ARTICLE 16
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
ARTICLE ARTICLE 16
Submitted by: Rachit Gupta BA LLB ! th Seme"te# $%&1'
THE CONSTITUTION CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
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ARTICLE 16 Contents C()te)t" C()te)t" $ IN*E+ IN*E+ O, AUTORIT AUTORITIES IES . CASES CASES .
BOOKS REFERRED................................................................................................4
............................................................ ....................................... .................................................. ............................... 5 WEBSITES........................................ A#tic/e 16 (0 The C()"tituti() (0 I)dia "ay":-.......................................................................5 Natu#e a)d Sc(pe....................................... ........................................................... ........................................ .................................... ............................ ............ 7 A#tic/e 162134..................................... ......................................................... ........................................ ..................................................... ................................... .. 7 E5ua/ity (0 Opp(#tu)ity-State may /ay d() 7ua/i0icati() (# c()diti()"...............................8 8embe#" (0 Sepa#ate a)d I)depe)de)t C/a""e" (0 Se#9ice ...................................................8 C(##ecti() (0 *ate (0 Bi#th...................................... ......................................................... ....................................... ...................................9 ...............9 Cut-(00 *ate 0(# E/iibi/ity............................................................................................9 E5ua/ity (0 Opp(#tu)ity-;#(ce"" (0 Se/ecti()..................................................................10 W#itte) Te"t 9i"-<-9i" =i9a =(ce Te"t.............................................................................10 A))ua/ C()0ide)tia/ Rep(#t-C(mmu)icati() (0 E)t#ie"....................................................11 ,i//i) up the ;("t" O9e# a)d Ab(9e Th("e Ad9e#ti"ed......................................................11 Reu/a#i"ati() (0 Ad (c Emp/(yee".............................................................................11 Ab"(#pti() (0 E/iib/e pe#"()".....................................................................................12 C(mpa""i()ate App(i)tme)t&*ie-i)-ha#)e"" Scheme........................................................12 ARTICLE 162$3........................................ ........................................................... ....................................... ................................ ........................... ................. 13 N( *i"c#imi)ati() () the G#(u)d (0 Re/ii()> Race> Etc ..................................................13 A#tic/e 162.3...................................... .......................................................... ........................................ ............................................. .................................. ......... 14 Re5ui#eme)t a" t( Re"ide)ce i) a State..........................................................................14 ARTICLE 162!3........................................ ........................................................... ....................................... ................................ ........................... ................. 14 Sc(pe (0 A#tic/e 162!3...................................... ......................................................... ....................................................... ........................................ .... 15
Reservation in Promotion [Article 16(A!"....................................................18
........................................................... ........................................ ..................................... ................. 19 ARTIC#E [16(B!"....................................... ARTICLE ARTICLE 16(5.............................. 16(5.................................................. ....................................... ....................................... ...................................... .................. 19 .........................................................................20 E$%A# PA& FOR E$%A# WORK .........................................................................20
THE CONSTITUTION CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
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ARTICLE 16
IN*E+ O, AUTORITIES CASES 1. A. Rajendran v. Union of India, AIR 1968 SC 507 : (1968) 1 SCR 721. 2. A.P..C.S. v. !.S.". #edera$ion , AIR 2006 SC 281%. &. A'' India S$a$ion a$er and Ai$an$ S$a$ion a$er Ao*ia$ion +e'i v. -en. an. Cen$ra' Rai'a/, AIR 1960 SC &8% : (1960) 2 SCR &11 %. A'' India S$a$ion a$er Ao*ia$ion v. -enera' anaer, Cen$ra' Rai'a/ AIR 1960 SC &8%. ? Aa +. a$$ v. +ire*$or of Priar/ d3*a$ion, AIR 200& -3j. 197.
6. Ao4 3ar Son4ar v. Union of India, AIR 2007 SC 17%6. 7. Aani 3ar v. S$a$e of iar, AIR 1997 SC 1628. 8. Ci$ra'e4a v. S$a$e of /ore , AIR 196% SC 182&. 9. +ev +3$$ v. Union of India AIR 2008 SC 251&. 10. +evi v. S$a$e of aara$ra, 1986(1) SCR 7%&. 11. +i$ia/ee Parida v. S$a$e of ria AIR 2009 SC 9&5. 12. -overnen$ of A.P. v. . raanand3, AIR 2008 SC &170. 1&. Indian +r3 and Para*e3$i*a' v. or4en, (2007) 1 SCC %08. 1! Indra Sane/ 9 Union of India AIR 199& SC %77.
15. !aanna$ Praad Sara v. S$a$e of U$$ar Prade, AIR 1961 SC 12%5. 16 .C. "aan$ 3ar 9 S$a$e of arna$a4a AIR 1985 SC 1%95.
17. e$ri/a ian -rain an4 v. +.. Sara, AIR 2001 SC 168. 18. i'a +ar v. S$a$e of Raja$an AIR 1981 SC 1777. 19. . aaraj v. Union of India (2006) 8 SCC 212. $' .R. a'aji v. S$a$e of /ore, AIR 1963 SC 649.
21. ; a$ern Coa'fie'd $d. ". Ani' ad/a4ar AIR 2009 SC 25&%. 22. 343' Sai4ia v. S$a$e of Aa AIR 2009 SC 7%7. $. araia Rao 9 S$a$e of Andra Prade AIR 1970 SC %22.
2%. a$iona'
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ARTICLE 16 26. Pand3ranarao v. Andra Prade P3='i* Servi*e Coiion AIR 196& SC 268. 27. Pradee 3ar ia v. Indian In$i$3$e of Cei*a' io'o/, (2002) 5 SCC 111 : (2002) & SCR 100. 28. Pre Sin v.
