CONSTITUTION AL LAW ARTICLE ARTICLE 21-A : RIGHT RIGHT TO EDUCATION
SUBMITTED TO : MS. NANDITA BATRA
SECTIO ND
B.COM. LL.B (HONS) YEAR - 2015
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Acknowledgement I m !"#ng t$#" o%%o&t!n#t' to e(%&e"" m' g&t#t!de to e)e&'one w$o "!%%o&ted me t$&o!g$o!t t$e co!&"e o* t$#" CONSTITUTIONAL LAW %&o+ect, I m t$nk*!l *o& t$e "%#&#ng g!#dnce #n)l!.l' con"t&!ct#)e c&#t#c#"m nd *&#end d)#ce d!&#ng t$e %&o+ect wo&k, I m "#nce&el' g&te*!l to t$em *o& "$&#ng t$e#& t&!t$*!l nd #ll!m#nt#ng )#ew" on n!m.e& o* #""!e" &elted to t$e %&o+ect, I w#ll "t&#)e to !"e g#ned "k#ll" nd knowledge #n t$e .e"t %o""#.le w' nd I w#ll cont#n!e to wo&k on t$e#& #m%&o)ement, I e(%&e"" m' w&m t$nk" to m' "!.+ect tec$e& /", NANDITA *o& g#)#ng me o%%o&t!n#t' to wo&k on t$#" to%#c nd w#t$o!t $e& "!%%o&t nd g!#dnce I wo!ld $)e not com%leted t$#" %&o+ect, 0!&t$e&mo&e I wo!ld l"o l#ke to cknowledge w#t$ m!c$ %%&ec#t#on t$e c&!c#l &ole o* t$e L#.&&' "t o* t$e de%&tment w$o g)e t$e %e&m#""#on to !"e ll &e!#&ed e!#%ment .ook" nd nece""&' mte&#l &e!#&ed to com%lete t$e t"k nd t$nk" to ll t$e %eo%le w$o %&o)#ded me w#t$ t$e *c#l#t#e" .e#ng &e!#&ed nd cond!ct#)e cond#t#on" *o& m' Con"t#t!t#onl lw %&o+ect, , I c$oo"e t$#" moment to cknowledge t$e#& cont&#.!t#on g&te*!ll', A "%ec#l t$nk" goe" to m' cl"" mte w$o $el% me to ""em.le t$e %&t" nd g)e "!gge"t#on .o!t t$e t"k , I l"o cknowledge w#t$ dee% "en"e o* &e)e&ence m' g&t#t!de tow&d" m' %&ent" nd mem.e&" o* m' *m#l' w$o $" lw'" "!%%o&ted me mo&ll' " well " econom#cll', An' om#""#on #n t$#" .&#e* cknowledgement doe" not men lck o* g&t#t!de,
T$nk#ng 'o!
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S$ell' A&o&
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SR.NO.
CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
TEACHER REMARKS
INDE
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RIGHT TO EDUCATION A&t#cle 21A %&o)#de" : 6 The state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine.” A&t#cle 21A dded .' t$e con"t#t!t#on 789t$ mendment Act2;;2 mke" ed!ct#on *&om 9 to 14 'e&" old *!ndmentl &#g$t w#t$#n t$e men#ng o* <&t III o* t$e Con"t#t!t#on, T$#" &t#cle m' .e &ed w#t$ new "!."t#t!ted A&t#cle 45 nd new cl!"e 7k #n"e&ted #n A&t#cle 51 A .' t$e con"t#t!t#on 789t$ mendment Act2;;2, W$#le t$e "!."t#t!ted A&t#cle 45 o.l#gte" t$e "tte 6 to Ende)o!