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COLLEGE–JAINARA RAI N VYASUNI VERSI TY,JODHPUR NAME –SHUBHAM MODI TH CLASS–BBA LLB5 YEAR
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WR W RI TSI NI NDI AN CONSTI TUTI ON I NTRODUCTI ON The I ndi an Cons t i t ut i on e mpowe r st he Supr eme Cour tand Hi gh Cour t st o i ssuewr wr i t sf orenf or ceme mentofanyoft hef undame ment alr i ght sconf er r edbyPart I I IofI ndi anCons t i t ut i on.
Thewr i ti ssued by Supr emeCour tand Hi gh Cour tdi ffer smai nl yi nt hr ee aspects: a)TheSupr eme meCour tcani ss uewr i t sonl yf ort heenf or ce mentoff undame ment al r i ght swher easa Hi gh Cour tcan i ss uewr wr i t sf orenf or ce mentoff undame ment al r i g ht sal o ngwi wi t h“f o ranyo t he rp ur po se ”( r e f e r st ot hee nf o r c e me me nto fanyl e g al r i ght ) . b)SC c an i ssuewr i tagai ns tape r son orgov er nme ntt hr oughoutt het er r i t or y wher eas Hi gh Cour tcan i ss ue wr i t s ag ai ns ta pe r son r esi di ng orag ai ns ta g ov e r nme ntl oc at e d wi t hi ni t st e r r i t or i alj ur i s di c t i on orout s i dei t sj ur i s di c t i on onl y i ft he cause of act i on ari ses wi t hi n t he t er r i t ori al j uri sdi ct i on. c)SC wri t sar eunderArt i cl e32whi chi ni t sel fi saf undame ment alri ghtt husSC cannot r ef use t o exe r ci se i t s wr i tj ur i sdi ct i on. Wher eas art i cl e 226 i s di sc r e t i onar y t hus HC can r ef use t o ex er ci se i t s wr i t j ur i sdi ct i on.
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WRI WR TS
HI GH COURT
SUPREME COURT
Under Article 226 of Constitutio n of India
HabeasCorpus
Under Article 32 of Constitutio n of India
Cer t i orar i
Pr ohi bi t i on
QuoWar r ant o Mandamu m us
CHART OF KI NDS OF WR WRI TS
TYPESOFWRI TS:
WH WHO CAN FI LE AN APPLI CATI ON An appl i cat i on f orhabe asc or puscan bemadebyanyper son on behal foft he pri soneraswel lasbyt hepri sonerhi msel f ,subj ectt ot herul esandcondi t i ons f r ame med by v ar i ous Hi gh Cour t s.The wr i tofhabeas cor pus i s an effec t i v e means ofi mmedi at er el eas ef r om unl awf uldet ent i on whe t heri n pri son or
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pri vat ecust ody .Physi calconfineme menti snotnecessaryt oconst i t ut edet ent i on. 1 Cont r olandcus t odyar esuffici ent .
Thusi fac hi l di sf or c i bl yke ptapar tf r om hi spar ent s,i faman i swr ongf ul l y kepti n confineme mentasa l unat i c,i fa nun i s al l eged t o be pr ev ent ed f r om havi nghercov enant ,i f ,i n short ,anyman,wom ma an orchi l di sori sasser t ed appar ent l yon good grounds,t o bedepri ved,ofl i bert y ,t heCourtwi l lal ways i ss ueawr i tofhabeascor pust oanyonewh whohast heaggri ev edper son i n hi s cust ody and hav e such per so n br oughtt ot he Cour tand i fhe i s suffer i ng 2 r e s t r a i ntwi t ho utl a wf wf ulc aus e ,s e thi mf r e e . "
Legalbackgr ound Under t he Const i t ut i on, Ar t i cl e 32 gave a f ul l fledged j uri sdi ct i on t ot he Supr eme meCourtt oi ssuehabeascorpus.Si ncei tconst i t ut edapartofPartI I Iof t he Const i t ut i on,t he r i ghtt o habeas cor pus was gi ve nt ot he var i ous Hi gh Cour t s under Ar t i cl e 226.These pr ovi si ons made t he st at ut ory r es t r i ct i on em mb bodi edunderSec t i on 491 ofCr i mi nalPr ocedur eCode,uni mpor t ant .Bei ng a guar ant ee dr i ghtunderAr t i cl e32,habeascor puscoul d notbesuspended exce pt under Ar t i cl e 359 r ead wi t h cl ause ( 4) of Ar t i cl e 32, i . e. , wher e pr ocl ama mat i onofan eme mer gencyi si noper at i onbyt heorderoft hePr esi dent .
Wh Whent heWr i tdoesnotl i e
1 Cox v. Haiker (1819) 1 AC AC !6 2 "ice# $ %a& of t'e Constitution 9 t' edn. .219
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I ti sawri ti nt henat ur eofcal l i ngupon t heper son whohasdet ai nedanot her t o pr oduce t he l at t erbef or et he Cour ti n or dert ol ett he Cour tknow t he gr oundson whi chhehasbee n confinedandt osethi mf r eei ft her ei snol eg al j us t i fic at i on f or t he i mpr i sonme nt . The wr i t wi l l not l i ei n t he f ol l owi ng ci r cumst ances: —
1.I fi tappe ar son t hef ac eoft her e c o r dt hatt hede t e nt i o no ft hepe r s o n concer ned i si n exec ut i on ofa sent enceon i ndi ct mentofa cr i mi nalchar ge. Even i fi n such cases i ti s open t oi nvest i gat et he j uri sdi ct i on oft he Court whi c h conv i c t e dt he pe t i t i oner ,butt he mer ej ur i sdi ct i on woul d notj us t i f y 3 ng hv .St at eo fPunj ab, i nt er f er encebyhabeas corpus.I n BoharSi t heCour t
hel dt hataconvi ctunder goi ngi mpr i sonmentundert hej udgme mentofacr i mi nal Cour twhi c h hasbec ome mefinal ,cannotpr ef erand mai nt ai n a wr i tofhabeas corpust oassai lhi sdet ent i on.A wri tofhabeascorpuswoul dnotl i eagai nsta consi der edj udi ci alj udgme mentoft heHi Hi ghCour ton t heal l egedt enuousground o fan i nf r ac t i o no fAr t i c l e21o ft heCo ns t i t ut i o n.Nowr i two ul dl i eag ai ns tt he j udi c i alpr ocesse s t abl i shedbyl aw.