&1. S.P. a$$a*erjee v. S.+. aj3dar, AIR 2007 SC 2012 &2. S.P. -3$a v. S$a$e of ! > , 200% (5) SCA 90. &&. S$a$e of arna$a4a v. Uadevi, AIR 2006 SC 1806. .! S$a$e of era'a v. .. ?oa, AIR 1976 SC 490.
&5. S$a$e of .P. v. !.S. ana', AIR 1998 SC 1015 : (1998) & SCC 71%. &6. S$a$e of /ore v. araina Rao, AIR 1968 SC &%9. &7. S$a$e of ria v. Raj4iore anda, AIR 2010 SC 2100. &8. S$a$e of U.P. v. Ra Adar AIR 2008 SC &2%&. .@ S$a$e f e$ ena' > Anr. v e$ ena' ini3 ae Civi' Aea' o. &855 of
2007. %0. S$a$e Pv$. Co''ee S$o@-a e*$3rer Ao*ia$ion v. S$a$e of arna$a4a, (1992) 2 SCC 29. %1. S3raj an eena > Anr. v. S$a$e f Raja$an SP o. 6&85 # 2010. !$ ?. +evadaan 9 Union of India AIR 196% SC 179. !. ?. +evadaan v. Union of India, AIR 1964 SC 179.
%%. ?. +evada v. Union of India, AIR 196% SC 179 : (196%) % SCR 680 %5. ?ri'o4na$ v. S$a$e of ! > , 1969 1 SCR 10& : AIR 1969 SC 1. %6. Union of India v.
BOOKS REFERRED THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
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ARTICLE 16 1. a3, +3ra +a, BCommentary on the Constitution of India, 8$ di$ion "o'. I, 2007, ada Co.
2. +e, +.!. ‘he Constitution of India! , &rd di$ion, Aia a
WEBSITES 13 $3 .3 !3 ?3 63
.'a'in4.*o .an3a$ra.*o .indian4anoon.or .j3di.ni*.in .an3a$ra.*o .3ree*o3r$ofindia.ni*.in
A#tic/e 16 (0 The C()"tituti() (0 I)dia "ay":-
1) ?ere a'' =e eD3a'i$/ of oor$3ni$/ for a'' *i$iEen in a$$er re'a$in $o e'o/en$ or aoin$en$ $o an/ offi*e 3nder $e S$a$e. THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
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ARTICLE 16 2) o *i$iEen a'', on ro3nd on'/ of re'iion, ra*e, *a$e, e, de*en$, 'a*e of =ir$, reiden*e or an/ of $e, =e ine'ii='e for, or di*riina$ed aain$ in ree*$ of, an/ e'o/en$ or offi*e 3nder $e S$a$e. &) o$in in $i Ar$i*'e a'' reven$ Par'iaen$ fro a4in an/ 'a re*ri=in, in reard $o a *'a or *'ae of e'o/en$ or aoin$en$ $o an offi*e 1F under the %overnment of, or any "o&a" or other authority #ithin, a State or 'nion territory, any re(uirement as to residen&e #ithin that State or 'nion territoryG rior $o 3* e'o/en$ or aoin$en$. %) o$in in $i Ar$i*'e a'' reven$ $e S$a$e fro a4in an/ roviion for $e reerva$ion of aoin$en$ or o$ in favo3r of an/ =a*4ard *'a of *i$iEen i*, in $e oinion of $e S$a$e, i no$ adeD3a$e'/ rereen$ed in $e ervi*e 3nder $e S$a$e. 2
)4A* +othin in this arti&"e sha"" -revent the State from main any -rovision for reservation
in matters of -romotion 3)#ith &onse(uentia" seniority/ to any &"ass or &"asses of -osts in the servi&es under the State in favour of the S&hedu"ed Castes and the S&hedu"ed ries #hi&h, in the o-inion of the State, are not ade(uate"y re-resented in the servi&es under the State./ 4
)42* +othin in this Arti&"e sha"" -revent the State form &onsiderin any unfi""ed va& an&ies
of a year #hi&h are reserved for ein fi""ed u- in that year in a&&ordan&e #ith any -rovisions for reservation made under C"ause 4* or 4A0 as a se-arate &"ass of va&an&ies sha"" not e &onsidered toether #ith the va&an&ies of the year in #hi&h they are fi""ed u- for determinin the &ei"in of fifty -er &ent reservation on tota" numer of this year./ 5) o$in in $i Ar$i*'e a'' affe*$ $e oera$ion of an/ 'a i* rovide $a$ $e in*3=en$ of an offi*e in *onne*$ion i$ $e affair of an/ re'iio3 or denoina$iona' in$i$3$ion or an/ e=er of $e overnin =od/ $ereof a'' =e a eron rofein a ar$i*3'ar re'iion or =e'onin $o a ar$i*3'ar denoina$ion.
