TCNVGAGJGM RNGQB\ZGFMF JMVÚEGJM FBE TB\ß AMJREVMF FB JGBNJGMZ W M\VBZ F B EM JCHRNGJMJGÚN BZTBJGMEGFMF FB JCHRNGJMJGÚN TM\M BE FBZM\\CEEC
V\MLMOC AGNME ZCL\B JCNAEGJVC BN EM EMKRNM FB TM\ÚN
JR\ZC? Jchungjmjgún y Jcnaegjtcs scjgmebs MERHNCZ? Megjb Eúpbz
<4476:;7
Aítghm Tmsqube
<4=167=0
V`meèm Tmechgnc \ugz
<4=<<01=
Mhmnfm \mhcs
<4=16712
Oungc <4=1
T\BZBNVMJGÚN
Em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc marcntm fcs prclebhítgjms prgnjgpmebs rbabrbntbs me mjjbsc m ecs rbjurscs nmturmebs y fb tbrrgtcrgc jcn em bhprbsm fb kbnbrmjgún beçjtrgjm - Fuib Bnbrky, be jume sb lmsm bn em fgspcnglgegfmf `èfrgjm pmrm agnbs mkrèjcems y bnbrkçtgjcs. Rn jcnaegjtc m ngvbe nmjgcnme m em qub huj`ms gnstgtujgcnbs fbe Bstmfc, crkmngzmjgcnbs y krupcs `uhmncs bstín tchmnfc ghpcrtmnjgm jcn be agn fb lusjmr unm sceujgún m trmvçs fb hbsms fb fgíeckcs, hbsms fb trmlmoc y rbungcnbs jcn fgrbjtgvms c rbprbsbntmntbs jchunmebs fb em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc y rbprbsbntmntbs fb em bhprbsm. Be sgkugbntb trmlmoc `m sgfc rbmegzmfc pmrm be jursc fb jcnaegjtcs scjgmebs pcr bstufgmntbs fb Jchungjmjgún pmrm be Fbsmrrceec y meuhnms fb gntbrjmhlgc fb em Amjuetmf fb Jchungjmjgcnbs fb em Rngvbrsgfmf fb Eghm. Tmrm em rbjcebjjgún fb gnacrhmjgún sb `m utgegzmfc hçtcfcs fb gnvbstgkmjgún jumegtmtgvm y jumntgtmtgvm. Zb begkgú utgegzmr be hçtcfc jumegtmtgvc pcr su jmpmjgfmf pmrm prcpcrjgcnmr fbsjrgpjgcnbs tbxtumebs jchpeboms jchc bntrbvgstms m rbprbsbntmntbs fb em jchungfmf y bhprbsm. Mfbhís, pcr lrgnfmrncs em gnacrhmjgún sclrb be amjtcr `uhmnc fbe prclebhm9 bs fbjgr, sclrb pcsgjgcnbs, jrbbnjgms, cpgngcnbs y rbemjgcnbs fb ecs mjtcrbs ghpegjmfcs bn be írbm fb gnaeubnjgm fgrbjtm. Bstm gnacrhmjgún aub jchpebhbntmfm jcn be usc fb unm `brrmhgbntm jumntgtmtgvm? bnjubstms fb prbkuntms mlgbrtms y jbrrmfms m pclemfcrbs fb em jchungfmf Jruz fb hmyc sclrb ecs hbfgcs fb jchungjmjgún qub utgegzmn, prbagbrbn, jcnaèmn btj9 em jume nc scec amjgegtú be rbjcoc fb gnacrhmjgún, sgnc qub pbrhgtgú gfbntgagjmr y bstmlebjbr tbnfbnjgms m pmrtgr fb ecs rbsuetmfcs cltbngfcs. Tcr ÿetghc, m ec emrkc fbe trmlmoc sb pemntbmrí unm bstrmtbkgm fb jchungjmjgún pmrm em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc qub rbspcnfb m un mníegsgs prbvgc fbe jcnaegjtc y ems nbjbsgfmfbs fb em pclemjgún.
G.
MNÍEGZGZ FBE JCNAEGJVC =. MNVBJBFBNVBZ W J\CNCECKÈM
Em emkunm fb Tmrún sb bnjubntrm ulgjmfm m :< ih fb em jgufmf fb Jmrmz, jmpgtme fb em prcvgnjgm fb @umyems y m =44 ih me ncrtb fb em jgufmf fb @umrmz, jmpgtme fb em rbkgún Mnjms`. Tmrún bs em emkunm hís krmnfb fb em Jcrfgeebrm Lemnjm, sgbnfc unm emkunm fb crgkbn kemjgmr qub bs meghbntmfm fbe fbs`gbec fb ecs nbvmfcs @umnfcy y J`mjrmrmou pcr be sur, Mrtbscnrmou y Mkuom Nbvmfm pcr be ncrtb y pcr be bstb, be nbvmfc Tgríhgfb (JBMZ, <4==). Msghgshc, em jchungfmf jmhpbsgnm ―Jruz fb Hmyc‘, sb bnjubntrm ulgjmfm bn be fgstrgtc fb
Jmrmz. Ecs pclemfcrbs hmntgbnbn be gfgchm mnjbstrme, scn qubj`um `mlemntbs. Jubntmn jcn vmrgcs pgscs bjceúkgjcs, pcr beec ems metgtufbs csjgemn bntrb ecs <:44 y ecs 6=74 h.s.n.h. gnjeugfm em emkunm Tmrún (JBMZ, <4==). Me jchgbnzc, em jchungfmf jmhpbsgnm ―Jruz fb Hmyc‘, bstmlm
jchpubstm pcr un krupc fb jmhpbsgncs fbsfb mntbs fb =7;6,jcntmlm jcn jcn =:0 gntbkrmntbs, qugbnbs trmlmomlmn bn em `mjgbnfm fb Wujc. Zgn bhlmrkc ym m pmrtgr fb =7;2, fbjgfbn jcnacrhmr be ―Krupc jmhpbsgnc Jruz fb Hmyc‘, juyc clobtgvc y pr cpúsgtc brm rbmegzmr mjtgvgfmfbs, rbungcnbs y trmlmocs pmrm be lbnbagjgc fb ecs pclemfcrbs fb em jchungfmf. Tubs fb bstm hmnbrm, sb mscjgmrcn bhprbsmrgmehbntb pmrm em sgbhlrm y jcsbj`m fb fgabrbntbs prcfujtcs pmrm be meghbntc fb em pclemjgún tmebs jchc? Hmèz, trgkc y pmpms. Tcstbrgcrhbntb, jcn em Eby fb \bacrhm Mkrmrgm furmntb be kclgbrnc fb Qbemsjc tcfms ems pbrscnms fbe ―Krupc jmhpbsgnc Jruz fb Hmyc‘, scn lbnbagjgmfcs jcn em mfoufgjmjgún fb
tgbrrms. M pmrtgr fb =7;2, fbomrcn fb fbnchgnmrsb krupc jmhpbsgnc y pmsmn m fbnchgnmrsb ―Jchungfmf jmhpbsgnm Jruz fb Hmyc‘. Zu pbrscnbrèm ourèfgjm sb bnjubntrm rbjcncjgfm
hbfgmntb \bsceujgún N´ 4<;-CMB/OMA-C\MHZ-GGG-;1, jcn abj`m 4< fb mlrge fb =7;1 ([geemqngig, <4=6). Fb mjubrfc me bstmtutc, em jchungfmf jmhpbsgnm―Jruz fb Hmyc‘, bs unm crkmngzmjgún scjgme y bjcnúhgjm, jcnacrhmfm pcr amhgegms jcn vènjuecs mnjbstrmebs, scjgmebs, bjcnúhgjcs y
jueturmebs fbfgjmfms m mjtgvgfmfbs mkrcpbjumrgms, be trmlmoc jchunme, em myufm hutum y pmrm em bxpectmjgún rmjgcnme fb sus rbjurscs nmturmebs (JBMZ,<4==). Bn be tètuec Q, fbe rçkghbn bjcnúhgjc, fbe Jmpètuec G, fbe pmtrghcngc jchunme, Mrtèjuec <;, ecs lgbnbs fb em jchungfmf jmhpbsgnm ―Jruz fb Hmyc‘ scn?
c
c
Be tbrrgtcrgc juyc fchgngc y pcsbsgún hmntgbnb. Ecs pmstcs, lcsqubs y arutcs qub sb bnjubntrmn fbntrc fb su tbrrgtcrgc, bxjeuyçnfcsb ecs juetgvcs c pemntmjgcnbs babjtumfms pcr sus hgbhlrcs bn ems pmrjbems fb usuarujtc gnfgvgfume.
c
Ecs gnhublebs, gnstmemjgcnbs y clrms jcnstrugfms pcrem jchungfmf fbntrc y aubrm fb su tbrrgtcrgc.
c
Ems hmqugnmrgms, bqugpcs, `brrmhgbntms, gnhublebs, bnsbrbs y sbhcvgbntbs qub pcsbb em jchungfmf.
c
◃
Ecs ebkmocs y fcnmjgcnbs y tcfc ec qub pubfm mfqugrgr bn ems acrhms pbrhgtgfms pcr em Eby.