2.I n habeas cor pus pr oce edi ngs t he Cour ti st o hav er eg ar dt ot he l egal i t y orot herwi seoft hedet ent i on att het i meoft her et urn and notwi t h r e f e r e nc et ot hedat eo fi ns t i t ut i o no ft he pr o c ee di ng s .I twas ,t hus ,he l di n 4 t hati fa f r e s h and v al i do r de rj us t i f y i ngt hede t e nt i o n was Go pal an v .St at e,
3 AI+ 1981 ,-C 196 (un/ and Har). * AI+ 1966 0C 816 (868).
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madebyt het i meoft her et urnt ot hewr i t ,t heCourtcannotr el easet hedet enu what ev ermi ghthav ebeent hedef e ctoft heor deri npur s uanceofwhi c hhewas ar r e s t e dori ni t i al l yde t ai ne d.
3.Ther ei snori ghtt ohabeascorpuswher eaper soni sputi nt ophysi cal r est r ai ntunderal aw unl esst hel aw i sunconst i t ut i onalort heorderi sul t r a 5 vi r est hes t at ut e. Butt hepe t i t i o ne rc anc hal l e ng et hecons t i t ut i o nal i t yo fal a w
i nahabeascorpuspr oceedi ngandt heCour ti sboundt or el easehi mi ft hel aw 6 i she l dt obeunc ons t i t ut i onal .
4.UnderAr t i cl e226,apet i t i on f orhabeascorpuswoul dl i enotonl ywh wher ehe i sdet ai nedbyan or deroft heSt at eGo Gove r nmentbutal sowh when hei sdet ai ned 7 dya Var ma v.Shi va Nar ai n, byanot he rpr i v at ei ndi v i dual .I n Vi t he Supr eme
Cour tst at ed t hatnopet i t i on woul dl i et oSupr em me eCour tunder ,Ar t i cl e32 i n t hel at t ercase,becauseArt i cl e32doesnotappl yunl essa" f undame ment alri ght " hasbeeni nf r i nged.
Thewr i tofhabeasc or pusi si ssuedbyaHi gh Cour tonl ywhen t heper son or aut hor i t yag ai ns twho m t hewr i ti ss o ug hti swi t hi nt het e r r i t o r i alj ur i s di c t i o n
State of Punjab v. Ajaib Singh, 193 0C+ 2*. 6 Makkan Singh v. State of Punjab, (19!) 0C+ 88. AI+ 199 0C 3.
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oft heHi Hi gh Cour t ,on t hedat eoft heappl i cat i on aswel lasatt het i mewhen t hewr wri ti ssoughtt obei ssued.
Wher e dur i ng t he pe ndenc y of an appeal agai ns t an or der r ef usi ng an appl i cat i on f or habeas cor pus t he appl i canti sr el eased f r om cust ody ,t he appeal mus t be di smi s se d and t he Appel l at e Court c annot be as ked t o pr onounceupon t hecor r ec t nes soft hej udgme mentbywh whi c h habeasc or pushas 8 bee nr ef use d. Butat em mp por aryre l easeon bai ldoesnotbaran appl i cat i on f or 9 habe asc or pust ot e s tt hel e g al i t yoft hear r e s t .
Gr oundsofHabeasCor pus: Thewr i tofhabeasc or pusi si nt henat ur eofanor der ,t heeffectofwhi c hi st he r el easeoft hepet i t i onerf r om cust odyofanyper son,orpubl i caut hori t y ,who has i l l egal l ydet ai ned t hepet i t i oner .Thef ol l owi nggroundsmay best at ed f or t heg r anto ft hewr i t; ( 1) Theappl i cantmustbei ncust ody; ( 2)Theappl i c at i o nf o rt hegr anto ft hewr i to fhabe asc or pusor di nar i l ys ho ul d bebyt hehusbandorwi f eorf at herors on oft hede t enu.Ti l laf e wy e ar sbac k t hewr wri tofhabeascorpuscoul d notbeent ert ai ned i fi ti sfil ed byast r anger . Butnow t heposi t i on hascomp mpl et el ychangedwi wi t ht hepr onounce ment soft he 10 Supr emeCour ti n anumberofcas es. Ev en a pos t car d wr i t t en by a det enu
8 Keshav v. Emperor Empe ror,, AI+ 19** C 2*. 9 Samual v. District Magistrate, 6 All 19 1! 0ee Icchu Devi v. nion of In!ia, AI+ 198! 0C 1983
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f r o mj ai lo rbys omeo t he rp e r s o no nhi sbe hal fi ns pi r e dbys oc i alo bj e c t i v e sc an bet akenasawr i t pe t i t i on.
11 lBat r av .De l hiAdmi ni s t r at i o nI I nSuni I t heCo ur ti ni t i at e dt hepr o c ee di ng son
al e t t e rbyac o c o nv i c t ,al l e g i ngi nhuman t o r t ur et ohi sf e l l o wc o nv i c t .Kr i s hna l yer ,J.t r eat ed t he l et t eras a pet i t i on f or habeas corpus.He dwel tupon Amer i can cases wher et he wr i tofhabe as cor pus has been i ss ued f or t he ne gl e c t of s t at e pe nal f ac i l i t i e sl i ke o v er c r o wdi ng ,i n s ani t ar yf ac i l i t i e s , br ut al i t i es ,c ons t ant f ear of vi ol ence, l ac k of adequat e medi cal f aci l i t i es, c e ns o r s hi po fmai l s ,i nhuman i s o l at i o n,s e g r e g at i o n,i nade quat er e habi l i t at i v e o re duc at i o nalo ppo r t uni t i e s .