Natu#e a)d Sc(pe 1he ita"i&ied #ords #ere sustituted y the Constitution Seventh Amendment* A&t, 196, s. 59 2 C"ause 4A* inserted y t he Constitution 77 th Amendment* A&t, 199, s.5 3 Inserted in C"ause 4A* y Constitution th Amendment* A&t 5001, s.5 #.e.f. 8une 17, 199* 4C"ause 42* inserted y the Constitution ihty:irst Amendment* A&t, 5000, s.5
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ARTICLE 16 ?e ain o=je*$ of Ar$i*'e 16 i $o *rea$e a *on$i$3$iona' ri$ in eD3a'i$/ of oor$3ni$/ and e'o/en$ in 3='i* offi*e.5 Ri$ $o eD3a'i$/ no no$ on'/ ean $e ri$ no$ $o =e di*riina$ed aain$, =3$ a'o ro$e*$ion aain$ ar=i$rar/ or irra$iona' a*$ion of $e S$a$e. ?e aroa* of $e Co3r$ i $o *3r= $e ar=i$rar/ eer*ie of oer =/ $e S$a$e aain$ individ3a' and $ere i *orreondin e'ana$ion on $e *on*e$ of $e S$a$e 3nder Ar$i*'e 12 of $e Con$i$3$ion.6 ?e f3ndaen$a' ri$ 3nder ar$i*'e 16 i avai'a='e even$ $o a de'inD3en$ e'o/ee.7 ?e 3aran$ee 3nder Ar$i*'e 16(1) i $o ea* individ3a' *i$iEen and $erefore, ever/ *i$iEen o i ee4in e'o/en$ or aoin$en$ $o an offi*e 3nder $e S$a$e i en$i$'ed $o =e afforded an oor$3ni$/ for ee4in 3* e'o/en$ or aoin$en$ enever i$ i in$ended $o =e fi''ed.8Ar$i*'e 16(2) i a'o an e'a=ora$ion of a fa*e$ of Ar$i*'e 16(1). ?ee $o *'a3e $3 o$3'a$e $e 3nivera'i$/ of Indian Ci$iEeni. A $ere i Coon *i$iEeni, reiden*e D3a'ifi*a$ion i no$ reD3ired for ervi*e in an/ S$a$e. D3a' ro$e*$ion of $e 'a doe no$ o$3'a$e eD3a' $rea$en$ of a'' eron i$o3$ di$in*$ionH i$ ere'/ 3aran$ee $e a'i*a$ion of $e ae 'a a'i4e i$o3$ di*riina$ion $o a'' eron ii'ar'/ i$3a$ed. 9 C'a3e (%) of on'/ eri$ reerva$ion for B=a*4ard *'ae of *i$iEen o are no$, in $e oinion of $e S$a$e, adeD3a$e'/ rereen$ed in $e ervi*e of $e S$a$e. I$ doe no$ eri$ reerva$ion for an/ eron o doe no$ =e'on $o $e *a$eor/ of B=a*4ard *'ae, nor doe i$ ena='e $e S$a$e $o reerve o$ on *o3na' 'ine.10 A di$ri=3$ion of offi*e aon$ *o3ni$ie a**ordin $o a fied ra$io or D3o$aH or a roviion for dire*$ re*r3i$en$ of eron B$o reove *o3na' diari$/11 infrine C'a3e (1) and (2) of Ar$i*'e 16.
A#tic/e 162134 5';SC v. %irish 8ayanti"a" 5005* 3 SCR 100. 7 State of ?.;. v. 8.S. 2ansa", AIR 199 SC 101 > 199* 3 SCC 714. 8. @evadsam v. 'nion of India, AIR 1964 SC 179 > 1964* 4 SCR 60 A. RaBendran v. 'nion of India, AIR 196 SC 07 > 196* 1 SCR 751. 9 A"" India Station ?asters and Assistant Station ?asters Asso&iation @e"hi v. %en. ?an. Centra" Rai"#ay, AIR 1960 SC 34 > 1960* 5 SCR 311
> 8aannath ;rasad Sharma v. State of 'ttar ;radesh, AIR 1961 SC 154. 1 0 191 SC8 31 . 1 1 ri"onath v. State of 8 =, 1969 1 SCR 103 > AIR 1969 SC 1.
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ARTICLE 16 E5ua/ity (0 Opp(#tu)ity-State may /ay d() 7ua/i0icati() (# c()diti()" Ar$i*'e 16 doe no$ reven$ $e S$a$e fro re*ri=in $e reD3ii$e D3a'ifi*a$ion and $e e'e*$ion ro*ed3re for re*r3i$en$ or aoin$en$. I$ i f3r$er oen $o $e aoin$in a3$ori$/ $o 'a/ don 3* re@reD3ii$e *ondi$ion of aoin$en$ a o3'd =e *ond3*ive $o $e ain$enan*e of roer di*i'ine aon$ overnen$ ervan$.12 ?e D3a'ifi*a$ion re*ri=ed a/, $erefore, =eide en$a' e*e''en*e, in*'3de /i*a' fi$ne, ene of di*i'ine, ora' in$eri$/, and 'o/a'$/ $o $e S$a$e.1&
3niff, =/ dire*$ re*r3i$en$ re*ri=ed $a$ J$e a'i*an$ 3$ ave =een ra*$i*in a an Advo*a$e in $e
8embe#" (0 Sepa#ate a)d I)depe)de)t C/a""e" (0 Se#9ice 1 2 'nion of India v.
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ARTICLE 16 ?ere *an =e no r3'e of eD3a'i$/ =e$een e=er of eara$e and indeenden$ *'ae of ervi*e. In A// I)dia Stati() 8a"te#" A""(ciati() 9 Ge)e#a/ 8a)ae#> Ce)t#a/ Rai/ay>1? a R3'e i* rovided for $e roo$ion of -3ard $o $e o$ of S$a$ion a$er i'e inorin $e Road@Side S$a$ion a$er, a e'd $o =e va'id, in*e, $e -3ard and Roadide S$a$ion a$er ere re*r3i$ed eara$e'/ and $rained eara$e'/ and ad eara$e aven3e of roo$ion. ?e/, $3, fored $o di$in*$ and eara$e *'ae and for $a$ reaon $ ere a no *oe for redi*a$in eD3a'i$/ or ineD3a'i$/ of oor$3ni$/ in $e a$$er of roo$ion.16
C(##ecti() (0 *ate (0 Bi#th In $e a$$er of *orre*$ion of da$e of =ir$, $e Co3r$ reD3ire $a$ $e e'o/ee o3'd a4e an a'i*a$ion i$in $ie fied =/ R3'e or rder and in a=en*e of 3* R3'e, i$in reaona='e $ie and no$ on $e eve of re$ireen$, 3n'e ria fa*ie eviden*e 3niea*a='e *ara*$er a rod3*ed. In U)i() (0 I)dia 9 a#)am Si)h> 1% $e S3ree Co3r$ *a3$ioned $e Co3r$, ?ri=3na' or
Asho =umar Sonar v. 'nion of India, AIR 5007 SC 1746. 1 8 1 9 AIR 5009 SC 93.