Hmpm fb Rlgjmjgún fb em Trcvgnjgm fb @umyems y em Emkunm fb Tmrún
J\CNCECKÈM FB ECZ BQBNVCZ HÍZ GHTC\VMNVBZ FBE JCNAEGJVC
J\CNCECKÈM FBE JCNAEGJVC
=720
Zb jrbm em Jcrpcrmjgún Tbrumnm fbe \èc Zmntm jcn be clobtgvc fb jcnstrugr em Jbntrme @gfrcbeçjtrgjm fbe Jmýún fbe Tmtc, em jume mprcvbj`mrèm ems jmufmecsms mkums fb fgj`c rèc pmrm jcnvbrtgrems bn bnbrkèm beçjtrgjm.
=7;4-=7;<
Zb gngjgm em jcnstrujjgún fb em prghbrm btmpm fbe tÿnbe fb fbsjmrkm fb em emkunm Tmrún, m trmvçs fb em Jcrpcrmjgún Tbrumnm fbe Zmntm.
=704
Em emkunm Tmrún sb bnjcntrmlm bn em jctm fb 6<44 h.s.n.h.
=70:-=701
\bmegzmn fbsjmrkm c ―vmjgmfc‘ fb em emkunm `mstm eebkmr m em jctm 6,=26.<:0
hsnh., pmrm em juehgnmjgún fb ems clrms.
=774
Bn bstm fçjmfm, em prchcjgún fb em gnvbrsgún prgvmfm y em rbspubstm m em fbhmnfm bnbrkçtgjm oukmrcn pmpbebs ghpcrtmntbs bn be kclgbrnc fb Melbrtc Auoghcrg, qugbn m trmvçs fbe Fbjrbtc Zuprbhc N¿ 42<-7:-TJH, mutcrgzú m em Fgrbjjgún Nmjgcnme fb \bkgstrcs Tÿlegjcs y Jgvgebs fbe Hgngstbrgc fb Oustgjgm gnsjrglgr ecs gnhublebs fb BEBJV\CTB\ß Z.M. - juym pmrtgfm rbkgstrme bs em N´ ==4:1=2: fbe \bkgstrc fb Trcpgbfmf Gnhubleb fb @umrmz- bn be qub sb prbjgsm be fchgngc sclrb be prbfgc ulgjmfc bn be pmrmob Tmrún, fbe fgstrgtc fb Jmrmz, sclrb un írbm fb 264 `bjtírbms qub gnjeuèm m em emkunm Tmrún. Bstb sujbsc sgkngagjú be gngjgc fbe auturc jcnaegjtc, qub bn bsb bntcnjbs nc aub mfvbrtgfc.
=77:
Em `gfrcbeçjtrgjm Jmýún fbe Tmtc bhpgbzm m utgegzmr ems mkums fbe bhlmesb fb em emkunm Tmrún, m trmvçs fb em bhprbsm BEBJV\CTB\ß
=776
Ncvgbhlrb? Zb bhgtb em \bsceujgún Mfhgngstrmtgvm Nrc. 4<1-76 fb em Mfhgngstrmjgún Vçjngjm fbe Fgstrgtc fb \gbkc MVF\ @umrmz (@cy Mutcrgfmf
Ecjme fbe Mkum MEM @umrmz ) qub ctcrkm em egjbnjgm fb usc fb mkums jcn agnbs bnbrkçtgjcs m em Rngfmf fb Nbkcjgcs fbe Jmýún fbe Tmtc ‚ BEBJV\CTB\ß Z.M. pmrm utgegzmr un jmufme fb mkum fb `mstm 0 h:/s. Mfbhís hbfgmntb em rbsceujgún, fgj`m Rngfmf fb Nbkcjgcs qubfmlm clegkmfm m fbsjmrkmr jchc hènghc = h:/s fb mkum bn acrhm pbrhmnbntb pmrm usc fb em Jchgsgún fb \bkmntbs fbe \èc Eeueeín, fblgbnfc jccrfgnmr tcfm vmrgmjgún fb jmufme jcn jcncjghgbntc y mprclmjgún fb em Mfhgngstrmjgún Vçjngjm fbe Fgstrgtc fb \gbkc MVF\ @umrmz. Zb gnsjrglb bn ecs \bkgstrcs Tÿlegjcs em prcpgbfmf fb em emkunm Tmrún, jchc prcpgbfmf fb BEBJV\CTB\ß y fbspuçs fb em prgvmtgzmjgún, pmsm jchc tgtuemr rbkgstrme em bhprbsm qub em mfqugbrb. Zb trmnsagbrb em prcpgbfmf fb em emkunm y ems gnstmemjgcnbs m BKBNC\. Zb ctcrkm em egjbnjgm pmrm be aunjgcnmhgbntc fbe sgstbhm fb rbkuemjgún fbe bhlmesb fb Tmrún y usc jcn agnbs bnbrkçtgjcs m em Rngfmf fbe Jmýún fbe Tmtc m BEBJV\CTB\ß Z.M. pmrm fbsjmrkmr un jmufme fb 0 hº/s. =771
Mlrge? Jcn be prcjbsc fb prgvmtgzmjgún hbfgmntb em Eby fb Trchcjgún fb em Gnvbrsgún Trgvmfm, em `gfrcbeçjtrgjm aub mfqugrgfm pcr em bhprbsm ncrtbmhbrgjmnm Fuib Bnbrky Bkbncr Z.M. Hbfgmntb \bsceujgún Zuprbhm N¿ 4<2-71-BH sb mprublm em trmnsabrbnjgm fb em jcnjbsgún fbagngtgvm ‚ ctcrkmfm m BEBJV\CTB\ß Z.M. bn =776 ‚, m amvcr fb em Bhprbsm fb Kbnbrmjgún Beçjtrgjm Ncr Tbrÿ Z.M. BKBNC\. Fgjgbhlrb? Mfbhís, bs prbjgsc rbabrgr qub be := fb fgjgbhlrb fb =771, BKBNC\ sb ausgcnú jcn em bhprbsm Tcwbr Ncrt` Z.M., jcnvgrtgçnfcsb msè bn BKBNC\ Z.M y msuhgú em gntbkrgfmf fb ecs mjtgvcs, pmsgvcs, rbsbrvms y pmtrghcngc fb Bhprbsm fb Kbnbrmjgún Beçjtrgjm 6 Ncr Tbrÿ Z.M. y Tcwbr Ncrt` Z.M.
=777
Em prcpgbfmf fb em emkunm Tmrún (264 `bjtírbms) b gnstmemjgcnbs bs mfqugrgfm pcr em bhprbsm FRIB BNB\KW BKBNC\.
<444
Ablrbrc? Em bhprbsm FRIB BNB\KW GNVB\NMVGCNME BKBNC\ Z.M. (BKBNC\ Z.M.) sb jcnvgrtgú bn be tgtuemr fb em jcnjbsgún
<442
Em bhprbsm Fuib Bnbrky Bkbncr, aub smnjgcnmfm pcr CZGNB\KHGN, hbfgmntb
rbsceujgún fb Kbrbnjgm Kbnbrme N´ <2;-<442-CZ/KK, pcr gnjuhpeghgbntc fbe jrcnckrmhm fb gnvbrsgcnbs jcntbngfcs bn be Trckrmhm fb Mfbjumjgún y Hmnboc Mhlgbntme (TMHM), bn jcnsbjubnjgm sb pusc bn rgbskc m em jchungfmf jmhpbsgnm Jruz fb Hmyc y m tcfm em pclemjgún jmrmjgnm, tmntc pcr em jcntmhgnmjgún fb ems mkums me sclrbpmsmr ecs eèhgtbs fb fbsjmrkm fb ems mkums jchc pcr em bsjmsbz fb mkum pmrm be rgbkc. <441
Zb fgshgnuyb be jmufme fb fbsjmrkm fb 0 hº/s m 2.2 hº/s, bqugvmebntb m :2 HHJ.