Thel aw bef or et hel i ber al i s at i on ofl ocuss t andiconcepti nr el at i on t ot hewr i t o fhabe asc or pushasc har ac t e r i s t i c al l ybe e ne l uc i dat e di nane ar l yc as eofI nr e Hardi alSi ngh12 I nt hi scase,fif t een per sonswer ear r est ed underSect i on 3 of t hePunj abPubl i cSaf et yAct ,1947,f orbei ngme memb mber soft heRast r i yaSwayam Sewak Sangh.One Jagdi sh Mi t t arofSi ml a appl i ed f orr el ease,ofal lsuch per sonsunderSect i on491,Cr i mi nalPr ocedur eCodeof1898.Thepet i t i oneri n t hepre se ntcasei sa r es i dentofSi ml a.Hedoesnotsee m ev en t ohav ebee n awar e oft hei r mov ement s . I wi sh som me er ul es s houl d be f r am me ed by t he aut hori t i esconcer ned l i mi t i ngt her i ghtt omovepet i t i onsunderSect i on 491, Cr .P . C. ,1898,t ot hede t e nue s ,t he i rr e l at i o nsandt hemo mo s to ft he i rf r i e nds ,I 11 AI+ 198! 0C 19. 12 AI+ 191 un/ 216.
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unde r s t ands uc hi st hepr ac t i c eofEng l andandi twi l ls a v eal o to fj udi c i alt i me and agood dealofunnece ssar yemb mbarr assme mentt ot heaut hor i t i esi fasi mi l ar pr act i cei si nt r oduced i nt hi scount ry .To al l ow i rr esponsi bl epeopl et o move pet i t i onsoft hi snat ur eon behal foft heper sonsaboutwhoseaffai r st heyhave r eal l ynoknowl edgemer el yon accountoft heexi st encebet wee nt hem ofany pol i t i calorot heraffin ffini t y see mst o mepr ej udi ci alt ot hepr operand effic ffici ent admi ni s t r at i o no fj us t i c eando t he r wi s eunde s i r abl e . "
( 3)A per son hasnori ghtt opr esentsuccessi veappl i cat i onsf orhabeascorpus 13 t odi ffer entJudgesoft hesame mecour t .
iv .Addi t i o nalDi r e c t o ro fCo ns ol i dat i o no fHo l di ng s14 i I n Bans thas been hel d
t hati fawr i t pe t i t i oni sdi s m mi i s se di nl andanor deri spr onounce di nt hat i mi ne behal f ,i fwhe t herornota di smi ssalwoul d cons t i t ut e a bar ,woul d depend upon t henat ur eofor der .I ft heor deri son mer i t s,i twoul d bea bar ,i ft he or dershows t hatt he di smi mi ssalwas f ort he r easons t hatt he pet i t i onerwas gui l t y ofl achesort hathehad an al t er nat i ver eme medy,i twoul d notbe a bar e x ce pti nc e r t ai nc as e s.Asr e g ar d st heappl i c abi l i t yofr e sj udi c at at ot hewr wr i to f habeascor pust heSupre meCour thasengr af t edanexc ept i ont ot heeffec tt hat wher et hepe t i t i onhadbe enr e j ect edbyt heHi ghCour t ,af r eshpe t i t i onc anbe fil edt oSupr eme meCour tunderAr t i cl e3215 13 P.". "akhanpal v. nion of In!ia, AI+ 196 0C 9!8 1* AI+ 196 un/ 28 (). 1 #hulam Sar$ar v. nion of In!ia AI+ In!ia AI+ 196 0C 133
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( 4)Al lt hef orma mal i t i est oarr estanddet ent i on havenotbeen comp mpl i edwi t h and t heor derofarr es thasbeenmadema mal afideorf orc ol l at er alpur pose.When a Magi st r at edi dnotr eportt hear r estt ot heGo Gover nmentoft hePr ovi nceaswas r equi r edunderSect i on 3( 2)oft hePunj ab Saf et yAct ,1947,t hedet ent i on was 16 hel di l l egal . I ft her ei sani nt ent i onaldel ayi ncomm mmuni cat i ngt heor derwi t ha
vi e w t o pr e v e nt i ng t he de t ai ni ng per sons f r om
g e t t i ng r edr ess f r om
Gov er nment ,mal afidesma maybeat t r i but edt ot heGov er nment .
Whe t hermal a fide c oul d be i nf er r ed f r om l ong del ay i n commu mmuni cat i ng t he det ent i on or der t o Gov e r nme nt was di scussed by Subba Rao, J. ,i n 17 Hesai d :" I fa per son i sdet ai ned Venkat r ama maniv.Comm mmr .ofPol i c eMadr as.
and wi t h a vi e w t o pr ev ent hi m f r om t aki ng s t ep t o ge tr e dr es sf r om Gov er nment i f t he appr opr i at e aut hor i t y i nt ent i onal l y del ay s t he comm mmuni cat i on oft hesai d or dert ot heGo Gover nment ,i ti spossi bl et oi nf eror at t ri but ema mal afidet ot heaut hori t yconcerned. "
( 5)Theor dermu mustbedef ect i vei n subst ance,e. g. ,mi s descri pt i on ofdet enu, f ai l ur et o ment i on pl ace of det ent i on, et c. A warr ant whi ch di r ec t st he A t erKauf manv .Go v er nmentof comm mmi t t alofJame mesHast i ngSol ema manMose si nAl Bombay18 wi t houtanydescr i pt i on ofhi m,i si nval i d si ncei tma may l ead t ot he
16 Amar 16 Amar Singh v. v. %ro$n AI+ 19*9 un/ 13! 1 AI+ 19* 4ad 6!
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arr es tof‘ any per son beari ng t he name me.Hence comp mpl et e desc r i pt i on oft he det enushoul dbegi veni nt heorderofdet ent i on.
( 6)I tmu mustbeest abl i shed t hatt hedet ai ni ngaut hori t ywas nots at i sfied t hat t he de t enu was comm mmi t t i ng pr ej udi ci alact s,e t c.I tma may be not ed i nt hi s connect i on t hatt he suffici ency oft he mat er i alon whi ch t he sat i sf act i on i s basedcannotbesubj ectofsc r ut i nybyt hec our t .