& to %&o)#de c$#ld$ood c&e nd ed!ct#on *o& ll c$#ld&en !nt#l t$e' com%lete t$e ge o* "#( 'e&"= Cl!"e 7k #n"e&ted #n A&t#cle 51 A #m%o"e" *!ndmentl d!t' on %&ent>g!&d#n 6 to %&o)#de o%%o&t!n#t#e" *o& ed!ct#on to $#" c$#ld o& " t$e c"e m' .e w&d .etween t$e ge o* "#( nd *o!&teen 'e&"=, W#t$ &e*e&ence to A&t#cle 51A7k w$#c$ e(%l#ned t$e em%$"#" wo!ld .e 6 to enco!&ge nd %&om%t= %&ent" to .&#ng c$#ld&en to "c$ool" &t$e& t$n to %!n#"$ t$e econom#cll' wek %&ent", It w" e(%l#ned t$t t$e Go)e&nment wo!ld Ende)o!& to t&get c$#ld&en o* econom#cll' wek %&ent" g!&d#n" t$&o!g$ S&) S$#k"$ A.$#'n nd "e&#e" o* me"!&e" nd *c#l#t#e",
T$e &#g$t to ed!ct#on ? &ecogn#@ed " #m%l#c#t *!ndmentl &#g$t #n /o$#n# #n 1 nd Unn# B&#"$nn 2
CASE : Em%$"#@e on t$e &#g$t to ed!ct#on #n Brown v. Board of Education 3
1 /o$#n# #n ), Stte o* B&ntk AIR 12 SC 1858 He&e#n*te& /o$#n# #n 2 Unn# B&#"$nn ,<, ), Stte o* And$& <&de"$ AIR 13 SC 21F8 He&e#n*te& Unn# B&#"$nn
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Tod' ed!ct#on #" t$e mo"t #m%o&tnt *!nct#on o* t$e Stte nd locl Go)e&nment",, #t #" &e!#&ed #n t$e %e&*o&mnce o* o!& mo"t ."#c &e"%on"#.#l#t' e)en "e&)#ce" #n t$e &med *o&ce", It #" )e&' *o!ndt#on o* good c#t#@en"$#%, Tod' #t #" %&#nc#%l #n"t&!ment #n wken#ng t$e c$#ld to c!lt!&l )l!e" #n %&e%&#ng $#m *o& lte& %&o*e""#onl t&#n#ng nd #n $el%#ng $#m to d+!"t no&mll' to $#" en)#&onment, In t$e"e d'" #t #" do!.t*!l n' c$#ld m' &e"on.l' .e e(%ected to "!cceed #n l#*e #* $e #" den#ed t$e o%%o&t!n#t' o* n ed!ct#on,
Ri!t of C!i"dr#n to $r## and Co%&u"'or( Education Act) To .&#ng t$e Con"t#t!t#on 789t$ Con"t#t!t#on Amendment Act2;;2 #nto *o&ce t$e R#g$t o* C$#ld&en to 0&ee nd Com%!l"o&' Ed!ct#on Act 2;; $" .een encted to t&n"lte t$e con"t#t!t#onl #ntent #nto ct#on, T$e Act 2;; %&o)#de" *o& c$#ld&en" &#g$t to *&ee nd com%!l"o&' dm#""#on ttendnce nd com%let#on o* element&' ed!ct#on, Sect#on 371 o* t$e Act 2;; %&o)#ded w#t$ *&ee ed!ct#on #n t$e ne&e"t "c$ool t#ll t$t c$#ld com%lete" $#">$e& element&' ed!ct#on, T$o!g$ t$e Act 2;; #" cent&l leg#"lt#on #t" eect#)e #m%lementt#on l#e" #n t$e $nd" o* t$e Stte Go)e&nment o* Ind# nno!nced t$t 25 "et" #n %&#)te "c$ool" *o& c$#ld&en *&om %oo& *m#l#e" .e &e"e&)ed " l"o %&o$#.#ted dont#on o& c%#tt#on *ee, T$e Act 2;; l'" down t$t t$e c!&&#c!l!m "$o!ld %&o)#de *o& le&n#ng t$&o!g$ ct#)#t#e" e(%lo&t#on nd d#"co)e&', It &e!