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ARTICLE 16 en$i$'ed $o Je$ra & ar4K reerved for arried oen, in*e $e 'a$ da$e for fi'in $e a'i*a$ion a 20@09@2000 and e o$ arried in 2001. ?e Se'e*$ion Coi$$ee, in *oniderin er ari$a' $a$3 a on $e da$e of e'e*$ion ra$er $an on $e 'a$ da$e of referrin a'i*a$ion a e'd $o ave a*$ed i$ a$en$ i''ea'i$/. I$ i e'' e$$'ed, 3or$ed =e evera' de*iion20 of $e Ae Co3r$ $a$ $e *3$@off da$e =/ referen*e $o i* $e e'ii=i'i$/ reD3ireen$ 3$ =e a$ified =/ $e *andida$e ee4in a 3='i* e'o/en$ i@ a) $e da$e aoin$ed =/ $e re'evan$ ervi*e r3'eH =) if $ere =e no *3$@off da$e aoin$ed =/ $e r3'e, $an 3* da$e a a/ =e aoin$ed for $e 3roe, in $e adver$ieen$ *a''in for a 'i*a$ionH $a$ *) if $ere =e no 3* da$e aoin$ed $en $e e'ii=i'i$/ *ri$eria a'' =e a'ied, =/ referen*e $o $e 'a$ da$e aoin$ed, =/ i* $e a'i*a$ion ave $o =e re*eived =/ $e *oe$en$ a3$ori$/.
E5ua/ity (0 Opp(#tu)ity-;#(ce"" (0 Se/ecti() Re*r3i$en$ $o 3='i* ervi*e o3'd =e e'd $ri*$'/ in a**ordan*e i$ $e $er of adver$ieen$ and $e re*r3i$en$ r3'e, if an/. +evia$ion fro $e r3'e a''o en$r/ $o ine'ii='e eron and derive an/ o$er o *o3'd ave *oe$ed for $e o$. I$ i r3'ed $a$ 3='i* *on$ra*$ are no$ 'aree.21 In Li/a *ha# 9 State (0 Raa"tha)>$$ oin$ed o3$ $a$ $e o=je*$ of an/ ro*e of e'e*$ion for en$r/ in$o 3='i* ervi*e a $o e*3re $e =e$ and $e o$ 3i$a='e eron for $e jo=, avoidin a$ronae and favo3ri$i.
W#itte) Te"t 9i"-<-9i" =i9a =(ce Te"t
=.=. ;a"i#a", AIR 5007 SC 1746. 2 1See Doesh =umar v. %oernment of +C, @e"hi, AIR 5003 SC 1541. 2 2 AIR 191 SC 1777. 2 3Su-ra note 55.
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ARTICLE 16 ar=i$rarine, $o3 no$ ne*ear/ a'a/. ?e Co3r$ oined $a$ riid r3'e *o3'd no$ =e 'aid don in $ee a$$er and $a$ $e a$$er i$ ore aroria$e'/ =e 'ef$ $o $e ido of $e eer$. A reard $e a''o*a$ion of ar4 for viva vo*e vi@L@vi $e ar4 for ri$$en eaina$ion, i$ a =een e'd $a$ $ere *anno$ =e an/ ard and fa$ r3'e of 3nivera' a'i*a$ion. I$ o3'd deend 3on $e o$ and na$3re of d3$ie $o =e erfored. 2%
A))ua/ C()0ide)tia/ Rep(#t-C(mmu)icati() (0 E)t#ie" In *e9 *utt 9 U)i() (0 I)dia>$? $e Ae Co3r$, o'din $a$ fairne and $ranaren*/ in 3='i* adini$ra$ion reD3ired $a$ a'' en$rie e$er, oor, fair, averae, ood or ver/ ood, in $e ACR, 3$ =e *o3ni*a$ed, r3'ed $a$ non@*o3ni*a$ion of even a in'e en$r/ i* vio'a$ive of Ar$i*'e 16 read i$ Ar$i*'e 1%.
,i//i) up the ;("t" O9e# a)d Ab(9e Th("e Ad9e#ti"ed I$ i $ri$e $a$ $e S$a$e *anno$ a4e aoin$en$ $o $e o$ over and a=ove $an $e n3=er of o$ adver$ied.26 In 8uu/ Saiia 9 State (0 A""am>$% $e Aa P3='i* Servi*e Coiion (APSC) adver$ied 27 o$ of Ci'd +eve'oen$ Proje*$ ffi*er (C+P). P3r3an$ $o i$ a e'e*$ion ro*e a e'd. ?e fina' e'e*$ 'i$ reared and 3= 'ied =/ Coiion *on$ained $e nae of 6% *andida$e far in e*e of $e no$ified va*an*ie. ?e Ae Co3r$, referrin $o $eir ear'ier rono3n*een$,28 e'd $a$ aoin$en$ *o3'd =e ade on'/ $o 27 o$ and $e e'e*$ion 'i$ o$ ea3$ed en a'' $e 27 o$ ere fi''ed.
Reu/a#i"ati() (0 Ad (c Emp/(yee"
2 4 S.;. %u-ta v. State of 8 =, 5004 * SCA$ 90. 2 5 AIR 500 SC 513. 2 6State of Erissa v. RaBishore +anda, AIR 5010 SC 5100. 2 7 AIR 5009 SC 747. 2 8See ;rem Sinh v. Faryana State "e& tri&ity 2oard, 1996* 4 SCC 319.