19 c c huDe viv .Uni o no fI ndi a, I nI t heCour tem mp phasi z edupont henee dofse r vi ng
ont hedet enucopi esofsev er aldocument sonwhom t heaut hor i t yhadr el i edi n groundsofdet ent i on.TheCourt. poi nt edoutt hati n caseofan appl i cat i on f or awr i to fhabe ascor pus ,i tdoe sno t .asamat t e ro fpr a c t i c e ,f o l l o ws t r i c tr ul e s ofpl eadi ng nordoesi tpl aceundueemp mphasi son t heques t i on on whom t he bur den ofpr oofl i es.Ev en a pos t c ar d by a de t enu f r om j ai li ss uffic i entt o ac t i v i s et hi sCo ur ti nt oe xami ni ngt hel e g al i t yo fde t e nt i on.
TheCour thasconsi s t ent l ys howngr eatanxi e t yf orper sonall i ber t yandr ef used t o di sm mi i ssa pet i t i on mer el yon t heground t hati tdoesnotdi scl osea pr i ma f ac i ec as ei nv al i dat i ngt heor de ro fde t e nt i on.I thasadopt e dt hel i be r alat t i t ude i n vi ew oft he pecul i ar soci oeconom mi i c condi t i ons pr evai l i ng i nt he count ry . Peopl ei n gener alare poor ,i l l i t er at e and l ack financi alr esour ces.I twoul d 18 18 o5 636. 19 AI+ 198! 0C 1983
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t he r e f or ebeno td es i r a bl et oi ns i s tt hatt hepe t i t i o ne rs houl ds e to utc l e ar l yand speci fical l yt hegr oundsonwhi chhechal l engest heor derofdet ent i on.
Thesc opeoft hewr i tofhabeascor pushasconsi der abl yi ncr easedbyv i r t ueof t hedec i si on oft heSupr em me eCour ti n Maneka Gandhiv.Uni onofI ndi a20 and al sobyt headopt i on off ort yf our t h am me endmentt ot heConst i t ut i on.Si ncet he j udi c i ali nt e r pr e t at i on ofAr t i cl e21hase xt endedt hemagni t udeoft heconcept oft heper sonall i ber t yand t heCourti nt r oducedt heel em me entoff ai r nessand j us t nes si nt he' pr oce dur e es t abl i she d by l aw' ,now a wr i tofhabe as cor pus woul dl i ei ft hel aw depr i vi ngaper son ofhi spe r sonall i ber t yi snotf ai r ,j us t and equi t abl e.Next by t he f or t yf our t h am me endm me ent i n 1978,t he r i ght t o per sonall i ber t yunderAr t i cl e21cannotbesuspendedev endur i ngeme mer gency . Hencet he wr i tofhabeas cor pus wi l lbeavai l abl et ot hepeopl e agai nstany wr ongf ulde t ent i on.
Habeascor puscannotbeuse d asa dev i cet oevadet heor di naryl aw f ort he r ev i ew,r evi si on orappealofaj udgme mentunderwhi ch aper son i si mpr i soned. " An i nv ol unt ary and i l l eg alconfineme ment of t he per son i n st he pr aes ent ii part i cul arconcer n ofhabeas cor pus. "Fort he i ssue ofhabeas cor pus,t he wr ongf ulr es t r ai ntmus te xi s tatt het i mewhent heCour thast omaket her ul e absol ut ef ori t si ssue.I fatt het i mewhen t herul ef ort hewri ti shear d and deci ded,det ent i onbegunori gi nal l yunderani nval i dorder ,hasbeenputi nbya
2! (198) 1 0CC 2*8
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proper and val i d aut hor i t y ev en af t er t he pre se nt at i on of habeas cor pus 21 22 pe t i t i oni twi l lber e f us ed T . heappl i c at i ons houl dbei npr opermanner .
I ti sgener al l y a whol esome merul et hatwhenevert her ei sa speci alal t ernat i ve r em me edy ,habeascor pusshoul dnotbegi ven.Buti ti st henorma malr ul e.I fneed 23 ari ses,Judgescannotdenyt hewri t .
HABEASCOR ORPUS -Habeascorpusi saLat i nt er m whi chl i t er al l yme means"havet he I nt r oducti on body" ,“ Hav ehi sbody” ,“ Br i ngt hebody” .Theconceptofwr i tofhabeascor pus hasori gi nat edf r om Engl and.Thi si sawri torl egalact i on whi ch can beused byaper sont os eekr el i eff r om i l l eg alde t ent i on.
PURPOSE The wr i ti s a di r e ct i on oft he Cour tt o a pe r son who i s de t ai ni ng anot her , comm mmandi nghi mt obr i ngt hebodyoft heper soni n hi scust odyataspec i fied t i met oaspeci fiedpl acef oraspeci fiedpurpose.Exampl esar easf ol l ows: ( a)T es t i ngt hev al i di t yofde t e nt i o n unde rpr e v e nt i v ede t e nt i onl a ws ws ; ( b)Se c ur i ngt hec us t o dyofape r s o nal l e g e dt obel unat i c ; ( c)Securi ngt hecust odyofami mi nor; ( d)Securi ngt hecust odyofama marr i agepart ner ; 21 &aranjan Singh v. State of Punjab, AI+ 192 0C 1!6 22 'am &ara(an Singh v. State of Punjab AI+ 193 0C 2 23 oal/i v. 0'ree C'and AI+ 19 All 28.
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( e )T es t i ngt hev al i di t yofde t e nt i onf orabr e ac hofpr i v i l e ge sbyhous e; ( f )T e s t i ngt hev al i di t yofde t e nt i o n byt heex e cut i v edur i nge me me r g e nc y ,e t c . Awr i tofhabe ascor pushasonl yonepur pose:t os e tatl i ber t yaper sonwhoi s confined wi t houtl egalj ust i ficat i on;t o sec ur er el ease f r om confineme mentofa per sonunl awf wf ul l ydet ai ned.I ti sano r de rb yaCo ur tt ot hede t ai ni ngaut ho r i t y t o pr oducet hear r es t ed per son bef or ei tsot hati tmayexami newh whet hert he per son hasbeen det ai nedl awf ul l yorot herwi se.I ft heCourti sconvi ncedt hat t hepe r s o ni si l l e g al l yde t ai ne d,i tc a ni s s ueo r de r sf o rhi sr e l e as e T . hewr i ti s i s s ue d no to nl yag ai ns taut ho r i t i e so ft heSt at ebutal s ot opr i v a t ei ndi v i dual s o ror g ani z at i o nsi fne c es s ar y .
