, but typically in much smaller quantities. In additional, copper is contained in end‐use products that are traded globally including automobiles, appliances, electronic equipment and other products. Changes in trade regulations, such
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
World Copp er Exp Exp orts b y Produ ct Category, 2016 /2 Thousand metric tonnes c opp er (unless (unless otherwise noted) Sourc e: ICSG ICSG
as import duties or export quotas, can have significant impacts on the international trade of copper. For more information about the international
Concentrates
trade of copper and changes in regulations that can affect the trade of 1
copper, please contact the ICSG Secretariat at
[email protected]
Blister & Anode
Refined Refined Copper
Copp er Scrap /1 /1 1
Gross metal weight. Exports and Imports might not match due to transit time, under-reporting or product misclassification
2
International Copper Study Group
Copper & Copper Allo y Semi s /1 0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Major International International Trade Tra de Flows FFlows lows ofofCopper Ores and Concentrates Concentrates Major Trade CopperOres 1 Ores Ore s and Concentrates Conc entrates Major Exporters of
Major Importers of
Copper Ores and
Copper Ores and
Concentrates, 2016
Concentrates, 2016
1. Chile
1. China
2. Peru
2. Japan
3. Indonesia
3. Spain
4. Australia
4. Korean Rep.
5. Canada
5. Germany
6. Mexico
6. India
7. Mongolia
7. Philippines
8. Brazil
8. Bulgaria
9. United States
9. Brazil
10. Spain
10. Russian Fed.
Image courtesy of the of the Copper Development Association.
1
Figure is intended to illustrate trade flows but not actual trade routes. Detailed trade matrices are available in ICSG Statistical Yearbook.
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Major International Trade of Copper Blister 1 Major Ma jor International Int ernational Trade Flow Trade Flows s of Copper Copp er Blister Blis ter and and An Anode ode 1 and Anode Anod e Major Exporters of
Major Importers of
Copper Blister and
Copper Blister and
Anode, 2016
Anode, 2016
1. Chile
1. China
2. Bulgaria
2. Belgium
3. Namibia
3. India
4. Spain
4. Korean Rep.
5. Belgium
5. Germany
6. South Africa
6. Austria
7. Armenia
7. Canada
8. Finland
8. Australia
9. United States
9. Sweden
10. Italy
10. Brazil
Image courtesy of the of the Copper Development Association.
1
Figure is intended to illustrate trade flows but not actual trade routes. Detailed trade matrices are available i n ICSG Statistical Yearbook.
International Copper Study Group
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Major International Trade Flows of Refined 1 Major Ma jor International Trade F Flow lows s of o f Refined Copper 1 Copper Major Exporters of
Major Importers of
Refined Copper,
Refined Copper,
2016
2016
1. Chile
1. China
2. Japan
2. Germany
3. Russian Fed.
3. United States
4. Australia
4. Italy
5. Zambia
5. Taiwan
6. China
6. Korean Rep.
7. Kazakhstan
7. Turkey
8. Netherlands
8. Thailand
9. India
9. Malaysia
10. Peru
10. United Arab Emirates
Image courtesy of the of the Copper Development Association.
1
Figure is intended to illustrate trade flows but not actual trade routes. Detailed trade matrices are available i n ICSG Statistical Yearbook.
International Copper Study Group
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Leading Exporters and Importers of Semi of Semi‐Fabricated Copper Products, 2016 Thousand metric tonnes, Source: ICSG 700
Importers
600 500 400 300 200 100 0
1,200
Exporters
1,000 800 600 400 200 0
International Copper Study Group
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
The Global Copper Market and the
Exchanges also provide for the trading of futures and options contracts.