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ARTICLE 16 ?e S3ree Co3r$ a reea$ed'/ dere*a$ed $e re3'ariEa$ion and a=or$ion of or4in a ar$@$ie e'o/ee or an ad o* =ai,29 a i$ ad =e*oe a *oon e$od of a''oin =a*4 door en$rie.&0 I$ a =een r3'ed $a$ aoin$en$ ade on *on$ra*$ =ai or on dai'/ ae or in vio'a$ion of R3'e, =ein void a= ini$io *anno$ =e re3'aried. &1 A'o $a$, re3'ariEa$ion *an on'/ =e done in a**ordan*e i$ $e R3'e and no$ deor $e R3'e.&2 In State (0 U; 9 Ram Adha#>.. $e Ae Co3r$ r3'ed $a$ a $eorar/ e'o/ee ad no ri$ $o $e o$. ?ere a no
rin*i'e of 'a, $e Co3r$ aid $a$ a eron aoin$ed in a $eorar/ *aa*i$/ ad a ri$ $o *on$in3e $i'' re3'ar e'e*$ion. on *on$in3an*e of e'o/ee on irre3'ar =ai, o3'd no$ en$i$'e $e, $o *'ai eD3a'i$/ i$ re3'ar'/ re*r3i$ed e'o/ee.&%
Ab"(#pti() (0 E/iib/e pe#"()" In U)i() (0 I)dia 9 ;a#u/ *eb)ath>.? $e S3ree Co3r$ di$in3ied =e$een a=or$ion of e'ii='e eron fro re3'aria$ion of ad o* e'o/ee. In $i *ae, $e reonden$ *'aian$ ere aoin$ed 3nder $e Andaan and i*o=ar I'and <.-. Re3'a$ion, a e=er of $e
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ARTICLE 16 *ee fraed a e$ aide =/ $e Ae Co3r$ a i$ a e'd $o =e ar=i$rar/ and di*riina$or/. ?e S*ee o3'd ave *rea$ed a *'a i$in a *'a.
C(mpa""i()ate App(i)tme)t&*ie-i)-ha#)e"" Scheme In a$$er of aoin$en$, $e S$a$e i o='ia$ed $o ive effe*$ $o $e *on$i$3$iona' *ee of eD3a'i$/ a ad3=ra$ed in Ar$i*'e 1% and 16. ?e Co3r$, oever, a *arved o3$ an e*e$ion in favo3r of $e *i'dren or o$er re'a$ive of $e offi*er o die or o =e*oe in*aa*i$a$ed i'e renderin ervi*e. ?e a'i*a$ion for 3* aoin$en$ 3$ =e ade i$o3$ an/ reaona='e de'a/. In Nati()a/ yd#(e/ect#ic ;(e# C(#p) = Na)a Cha)d>.6 a'i*a$ion for *oaiona$e aoin$en$, ade af$er $en /ear of dea$ of $e fa$er, a e'd iroer. In 8&" Ea"te#) C(a/0ie/d" Ltd = A)i/ Badyaa#>.% one a'o +oe, in ervi*e of C died in
1981. ?ere =ein di3$e =e$een i ife and i da3$er a $o o a $e eir of $e de*eaed, i$ $oo4 a'o$ 12 /ear en a'' eir of $e de*eaed 3=i$$ed Jo o=je*$ionK in favo3r of $e reonden$, o a $en aoin$ed on *oaiona$e ro3nd. ?e aoin$en$, oever, a *an*e''ed, =ein ade af$er 12 /ear of $e dea$ of $e e'o/ee.
ARTICLE 162$3 N( *i"c#imi)ati() () the G#(u)d (0 Re/ii()> Race> Etc C'a3e (2) of Ar$i*'e 16 de*'are > No *i$iEen a'', on ro3nd on'/ of re'iion, ra*e, *a$e, e, de*en$, 'a*e of =ir$, reiden*e or an/ of $e, =e ine'ii='e for, or di*riina$ed aain$ in ree*$ of, an/ e'o/en$ or offi*e 3nder $e S$a$eN. ?e ereion Hdis&riminated aainstH in Arti&"e 165* =ear $e ae eanin a in Arti&"e 1 and inifie differen$ia$ion i$ a =ia aain$ a ar$i*3'ar *'a or individ3a'. ?erefore, if $e differen$ia$ion and =ia are =aed on an/ of $e ro3nd en$ioned in Arti&"e 165*, $e i3ned 'a or S$a$e a*$ion 3 6 AIR 500 SC 106. 3 7 AIR 5009 SC 534.
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Page 13
ARTICLE 16 =e*oe i-so fa&to re3nan$ $o $e Con$i$3$ion. I) CB 8uthamma v. U)i() (0 I)dia>. $e S3ree Co3r$ e'd R3'e 8(1) of
Indian :orein Servi&e Condu&t and @is&i-"ine* Ru"es, 1961 and R 18(%) of $e Indian :orein Servi&e Re&ruitment, Cadre Seniority a, ;romotions* Ru"es, 1961, a di*riina$or/ aain$ oen. R3'e 8(1) rovided $a$ a oan e=er of $e ervi*e o3'd o=$ain eriion of -overnen$, in ri$in, =efore er arriae a o'enied&9 and *o3'd =e reD3ired $o rein fro ervi*e af$er er arriae, if $e -overnen$ a a$ified $a$ er fai'/ and doe$i* *oi$en$ ere 'i4e'/ $o *oe in $e a/ of $e d3e and effi*ien$ di*are of er d3$ie a a e=er of $e ervi*e. 3$ oen a/ =e =arred fro e'o/en$ in a ar$i*3'ar e'o/en$ if $e di*riina$ion i =aed no$ o'e'/ on $e ro3nd of e on a**o3n$ of $eir non@3i$a=i'i$/.