Sheel aBar seV St at eofMahar ashtr aFact sofPI La)T )The pet i t i oner , Sheel a Bar se, a j our nal i st , comp mpl ai ni ng of cust odi al vi ol encet owomen pr i soner swhi l s tconfine di nt hepol i cel oc kupi nt he ci t yofBomb mbay. b)The pe t i t i oners t at ed i n herl e t t e rt hatshe i nt er vi e wed fif t ee n wome n pri so ner si n t he Bom mb bay Cent r al Jai l wi t h t he per mi ss i on of t he I nspect orGener alofPri sonsbet wee n11and17t hMay ,1982andfiveout oft hem t ol dhert hatt heyhad beenassaul t edbyt hepol i cei nt hepol i ce l o c kup. c)O )Oft hesefivewhocomp mpl ai nedofhavi ngbeenassaul t edbyt hepol i ce,t he pet i t i onerpar t i cul ar l y ment i oned t he casesoft wo,name mel y ,Dev amm mma andPushpaPaeenwhower eal l egedl yassaul t edandt ort ur edwhi l stt hey wer ei nt hepol i cel oc kup. d)Si ncet heseal l eg at i onswer ema madebyt hewom me en pri soner si nt er vi ewed byt hepe t i t i onerand par t i cul ar l ybyDev amma and Pushpa Paeen and t he r ewa wasnor e as on t obe l i e v et hataj o ur nal i s tl i ket hepe t i t i o ne rwo ul d i nventorf abr i cat esuch al l egat i onsi ft heywer enotmadet oherbyt he wome n pr i sone r s,t hi sCour tt r eat e dt hel e t t e roft hepe t i t i one rasawr i t
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pet i t i on andi ssuednot i cet ot heSt at eofMaharasht r a,I nspect orGener al ofPr i sons,Mahar asht r a,Super i nt endent ,Bomb mbayCent r alJai land t he I nspect orGe Gener alofPol i ce ,Ma Mahar asht r a cal l i ng upon t hem t o show causewhyt hewri tpet i t i onshoul dnotbeal l owed.
e)I )I t appear st hat on t he r e t ur nabl e dat e oft he show cause not i ce no affi ffid davi twasfil ed on behal fofany oft hepar t i est o whom show cause not i cewasi ssued.
2.Wr i tofMandamu mus I nt r oduct i on -TheLat i n wor d' mandamu mus'means' weco mmand' . Thewr i tof ' mandamu mus'i sanor deroft heHi ghCour tort heSupr eme meCour tco mmandi ng a per son or a body t o do i t s dut y . Usual l y ,i ti s an or der di r ec t i ng t he per f orma manceofmi ni st er i alact s. A mi ni st er i alacti sone whi ch a per son or bodyi sobl i gedbyl aw t oper f or m unde rgi v enc i r cums t anc es .
Wh W heni tcanbei ssued: 1.Ex i s t e nc eofal e g alr i g ht . 2.Vi ol at i onoft her i g htofpe t i t i one r . 3.Re que s to fpe t i t i o ne rf o rc o mpl mp i anc eo fpubl i cdut yr e j e c t e d. 4.Noal t er nat i ver eme medyi st obet her e.
KI NDS DSOFWR WRI TOF OFMA MANDA DAMU MUS: Al t er nat i ve Mandamus:A mandamu mus i ss ued upon t he fir s tappl i cat i on f or r el i ef ,comm mmandi ng t hedef endante i t hert o per f or m t he actdem ma anded ort o appearbef oret hecourtataspeci fiedt i met oshow causef ornotperf ormi mi ngi t .
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Per empt or y Mandamus: An abs ol ut e and unqual i fied command t o t he def endantt odot heacti n quest i on.I ti si ssued when t hedef endantdef aul t s on,orf ai l st oshow suffici entcausei nanswert o,anal t er nat i vema mandamu mus.
Cont i nui ng Ma Mandamus:A Mandamusi ss ued t oa l oweraut hor i t yi n ge ner al publ i c i nt er es t as ki ngt he offic ffice r or t he aut hor i t y t o per f or m
i t s
t asksexpedi t i ousl y f or an uns t i pul at ed per i od of t i me f orpr ev ent i ng mi s c ar r i ag eofj us t i c e.
Exampl e-A l i c e ns i ngo ffic ffic e ri sobl i g e dt oi s s ueal i c e ns et oanappl i c anti ft he l at t er f ul fil l s al lt he condi t i ons l ai d down f or t he i ssue of such l i cense. Si mi l arl y ,an appoi nt i ng aut hori t y shoul di ssue a l et t erofappoi nt mentt oa c andi dat ei fa l lt he f o r mal ma i t i e so fs e l e c t i o n ar eo v e r and i ft he c andi dat ei s decl aredfitf ort heappoi nt ment .Butdespi t et hef ul fil l mentofsuchcondi t i ons, i ft he offic ffice r or t he aut hor i t y concer ned r ef use s or f ai l st oi ss ue t he appoi nt ment l e t t er ,t he aggr i ev ed per son has a r i ght t o se ek t he r eme medy t hr oughawr wr i tof' mandamu mus' .
CASELAW : -VI SHAKA KAV STAATEOF OFRAJASTHANFACTS -1.Thatt hei mmedi at eCAUSE f ort hefil i ngoft hi swri tpet i t i on i san i nci dent of al l ege d br ut al gang r ape of a soci al wor ker i n a vi l l age of Raj ast han. 2.ThatThei nci dentr ev eal st hehaz ar dst owh whi chawor ki ngwoma man maybe exposedand t hedepr avi t yt owhi chse xualhar assme mentcan deg ener at e;and t heur gency f orsaf eguar ds by an al t er nat i v emec hani sm i nt heabsenceof l e gi s l at i v eme me as ur e s . 3.ThatI nt heabsenceofl egi sl at i veme measur es,t heneedi st ofindan effect i ve al t e r nat i v eme me c hani s mt of ul filt hi sf e l tandur g e nts oc i alne e d.