Commodity “Copper”
providing a hedge against price variations. In this process the participation
These allow producers and consumers to fix a price in the future, thus of speculators, who are ready to buy the risk of price variation in
Copper, as any other good or merchandise, is traded between producers
exchange for monetary reward, gives liquidity to the market. A futures or
and consumers. Producers sell their present or future production to
options contract defines the quality of the product, the size of the lot,
clients, who transform the metal into shapes or alloys, so that
delivery dates, delivery warehouses and other aspects related to the
downstream fabricators can transform these into different end‐use
trading process. Contracts are unique for each exchange. The existence of
products. One of the of the most important factors in trading a commodity such
futures contracts also allows producers and their clients to agree on
as copper is the settlement price for the present day (spot price) or for
different price settling schemes to accommodate different interests.
future days.
Exchanges
Exchanges also provide for warehousing facilities that enable market participants to make or take physical delivery of copper in accordance with each exchange's criteria.
The role of a commodity exchange is to facilitate and make transparent Average Annual Copper Prices (LME, Grade A, Cash), 1960‐2016
the process of settling prices. Three commodity exchanges provide the facilities to trade copper: The London Metal Exchange (LME), the Commodity Exchange Division of the New York Mercantile Exchange
US$ per tonne Source: ICSG
10,000 9,000
(COMEX/NYMEX) and the Shanghai Futures Exchange (SHFE). In these
8,000
exchanges, prices are settled by bid and offer, reflecting the market's
7,000
perception of supply of supply and demand of a commodity on a particular day. On
6,000
the LME, copper is traded in 25 tonne lots and quoted in US dollars per
5,000 4,000
tonne; on COMEX, copper is traded in lots of 25,000 pounds and quoted
3,000
in US cents per pound; and on the SHFE, copper is traded in lots of 5
2,000
tonnes and quoted in Renminbi per tonne. More recently, mini contracts
1,000
of smaller of smaller lots sizes have been introduced at the exchanges.
0
1 9 60
1 96 5
19 7 0
1 97 5
1 9 80
1 98 5
Cu r re re nt nt $
International Copper Study Group
19 90
1 99 5
2 00 0
20 0 5
2 010
2 01 5
Co n st st an an t 200 9 $
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Copper Stocks, Prices and Usage (Jan 2001‐Jun 2017) Thousand metric tonnes and US cents/pound Source: ICSG 3,375
450
3,000
400
2,625
350
r 2,250 e p p o c , s e 1,875 n n o t c i r t e 1,500 m d n a s u o 1,125 h T
300
750
100
375
50
250
200
150
0
) d n u o p / s t n e c S U ( E M L e c i r P
0 Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Ex chang es
Pro d ucers
International Copper Study Group
Merc hants
Co nsumers
3 mt h mo ving av av erag e co co p p er usag e seas o nally ad ad just ed
Price LME (U (USc ent s/ p o und )
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Chapter 5: Copper Usage How Is Copper Used? Copper is shipped to fabricators mainly as cathode, wire rod, billet, cake (slab) or ingot. Through extrusion, drawing, rolling, forging, melting, electrolysis or atomization, fabricators form wire, rod, tube, sheet, plate, strip, castings, powder and other shapes. The fabricators of these of these shapes are called the first users of copper. of copper. The total use of copper of copper includes copper scrap that is directly melted by the first users of copper to produce copper semis. Copper and copper alloy semis can be further transformed by downstream industries for use in end use products such as automobiles, appliances, electronics, and a whole range of other copper‐dependent products in order to meet society’s needs. This section provides a range of information of information about refined copper usage, total use, major uses of copper of copper and end‐use. For the most up‐to‐date information on refined copper usage, please visit the ICSG website at www.icsg.org
International Copper Study Group
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
World Refined Copper Usage, 1900‐2016 26,000
Thousand metric tonnes Source: ICSG
24,000 22,000 20,000 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0
Since 1900, apparent usage for refined copper has increased from less than 500 thousand tonnes to 23.5 million metric tonnes in 2016 as usage over the period grew by a compound annual growth rate of of 3.4% 3.4% per year.