A#tic/e 162.3 Re5ui#eme)t a" t( Re"ide)ce i) a State C"ause 3* em-o#ers the ;ar"iament to mae Nan/ 'a re*ri=in in reard $o a *'a or *'ae of e'o/en$ or aoin$en$ $o an offi*e 3nder $e -overnen$ of, or an/ 'o*a' or o$er a3$ori$/ i$in, a S$a$e or Union $erri$or/, an/ reD3ireen$ a $o reiden*e i$in $a$ S$a$e or Union $erri$or/ rior $o 3* e'o/en$ or aoin$en$N. In $e eer*ie of $e oer *onferred =/ C'a3e(&) of Ar$i*'e 16 , Par'iaen$ ena*$ed $e P3='i* 'o/en$ (ReD3ireen$ a $o Reiden*e) A*$, 1957. ?e A*$ reea'ed a'' $e 'a in for*e, re*ri=in an/ reD3ireen$ a $o reiden*e, i$in a S$a$e or Union ?erri$or/, for e'o/en$ or aoin$en$ in $a$ S$a$e or Union ?erri$or/ i$ fe e*e$ion. In Na#a"imha Ra( v. State (0 A)dh#a ;#ade"h>!' $e S3ree Co3r$ $r3*4 don Se*$ion & of $e P3='i* 'o/en$ (ReD3ireen$ a $o Reiden*e *, A*$, 1957 , i* re'a$ed $o ?e'enana ar$ of Andra Prade, a 3'$ra vire $e Par'iaen$. C'a3e (&) of Ar$i*'e 16 , $e Co3r$ e'ained, 3ed $e ord H S$a$eH, i* inified H S$a$eH a a 3ni$ and no$ ar$ of a State
AIR 3 8
1979 SC 16.
3 9See a"so ?aya @evi v. State of ?aharashtra, 1961* SCR 743, #herein re(uirement that a married #oman shou"d otain her husand!s &onsent a--"yin for -u"i& em-"oyment #as he"d inva"id as un&onstitutiona".
AIR 4 0
1970 SC 455.
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Page 14
ARTICLE 16 a di$ri*$ or o$er 3ni$ of a State. ?erefore, Par'iaen$ar/ 'a *o3'd rovide for reiden*e in $e o'e of Andra Prade and no$ in ?e'enana, i* a a ar$ of $e State.
ARTICLE 162!3 C'a3e (%) of Ar$i*'e 16 ere'/ eri$ $e S$a$e $o a4e Nroviion for $e reerva$ion of aoin$en$ or o$ in favo3r of an/ =a*4ard *'a of *i$iEen i*, in $e oinion of $e S$a$e, i no$ adeD3a$e'/ rereen$ed in $e ervi*e 3nder $e S$a$eOO.
Sc(pe (0 A#tic/e 162!3 In T *e9ada"a) v. U)i() (0 I)dia>!1 o3'ar'/ 4non a N*arr/ forard r3'e *aeN , $e S3ree Co3r$ *onidered $e *oe of Ar$i*'e 16(%). In $i *ae, $e *arr/ forard r3'e , re3'a$in reerva$ion of va*an*ie for *andida$e =e'onin $o S*ed3'ed Ca$e and S*ed3'ed ?ri=e, a $r3*4 don =/ $e Co3r$, a inva'id and 3 n*on$i$3$iona'. A a re3'$ of $e a'i*a$ion of $e i3ned R3'e, in $e /ear 1961, o3$ of $e %5 va*an*ie, a*$3a''/ fi''ed, 29 en$ $o $e *andida$e =e'onin $o S*ed3'ed Ca$e;?ri=e. ?a$ *ae $o a=o3$ 6%M of reerva$ion. In DC =a"a)th Duma# v. State (0 Da#)ataa>!$ five
$e eo'e $o ven$i'a$e $eir vie in a 3='i* de=a$e on $e ra*$i*a' ia*$ of
$e o'i*/ of reerva$ion. i$ a vie $o e$$'e $e 'a, in an a3$ori$a$ive a/, a e*ia' en* of nine !3de of $e S3ree Co3r$, a, for $e fir$ $ie, *on$i$3$ed in I)d#a Sah)ey v. U)i() (0 I)dia>!. i* i o3'ar'/ 4non a 8a)da/ C(mmi""i() ca"e ?e i3e a $oro3'/ eained =/ $e Co3r$ in i$ i$ori*a' roe*$ive. ?e ajori$/ oinion on vario3 ae*$ of reerva$ion a/ =e 3aried a fo''o: (1)C'a3e (%) of Ar$i*'e 16 i no$ an e*e$ion $o Ar$i*'e 16(1). I$ i an in$an*e of *'aifi*a$ion i'i*i$ in and eri$$ed =/ C'a3e (1) of Ar$i*'e 16. In o 'a/in don, $e Co3r$ overr3'ed 8R Ba/ai!! and *e9ada"a)!? and rei$era$ed i$ arova' Th(ma"!6 (2)?e ord Nroviion for $e reerva$ion of aoin$en$;o$N in Ar$i*'e 16(%) do no$ *on$e'a$e on'/ one for of roviion nae'/ reerva$ion i'i*i$er. ?e ord $a4e in o$er for of e*ia' roviion 'i4e referen*e, *on*eion and ee$ion.%7 (&) A =a*4ard *'a *anno$ =e de$erined on'/ and e*'3ive'/ i$ referen*e $o e*onoi* *ri$erion. I$ a/ =e a *onidera$ion or =ai a'on i$ and in addi$ion $o 4 3 AIR
1993 SC 477.
?.R. 4 4
2a"aBi v. State of ?ysore, AIR 1963 SC 649.
4 5 . @evadasan 4 6
v. 'nion of India, AIR
46State of =era"a v. +.?.