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4.ThatI ti sac l e arv i o l at i on oft her i g ht sunde rAr t i c l e s1415 and2 d21 o ft he Const i t ut i on.Oneoft hel ogi calconsequencesofsuchan i nci denti sal sot he vi ol at i on oft hevi ct i m' sf undament alr i ghtunderAr t i cl e19( 1) ( g) ' t o pr ac t i c e anypr of essi onort ocarryoutanyoccupat i on,t r adeorbusi ness' . 5.Thatt hef undame ment alri ghtt ocarr yon anyoccupat i on,t r adeorprof essi on dependsont heavai l abi l i t yofa" saf e"worki ngenvi r onment . 6.ThatI nst ancesofsexualharassme mentr esul t i ngi n vi ol at i on off undam me ent al r i ght s of wome men wor ker s under Ar t i cl es1419 and2 d21ar e br ought bef or e supr eme mecourtbyfil i ngPI Lf orr edr essunderArt i cl e32,ane ffe c t i v er e dr e s s al r equi r est hatsome megui del i nesshoul dbel ai ddownf ort hepr ot ect i on oft hese r i g ht st ofil lt hel e g i s l at i v evac uum.
I SSUESI NVOL OLVED1. Wh Whet her sexual har assment at wor kpl ace vi ol at es the f undame mental r i ght sofwome m en’ sornot? Yes,se xualhar ass me nt at wor kpl ace vi ol at e st he f undament alr i ght s of women’ s.Thi s PI L has been fil ed f ort he enf or ce me ntoft he f undame nt al r i ght sofwor ki ngwo wome men underAr t i cl es1419 and2 d21 oft heConst i t ut i on of I ndi ai nv i e wo ft hepr e v a i l i ngc l i mat ei nwhi c ht hevi o l at i o no ft he s er i g ht si s notuncommon.
2.Whet her ther ei s any ur gency t o provi de saf eguards f or preventi ng sexualhar ass mentofwome m en’ satwor kpl aceornot? Yes,t her ei sur gencyt opr ovi desaf eguardsf orprevent i ngsexualharassme ment
ofwome men’ satwor kpl ace.Thevar i ousi nci dentr ev eal st hehazar dst owhi ch a wor ki ngwomanmaybee xposedandt hede pr avi t yt owhi c h se xualhar assment
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candegener at e;andt heur gencyf orsaf eguardsbyanal t er nat i vemechani sm i n t heabs e nc eo fl e g i s l a t i v eme me as ur e s .
3.Whet hert her ei sanyneed t oappl yan effect i veal t er nat i vemechani sm t of ul fil lt hi sf el ti nt heabsenceofanyl egi sl ati vemeasur esornot ?
Yes,t her ei sneed t oappl yan effect i veal t ernat i veme mechani sm t of ul fil lt hi s
f el ti nt heabsenceofanyl egi sl at i veme measur esduet our gentsoci alneed ,t o pr eventvi ol at i onsoff undam me ent alr i ght sof wor ki ngwo wom me en’ s,t o admi ni st er comp mpl ai nt sofwome men’ s,t oqui ckr edr essalofsuchcomp mpl ai nt set c.
4.Whet hersexualhar assmentofwome men’ satwor kpl acei st hema mat t erof publ i ci mport anceornot ? Yes,sexualhar assme mentofwor ki ngwome men’ satwor kpl acei st hema mat t erof
publ i ci mport anceandshoul dbeconsi derpr ese ntPI Lwi t hduecar e.
5.Whet hert her ei s any “SAFE” wo wor ki ng envi r onment f or wome men’ s at wo wor kpl aceornot? No, I n I ndi at he r ei s no “ SAFE” wo wor ki ng envi r onme ment f or wo wome men’ s at wor kpl ace.The f undament alr i ght t o car r y on any occupat i on,t r ade or pr o f e s s i o nde pe ndso nt hea v ai l abi l i t yofa" s af e "wo r ki nge nv i r o nme nt .
3.Wri tofCert i or ari t i or arimeanst o becer t i fied.I ti si ssued by t hehi gher I nt r oduct i on - Cer courtt ot hel owercourtei t hert ot r ansf ert hecasependi ngwi t ht hel at t ert o i t sel fort o squash t heorderal r eadypassed byan i nf eri orcourt ,t ri bunalor quasij udi ci alaut hori t y .The condi t i ons necessary f or t he i ssue ofwr i tof c e r t i o r a r i .
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a.Ther e shoul d be cour t ,t r i bunaloran offic ffice r havi ng l eg alaut hor i t yt o de t er mi ne
t he
ques t i on
wi t h
a
dut y
t o
act
j udi ci al l y .
b.Suc h a cour t ,t r i bunaloroffice rmus thav e passe d or derac t i ng wi t hout j ur i sdi ct i on ori n excessoft hej udi c i alaut hor i t yv es t e d byl aw i ns uc h cour t , t r i bunaloroffic fficer . c .Theor de rc o ul dal s obeag ai ns tt hepr i nc i pl e sofna t ur alj us t i c eort heor de r coul dcont ai nan err orofj udgme menti nappr eci at i ngt hef act soft hecase. Wheni tcanbefil ed1.Er r o rofj ur i s di c t i o n. a.Lackofj uri sdi ct i on. b.Excessofj ur i sdi ct i on. 2.Abuseofj uri sdi ct i on. 3.Jur i s di c t i o nalf ac t s . 4.Er r orofl aw apper antont hef aceofr ecor d. 5.Vi o l at i o n oft hepr i nc i pl e sofNat ur a lj us t i c e . 6.Or deri ssuedbyaut hori t yi sf r audul ent
4.Wri tof Prohi bi ti on I nt r oducti on -The Wr i tofpr ohi bi t i on means t of or bi d ort o st op and i ti s popul ar l yknown as' St ayOr der ' .Thi swr wr i ti si ssued when a l owerc our tora bodyt r i e st ot r ansgr esst hel i mi t sorpower sv es t edi ni t .Thewr i tofpr ohi bi t i on i si ss ued by any Hi gh Cour tort heSupr eme meCour tt o any i nf er i orcour t ,or q uas ij udi c i albo dypr o hi bi t i ngt hel at t e rf r o m c o nt i nui ngt hepr o ce e di ng si na par t i c ul arc as e ,whe r ei thasnoj ur i s di c t i o nt ot r y .Af t e rt hei s s ueo ft hi swr i t , pr oceedi ngsi nt hel owercourtet c.come met oast op.