International Copper Study Group
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Refined Copper Usage by Region, 1960 versus 2016 Thousand metric tonnes copper Source: ICSG
1960
2016 0.04%
2% 2%
10%
Europe Africa
18% 18 % 1%
30% 30 %
Asia Latin America
57%
1% 10%
69% 69 %
North America Oceania
0.5%
The key driver of of global global refined copper usage has been Asia, where demand has expanded almost eight‐fold over the past four decades.
International Copper Study Group
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
World Refined Copper Usage* per Capita: 1950‐2016 Sources: ICSG and US Census Bureau
8
3.5
7
3.0
6 ) n l b ( n o i t a l u p o P
2.5
5 2.0 4 1.5 3
k g p e r p e r s o n
1.0
2
0.5
1
0 0.0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 World Pop Popula ulation tion
Ref efine ined d Co Coppe pperr Usa sage ge pe perr Capita
*Refined copper is typically used by semis fabricators or the “first users” of of refined refined copper, including ingot makers, master alloy plants, wire rod plants, brass mills, alloy wire mills, foundries and foil mills. As a result, per capita usage of of refined refined copper refers to the amount of of copper copper used by industry divided by the total population and does not represent copper used in finished products per person.
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Intensity of Refined of Refined Copper Usage* Sources: ICSG and International Monetary Fund 2016 data Aust ral ia Belgium Brazil Canada Chile China Egypt France Germany India Indonesia Iran Italy Japan Korean Rep. Malaysia Mexico Poland Russian Fed. Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates United States Vietnam Zambia
GDP per capita capita (US$ (US$)) Intensity ntensity (tonnes/U (tonnes/US$bl S$bln) n) 51850 7.943 41284 535.478 8727 162.663 42210 103.131 13576 339.237 8113 1,040.814 3685 349.049 38127 74.689 41902 359.197 1723 209.351 3604 232.763 4683 347.706 30507 291.751 38917 196.955 27539 517.273 9360 786.232 8555 350.863 12316 631.402 8929 245.186 20150 286.622 26609 292.069 51165 264.057 22453 935.665 5899 820.742 10743 571.572 37678 1,101.262 57436 97.578 2173 1,072.887 1275 1,454.716
Intensity of Copper Usage 2016 1,400 ) 1,200 n l b $ S U1,000 / s e n n o t ( 800 P D G r e 600 p e g a s u 400 r e p p o C 200
United Arab Embirates Vietnam China Taiwan Thailand Malaysia Poland Turkey
Egypt Iran
Mexico
Indonesia Russia India Brazil
Germany
Chile
Belgium
Korean Rep.
Spain Italy Saudi Arabia
Sweden Japan France
United States
Canada
Australia
0 0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
GDP per capita (US$)
*Refined copper is typically used by semis fabricators or the “first users” of of refined refined copper, including ingot makers, master alloy plants, wire rod plants, brass mills, alloy wire mills, foundries and foil mills. As a result, intensity of of refined refined copper usage per GDP refers to the amount of of copper copper used by industry divided by GDP and does not represent copper used in finished products per person.
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Total Copper Usage, Including Direct Melted Copper Scrap, 2005‐2015 Thousand metric tonnes copper Source: ICSG Recyclables Survey April 2017*
30,000 Di r ec t m elt sc sc r ap
Ref in ed u s ag e
25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 2005
2 00 7
2009
2011
2013
2 01 5
*Copper in scrap direct melt data updated in September 2017
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, fuel cells and other
Major Uses of of Copper: Copper: Electrical Copper
is
the
best
technologies are all heavily reliant on copper due to its excellent
non‐
conductivity.
precious metal conductor of
ICSG, in partnership with the Common Fund for Commodities,
electricity as it encounters much compared
less
the International Copper Association and the International
resistance with
Copper Promotion Council (India), undertook the Transfer of
other
Technology for High Pressure Copper Die Casting in India project.
commonly used metals. It sets
The project facilitated the transfer of technology related to the
the standard to which other
manufacture of rotors, motors and motor systems using more
conductors are compared.
energy efficient high pressure copper die castings.