1964
homas, AIR
SC 179. 1976
SC 490.
he Court e-"ained that 4 7
Arti&"e 164 * -ermitted not on"y reservation of a--ointmentsJ-osts #hi&h #as the hihest form of s-e&ia" -rovision, ut a"so -referen&es, &on&essions and eem-tions, #hi&h #ere 'eer for of e*ia' roviion.
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Page 16
ARTICLE 16 o*ia' =a*4ardne, =3$ i$ *an never =e $e o'e *ri$erion.%8 (%) I$ i erii='e for $e -overnen$ or o$er a3$ori$/ $o iden$if/ a =a*4ard *'a of *i$iEen on $e =ai of o**3a$ion@*3@in*oe i$o3$ referen*e $o *a$e.%9 (5) ?ere i no *on$i$3$iona' =ar $o *'aif/ $e =a*4ard *'ae of *i$iEen in$o =a*4ard and ore =a*4ard *a$eorie. ?e Co3r$ e'd $a$ 3=@*'aifi*a$ion =e$een =a*4ard *'ae and ore =a*4ard o3'd =e advia='e $o en3re $a$ $e ore =a*4ard aon $e =a*4ard *'ae o3'd o=$ain $e =enefi$ in$ended for $e. If i$ a no$ o done $en $e advan*ed e*$ion of $e =a*4ard *'ae i$ ove aa/ i$ a'' $e =enefi$ of reerva$ion. ?e ajori$/ $3 overr3'ed 8R Ba/ai>?' and aroved Ba/#am?1
(6)In order $a$ $e =a*4ard *'ae are iven adeD3a$e rereen$a$ion in $e S$a$e ervi*e and $o en3re $a$ $e =enefi$ of reerva$ion rea* $e oorer and $e ea4e$ e*$ion of $e =a*4ard *'a, the c#eamy /aye# o3'd =e e*'3ded in $a$ *'a, fro *'aiin $e =enefi$. ?e Co3r$, $erefore, dire*$ed $e -overnen$ of India $o e*if/ $e =ai of e*'3ion e$er on $e =ai of in*oe, e$en$ of o'din or o$erieof c#eamy /aye# (7) ?e reerva$ion *on$e'a$ed in C'a3e (%) of Arti&"e 16 o3'd no$ e*eed 50M
on this Budment, the %uBarat Fih Court in Asha @. 2hatt v. @ire&tor of ;rimary du&ation, AIR 5003 %uB. 197, he"d reservation to the etent of 5K for e&onomi&a""y a&#ard &"asses as &ontrary to Arti&"e 1. See 4 9
a"so on this as-e&t, Chitra"eha v. State of ?ysore, AIR 1964 SC 153.
.R. a'aji v. S$a$e 5 0 5 1 See
of /ore , AIR 1963 SC 649.
a"so A.P..C.S. v. !.S.". #edera$ion , AIR 5006 SC 514.
he 5 2
rationa"e ehind im-osin an u--er &ei"in of 0K ena"ed y Arti&"e 14* and 164* &annot e readi"y etended to the domain of -o"iti&a" re-resentation at the ;an&hayat "eve" in S&hedu"ed Areas. See Union of India v. Ra4e 3ar , AIR 5010 SC 3544. See a"so . Sreedevi v. Union of edi*a' S*ien*e, A.P. , 8 5000* SC 314. Su&h &andidates are re(uired to -ay &oa&hin fee at susidised rate "ie other reserved &andidates and not fu"" fee re(uired from enera" &ateory &andidates. See S$a$e of Raja$an v. !/o$i a'a , AIR 5004 +EC 361 RaB.*.
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Page 17
ARTICLE 16 (9) ?e *arr/ forard of 3nfi''ed reerved va*an*ie i no$ -er se 3n*on$i$3$iona'.
I$ o3'd no$ re3'$ in =rea* of 50M r3'e.5& ?e Co3r$ a overr3'ed +evadaan5%
erein $e &arry for#ard ru"e a $r3*4 don on $e ro3nd $a$ i$ a'i*a$ion re3'$ed in reerva$ion of ore $an 50M va*an*ie in favo3r of $e =a*4ard *'ae of *i$iEen. (11)
Ar$i*'e 16(%) doe no$ *on$e'a$e or eri$ reerva$ion in roo$ion a e''.
?e reerva$ion are $3 *onfined $o ini$ia' aoin$en$ on'/.55 (12)
Reerva$ion for =a*4ard *'ae o3'd no$ =e ade in ervi*e and oi$ion
ere eri$ a'one *o3n$.
Reservation in Promotion [Article 16(A!" I) I)d#a Sah)ey v. U)i() (0 I)dia>?6 the ?anda" Commission &ase*, af$er $a4in in$o
*onidera$ion a'' $e *ir*3$an*e, aid $a$ Arti&"e 164* did no$ *on$e'a$e or eri$ reerva$ion in roo$ion, $o3 $e ereion Naoin$en$N in Arti&"e 164*, in*'3ded aoin$en$ =/ dire*$ re*r3i$en$ or =/ roo$ion or =/ $ranfer. ?e a=ove r3'e 'aid don =/ $e S3ree Co3r$ a =een odified a reard $e e=er =e'onin $o $e S&hedu"ed Castes and $e S&hedu"ed ries, =/ $e C()"tituti() 2Se9e)ty-"e9e)th Ame)dme)t3 Act> 1@@?> i* a added a ne C'a3e (%A) $o Arti&"e 16 i* rovide :
o$in in $i Ar$i*'e a'' reven$ $e S$a$e fro a4in an/ roviion for reerva$ion in a$$er of roo$ion $o an/ *'a or *'ae of o$ in $e ervi*e 3nder $e S$a$e in favo3r of
After 5 3
the in&or-oration of C"ause 42* in Arti&"e 16 y $e Con$i$3$ion (81$ Aenden$) A*$, 2000, this oservation #ou"d not stand in the #ay of the State to reserve -osts in e&ess of 0K in res-e&t to &arry for#ard va&an&ies. 5 4?. +evadaan v. Union
of India , AIR 1964 SC 179.