<44;
Em hungjgpmegfmf prcvgnjgme fb @umyems (HT@) babjtuú un Trcjbfghgbntc Mfhgngstrmtgvc prgnjgpme, jcn be bxpbfgbntb mfhgngstrmtgvc N´ 47:-<44;-MMJ@Z mntb be úrkmnc jchpbtbntb em Mutcrgfmf Mutúnchm fb em Jubnjm @gfrckríagjm fbe Zmntm (MMJ@Z) rbspbjtc fb em JMNJBEMJGÚN FB EMZ EGJBNJGMZ TM\M BE RZC FB MKRMZ FB EM EMKRNM TM\ÚN y pcr ctrc emfc, gnvcjmnfc qub ems rbsceujgcnbs mfhgngstrmtgvms 4<1-76, 4<2-71, 466-<441 y <=4-<441 (rbabrbntbs m em egjbnjgm fb usc fb mkums), sbmn fbjemrmfms nuems y qub em bhprbsm pmkub unm gnfbhngzmjgún pcr fmýcs y pbrougjgcs9 pbtgjgún qub aub mjbptmfm pcr em MMJ@Z y nctgagjmfm m ems pmrtbs. Ouegc? em HT@, scegjgtú unm hbfgfm jmutbemr eckrmnfc be jbsb fb ems mjtgvgfmfbs, rbabrgfms me pbfgfc prgnjgpme fb fbjemrmr nuems ems \bsceujgcnbs mfhgngstrmtgvms 4<1-76, 4<2-71, 466-<441 y <=4-<441. Em MMJ@Z bhgtgú unm \bsceujgún N´ 44=-<44;- MMJ@Z fbe 4; fb mkcstc fbe <44;, suspbnfgbnfc prcvgsgcnmehbntb ecs fbrbj`cs jcnsgknmfcs bn em \bs. Mfhgngstrmtgvm 4<1-76-\-\J@/F\.MKF\M/MV fbe 4; fb ncvgbhlrb fb =776 (ctcrkmhgbntc fb egjbnjgm fb usc fb Mkums fb em Emkunm Tmrún. Mkcstc? Hbfgmntb Nctgagjmjgún N¿ 4<2;- <44;- F\MK. Mnjms`/Frs./MV fb em MVF\ @umrmz fb <6 fb mkcstc fb <44;, sb jchungjm m Fuib Bnbrky Bkbncr qub em fbsjmrkm fb em emkunm Tmrún sbrí `mstm un jmufme híxghc fb <.1: h:/s. Mntb bstm ÿetghm rbsceujgún mfhgngstrmtgvm, em bhprbsm Fuib Bnbrky Bkbncr scegjgtú unm hbfgfm jmutbemr me Fçjghc ]ugntc Ouzkmfc Bspbjgmegzmfc Jgvge fb Eghm. Cjtulrb? Em hbfgfm jmutbemr sb mprublm, ctcrkínfcebs nubvmhbntb be jmufme fb fbsjmrkm fb mkum. Zgn bhlmrkc, fgj`m acrhm fb fbsjmrkm mabjtmlm, fb mekunm hmnbrm, m ecs usumrgcs fb em jubnjm lmom - Tmrún ‚ Eeueeínpbroufgjínfcecs bn sus mjtgvgfmfbs prgnjgpmebs jchc em mkrgjueturm, em aecrgjueturm, em pgsjgjueturm, bntrb ctrcs.
Em Fbabnscrèm fbe Tublec gnacrhú bn be rbpcrtb fb jcnaegjtcs scjgmebs fb cjtulrb fbe <44; qub bn em jgufmf fb Jmrmz em Jchgsgún fb \bkmntbs fb Tmrún-Eeueeín, mjcrfú nc pbrhgtgr hís fbsjmrkms fb em emkunm fb Tmrún, ym qub fgj`ms fbsjmrkms prcvcjmlmn brcsgcnbs bn sus jmnmebs fb rgbkc, pbroufgjmnfc su prcfujjgún.
<440
Em bhprbsm Fuib Bnbrky ngvbecjmsgcnú fb fbsjmrkm (6h: ypcr sbkunfc), bxtrmybnfc `mstmbxjbfb 0h:, ecbejume pçrfgfmpbrhgtgfc fb sbhlrècs em fbstrujjgún fb ecs jmnmebs fb rbkmfèc. <7 fb Ouegc? Zb fm gngjgc m em fbabnsm y rbjupbrmjgún fb em emkunm Tmrún, bn acrhm crkmngzmfm m pclemjgún gngjgm be jcntrce y justcfgm fb em emkunm Tmrún. Em rbjupbrmjgún fb em emkunm fb Tmrún, em hgshm qub bs justcfgmfm pcr em jchungfmf Jruz fb hmyc mjjgún eebvmfm m jmlc pmrm be kclgbrnc jbntrme m trmvçs fb sus úrkmncs jchpbtbntbs rbsubevm be jcnaegjtc pcr be lgbnbstmr fb su pclemjgún mabjtmfm y sclbrmnèm tbrrgtcrgme fb em Nmjgún. Ouegc - Mkcstc? Jrbmjgún fbe ―Jchgtç fb \bjupbrmjgún fb em emkunm Tmrún‘ y eubkc sb jcnstgtuyb be ―Arbntb fb Fbabnsm fb em Emkunm Tmrún y be Hbfgc Mhlgbntb‘.
Mkcstc? Em bhprbsm Fuib Bnbrky BKBNC\ gngjgm un prcjbsc pbnme jcntrm 0 fgrgkbntbs lmoc ecs sgkugbntbs jmrkcs? Jcmjjgún, Rsurpmjgún mkrmvmfm y Bntcrpbjghgbntc fb hbfgcs fb trmnspcrtb y jchungjmjgún. FRIB BNB\KW bhprbnfgú unm Mjjgún fb Mhpmrc jcntrm em Hungjgpmegfmf Trcvgnjgme fb @umyems y MMJ@Z, pgfgbnfc sb rbpcnkmn sus fbrbj`cs fb usc fb mkums y sclrb sus gnstmemjgcnbs. Ncvgbhlrb? Gnspbjjgún fb CZGNB\KHGN m em Emkunm fb Tmrún, jcnstgtuyb un `gtc bn em kbstgún fbe mkum fb em emkunm, pubs bs em prghbrm vbz qub sb gnvgtm acrhmehbntb me prbsgfbntb fb em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc, y bs em prghbrm vbz qub mutcrgfmfbs kulbrnmhbntmebs sulbn m em emkunm.
<447
Zb fgjtú mutc mpbrtcrgc fb gnstrujjgún jcn jchpmrbjbnjgm rbstrgnkgfm pcr ecs Fbegtcs fb Rsurpmjgún Mkrmvmfm y Ctrcs, mntb be Ouzkmfc Hgxtc fb @umyems, sgbnfc em Oubz Frm. Wmhgeb Cegnfm Vcrrbs ]ugspb‘, bs fbjgr, sb mlrb be ougjgc
jcntrm ecs pclemfcrbs fbnunjgmfcs. <4=4
Trbsgfbnjgm fbe Jcnsboc fb Hgngstrcs bhgtgú be Fbjrbtc Zuprbhc N¿ 46:-<4=4TJH bn be qub sb gnfgjm? ―Mrtèjuec =. - Fbjemrmtcrgm fbe Bstmfc fb Bhbrkbnjgm fb em emkunm Tmrún `mstm mejmnzmr ecs ngvbebs qub kmrmntgjbn em sbkurgfmf fb em
pclemjgún mebfmým. <4 fb Bnbrc? Hbfgmntb Fbjrbtc Zuprbhc N¿ 4=:-<4=4-TJH sb fbjemrm be bstmfc fb bhbrkbnjgm fb em emkunm Tmrún pcr 14 fèms, pcr `mlbr sclrbpmsmfc ecs eèhgtbs fb sbkurgfmf. 42 fb ablrbrc? Be Hgngstbrgc fbe Mhlgbntb fbjemrm m em emkunm Tmrún jchc ―Tmtrghcngc fb em Nmjgún y Lgbn fb Fchgngc Tÿlegjc‘, hbfgmntb Fbjrbtc Zuprbhc
N´ 44<-<4=4-HGNMH fb 2 fb ablrbrc fb <4=4. Bs em prghbrm vbz qub be MNM jcnvcjm unm rbungún bn tbrrgtcrgc fb em jchungfmf.