Copper is also used in power cables, either insulated or uninsulated, for high, medium and low voltage applications. In addition, copper's exceptional strength, ductility and resistance to creeping and corrosion makes it the preferred and safest conductor for commercial and residential building wiring. Copper is an essential component of energy
efficient
generators,
motors,
transformers
and renewable energy
International Copper Study Group
production
systems.
Renewable
energy
Images courtesy of the of the Copper Development Association.
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Major Uses of of Copper: Copper: Electronics and Communications Copper plays a key role in
Semiconductor
worldwide
and
have launched a revolutionary
technologies.
"copper chip." By using copper
information
communications HDSL
(High
Subscriber
for circuitry in silicon chips,
Line) and ADSL (Asymmetrical
microprocessors are able to
Digital
Line)
operate at higher speeds, using
technology allows for high‐speed
less energy. Copper heat sinks
data
Digital
manufacturers
Subscriber transmission,
internet
service,
including
through
the
existing copper infrastructure of ordinary of ordinary telephone wire.
help remove heat from transistors and keep computer processors operating at peak efficiency. Copper is also used extensively in other electronic equipment in the form of wires, of wires, transformers, connectors and switches.
Copper and copper alloy products are used in domestic subscriber lines, wide and local area networks, mobile phones and personal computers.
Images courtesy of the of the Copper Development Association and European Copper Institute.
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Major Uses of of Copper: Copper: Construction Copper and brass are the
The
materials
doorknobs and plates
of choice
for
use
of copper
plumbing, taps, valves and
exploits
fittings. Thanks in part to its
biostatic properties to
aesthetic and
its
appeal, alloys,
copper
help prevent the transfer of disease of disease and microbes.
such
as
bronze,
is
Copper roofing, in addition
used in a variety of settings
to being attractive, is well
to build facades, canopies,
known for its resistance to
doors and window frames.
extreme
architectural
Unlike
plastic
tubing,
copper does not burn, melt or release noxious or toxic fumes in the event of a fire. Copper tubes also help protect water systems from potentially lethal bacteria such as legionella. Copper fire sprinkler systems are a valuable safety feature in buildings.
copper's
conditions. buildings,
weather Major
public
commercial
buildings and homes use copper for their rainwater goods and roofing needs. The telltale green patina finish, that gives copper the classic look of warmth and richness, is the result of natural of natural weathering.
Images courtesy of the of the Copper Development Association and the International Copper Association.
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Major Uses of of Copper: Copper: Transportation All major forms of transportation depend on copper to perform critical functions.
levels of copper. Copper's superior thermal conductivity, strength, corrosion resistance and recyclability make it
Copper‐nickel alloys are used on the hulls of boats and ships to reduce
marine befouling, thereby reducing drag and improving fuel consumption. Automobiles and trucks rely on copper motors, wiring, radiators, connectors,
Electric and hybrid vehicles can contain even higher
brakes and
bearings. Today, the average mid‐size automobile contains about 22.5 kg (50 lbs) of copper, while luxury cars on average contain around 1,500 copper wires
ideal
for
automotive
and
truck
radiators.
New
manufacturing technologies, processes and innovative designs are resulting in lighter, smaller and more efficient radiators. Copper is also used extensively in new generation
airplanes and trains. New high‐speed trains can use anywhere from 2 to 4 tonnes of copper, significantly higher than the 1 to 2 tonnes used in traditional electric trains.
totaling about 1.6 km (1 mile) in length.
Images courtesy of the of the Copper Development Association and the European Copper Institute.
International Copper Study Group
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Major Uses of of Copper: Copper: Industrial Machinery and Equipment Wherever industrial machinery and equipment is found, it
The corrosion resistant properties of copper and copper
is a safe bet that copper and its alloys are present. Due to
alloys (such as brass, bronze, and copper‐nickel) make
their durability, machinability and ability to be cast with
them especially suitable for use in marine and other
high precision and tolerances, copper alloys are ideal for
demanding environments.
making products such as gears, bearings and turbine blades.