#&e" t$t t$e tec$#ngle&n#ng %&oce"" m!"t .ecome "t&e"" *&ee nd t$e c!&&#c!l!m &e*o&m .e #n#t#ted to mke t$e le&n#ng "'"tem c$#ld *&#endl', Je"#de" t$e Act 2;; cont#n" %&o)#"#on" %&o$#.#t#ng co&%o&l %!n#"$ment detent#on nd e(%!l"#on, A" &eg&d" t$e &e"%on"#.#l#t' t$e Act 2;; mndted t$t t$e ed!ct#on De%&tment o* t$e Cent&l nd Stte Go)e&nment" wo!ld %&o)#de "c$ool" #n*&"t&!ct!&e t&#ned tec$e&" c!&&#c!l!m nd tec$#ng - le&n#ng mte&#l " l"o m#d-d' mel *c#l#t#e",
CASE 1 : 3 34F US 483 7154 !oted #n Elect#on Comm#""#on o* Ind# ), St, /&'" Sc$ool AIR 2;;8 SC 955,
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SH-KSHAN PRASARAK MANA/) P0NE v. STATE of MAHARASHTRA Stt#ng t$t #m%&t#ng ed!ct#on w" con"t#t!t#onl o.l#gt#on o* t$e "tte nd *!ndmentl &#g$t o* t$e "t!dent" !nde& A&t#cle 21-A *!ll .enc$ o* Jom.' H#g$ Co!&t #n S$#k"$n <&"&k /ndl
CASE * : 2EESHAN . -STR-CT E0CAT-ON O$$-CER)KANN0R 4 T$e te&m 6c$#ld= *o& t$e %!&%o"e o* A&t#cle 21-A #" $eld to .e c$#ld w$o #" c#t#@en o* Ind#n, Te Be&l H#g$ Co!&t #n t$#" c"e !%$eld t$e den#l o* dm#""#on to Stnd&d K #n "c$ool o* c$#ld w$o w" c#t#@en o* <k#"tn !nde& Sect#on 227## o* t$e Be&l Ed!ct#on Act 15,
CASE 3: A''ociat#d Mana#%#nt of 5Gov#rn%#nt R#coni6#d 0naid#d En"i'! M#diu%7 Pri%ar( 8 S#condar( Sc!oo"' in Karnata9a v. Stat# of Karnata9a. In A""oc#ted /ngement o* 7Go)e&nment Recogn#@ed Un#ded Engl#"$ /ed#!m <&#m&' Second&' Sc$ool" #n B&ntk ), Stte o* B&ntk *!ll .enc$ o* B&ntk H#g$ Co!&t $eld .' t$e )#&t!e o* A&t#cle 21-A t$e med#!m o* #n"t&!ct#on" w" to .e ent#&el' t$e c$o#ce o* t$e %&ent" nd t$e "t!dent nd t$t no one co!ld cl#m to know .ette& t$n t$e %&ent" .o!t t$e c$#ld to dec#de " to w$t t$e c$#ld &e!#&ed #n t$e "%$e&e o* ed!ct#on to "$%e #t" c&ee& nd de"t#n', T$!" A&t#cle 21-A #" &ed w#t$ A&t#cle 1717 ll c$#ld&en "$ll $)e t$e *&eedom to $)e %&#m&' ed!ct#on #n lng!ge o* t$e#& c$o#ce,
CASE : 4 AIR 2;1; Jom, 3, 5 AIR 2;;8 Be&, 229, 9 AIR 2;;8 7NOC 2F; 7B&,,
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T.M.A. Pa ! S"a"# $% &a'a"aa 5*++*7; and P.A. Ia*+a' ! S"a"# $% Ma,a'a,"'a 5*++47< T.M.A. Pai v State of arnata!a 72;;2 nd P.A. "namdar v State of Maharashtra 72;;5 w$#c$ we&e dec#ded #n t$e conte(t o* te&t#&' ed!ct#on nd not %&#m&' ed!ct#on, T$e Con"t#t!t#on doe" not &ecogn#@e *!ndmentl &#g$t to te&t#&' ed!ct#on .!t %&#m&' ed!ct#on #" *!ndmentl &#g$t, /o&eo)e& t$e d#e&ence #n legl o.l#gt#on" o* t$e "tte w#t$ &eg&d to t$e two le)el" o* ed!ct#on #" well &ecogn#@ed wo&ldw#de nd l"o #n #nte&nt#onl #n"t&!ment" t$t Ind# #" .o!nd .', T$#&d e)en ""!m#ng t$t t$e +!dgment" #n T/A <# nd Inmd& &e %%l#c.le to "c$ool" #m%&t#ng %&#m&' ed!ct#on .ot$ +!dgment" &ecogn#@e t$t t$e &#g$t" o* m#no&#t#e" !nde& A&t#cle 3; &e not !n.