Bn bstb hgshc mjcntbjghgbntc pmrm lrgnfmr jcnagmnzm y trmnspmrbnjgm bntrb ecs mjtcrbs scjgmebs sclrb em gnacrhmjgún fbe prcjbsc fb rbkuemjgún fb em emkunm, sb jcnacrhú un Jchgtç fb Cpbrmjgcnbs fb em Emkunm fb Tmrún, jcnacrhmfc pcr? Be MEM @umrmz, qugbn ec prbsgfb, be Obab fbe Tmrqub Nmjgcnme @umsjmrín fbe Zbrvgjgc Nmjgcnme fb Írbms Nmturmebs Trctbkgfms ‚ ZBNM\NT fbe Hgngstbrgc fbe Mhlgbntb, be Mejmefb fb em Hungjgpmegfmf Trcvgnjgme fb @umyems, be Mejmefb fb em Hungjgpmegfmf Fgstrgtme fb Jmrmz, be prbsgfbntb fb em Jchungfmf Jmhpbsgnm Jruz fb Hmyc, be prbsgfbntb fb em Jchgsgún fb \bkmntbs Tmrún-Eeueeín Jmrmz, be rbprbsbntmntb fb ecs usumrgcs fb mkum jcn agnbs nc mkrmrgcs ulgjmfcs mkums mlmoc fb em jcnaeubnjgm jcn be rèc Zmntm, ecs hgshcs qub sb rbungrín pbrgúfgjmhbntb pmrm jcncjbr be bstmfc sgtumjgcnme fbe ngvbe fb bspboc fb mkum fb em Emkunm Tmrún bn su prcjbsc fb rbkuemjgún. =: fb ablrbrc? Em MNM jrbm be ―Jchgtç fb Cpbrmjgún fb em emkunm Tmrún‘, qub jcn mnubnjgm y pmrtgjgpmjgún fb em jchungfmf, ems mutcrgfmfbs y aunjgcnmrgcs bnjmrkmfcs sb rbmegzmrcn mjjgcnbs fb cpbrmjgún y rbkuemjgún fb em Emkunm. <2 fb Ablrbrc ? Bn tbrrgtcrgc jchunme, sb rmtgagjm m rbvbrsgún fb em prcpgbfmf fb em Emkunm Tmrún, prbsbnjgm fb Hgngstrc fb Mkrgjueturm y obab fb MNM.
<4==
Hmyc? Be Vrglunme Jcnstgtujgcnme bhgtb unm sbntbnjgm rbscevgbnfc rbstgtugr sus fbrbj`cs fb prcpgbfmf, bs fbjgr sus gnstmemjgcnbs, m em bhprbsm FRIB BNB\KW y em egjbnjgm fb usc fb mkum `mstm 2.2 h:/s. :4 fb sbptgbhlrb? Be Ouzkmfc Hgxtc Vrmnsgtcrgc fb @umyems fbjemrm m 4< jchunbrcs, jchc ―\BC JCNVRHM_‘, pcr be jmsc fb em Emkunm fb Tmrún.
Zbtgbhlrb? Em Jchgsgún Bpgsjcpme fb Mjjgún Zcjgme (JBMZ) bnvgú unm jmrtm m em Trbsgfbnjgm fb em \bpÿlegjm, fbnunjgmnfc ecs fmýcs bn em emkunm y su bjceckèm. Cjtulrb? Fgjtmn sbntbnjgm m 40 fgrgkbntbs, fb ecs jumebs 42 fgrgkbntbs mlsubetcs y 4: fb beecs sbntbnjgmfcs jcn pbnm prgvmtgvm fb em eglbrtmf suspbnfgfm fb un
mýc bstmlebjgbnfc rbkems fb jcnfujtm y be pmkc fb unm rbpmrmjgún jgvge fb Z/. 244. 44 nubvcs scebs m amvcr fb em bhprbsm Fuib Bnbrky. Fgjgbhlrb? Be kclgbrnc jbntrme, m trmvçs fb em Trbsgfbnjgm fbe Jcnsboc fb Hgngstrcs (TJH) gngjgm un prcjbsc fb fgíeckc jcn em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc, bn bsb bntcnjbs sb bnjcntrmlm jchc Trbhgbr be Zr. Zmechún Ebrnbr, pbrc nc eebkú m aunjgcnmr mfbjumfmhbntb. Zgn bhlmrkc fblgfc me jmhlgc fb kmlgnbtb hgngstbrgme, ems nbkcjgmjgcnbs sb pmrmegzmrcn. Vgbhpc fbspuçs, em Jchungfmf Jmhpbsgnm Jruz fb Hmyc, em Hungjgpmegfmf Trcvgnjgme fb @umyems y em Jchgsgún fb Rsumrgcs Tmrún EEueeín Jmrmz bxprbsmrcn su vceuntmf fb gngjgmr un prcjbsc fb fgíeckc jcn be Bstmfc y em bhprbsm Fuib Bnbrky. <4=:
<4=6
<4=2
Ncvgbhlrb? Zb gngjgmrcn ecs trmlmocs fb hmntbnghgbntc y rbpmrmjgún fbe sgstbhm `gfríuegjc fb em Emkunm Tmrún, be hgshc qub tuvc unm furmjgún fb 14 fèms jmebnfmrgcs. Zb jcnsgkugú em rbkuemjgún fb ems fbsjmrkms fb em Emkunm Tmrún, msbkurmnfc be rbjursc pmrm be jcnsuhc fb ecs pclemfcrbs jchc prgcrgfmf. Em bhprbsm Fuib Bnbrky pmrtgjgpmrí fb em kbstgún fbe rbjursc `èfrgjc bn jmegfmf fb usumrgc me gkume qub em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc y em Jchgsgún fb Rsumrgcs fb em Jubnjm Tmrún-Eeueeín. Ablrbrc? Bn ems gnstmemjgcnbs fb em Trbsgfbnjgm fbe Jcnsboc fb Hgngstrcs (TJH) y jcn prbsbnjgm fb em Qgjb Trbsgfbntm fb em \bpÿlegjm Hmrgsce Bspgnczm, be bntcnjbs prbsgfbntb fbe Jcnsboc fb Hgngstrcs, Jçsmr Qgeemnubvm, be Metc Jchgsgcnmfc fb em Cagjgnm Nmjgcnme fb Fgíeckc y Zcstbnglgegfmf Qemfghgrc @umrcj, be Jcnkrbsgstm Hcfbstc Ouejm, fgrgkbntbs fb em Jchungfmf Jmhpbsgnm Jruz fb Hmyc, Jchgsgún fb Rsumrgcs fb em Jubnjm Tmrún-Eeueeín, be Kbrbntb Kbnbrme fb em bhprbsm Fuib Bnbrky \mÿe Bspgnczm, y fbhís hgbhlrcs qub gntbrvgngbrcn m ec emrkc fb ems nbkcjgmjgcnbs, sb jbrrú em Hbsm fb Fgíeckc fb em Emkunm Tmrún rbsmetmnfc em ghpcrtmnjgm fbe fgíeckc jchc unm `brrmhgbntm bagjmz bn be acrtmebjghgbntc fb em fbhcjrmjgm. M gngjgc fb mýc em bhprbsm Fuib Bnbrky prbsbntm un pemn fb fbsjmrkm, ec qub `mjb qub sb gngjgb nubvmhbntb un krupc fb trmlmoc.
<4=1 Ablrbrc? Tcr hbfgfms bstrgjtmhbntb prbvbntgvms y fb sbkurgfmf, em Mutcrgfmf Nmjgcnme fbe Mkum (MNM), be Hgngstbrgc fb Mkrgjueturm y \gbkc, jcnountmhbntb jcn ecs gntbkrmntbs fbe Krupc Vçjngjc fb Vrmlmoc fb em Emkunm Tmrún, rbmegzmrcn m trmvçs fbe tbrjbr cpbrmfcr FMVJC be gngjgc fb em rbkuemjgún fb em rbprbsm fb em emkunm jcnacrhb m ecs mjubrfcs susjrgtcs bn mjtm fbe =1 fb ablrbrc fb <4=1. Hmyc? Jrbmjgún fbe Jchgtç fb Fbabnsm y Trctbjjgún fb em emkunm fb Tmrún.
<. MJVC\BZ FBE JCNAEGJVC
MJVC\BZ?
T\GHM\GCZ?
Mjtcr prghmrgc M c
Bhprbsm `gfrcbeçjtrgjm Fuib Bnbrky Mjtcr prghmrgc L c Jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc
ZBJRNFM\GCZ
Mjtcrbs sbjunfmrgcs M c c c c c
Hungjgpmegfmf Trcvgnjgme fb @umyems (HT@) Gnstgtutc fb Fbabnsm Jgvge Hgngstbrgc fb Mkrgjueturm y \gbkc - HGNMK\G (jubnjm hbfgm y metm) Jchgtç fb Fbabnsm y Trctbjjgún fb em emkunm fb Tmrún Arbntb fb Fbabnsm fb em emkunm fb Tmrún y fbe Hbfgc Mhlgbntb? Jchungfmf Jmhpbsgnm Jruz fb Hmyc. Jchgsgún fb rbkmntbs. Jchgsgún fb Rsumrgcs Tmrún-Eeueeín Jmrmz (Bx Jchgsgún fb \bkmntbs Tmrún-Eeueeín). Em jccrfgnmfcrm fb Ountms Qbjgnmebs fb em jgufmf fb Jmrmz.
c c c c c
Ountm fb usumrgcs fb ems =6 tchms fb em jubnjm fb em emkunm fb Tmrún. Fgújbsgs fb @umrmz. JBMZ. \mfgc Zmn Qgmtcr. \mfgc Vrcpghgx.