Vessels,
tanks,
and
piping
exposed
to
seawater,
propellers, oil platforms and coastal power stations, all Copper's superior heat transfer capabilities and ability to
depend on copper's corrosion resistance for protection
withstand extreme environments makes it an ideal choice for heat exchange equipment, pressure vessels and vats.
Images courtesy of the of the Copper Development Association.
International Copper Study Group
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Major Uses of Copper: Consumer and General Products From the beginning of civilization copper has been used
Copper and copper‐based products are used in offices,
by various societies to make coins for currency.
households
and
workplaces.
Computers,
electrical
appliances, cookware, brassware, and locks and keys are Today, countries are replacing
just some of the of the products exploiting copper's advantages.
lower denomination bills with copper‐based coins, as these coins last 10, 20 and even 50 times longer. In the United States, one cent coins and five cent coins contain 2.5% and 75% copper, respectively, while other U.S. coins contain a pure copper 1
core and 75% copper face. In the recently expanded European Union, the Euro coins, first introduced in 2002,
In addition, in areas known to be copper deficient, copper
also contain copper.
is used by farmers to supplement livestock and crop feed.
Images courtesy of the of the International Copper Association and the Copper Development Association. 1
Source: U.S. Department of the Treasury.
International Copper Study Group
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Major Uses of of Copper: Copper: Usage by Region and End Use Sector, 2016 Source: International Wrought Copper Council (IWCC) and International Copper Association (ICA)
Europe 17%
Industrial 11%
Americas 13% Equipment 31%
ROW 2%
Transport 13%
Infrastructure 16%
Asia 68%
International Copper Study Group
Building Construction 29%
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Chapter 6: Copper Recycling few
Closing metal loops through increased reuse and recycling
materials that do not degrade or
enhances the overall resource productivity and therefore
lose their chemical or physical
represents one of the key elements of society’s transition
properties
recycling
towards more sustainable production and consumption
process. Considering this, the
patterns. It is widely recognized that recycling is not in
existing copper reservoir in use
opposition to primary metal production, but is a
can
necessary and beneficial complement.
Copper
is
well
among
in
be
the
the
considered
a
legitimate part of world copper reserves. In the recent decades, an increasing emphasis has been placed on the sustainability of material uses in which the concept of reuse and recycling of metals plays an important role in the material choice and acceptance of products. If appropriately managed, recycling has the potential to
In 2015, ICSG estimates that 29% of copper usage came from
recycled
copper.
Some
countries'
copper
requirements greatly depend on recycled copper to meet internal demands. However, recycled copper alone cannot meet society's needs, so we also rely on copper produced from the processing of mineral of mineral ores.
extend the use of resources, and to minimize energy use, some emissions, and waste disposal.
Images courtesy of the of the European Copper Institute.
International Copper Study Group
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
Copp er Recycl Recycl ing Ra Rate te Definit Definit ion ions s The recycling performance of copper-bearing products can be measured and demonstrated in various ways – depending, among other things, on objectives, scope, data availability and target audience. The three International Non-Ferrous Metal Study Groups in conjunction with various metal industry associations agreed on the common definitions of the three following metal recycling rates:
The The Recycling Input Rate Rate (RIR) measures the proportion of metal and metal products that are produced from scrap and other metal-bearing lowgrade residues. The RIR is mainly a statistical measurement for raw material availability and supply rather than an indicator of recycling efficiency of processes or products. The RIR has been in use in the metals industry for a long time and is widely available from statistical sources. Major target audiences for this type of “metallurgical” indicator are the metal industry, metal traders and resource policy makers. However, given structural and process variables, it may have limited use as a policy tool.
International Copper Study Group
The The Overall Recycling Efficiency Rate Rate (Overall RER) indicates the efficiency with which end of life (EOL) scrap, new scrap, and other metal-bearing residues are collected and recycled by a network of collectors, processors, and metal recyclers. The key target audiences of this particular indicator are metal industry, scrap processors and scrap generators.