5.Wr i tofQuoWa War r ant o dQuoWar r ant ol i t e r al l yme ans" bywhatwar r ant s ?"or I nt r oducti on T - hewor " whati syouraut hori t y" ?I ti sa wri ti ssued wi t h a vi ew t or est r ai n a per son
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f r om hol di nga publ i cofficet owhi ch hei snotent i t l ed.Thewr wr i tr equi r est he concer nedper sont oexpl ai nt ot heCour tbywh whataut hori t yhehol dst heoffic ffice. I faper sonhasusur pedapubl i coffic ffice ,t heCour tmaydi r ec thi m nott ocarr y outanyact i vi t i esi nt heoffic fficeormayannouncet heoffic fficet obevac ant .Thus Hi ghCour tmayi ss ueawr wr i tofquowarr ant oi faper sonhol dsanoffic fficebeyond hi sr e t i r e me me ntag e .
ht t p: //gsupsc. bl ogspot . i n/2013/04/wri t si ni ndi anconst i t ut i on. ht ml
Any pr ovi s i on i n any Cons t i t ut i on f or Fundament alRi ght si s meani ngl ess unl es s t her e ar e adequat e saf e guar ds t o ensur e enf or ce ment of such pr o v i s i ons .Si nc et her e al i t yofs uc hr i g ht si st e s t e donl yt hr oug ht hej udi c i ar y , t hesaf eguar dsassumeev en mor ei mpor t ance .I n addi t i on,enf or ce mental so dependsupon t hedegr eeofi ndependenceoft heJudi ci aryandt heavai l abi l i t y o fr e l e v anti ns t r ume nt swi t ht hee x e c ut i v eaut ho r i t y .I ndi an Co ns t i t ut i o n,l i ke mostofWes t er n Const i t ut i ons,l ays down cer t ai n pr ovi si ons t o ensur et he enf or ce mentofFundam me ent alRi ght s.Thes ear easunder :( a)TheFundam me ent al Ri ght s pr ov i ded i n t he I ndi an Cons t i t ut i on ar e guar ant ee d agai ns t any e x e c ut i v e and l e g i s l at i v e ac t i o ns .Any e x e c ut i v eo rl e g i s l at i v e ac t i o n,whi c h i nf r i ngesupont heFundame ment alRi ght sofanyper sonoranygr oupofper sons, can bedecl are dasvoi dbyt heCour t sunderAr t i cl e13oft heConst i t ut i on.( b) I n addi t i on,t heJudi ci aryhast hepowert oi ssuet hepr er ogat i vewri t s.These are t he ext r a-ordi nary r eme medi es pr ovi ded t ot he ci t i zens t o gett hei rri ght s enf orc ed agai nstanyaut hori t yi nt heSt at e.Thesewr i t sar e-Habeascorpus, Mandamus,Prohi bi t i on,Cer t i or ar iand Quo-warr ant o.Bot h,Hi gh Cour t sas we l last heSupr emeCour tmayi ssuet hewr i t s. ( c)TheFundam me ent alRi ght spr ovi dedt ot heci t i ze nsbyt heConst i t ut i oncannot besuspendedbyt heSt at e,e xceptdur i ngt heper i odofeme r genc y ,asl ai ddown i n Ar t i cl e359 oft heConst i t ut i on.A Fundame ment alRi ghtmayal sobeenf or ced
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by wayofnor mall eg alpr ocedur e si ncl udi ng a dec l ar at or y sui torby way of def ence t ol egal pr oceedi ngs. Howev er , Ar t i cl e 32 i sr ef er r ed t o as t he " Const i t ut i onalReme medy"f orenf orceme mentofFundame ment alRi ght s.Thi spr ovi si on i t se l fhas bee ni ncl uded i nt heFundam me ent alRi ght sand hencei tcannotbe deni ed t o any per son.Dr .B. R. Ambedkardes cr i bed Ar t i cl e 32 as t he mos t i mport antone,wi t houtwhi cht heConst i t ut i onwoul dbereducedt onul l i t y .I ti s al s or e f e r r e dt oast hehe ar tands o ulo ft heCo ns t i t ut i o n.Byi nc l udi ngAr t i c l e 32 i nt he Fundame ment alRi ght s, t he Supr eme Cour t has been made t he pr ot ect orandguarant oroft heseRi ght s.An appl i cat i on madeunderAr t i cl e32 oft heConst i t ut i on bef or et heSupr eme meCour t ,cannotbere f usedon t echni cal gr ounds.I n addi t i on t ot hepr esc r i bed fivet ypesofwr i t s,t heSupr eme meCour t maypassanyot herappr opr i at eor der .Mor eover ,onl yt hequest i onsper t ai ni ng t ot heFundam me ent alRi ght scanbedet er mi nedi npr oceedi ngsagai nstArt i cl e32.