&#dled, It w" $eld *o& #n"tnce #n T/A <# t$t dm#tt#ng *ew mem.e&" o* non-m#no&#t' g&o!% #nto m#no&#t' #n"t#t!t#on doe" not tke w' t$e m#no&#t' c$&cte& o* "!c$ n #n"t#t!t#on nd t$t A&t#cle" 2 nd 3; cle&l' contem%lte "!c$ n #ncl!"#on, T$e Co!&t" +!dgment #n <&mt# .' clo"#ng t$e doo& to nonm#no&#t' "t!dent" o* econom#cll' weke& "ect#on" ct!ll' goe" cont&&' to t$e %&#nc#%le" l#d down #n t$e e&l#e& Jenc$ dec#"#on" #n T/A <# nd Inmd& de"%#te t$e Co!&t e(t&ct#ng %""ge" *&om t$e"e +!dgment" #n <&mt#,
T$e S!%&eme Co!&t $" &ed t$e"e +!dgment" to men t$t &eg!lt#ng m#no&#t' "c$ool" #ncl!d#ng dm#""#on o* non-m#no&#t' "t!dent" 7o& e)en m#no&#t' "t!dent" *&om econom#cll' weke& "ect#on" o* "oc#et' &eg!lt#on o* *ee" nd dm#""#on %&oced!&e" wo!ld .e !ncon"t#t!t#onl, T$#" #" %e&%le(#ng t .e"t nd ."!&d t wo&"t,
CASE 4 : Action Co%%itt## 0naid#d R#coni6#d Privat# 'c!oo"' v. Hon=>"# /t. Gov#rnor 8 Or' ?.P. 5C7 1;;@*+1 8 T!# $oru% of
F AIR 72;;2 8 SCC 481 8 AIR 72;;5 9 SCC 53F
Minorit( Sc!oo"' v. /t. Gov#rnor of #"!i 8 Anr ?.P. 5C7 *+<@*+1 Par#nta" c!oic# win' In M0o&!m *o& %&omot#on o* !l#t' ed!ct#on *o& ll ) Lt, Go), O* Del$# nd O&", W&#t 2;14 dec#ded on 28,11,2;14 t$e le&ned S#ngle !dge o* t$e H#g$ Co!&t o* Del$# "et "#de t$e #m%!gned oce o&de&" .e#ng )#olt#)e o* t$e *!ndmentl &#g$t o* t$e "c$ool mngement to m(#m!m !tonom' #n d'-to-d' dm#n#"t&t#on #ncl!d#ng t$e &#g$t to dm#t "t!dent" " well " t$e *!ndmentl &#g$t o* c$#ld&en t$&o!g$ t$e#& %&ent" to c$oo"e "c$ool, J' t$e "#d oce o&de&" t$e L#e!tennt Go)e&no& $d d#&ected t$t F5 n!&"e&' "et" #,e, *te& e(cl!d#ng 25 "et" &e"e&)ed *o& EWSD "ect#on" "$ll .e dm#tted on t$e *ollow#ng ."#": • • • •
F; m&k" *o& ne#g$.o&$ood 2; m&k" *o& "#.l#ng" 5 m&k" *o& %&ent>l!mn# And 5 m&k" *o& #nte&"tte t&n"*e&"
-SS0E W$et$e& %&#)te !n#ded "c$ool" $)e t$e !tonom' to dm#t "t!dent" nd t$e c$#ld&en t$&o!g$ t$e#& %&ent" $)e &#g$t to c$oo"e "c$ool #n w$#c$ t$e' w#"$ to "t!d' o& w$et$e& t$e e(ec!t#)e .' w' o* n oce o&de& cn #m%o"e *o&m!l on t$e ."#" o* w$#c$ n!&"e&' dm#""#on" $)e to .e c&&#ed o!t .' "!c$ "c$ool",