The EOL Recycling Efficiency Rate Rate (EOL RER) indicates the efficiency with which EOL scrap from obsolete products is recycled. This measure focuses on end-of-life management performance of products and provides important information to target audiences such as metal and recycling industries, product designers, life cycle analysts, and environmental policy makers.
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
ICSG IC SG Glo Global bal Copp Copper er Use (incl (in cl.. Recy Recycl clin ing), g), 2010 2010-2 -201 015 5 Source: ICSG Recyclables Survey April 2017*
Global Scrap Use
Global Copper Use
(incl. secondary refined production and scrap direct melt)
(incl. refined usage and scrap direct melt)
('000 t Cu)
('000 t Cu) 9,000 8,000
30,000
RIR % 38%
25,000
36%
20,000
34%
15,000
32%
10,000
30%
5,000
28%
7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 20 10
26%
0
20 11
201 2
Secondary refined pr oduct ion
201 3
201 4
Cu content of Direct Melt
201 5
20 1 0 Refined U sage
2 01 1
2 01 2
2 0 13
Cu content of Direct Me lt
2 0 14
2 01 5
Re cycling Input Rate (RIR)
*Copper in scrap direct melt data updated in September 2017
International Copper Study Group
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
ICSG Global Copper Scrap Research Project and recent scrap reports Based on interest expressed by member countries, ICSG launched the copper scrap market project in 2007 in order to provide greater transparency on an increasingly vital component of the of the world copper market at a time when globalization is reshaping the copper scrap and copper alloy recycling business. The final report of the project was published in August 2010. In addition, ICSG has completed a number of new detailed reports on NAFTA, European, Middle Eastern and Chinese scrap recovery and scrap supply in recent years. For more information about ICSG work related to copper scrap, please contact the ICSG Secretariat at
[email protected]
Key Drivers of of the the Global Copper Scrap Market
Expanding Copper Mine Production and Refined Copper
ICSG Global Copper Scrap Project Reports
Substitution
Industrialization and Economic Growth
Prices
o
Copper Scrap Prices and Spreads
o
Refined Copper Prices and the Demand for Scrap
Chinese scrap market developments
The Shift in Regional Scrap Processing Capacity
Regulations on Recycling and Trade
Technology
Manufacture and Use of Semi of Semi‐fabricated copper in Latin America/Canada (2017) Fabrication and Copper Use in Indian Subcontinent, ASEAN and Oceania (2015)
Survey of Brass of Brass Mills, Copper Products and Foundries in China (2014)
Middle East and North Africa Copper Use Study (2014)
Copper and Copper Alloy Scrap Supply Survey in EU‐27 (2013)
Copper Scrap Supply Survey in China (2012)
Survey on Nonferrous Metal Scrap and Refined Inputs & Production in Chinese Semis Plants (2012)
International Copper Study Group
ICSG Global Copper Scrap Research Project Final Report (2010)
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
The Flow of o f Copper Trade
Concentrates/ Matte
Blister/ Anode
Mining
Refined Copper
Production
Wire Wire rod ro d SX/EW Refined Usage Mine
Smelter
Alloy Ingot
Alloy Metals
Fabrication
Wire rod p lant / Wire mill Brass mill
Chemicals
Scrap Recycling
By-products/ slag/ashes
Scrap for Smelting
Semis Sup ply
Refinery Foundry
Tailings
Semis Net Trade
Scrap for Refining
Other Plants
Hydromet. Plant
Direct Melt
incl. incl. low grad e
New Scrap Low Grade Residues
Ingot Maker scrap
alloys
refined
International Copper Study Group
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
The Flow of o f Copper Copp er (cont.) Finished Products
Semis Import
Construction E&E Equ ipment ipment
Finished Products
Copper Reservoir in Use
End -of-Life -of-Life Management
C& D EOL Products
Ind. equip equip ment
INEW IEW
Transport
Abandoned/ Stored/ Reused End-of-Life Products
Cons umer/ Gen. Other Uses
ELV WEEE MSW & Other
Recycling losses new scrap
Low grade from Fabr.