5 5?i r3'e aaffired
in 'nion of India v.
SC %%8.
5 6 Iid 43. he Court overru"ed the "a# "aid do#n over 30 years a& in %.?., Southern Rai"#ay v. Rana&hari, AIR 1965 SC 36., ho"din reservation in -romotion -ermissi"e under Arti&"e 164*. See a"so 'nion of India v.
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Page 18
ARTICLE 16 $e S*ed3'ed Ca$e and $e S*ed3'ed ?ri=e i*, in $e oinion of $e S$a$e are no$ adeD3a$e'/ rereen$ed in $e ervi*e 3nder $e S$a$e. Con$i$3$ion en* of $i Co3r$ in 8 Naa#a 9" U)i() (0 I)dia>?% o=erved: S$a$e i'' ave $o o in ea* *ae $e ei$en*e of $e *oe''in reaon, nae'/, =a*4ardne, inadeD3a*/ of rereen$a$ion and overa'' adini$ra$ive effi*ien*/ =efore a4in roviion for reerva$ion. ?e S$a$e i no$ =o3nd $o a4e reerva$ion for SC;S? in a$$er of roo$ion.
ARTIC#E [16(B!" ?e ena*$en$ of the C()"tituti() 2Eihty-0i#"t Ame)dme)t3 Act> $'''> i* a added $e fo''oin C'a3e (%) $o Arti&"e 16> (%) o$in in $i Ar$i*'e a'' reven$ $e S$a$e fro *oniderin an/ 3nfi''ed va*an*ie of a /ear i* are reerved for =ein fi''ed 3 in $a$ /ear in a**ordan*e i$ an/ roviion for reerva$ion ade 3nder C'a3e (%) or C'a3e (%A) a a eara$e *'a of va*an*ie $o =e fi''ed 3 in an/ 3**eedin /ear or /ear and 3* *'a of va*an*ie a'' no$ =e *onidered $oe$er i$ $e va*an*ie of $e /ear in i* $e/ are =ein fi''ed 3 for de$erinin $e *ei'in of fif$/ er *en$ reerva$ion on $o$a' n3=er of va*an*ie of $a$ /ear. In Su#a Bha) 8ee)a A)# 9 State O0 Raa"tha)>? a'/in $e id$ $e$ and iden$i$/ $e$, $e Con$i$3$ion en* e'd $a$ fir$'/ i$ i $e id$ of $e oer 3nder $e i3ned aenden$ in$rod3*in aended Ar$i*'e 16(%@A) and 16(%@) $a$ ad $o =e $e$ed.
ARTICLE 16(5 I$ $a$e $a$: o$in in $i ar$i*'e a'' affe*$ $e oera$ion of an/ 'a i* rovide $a$ $e in*3=en$ of 5 75006* SCC 515. 5 8S$; +o. 63 E: 5010.
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Page 19
ARTICLE 16 an offi*e in *onne*$ion i$ $e affair of an/ re'iio3 or denoina$iona' in$i$3$ion or an/ e=er of $e overnin =od/ $ereof a'' =e a eron rofein a ar$i*3'ar re'iion or =e'onin $o a ar$i*3'ar denoina$ion. C'a3e (5) of Ar$i*'e 16 i $e $ird e*e$ion $o $e enera' r3'e of eD3a'i$/ of oor$3ni$/ *on$ained in Ar$i*'e 16(1). C'a3e (2) roi=i$ di*riina$ion in $e a$$er of e'o/en$ 3nder $e S$a$e, on $e ro3nd of Nre'iionN. C'a3e (5) of Ar$i*'e 16 , $3, eri$ $a$ an offi*e in *onne*$ion i$ $e affair of
E$%A# PA& FOR E$%A# WO RK In Ra)dhi# Si)h v. U)i() (0 I)dia>6' $e S3ree Co3r$ en3n*ia$ed $e rin*i'e of H eD3a' a/ for eD3a' or4 H. ?e Co3r$ o=erved $a$ i$ a $r3e $a$ $e rin*i'e of H eD3a' a/ for eD3a' or4 H a no$ ere'/ de*'ared =/ $e Con$i$3$ion $o =e a f3ndaen$a' ri$. 3$, i$ *er$ain'/ a $e *on$i$3$iona' oa'. ?e Co3r$ e'd $a$ $i rin*i'e *o3'd =e ded3*$ed fro Ar$i*'e 1% and 16 , en $ee roviion ere *on$r3ed in $e 'i$ of $e Prea='e and Ar$i*'e &9(d) of $e Con$i$3$ion. ?e Co3r$ f3r$er 'aid don $a$ $e rin*i'e *o3'd =e roer'/ a'ied $o *ae of 3neD3a' *a'e of a/ =aed on no *'aifi*a$ion or irra$iona' *'aifi*a$ion. In State O0 We"t Be)a/ A)# 9 We"t Be)a/ 8i)imum Wae"> 61 $e Co3r$ o=erved $a$ $e =enefi$ of ier a/ *a'e *an on'/ =e *'aied =/ e$a='iin $a$ o'der of $e 3=je*$ o$ and o'der of referen*e *a$eor/ o$, di*are d3$ie and f3n*$ion iden$i*a' i$, or ii'ar $o, ea* o$er and $a$ $e *on$in3a$ion of diari$/ i irra$iona' and 3nj3$.
5 9See enera""y Arti&"es 5 to 5 and Arti&"es 59 and 30.
AIR 6 0
195 SC 79.
6 1Civi" A--ea" +o. 3 of 5007.
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ARTICLE 16
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
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