CONTENT-ONS T$e co!n"el *o& M0o&!m *o& %&omot#on o* !l#t' ed!ct#on *o& ll contended t$t *&eedom o* "c$ool"> t!to& nd c$#ld> %&ent to c$oo"e one not$e& con"t#t!te" !tonom' o* t$e "c$ool !nde& A&t#cle 1717g nd w$#c$ need" to .e %&e"e&)ed nd %&otected !nde& A&t#cle 21 o* t$e con"t#t!t#on " well " A&t#cle 1717 nd 1717g,
AIR 2;14 Del$# HC
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T$e #m%!gned oce o&de&" &e g#n"t %!.l#c #nte&e"t nd cont&&' to %&#nc#%le" o* !tonom' " en!nc#ted #n T/A <# 0o!ndt#on nd Ot$e&" ), Stte O* B&ntk nd Ot$e&" 72;;2 8 SCC 481 " well " t$e D#&ect#)e <&#nc#%le" En"$&#ned #n A&t#cle 38 to 41 45 nd 49 nd 0!ndmentl D!t#e" #n A&t#cle 51A77e 7+ 7k o* t$e Con"t#t!t#on, He contended t$t t$e d#&ect nd #ne)#t.le &e"!lt o* t$e #m%!gned ne#g$.o&$ood &!le w" t$t now onl' t$e &#c$ #n t$e !ent locl#t#e" wo!ld $)e e(cl!"#)e cce"" to good "c$ool" "#t!ted #n t$e locl#t#e" w$e&e" %oo& %eo%le "t'#ng #n d#"tnt &e" o* Del$# "tood e(cl!ded *&om t$e "me, He l"o contended t$t t$e #m%!gned oce o&de&" &e l"o cont&&' to %&o)#"#on" o* t$e Del$# Sc$ool Ed!ct#on Act o* 1F3 Del$# Sc$ool Reg!lt#on R!le" 1F3 " well " RTE Act 2;;, T$e #m%!gned oce o&de&" o)e& nd .o)e 25 &e"e&)t#on "t#%!lted #n RTE Act 2;; l"o %&o)#ded *o& 5 "t !ot nd 5 g#&l" !ot " n dd#t#onl>e(t& &e"e&)t#on cont&&' to Sect#on 12 nd 13 o* RTE Act 2;;, Sen#o& Co!n"el %%e&#ng *o& Act#on Comm#ttee Un#ded Recogn#@ed <&#)te Sc$ool" m#nl' contended t$t t$e #m%!gned oce o&de&" &e not onl' #n )#olt#on o* R!le 145 .!t l"o w#t$o!t +!&#"d#ct#on " Sect#on 371 nd 19 o* t$e DSE Act 1F3 &ed w#t$ R!le 43 o* t$e DSE R!le" 1F3 d#d not em%owe& t$e dm#n#"t&to& to o)e&w&#te R!le 145 w$#c$ con*e&&ed %owe& to &eg!lte dm#""#on" !%on t$e $ed o* t$e &ecogn#@ed !n#ded "c$ool,
EC-S-ON T$e dec#"#on w" ."ed on t$&ee m#n &g!ment": 7# 7## 7###
t$e dm#""#on g!#del#ne" )#olte !tonom' o* %&#)te ed!ct#onl #n"t#t!t#on"Q oce o&de& #" not lw !nde& A&t#cle 179Q ne#g$.o&$ood c&#te&# #" cont&&' to %&entl c$o#ce,
T$e Co!&t $eld : •
<&#)te !n#ded "c$ool mngement" $)e *!ndmentl R#g$t !nde& A&t#cle 1 717g to e"t.l#"$ &!n nd dm#n#"te& t$e#& "c$ool" #ncl!d#ng t$e &#g$t to dm#t "t!dent", A!tonom' $" l"o .een &ecogn#@ed nd con*e&&ed !%on "c$ool" .' Sect#on 1973 o* t$e DSE Act 1F3 nd R!le 145 o* DSE R!le" 1F3 w$#c$ em%owe&" t$e