(EOL Management adjust ed for for exp ort/reuse after collection)
EOL Products
Produ ct Use (Lifetime)
Manufacture
Product Supply
Net Trade
Dissipative Uses
Disposal/ Other Uses
Recycling
New Scrap Recycling International Copper Study Group
Old Scrap Scrap & Low grade Net Trade Trad e
Other Metal Loops 56
The World Copper Factbook 2017
Industry Global Flows of of Copper Copper (2015) and Derived Recycling Rates Figures produced for the International Copper Association by Fraunhofer ISI based on Environ. Sci. Technol. 47 (12), pp. 6564–6572 (freely available under http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400069b).
Recycling indicator
International Copper Study Group
10‐yr avg
Recyclinginput Recycling input rate
35% 35%
EoLrecycling inputrate
21% 21%
EoL collection collection rate
73% 73%
EoLprocessing rate
69% 69%
EoLrec EoLrecyc yclling rate ate
50%
Overall processing rate
79% 79%
Overall recycling efficiency efficiency rate
64% 64%
Old Scrap Ratio
59%
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The World Copper Factbook 2017
ANNEX Worl d Cop World Copper per Produc Prod ucti tion on and Usage, 1 196 9600-20 2016 16 Thousand Metric Tonnes Source: ICSG
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
Mine Production
Refined Production
Refined Usage
3,924 4,081 4,216 4,286 4,443 4,769 4,987 4,743 5,010 5,682 5,900 5,941 6,541 6,915 7,097 6,735 7,289 7,444 7,306
4,998 5,127 5,296 5,400 5,739 6,059 6,324 6,004 6,653 7,212 7,592 7,404 8,100 8,544 8,759 8,187 8,632 8,884 9,030
4,738 5,050 5,048 5,500 5,995 6,193 6,445 6,195 6,523 7,137 7,291 7,296 7,942 8,740 8,310 7,445 8,539 9,057 9,527
International Copper Study Group
1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Mine Production
Refined Production
Refined Usage
7,371 7,227 7,721 7,745 7,824 8,135 8,288 8,295 8,620 8,773 9,086 9,227 9,373 9,497 9,571 9,539 10,070 11,084 11,514
9,200 9,261 9,573 9,319 9,541 9,440 9,616 9,920 10,148 10,512 10,908 10,805 10,686 11,042 11,274 11,118 11,817 12,628 13,425
9,848 9,396 9,522 9,090 9,510 9,930 9,798 10,112 10,293 10,668 11,081 10,886 10,563 10,866 10,992 11,560 12,043 12,489 13,082
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016p
Mine Production
Refined Production
12,228 12,767 13,199 13,636 13,487 13,699 14,594 14,927 14,983 15,508 15,537 15,945 15,990 15,964 16,691 18,185 18,431 19,132 20,219
14,032 14,576 14,793 15,638 15,354 15,272 15,918 16,572 17,288 17,895 18,191 18,234 18,981 19,601 20,194 21,060 22,480 22,870 23,304
Refined Usage
13,440 14,223 15,122 14,938 15,133 15,641 16,743 16,558 16,926 18,036 17,888 17,899 19,141 19,713 20,473 21,396 22,880 23,041 23,461 p - preliminary
58
Internatio Interna tional nal Copp Copper er Stud Study y Grou Group p Rua Almirante Barros o 38 – 6th 1000 1000-0 -013 13 Lisb Li sbon, on, Port ugal ug al Tel: +351-21-351-3870 +351-21-351-3870 Fax: +351-21-352-4035 +351-21-352-4035 e-mail:
[email protected] Web site: www.icsg.org
International Copper Study Group
59