Mjtcrbs sbjunfmrgcs L c c c c c c
TJH (Cagjgnm Nmjgcnme fb Fgíeckc y Zcstbnglgegfmf). MEM / MNM. Kclgbrnc \bkgcnme fb Ínjms`. Hgngstbrgc fb Bnbrkèm y Hgnms. Csgnbrkhgn. FMVJC.
Tmrtbs fgmeckmntbs c c c c
Vbrjgmrgcs
Kclgbrnc \bkgcnme fb Mnjms`. Fbabnscrèm fbe Tublec. HGNMH. ZB\NMNT.
c
c
\mfgcs ecjmebs? \mfgc Zmn Qgmtcr (Wunkmy), \mfgc Vrcpghgx (Jmrmz), \mfgc Trckrmhms fbe Tbrÿ (\TT), \mfgc @umnfcy (Jmrmz). Vbebvgsgún? Jmnme fbe bstmfc VQ TB\ß.
MJVC\BZ T\GHM\GCZ
\CE BN BE JCNAEGJVC
Jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc
Bn jcnountc jcn be Arbntb fb fbabnsm fb em emkunm Tmrún y hbfgc mhlgbntb, sb bnjmrkmn fb em fbabnsm fb em kbstgún fbe rbjursc `èfrgjc y fbe hmnboc fb ems gnarmbstrujturm fbe bhlmesb fb em Emkunm fb Tmrún
Bhprbsm Fuib Bnbrky
Mfhgngstrmjgún fbe usc fbe mkum bn em Emkunm fb Tmrún (`mstm mntbs fbe <440) fbspuçs fb bstb mýc nc bobrjb be jcntrce fb em gnarmbstrujturm fbe bhlmesb qub rbkuem be suhgngstrc fbe mkum.
MJVC\BZ ZBJRNFM\GCZ M Hungjgpmegfmf prcvgnjgme fb @umyems
\bjbpjgcnm ems fbhmnfms fbe Jchgtç fb \bkmntbs fb em Jubnjm Eeueeín fbsfb be <44; y eubkc bn be <440 em gngjgmtgvm fb em Jchungfmf jmhpbsgnm Jruz fb Hmyc pcr em rbvbrsgún fb em prcpgbfmf fb em emkunm me Bstmfc, eb fm be scpcrtb ebkme pmrm qub bstc sb jcnjrbtgjb. Me hgshc tgbhpc jcrrbspcnfb m em hungjgpmegfmf rbprbsbntmr m em pclemjgún mntb ems fgvbrsms bxgkbnjgms y nbjbsgfmfbs.
Hgngstbrgc fb Mkrgjueturm y \gbkc - HGNMK\G
Jcn be MNM pbrtbnbjb me krupc tçjngjc fb trmlmoc fb em Emkunm fb Tmrún, pmrtgjgpm bn be hcngtcrbc y rbkuemjgún fb em Emkunm jumnfc sb nbjbsgtb.
Arbntb fb fbabnsm fb em emkunm Tmrún y hbfgc Bhpgbzm jchc be ―Jchgtç fb \bjupbrmjgún fb em mhlgbntb emkunm Tmrún‘, pcstbrgcrhbntb sb aunfm be <7 fb fgjgbhlrb fbe <440 be ―Arbntb fb Fbabnsm fb em Emkunm fb Tmrún y fbe Hbfgc Mhlgbntb‘,
rbjcncjgfc bn ZRNM\T jcn pmrtgfm rbkgstrme N¿ ==4742729 jcnacrhmfc pcr em Jchungfmf Jmhpbsgnm Jruz fb Hmyc, Jchgsgún fb \bkmntbs fb em sul jubnjm Tmrún Eeueeín y em Jccrfgnmfcrm fb Ountm fb Qbjgncs fb em jgufmf fb Jmrmz9 juym hgsgún prgnjgpme bn be <440,sceujgún em fb fbabnfbr em Emkunm Tmrún y prchcvbr unm gntbkrme m em prclebhítgjm qub jcnsgfbrmlm bn be usc rmjgcnme fb ems mkums pcr sbr prghcrfgme pmrm em vgfm.
Jchgtç fb Fbabnsm y Trctbjjgún fb em emkunm fb Bstb jchgtç tgbnb fcs hbsbs fb jrbmfc y su rce jcnsgstb bn ungagjmr m ecs mjtcrbs gnvceujrmfcs, ecs Tmrún qub sb bnjubntrmn bn jcnstmntb fgíeckc sclrb be tbhm qub bn em mjtumegfmf (<4=1) bs hctgvc fb prbcjupmjgún, be hmntbnghgbntc fb em rbprbsm qub suhgngstrm be mkum.
Gnstgtutc fb Fbabnsm Jgvge
Zu rce prgnjgpme bs em fb bvgtmr c hgtgkmr em pçrfgfm fb vgfms, lgbnbs hmtbrgmebs y be fbtbrgcrc fbe hbfgc mhlgbntb, qub jchc jcnsbjubnjgm fb em hmngabstmjgún fb ecs pbegkrcs fb crgkbn nmturme c ecs gnfujgfcs pcr em mjtgvgfmf `uhmnm qub pubfmn jcnvbrtgrsb bn unm sgtumjgún fb bhbrkbnjgm c fbsmstrb,. Zu gntbrvbnjgún sb fm mntb pcsglebs rgbskcs fb fbslcrfb fb em emkunm Tmrún, pbrc, tmhlgçn fblgú gntbrvbngr jumnfc bxgstèm be rgbskc qub em pclemjgún sb qubfb sgn mkum. Bn bstb puntc su gntbrvbnjgún sb fm bn em btmpm fb fbjemrmtcrgm fb bhbrkbnjgm fb em emkunm.
Fgújbsgs fb @umrmz
Mjchpmým pmstcrmehbntb m em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc
JBMZ
Mjchpmým m em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc ‚ m scegjgtuf fb em hgshm ‚ jcn msbscrèm ebkme y tçjngjm.
MJVC\BZ ZBJRNFM\GCZ L TJH - Cagjgnm Nmjgcnme Zcstbnglgegfmf (CNFZ)
fb
MNM - Mutcrgfmf Nmjgcnme fbe Mkum
Fgíeckc
y Em CNFZ-TJH acjmegzú su clobtgvc bn tcrnc me jugfmfc fbe rbjursc `èfrgjc, jbntrmnfc msè sus hbjmngshcs fb kbstgún sclrb ems lmsbs fb un fgíeckc qub gnjcrpcrb bn be prcjbsc m tcfcs ecs mjtcrbs y pbrjglgbnfc be jcnaegjtc jchc unm cpcrtungfmf fb kbnbrmr prcpubstms mhpegms y scstbnglebs qub rbjcomn em fgvbrsgfmf fb pcsgjgcnbs y eckrbn smtgsamjbr ems fbhmnfms fb ecs mjtcrbs gnvceujrmfcs. Bn be jcnaegjtc fb Jmrmz sb bvgfbnjgmfc qub be rce fb bstb crkmngshc nc bs bagjgbntb, fbomnfc fb emfc pcr huj`c tgbhpc ecs rbjemhcs qub rbmegzmlm em jchungfmf mntb bstm bntgfmf. Nc `m jcntrglugfc pmrm qub be fgíeckc sbm bagjgbntb bntrb ems pmrtbs gntbrbsmfms y bs pcr beec qub em pclemjgún tgbnb huj`m fbsjcnagmnzm. Em Mutcrgfmf Nmjgcnme fbe Mkum crkmngshc bnjmrkmfc fb rbmegzmr ems mjjgcnbs nbjbsmrgms pmrm be mprcvbj`mhgbntc huetgsbjtcrgme y scstbngleb fb ecs rbjurscs `èfrgjcs pcr jubnjms
`gfrckríagjms, pmrtgjgpm bn ems hbsms fb fgíeckc c hbsms fb trmlmoc jcn em agnmegfmf fb bstmlebjbr unm mfbjumfm kbstgún fb ecs rbjurscs `èfrgjcs, bn em hbsm fb fgíeckc fbe <4== bstb crkmngshc bemlcrú unm prcpubstm fb Temn fb Fbsjmrkm fb em Emkunm Tmrún, be hgshc qub aub vmegfmfc pcr em Hbsm bn su jcnountc. Furmntb be jcnaegjtc sb `m bvgfbnjgmfc pcr ecs tbstghcngcs rbjckgfcs qub be MNM nc `m jcntrglugfc me furmntb juhpeghgbntc su agn prgnjgpme, tcfc ec jcntrmrgc tcfc befb jcnaegjtc `m hmntbngfc unm pcsturm lmstmntb amvcrmleb m em bhprbsm. MEM - Mutcrgfmf Ecjme fbe Mkum
Bntrb sus aunjgcnbs bstí em fb ctcrkmr pbrhgscs fb usc fb mkum fb mjubrfc m em Eby fb \bjurscs @èfrgjcs y su \bkemhbntc, y fbsmrrceemr mjjgcnbs fb jcntrce y vgkgemnjgm pmrm msbkurmr be usc scstbngleb, em jcnsbrvmjgún y prctbjjgún fb em jmegfmf fb ecs rbjurscs `èfrgjcs, pemntbmnfc prcjbfghgbntcs smnjgcnmfcrbs. Vgbnb un rce ghpcrtmntb fbntrc fbe jcnaegjtc fblgfc m qub su aunjgún bs em fb hcngtcrbc jcnstmntb fb qub ec qub sb bstmlebzjm acrhmehbntb sb juhpem m jmlmegfmf, tmhlgçn pmrtgjgpm bn ems hbsms fb fgíeckc y hbsms fb trmlmoc. Furmntb be jcnaegjtc sb `m bvgfbnjgmfc pcr ecs tbstghcngcs rbjckgfcs qub be MEM `m hmntbngfc unm pcsturm lmstmntb amvcrmleb m em bhprbsm, sg lgbn bs jgbrtc rbmegzm be hcngtcrbc ountc m em jchgsgún jrbmfm pmrm tme agn, pcr ctrc emfc nc bobrjb prbsgún lmoc ngnkÿn hbjmngshc pmrm qub be prclebhm qub bxgstb mjtumehbntb, qub bs be hmntbnghgbntc fb em gnarmbstrujturm qub `my bn em emkunm, sb rbsubevm.