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$ed o* e)e&' !n#ded "c$ool to &eg!lte dm#""#on" #n t$e "c$ool o& n' cl"" t$e&eo*, R#g$t to e"t.l#"$ n ed!ct#onl #n"t#t!t#on cn .e &eg!lted .!t "!c$ &eg!lto&' me"!&e m!"t #n gene&l .e to en"!&e t$e m#ntennce o* %&o%e& cdem#c "tnd&d" tmo"%$e&e #n*&"t&!ct!&e nd %&e)ent#on o* mldm#n#"t&t#on .' t$o"e #n c$&ge o* t$e mngement, R#g$t to #m%o"e cond#t#on" w$#le g&nt#ng &ecogn#t#on>l#t#on cnnot .e !"ed to de"t&o' #n"t#t!t#onl !tonom', T/A <# 0o!ndt#on +!dgment #" %%l#c.le to n!&"e&' dm#""#on" #n %&#)te !n#ded non-m#no&#t' "c$ool", A&t#cle 217 nd A&t#cle 1575 o* t$e con"t#t!t#on $)e no %%l#ct#on to t$e %&e"ent c"e, Re"t&#ct#on !nde& A&t#cle 179 cn onl' .e .' w' o* lw nd not .' w' o* n oce o&de& w#t$o!t n' !t$o&#t' o* lw, T$e&e w" no mte&#l to "$ow t$t %&#)te !n#ded "c$ool" we&e #nd!lg#ng #n n' ml%&ct#ce o& m#"!"#ng t$e#& &#g$t to dm#t "t!dent" #n %!&"!nce to 2;;F Not#Pct#on, E(ce%t %&o)#"o to Sect#on 12717c none o* t$e ot$e& %&o)#"#on" o* RTE Act 2;; %%l' to t$e n!&"e&' dm#""#on, Im%!gned oce o&de&" &e cont&&' to g!#del#ne" #""!ed .' cent&l go)e&nment !nde& "ect#on 3571 o* t$e RTE Act 2;;, Sect#on 3 o* t$e DSE Act 1F3 nd R!le 43 o* DSE R!le" 1F3 cnnot .e !"ed to cont&d#ct o& o)e&&!le "%ec#Pc %&o)#"#on, 0!&t$e& R!le 15 o* DSE R!le" 1F3 cnnot .e #nte&%&eted to men t$t t$e "c$ool $" to .e conPned to t$e locl#t' w$e&e #t #" "#t!ted, T$e %o#nt "'"tem #nt&od!ced .' t$e #m%!gned oce o&de&" #" ne#t$e& %&oced!&ll' %&o%e& not &t#onl, No em%#&#cl "t!d' o& m%%#ng e(e&c#"e w" c&&#ed o!t w#t$ &eg&d to )#l.#l#t' o* good !l#t' "c$ool" #n t$e ne#g$.o&$ood o* ec$ colon', E)en #n t$e Un#ted Stte" o* Ame&#c t$e conce%t o* ne#g$.o&$ood "c$ool o& d#"tnce doe" not %%l' to %&#)te !n#ded "c$ool, It %%l#e" onl' to %!.l#c "c$ool", C$#ld&en t$&o!g$ t$e#& %&ent" $)e *!ndmentl &#g$t to c$oo"e "c$ool #n w$#c$ t$e' w#"$ to "t!d' !nde& A&t#cle 171 o* t$e Con"t#t!t#on, <&entl Sc$ool C$o#ce #n #t" .&ode"t "en"e men" g#)#ng %&ent" t$e .#l#t' to "end t$e#& c$#ld&en to t$e "c$ool o* t$e#& c$o#ce, T$e "c$ool o* c$o#ce o*ten em%$"#@e %&t#c!l& "!.+ect o& $)e "%ec#l %$#lo"o%$' o* ed!ct#on, Al"o #* %&ent" &e g#)en *&eedom to c$oo"e t$e "c$ool t$t t$e' %&e*e& good "c$ool" w#ll tt&ct mo&e "t!dent" nd w#ll e(%nd w$e&e" t$e not "o good "c$ool" w#ll lo"e t$e "t!dent" nd e)ent!ll' clo"e t$e&e.' "c$ool"