2 UnderAr t i cl e32,t heSupr em me eCour tmayi ss uea wr i tagai ns tanyper son or gov er nment wi t hi n t he t er r i t or y of I ndi a. Wh Wher et he i nf r i nge ment of a Fundament alRi ghthas been es t abl i shed,t heSupr eme meCour tcannotr ef use r el i efon t hegr ound t hatt heaggri ev ed per son mayhaver em me edybef or esome me ot hercourtorundert heor di naryl aw.There l i efcan al sonotbedeni edon t he gr oundt hatt hedi sput edf act shavet obei nves t i gat edorsome meevi dencehast o becol l ec t ed.Ev en i fan aggr i e v ed pe r son hasnotas ke df orapar t i cul arwr i t , t heSupr eme meCour t ,af t erconsi der i ngt hef act sandci r cumst ances ,maygrant t heappr opri at ewri tandmayevenmodi f yi tt osui tt heexi genci esoft hecase. Nor mal l y ,onl yt heaggri ev ed per son i sal l owed t omovet heCour t .Buti thas bee n he l d byt heSupr emeCour tt hati n soci alorpubl i ci nt er es tmat t er s,any one may mov et he Cour t .Any pi ec e ofl eg i sl at i on orl aw,whi ch t ends t o i nt er f er ewi t ht hepowerofSupr em me eCour tunderAr t i cl e32shal lbedecl aredas v oi d.Henc e,t her ei snowayt hatt hel egi s l at i v eort hee xec ut i v eaut hor i t yc an by passt hepowe rand r espons i bi l i t ye nt r us t e dt ot heSupr e meCour tbyt he Const i t ut i on.I n af amo mous case t i t l ed as " Gopal an Vs St at e ofMadr as" ,t he Supr eme meCour tdecl ar edSect i on 14oft hePr ev ent i veDet ent i on Actof1950as v oi d,be caus e as pert he Supr e meCour t ,t he sai d Sec t i on ac t ed asan i r on
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cur t ai n ar ound t he act s of t he ex ec ut i v e aut hor i t y maki ng t he or der of pr e v e nt i v ede t e nt i on. WRI TS 2.The Wr i tofMandamu mus :Mandamu mus i s a Lat i n wor d,whi c h means " We Com mm mand" .Mandamu musi san or derf r om asuper i orco ur tt oa l owerco ur tor t r i bunalo rpubl i caut hor i t yt ope r f or m an ac t ,whi c hf al l swi wi t hi ni t sdut y .I ti s i ssuedt osecur et heperf orma manceofpubl i cdut i esandt oenf orcepri vat eri ght s wi t hhel dbyt hepubl i caut hor i t i e s.Si mpl y ,i ti sawr i ti ssuedt oapubl i coffic i al t odoat hi ngwh whi chi sapartofhi soffic ffi ci aldut y ,but ,whi ch,hehasf ai l edt odo, s of ar .Thi swr i tc anno tb ec l ai me dasa mat t e ro fr i g ht .I ti st hedi s c r e t i o nar y powerofacourtt oi ssuesuchwri t s. 3.TheWr Wr i tofQuoWar r ant o:Thewor dQuoWarr ant ol i t er al l yme means" bywh what war r ant s ?"I ti sawr i ti ssuedwi t havi e wt or es t r ai ni ngaper sonf r om ac t i ngi n apubl i cofficet owhi chhei snotent i t l ed.Thewr wr i tofquo-warr ant oi susedt o pr ev enti l l egalassumpt i on ofany publ i c offic fficeorusur pat i on ofany publ i c offi ffic cebyanybody .Fore xamp mpl e,aper sonof62ye ar shasbee n appoi nt edt ofil l a publ i coffi ffic cewh wher east her e t i r em me entagei s60 ye ar s.Now,t heappr opr i at e Hi gh Cour thasar i ghtt oi ssueawr i tofquowarr ant oagai nstt heper sonand decl aret heoffic fficevacant . 4.TheWr Wr i to fPr o hi bi t i o n :Wr i to fpr o hi bi t i o n me anst of o r bi do rt os t o pandi t i spopul arl yknownas' St ayOr der ' .Thi swr wr i ti si ssuedwhenal owerc ourtora bodyt r i est ot r ans gr esst hel i mi t sorpower sv es t edi ni t .I ti sawr i ti ssuedbya super i orcour tt ol owercourtora t r i bunalf orbi ddi ng i tt o per f orm an act o ut s i dei t sj ur i s di c t i on.Af t e rt hei s s ueo ft hi swr i t ,pr o ce e di ng si nt hel o we r courtet c.come met oast op. 5.TheWr Wr i tofCe r t i o r ar i:Li t e r a l l y ,Ce r t i or a r ime anst obece r t i fie d.Thewr wr i to f cert i orarii si ssuedbyt heSupr eme meCourtt osome mei nf eri orcourtort ri bunalt o t r ansf er t he mat t er t oi t or t o some me ot her superi or aut hor i t yf or pr oper consi der at i on.Wr Wri t s ofPr ohi bi t i on and Cert i orariThe wri tofprohi bi t i on i s i ss ue d by any Hi gh Court or t he Supr e me Cour tt o any i nf er i or court , pr o hi bi t i ngt hel at t e rt oc o nt i nuepr o ce e di ng si napar t i c ul arc a s e ,whe r ei thas nol egalj ur i sdi ct i on oft r i al .Whi l et hewr wr i tofmandamu muscomm mmandsdoi ngof
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part i cul ar t hi ng, t he wr i t of pr ohi bi t i on i s esse nt i al l y addr ess ed t o a subordi nat e cour tcomm mmandi ng i nact i vi t y .Wr i tofprohi bi t i on i s,t hus,not avai l abl e agai nsta publ i c offi ffic cer notvest ed wi t hj udi ci alor quasi j udi ci al power s.TheSupr em me eCour tcani ss uet hi swr i tonl ywh wher eaf undam me ent alr i ght i saffect ed.Thewr wr i tofcer t i or arican bei ssued byt heSupr eme meCour torany Hi ghCourtf orquashi ngt heorderal r eadypassedbyani nf eri orcourt .I not her wor ds,whi l et he pr ohi bi t i on i s av ai l abl e at t he ear l i er s t age ,cer t i or ar ii s a v ai l abl eons i mi l ar grounds ata l at erst age.I tcan al so be sai dt hatt he wri tofpr ohi bi t i on i s avai l abl e dur i ng t he t endency ofproce edi ngs bef or e a subor di nat e cour t , ce r t i or ar i can be r es or t ed t o onl y af t er t he or der or dec i si on has bee n announced.Ther e ar e sev er alcondi t i ons nece ssary f ort he i ssue ofwr i tof cert i orari ,whi chareasunder :( a)Ther eshoul dbecourt ,t ri bunaloran offic ffi cer havi ngl egalaut hori t yt odet ermi mi net hequest i on ofdeci di ngf undame ment alri ght s wi t h a dut yt o actj udi ci al l y .( b)Suc h a cour t ,t r i bunalorofficermus thav e passed an or der act i ng wi t hout j ur i sdi ct i on or i n exc ess of t he j udi ci al aut hori t yvest edbyl aw i n suchcourt ,t ri bunalorl aw.Theordercoul dal sobe ag ai ns tt hepr i nc i pl eofnat ur alj us t i c eori tc o ul dc o nt ai nane r r o ro fj udg m me e nt i nappr e c i at i ngt hef ac t soft hec as e . Om Pr akash i saHu Human Ri ght sAct i vi st ,Advocat eandSol i ci t or ,hel i vesat E / 208,Uni t-8,Bhubanes war
Shubhamm mmodi 93@gma mai l . com