Kclgbrnc \bkgcnme fb Mnjms` Kbrbnjgm Bntrb sus aunjgcnbs bstí em fb pmrtgjgpmr bn \bkgcnme fb \bjurscs Nmturmebs y Kbstgún fbe amjgegtmr fb em sceujgún fb ecs jcnaegjtcs scjgmebs, Hbfgc Mhlgbntb crgkgnmfcs jchc jcnsbjubnjgm fb ems mjtgvgfmfbs bjcnúhgjms qub jmusmn babjtcs mhlgbntmebs. Zúec sb tgbnb rbabrbnjgm fb un gnacrhb fbe Jcnsboc \bkgcnme fb Mnjms`, rbspbjtc m em sgtumjgún fb em emkunm Tmrún mprclmfc bn mjubrfc fb Jcnsboc \bkgcnme be =< fb cjtulrb fbe <4419 sgn bhlmrkc çstb qubfú cevgfmfc, em pmrtgjgpmjgún b gntbrvbnjgún bs huy bspcrífgjm. Zb rbqugbrb hmycr pmrtgjgpmjgún y jcnstmnjgm m agn fb fmr sceujgún m fgj`m prclebhítgjm pmrm be lgbn fb em rbkgún. Hgngstbrgc fb Bnbrkèm y Hgnms - Fgrbjjgún Kbnbrme Bs be úrkmnc tçjngjc ncrhmtgvc bnjmrkmfc fb fb Msuntcs Mhlgbntmebs Bnbrkçtgjcs prcpcnbr y bvmeumr em pceètgjm, bxpbfgr em ncrhmtgvgfmf nbjbsmrgm, msè jchc prchcvbr em
bobjujgún fb mjtgvgfmfbs crgbntmfms m em jcnsbrvmjgún y prctbjjgún fbe hbfgc mhlgbntb pmrm be fbsmrrceec scstbngleb fb ems mjtgvgfmfbs bnbrkçtgjms. Bn su hchbntc fblgú gnfgjmr m em bhprbsm Fuib Bnbrky Bkbncr, qub rbmegzmrm y juhpegbrm jcn un Trckrmhm fb Mfbjumjgún y Hmnboc Mhlgbntme - TMHM, pmrm ems fbsjmrkms y bhlmesbs fb em Emkunm, fblgú prchcvbr qub em bhprbsm rbmegjbTmrún, un Bstufgc fb Ghpmjtc pmrm em emkunm em hgshm qub ncMhlgbntme sb `mjb babjtgvm `mstm em abj`m. CZGNB\KHGN - Crkmngshc Zupbrvgscr fb em Úrkmnc fb supbrvgsgún fb ems cpbrmjgcnbs fb ecs Gnvbrsgún bn Bnbrkèm y Hgnbrèm sbjtcrbs? Bebjtrgjgfmf, `gfrcjmrlurcs y hgnbrèm, msè jchc be juhpeghgbntc fb ems ncrhms ebkmebs y tçjngjms rbabrgfms m em jcnsbrvmjgún y prctbjjgún fbe hbfgc mhlgbntb. Bn be fbsmrrceec fb fgj`ms mjtgvgfmfbs aub qugbn fgspusc qub em bhprbsm Fuib Bnbrky rbmegjb mjtgvgfmfbs fb rbhbfgmjgún bn em zcnm, m trmvçs fb un gnacrhb rbmegzmfc bn ouegc fbe mýc <44;. Fbsfb su jchpbtbnjgm smnjgcnú mfhgngstrmtgvmhbntb m em Bhprbsm pcr ecs fmýcs cjmsgcnmfcs. Zgn bhlmrkc, `mstm em abj`m nc sb fm juhpeghgbntc m ec fgspubstc. Fblgú supbrvgsmr jumequgbr bvmeumjgún mhlgbntme qub rbmegjb em bhprbsm Fuib Bnbrky Bkbncr. Mjtumehbntb gntbrvgbnb em Cagjgnm fb Bvmeumjgún y Agsjmegzmjgún Mhlgbntme CBAM FMVJC
Bhprbsm agnmnjgmfm pcr FRIB BNB\KW, qub sb bnjmrkm fb bobjutmr be hmntbnghgbntc fbe sgstbhm `gfríuegjc fb em Emkunm fb Tmrún.
TM\VBZ FGMECKMNVBZ Hgngstbrgc fbe Mhlgbntb - Zbrvgjgc Nmjgcnme fb Bhpbzú su tmrbm jcn be Gnstgtutc Nmjgcnme fb Írbms Nmturmebs Trctbkgfms - ZB\NMNT \bjurscs Nmturmebs, mjtumehbntb ZB\NMNT, bs be úrkmnc bnjmrkmfc fb fgrgkgr y bstmlebjbr ecs jrgtbrgcs tçjngjcs y mfhgngstrmtgvcs pmrm em jcnsbrvmjgún fb ems Írbms Nmturmebs Trctbkgfms MNT, y fb jmutbemr be hmntbnghgbntc fb em fgvbrsgfmf lgceúkgjm. Em emkunm Tmrún bstí fbntrc fbe Tmrqub Nmjgcnme @umsjmrín, un írbm nmturme prctbkgfm, sgn bhlmrkc jchc mutcrgfmf nc jubstgcnú em trmnsabrbnjgm grrbkuemr fb em emkunm m unm bhprbsm prgvmfm y sus mjjgcnbs fb fbtbrgcrc fb em emkunm. Jmlb rbsmetmr qub fbsfb su gntbrvbnjgún pmrm em rbvbrsgún fb em prcpgbfmf fb em emkunm me Bstmfc, `mn bstmfc pmrtgjgpmnfc mjtgvmhbntb.
Kclgbrnc \bkgcnme fb Mnjms` - F\BH
Crkmngshc qub prchubvb ems gnvbrsgcnbs hgnbrcbnbrkçtgjms bn em rbkgún, pbrc tbngbnfc bn jubntm em prbsbrvmjgún y usc rbspcnsmleb fbe hbfgc mhlgbntb, mfbhís fb prcpgjgmr qub ems rbemjgcnbs sbmn mrhcngcsms bntrb ecs fgvbrscs mjtcrbs gnvceujrmfcs.
Fbabnscrèm fbe Tublec
Em
Fbabnscrèm
fbe
Tublec
fbspegbkm
sus
fb fbabnsm y supbrvgsgún pmrm prbvbngr bamjuetmfbs gntbrhbfgmr m agn fb bvgtmr sgtumjgcnbs qub pubfmn mhbnmzmr c vgcemr fbrbj`cs aunfmhbntmebs, msè jchc mlrgr be jmhgnc m prcjbscs fb fgíeckc qub myufbn m sceujgcnmr un jcnaegjtc scjgme. Bn be jmsc fb Tmrún aub un mjtcr fgmeckmntb bntrb ecs mjtcrbs gnvceujrmfcs. HGNMH
Kmrmntgzm be juhpeghgbntc fb ems ncrhms mhlgbntmebs, rbmegzmnfc aunjgcnbs fb agsjmegzmjgún, supbrvgsgún, bvmeumjgún y jcntrce, msè jchc bobrjbr em pctbstmf smnjgcnmfcrm bn hmtbrgm fb su jchpbtbnjgm y fgrgkgr be rçkghbn fb agsjmegzmjgún y jcntrce mhlgbntme.