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w#ll m#nt#n t$e#& "tnd&d" nd w#ll ende)o& to &#"e t$e#& ed!ct#onl tt#nment" #n o&de& to tt&ct mo&e "t!dent", <&#m&' c!"e o* n!&"e&' dm#""#on c$o" #" lck o* de!te n!m.e& good !l#t' %!.l#c "c$ool", Sc$ool c$o#ce g#)e" *m#l#e" *&eedom to c$oo"e n' "c$ool t$t meet" t$e#& need" &eg&dle"" o* t$e#& loct#on, T$#" co!&t #" o* t$e o%#n#on t$t .' #nc&e"#ng %&entl c$o#ce nd .' g&nt#ng "c$ool" t$e !tonom' to "c$ool" to dm#t "t!dent" t$e !tonom' o* %&#)te "c$ool" co!ld .e en"!&ed, T#ll t$e !l#t' o* ll %!.l#c "c$ool" #" #m%&o)ed t$e d#"%&#t' .etween demnd nd "!%%l' w#ll &em#n, T$#" co!&t w" o* t$e )#ew t$t no oce o&de& o& %ol#c' o& not#Pct#on o& * *o&m!l cn &e"ol)e t$#" d#"%&#t', Soc#l !&#"t $" Pled n %%el .e*o&e t$e D#)#"#on Jenc$ #n t$e H#g$ Co!&t o* Del$# .!t t$#" +!dgment $" not .een "t'ed,
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T$e <&o%o"ed A%%&oc$ to A&t#cle i.
T!# B#innin' of t!# udicia" -nt#r&r#tation of Artic"# *1A E&l#e& n' ttem%t to dePne t$e conto!&" o* A&t#cle 21A nece""&#l' #n)ol)e" ente&#ng !nc$&te&ed wte&", In "%#te o* t$e *ct t$t A&t#cle 21A $" onl' &ecentl' ente&ed #nto *o&ce t$e&e #" l&ed' l#m#ted mo!nt o* +!d#c#l d#ct on #t" "co%e nd men#ng, T$e mo"t %&om#nent e(m%le #" t$e o%#n#on o* J$nd&# , #n A,$a &*a' T,a' &g!.l' t$e mo"t "#gn#Pcnt &mt#)e ct#on c"e to .e dec#ded .' t$e Ind#n S!%&eme Co!&t #n t$e l"t decde o& mo&e,
CASE On #t" *ce) A'!o9a Ku%ar T!a9ur1+ wo!ld %%e& to $)e l#ttle to do w#t$ %&#m&' "c$ool ed!ct#on, T$e con"t#t!t#onl !e"t#on cente&ed on w$et$e& t$e &e"e&)t#on o* %lce" #n ed!ct#onl #n"t#t!t#on" *o& mem.e&" o* t$e Ot$e& Jckw&d Cl""e" 7#,e, "oc#ll' nd ed!ct#onll' .ckw&d cl""e" o* c#t#@en" o* Ind# w" )#olt#)e o* t$e con"t#t!t#onl g!&ntee o* e!l#t', In $#" "e%&te o%#n#on #n A"$ok B!m& T$k!& J$nd&# , w" "$&%l' c&#t#cl o* t$e Go)e&nment *o& %&#o&#t#@#ng $#g$e& ed!ct#on 7nd mo&e %&t#c!l&l' &mt#)e ct#on #n $#g$e& ed!ct#on o)e& %&#m&' ed!ct#on #n w$t $e con"#de&ed to con"t#t!te n #n)e&"#on o* con"t#t!t#onl %&#o&#t#e", It #" #n t$#" conte(t t$t $#" o%#n#on cont#n" d#ct on A&t#cle 21A, He en)#"ged two-*old content *o& A&t#cle 21AQ P&"t t$t ll c$#ld&en #n t$e &e!#"#te ge g&o!% m!"t com%!l"o&#l' ttend "c$ool nd "econd t$t t$e ed!ct#on %&o)#ded to t$em m!"t con"t#t!te 6!l#t'= ed!ct#on, T$#" #" %&el#m#n&' #nd#cto& t$t w$en t$e !e"t#on e)ent!ll' &#"e" #n t$e conte(t o* conc&ete cl#m" !nde& A&t#cle 21A t$e S!%&eme 1; A"$ok B!m& T$k!& ), Un#on o* Ind# Ot$e&" 72;;8 9 SCC 1