VB\JB\CZ \mfgcs ecjmebs? \mfgc Zmn Qgmtcr Vgbnbn un rce gnacrhmtgvc pmrm em jchungfmf y (Wunkmy), \mfgc Vrcpghgx (Jmrmz), \mfgc pclemjgún fb Jmrmz. Bn mekuncs jmscs be jcntbngfc qub trmnshgtbn rbsuetm sbr lmstmntb Trckrmhms fbe Tbrÿ (\TT), \mfgc tbnfbnjgcsc jumnfc sb rbagbrb m ecs crkmngshcs @umnfcy (Jmrmz). bstmtmebs qub pmrtgjgpmn jchc mjtcrbs ◃ Vbebvgsgún? Jmnme fbe bstmfc VQ TB\ß. sbjunfmrgcs. ◃
:. FBAGNGJGÚN FBE T\CLEBHM W JGJEC FB QGFM FBE JCNAEGJVC
T\CLEBHM JBNV\ME
Fbagngjgún fbe prclebhm jbntrme? Jcnaegjtc bntrb em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc y em bhprbsm `gfrcbeçjtrgjm Fuib Bnbrky pcr em kbstgún fbe rbjursc `èfrgjc fb em emkunm fb Tmrún y be hmntbnghgbntc fb sus gnstmemjgcnbs.
Em jchungfmf nbjbsgtm be usc fbe rbjursc `èfrgjc pmrm sus sbhlrècs, kmnmfc, jcnsuhc pbrscnme y jchc pmrtb fbe mtrmjtgvc turèstgjc bn em zcnm. Tcr ctrc emfc, em bhprbsm bs fubým ebkmehbntb fb em gnarmbstrujturm qub rbkuem be suhgngstrc fb mkum bn em Emkunm fb Tmrún y fbsbm bobrjbr jcntrce sclrb em mfhgngstrmjgún fb bstb rbjursc.
JGJEC FB QGFM
6. NBJBZGFMFBZ, JCZHCQGZGCNBZ, GNVB\BZBZ W TCZGJGCNBZ
Em emkunm fb Tmrún bs un maeubntb fbe rèc Zmntm, pcr ec tmntc, be rbjursc `èfrgjc qub lrgnfm jcnacrhm unm jubnjm. Em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc sb lbnbagjgm fb em jubnjm metm, fcnfb sb bnjubntrm em Emkunm fb Tmrún (6:44 hsnh), hbfgmntb em jcsbj`m fb mkum pmrm su jcnsuhc y be lbnbagjgc bjcnúhgjc (munqub hènghc) qub rbjglbn pcr be turgshc. Mfbhís, ecs <= sbjtcrbs fb em jchungfmf sb ulgjmn fbntrc fb em jubnjm hbfgm y utgegzmn be mkum fb em emkunm pmrm be juetgvc fb pmpm, ceeujc, cjm9 sgbhlrm fb aecrbs fb bxpcrtmjgún y jrgmnzm fb kmnmfc.
Rlgjmjgún fb em emkunm f b Tmrún. Aubntb? MNM (`ttp?//www.mnm.kcl.pb/hbfgm/66;==7/bstmfcSsgtumjgcnmeSemkunmSpmrcn.%2L=%2F.pfa)
2. T\CJBZCZ W T\ÍJVGJMZ JCHRNGJMVGQMZ T\CTGMZ W BNV\B EMZ TM\VBZ Bntrb em Jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc y bhprbsm Fuib Bnbrky c
Bntrb be mýc <44; y <440, eubkc fb qub em bhprbsm Fuib Bnbrky fbsjmrkmrm hís 6 hbtrcs jÿlgjcs fb mkum fb em emkunm fb Tmrún y bhpbzmrmn ecs prclebhms jcn em pclemjgún pcr em fbstrujjgún fb ems tchms fb ecs jmnmebs b gnunfmjgún fb mrbnm tcfcs ecs sbhlrècs. Em pclemjgún pgfgú unm rbungún jcn ecs rbprbsbntmntbs fb em bhprbsm, qugbnbs mjjbfgbrcn. Eubkc fb qub ecs eèfbrbs fb em jchungfmf bxprbsmrmn su gnjchcfgfmf pcr em gnarmjjgún pcr pmrtb fb Fuib m su egjbnjgm fb usc fb mkum, be gnkbngbrc rbprbsbntmntb ebs rbspcnfgú ―qub em bhprbsm brm fubým fb em emkunm b gnstmemjgcnbs y qub glm m sbkugr fbsjmrkmnfc em jmntgfmf fb mkum qub qugbrm m em `crm qub qugbrm‘. Eubkc fb trbs fèms fb ec sujbfgfc em pclemjgún tchm em Emkunm fb Tmrún y fbsfb bntcnjbs nc pbrhgtb qub hgbhlrcs fb Fuib Bnbrky gnkrbsbn m em zcnm. Bn bstb jmsc, sb mprbjgm qub em hmnbrm fb mlcrfmr un tbhm aunfmhbntme pmrm em jchungfmf aub gnbagjgbntb, be aunjgcnmrgc fb em bhprbsm Fuib hmngabstú prbpctbnjgm y ametm fb jcnsgfbrmjgún jcn em pclemjgún. @mstm bsb hchbntc em jchungfmf sb bnjcntrmlm mlgbrtm me fgíeckc jcn em bhprbsm, pbrc fbspuçs fb bstm gntbrvbnjgún ems rbemjgcnbs jcn em bhprbsm tbrhgnmrcn pcr fbtbrgcrmrsb mÿn hís.
c
Bn kbnbrme, jmlb rbsmetmr qub sbkÿn vmrgcs fb ecs eèfbrbs y bx eèfbrbs fb em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc bntrbvgstmfcs, em bhprbsm nc ebs jchungjmlm fb ecs prcjbscs fb gntbrvbnjgún bn em Emkunm. Bstb aub unc fb ecs hctgvcs qub m`cnfú em fbsjcnagmnzm pcr pmrtb fb em jchungfmf `mjgm em bhprbsm. Mjtumehbntb, jchc ym sb `m hbnjgcnmfc mntbrgcrhbntb, em pclemjgún scec ebs `mn pbrhgtgfc jcntrmtmr m unm bhprbsm tbrjgmrgm (Fmtjc) pmrm qub rbmegjb be hmntbnghgbntc fb em rbprbsm fb em emkunm fb Tmrún. Bn bstb mspbjtc bs prbjgsc hbnjgcnmr qub ebkmehbntb em bhprbsm Fuib bs fubým fb em gnarmbstrujturm fb bhlmesb bn em Emkunm fb Tmrún y pcr ec tmntc, lmstm jcn qub un rbprbsbntmntb ebkme fb em bhprbsm gnkrbsb m ems gnstmemjgcnbs pmrm tchmr pcsbsgún fb em hgshm. Bs pcr beec qub em jchungfmf sb jcnjbntrm bn―Em Vrmnqubrm‘ pmrm pbrhgtgr be gnkrbsc prbvgm mutcrgzmjgún. Hbsm fb fgíeckc
c
Bn em bntrbvgstm rbmegzmfm me bx prbsgfbntb fb em Jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc, Mntcngc Fubýms, bstb jchbntú ―jumnfc be sbýcr be Jmrecs Hgeem aub prbsgfbntb fbem jchungfmf,
sb rbmegzmrcn hbsms fb fgíeckc qub aubrcn bn vmnc. Bstms rbungcnbs sb fmlmn sbhmnmehbntb bntrb Eghm, Jmrmz y @umrmz, y pmrtgjgpmlmn jumtrc fgrbjtgvcs y be mejmefb fb Jmrmz. Vmhlgçn sb rbungún jcnbe MNM, MEM y bn be Jcnkrbsc‘. Zgn bhlmrkc, be 2
fb ablrbrc fbe mýc <4=4, jumnfc sb prchuekm be F.Z 44<-<4=4-HGNMN qub sbýmem em rbjupbrmjgún fb em Emkunm, be MNM jcnvcjú m em prghbrm hbsm fb fgíeckc qub sb rbmegzú bn tbrrgtcrgc fb em jchungfmf, ems mntbrgcrbs sb fgbrcn hmycrhbntb bn Eghm, `bj`c qub ecs pclemfcrbs rbjemhmn pcrqub sbýmemn qub ems hbsms fb fgíeckc sb fblbn rbmegzmr bn em zcnm fbe jcnaegjtc.
Jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc c
c
c
c
c
Tmrm jcnvcjmr m unm msmhlebm u ctrcs mjcntbjghgbntcs fb em jchungfmf ecs eèfbrbs bnvèmn ecs jchungjmfcs m trmvçs fb jmrtms. Vmhlgçn sb jchungjmn m trmvçs fb fcjuhbntcs cagjgmebs, jchgtgvms y fgrbjtgvms. Be mjtume prbsgfbntb fb em jchungfmf, Ouegc Lmrún, hmngabstú qub pmrm jchungjmrsb jcn ecs fbebkmfcs fb jmfm unc fb ecs <= sbjtcrbs fb em jchungfmf utgegzm be jbeuemr, m trmvçs fb eemhmfms tbebaúngjms bs qub sb gnacrhmn sclrb mekÿn tbhm. Tcr su emfc, ecs fbebkmfcs y vcjbrcs fb em jchungfmf scn ecs bnjmrkmfcs fb trmnshgtgr m jmfm sbjtcr ec mjcrfmfc bn ems rbungcnbs fb ecs eèfbrbs c mekunm ctrm fbjgsgún c gnacrhmjgún qub sbm nbjbsmrgm jcncjbr. Em acrhm fb `mjbrebs eebkmr em gnacrhmjgún bs ybnfc jmsm pcr jmsm, pcr ec qub sb tmrfm jgbrtc tgbhpc bn sbr fgaunfgfm. Vmhlgçn sb subeb bnvgmr jcnvcjmtcrgms bsjrgtms ec qub sb fbhcrm 0 fèms pmrm gnacrhmr tcfc, sg bs urkbntb bs bn : fèms. Beecs rbmegzmn msmhlebms bxtrmcrfgnmrgms fb mjubrfc m ec qub mjcntbzjm, ec ncrhme bs qub sb bobjutbn jmfm fcs hbsbs, pbrc sg bs nbjbsmrgc pubfbn sbr jmfm qugnjb fèms. Jumnfc `my msmhlebm, sb rbÿnbn scec em ountm fgrbjtgvm, nc tcfm em jchungfmf. Mfbhís tmhlgçn sb ountmn jcn ctrms mutcrgfmfbs bn Jmrmz, jcn em Hungjgpmegfmf Trcvgnjgme, MEM, btj pmrm jgbrtms cjmsgcnbs. Jchc sb hbnjgcnú mntbrgcrhbntb, bnem mjtumegfmf beecs subebn jcnsuhgr ems sgkugbntbs rmfgcs ecjmebs m trmvçs fb ems jumebs subebn gnacrhmrsb? \mfgc Zmn Qgmtcr (Wunkmy), \mfgc Vrcpghgx (Jmrmz), \mfgc Trckrmhms fbe Tbrÿ (\TT), \mfgc @umnfcy (Jmrmz), em rmfgc hungjgpme. Bn beems nc tgbnbn unm pmrtgjgpmjgún mjtgvm. Jchc bxjbpjgún fb ec mntbrgcr, [metbr Mrhms, prbsgfbntb fbe Jchgtç fb Fbabnsm fb em emkunm fb Tmrún, be jume scec jubntm jcn fcs hbsbs fb jrbfc, hmngabstú bn em bntrbvgstm rbmegzmfm qub jumnfc fbsbm gnacrhmr mekc m em pclemjgún eb lrgnfmn un bspmjgc bn unm fb ems rmfgcs ecjmebs.
c
c
Jumnfc sb rbmegzú em hmrj`m pmjèagjm fbe <7 fb ouegc fbe <440, em jchungjmjgún bntrb jmfm unc fb ecs jchunbrcs sb fgc m trmvçs fb―ecs j`msqugs‘, pbrscnms qub trmnshgtèmn ecs hbnsmobs fb jmsm bn jmsm, pmrm gnacrhmr sclrb ec qub bstmlm mjcntbjgbnfc y hctgvmr m tcfcs m qub pmrtgjgpbn. Krmjgms m beec sb rbmegzú unm hmrj`m sgn vgcebnjgm, bn fcnfb pmrtgjgpmrcn tcfcs ecs jchunbrcs y tmhlgçn pclemfcrbs fb Jmrmz qub mpcymrcn, bstm aub unm mjjgún pcsgtgvm pmrm rbsmetmr bn fcnfb em acrhm fb jchungjmjgún aub fb lcjm m lcjm bn un tgbhpc eghgtmfc? fb un fèm pmrm ctrc. Rnm bstrmtbkgm jchungjmjgcnme bhpebmfm pmrm em tchm fb em Emkunm fb Tmrún, aub be usc fb mvbeemnms, sb bstmlebjgú qub em sbýme brm em tbrjbrm bxpecsgún fb ems mvbeemnms pmrm qub tcfm em pclemjgún sulm m em Emkunm, bstm hcfmegfmf rbsuetc babjtgvm pmrm `mjbr jcncjbr m em pclemjgún fb qub fblbn mjufgr rípgfmhbntb qub em Emkunm ym bstí bn hmncs fb ecs eèfbrbs fb em jchungfmf. Ecs bntrbvgstmfcs hmngabstmrcn qub aubrcn merbfbfcr fb 2,444 pbrscnms ems qub mjufgbrcn m fgj`c eemhmfc.
1. JCNJERZGCNBZ
c
Em pclemjgún fb em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc sb sgbntb fbarmufmfm pcr ems gnstgtujgcnbs fbe Bstmfc y pcr em bhprbsm `gfrcbeçjtrgjm Fuib Bnbrky fblgfc m qub nc `mn rbjglgfc ngnkÿn lbnbagjgc bjcnúhgjc u clrm fb fbsmrrceec qub lbnbagjgb m em pclemjgún. Msghgshc, em mkrgjueturm y kmnmfbrèm sb `mn vgstc mabjtmfms pcr be usc fbshbfgfc fbe mkum fb em emkunm fb Tmrún pcr pmrtb fb em bhprbsm. Em ametm fb jcnagmnzm `m fbrgvmfc bn em tchm acrzmfm fb em jchpubrtm, em jume m`crm sb bnjubntrm bn hmncs fb em jchungfmf, m em bspbrm fb qub be Bstmfc sb `mkm jmrkc fb su hmntbnghgbntc y vgkgemnjgm.
c
c
Ecs gntbntcs fb fgíeckc bntrb em bhprbsm y em jchungfmf rbsuetmrcn ameegfcs pcr em gnjchpmtglgegfmf jchungjmjgcnme m ngvbe fb gfgchm, fb gnstrujjgún y fb jmnmebs fb gnacrhmjgún. Mfbhís, em hmycrèm fb eukmrbs fcnfb sb eebvmrcn m jmlc ems hbsms fb fgíeckc nc brmn ecs mfbjumfcs pmrm ecs pclemfcrbs fb Jruz fb Hmyc, pubstc qub ems jmpgtmebs jchc Eghm, Jmrmz y @umrmz jcnstgtuybn bspmjgcs pcjc amhgegmrbs qub gntghgfmn y nc pbrhgtbn qub ecs jchunbrcs sb bxprbsbn tme y jchc qugsgbrmn. Ecs pclemfcrbs nc jubntmn jcn unm rmfgc jchungtmrgm u ctrc hbfgc fb jchungjmjgún trmfgjgcnme fcnfb pubfmn trmnshgtgr nctgjgms rbemjgcnmfms m em jchungfmf, tbhms qub ebs gntbrbsbn c hmntbnbr unm pmrtgjgpmjgún mjtgvm hgbntrms em bsjuj`mn. Em nbjbsgfmf fb em jcnacrhmjgún fb bstm tmhlgçn lmsm bn scemhbntb qub ems rmfgcs ecjmebs sb bhgtbn bn gfgchm jmstbeemnc y emsrmfgc huobrbs, pcr sb ec kbnbrme, scn qubj`um-`mlemntbs, ec qub m`cnfm su fbpbnfbnjgm fb unm agkurm hmsjuegnm (bspcsc) y ems eghgtm fb su fbrbj`c m em gnacrhmjgú
GG. FGZBÝC FB GNVB\QBNJGÚN =. Trclebhms jchungjmjgcnmebs gfbntgagjmfcs c
Jcn rbemjgún m ecs jchungjmfcs y mjubrfcs prcvbngbntbs fb ems rbungcnbs jcn ecs prgnjgpmebs eèfbrbs qub scn fb gntbrçs pmrm em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc, scn ecs fbebkmfcs y vcjbrcs fb em jchungfmf ecs bnjmrkmfcs fb trmnshgtgr m ecs <= sbjtcrbs. Em acrhm fb `mjbrebs eebkmr em gnacrhmjgún bs ybnfc jmsm pcr jmsm, em jchungfmf ec fbnchgnm ―jchungjmjgún J`msqug‘, pcr ec qub sb tmrfm jgbrtc tgbhpc bn sbr fgaunfgfm.
Vmhlgçn sb subeb bnvgmr jcnvcjmtcrgms bsjrgtms qub fbhcrmn 0 fèms mprcxghmfmhbntb pmrm gnacrhmr m tcfm em jchungfmf y sg be jchungjmfc bs urkbntb, : fèms pcr bobhpec, bs ghpcsgleb qub em pclemjgún sb bntbrb bn un pbrgcfc tmn jcrtc.
c
c
Ctrc prclebhm gfbntgagjmfc bs be pcjc hmnboc fbe Jmstbeemnc bntrb ecs pclemfcrbs fb Jruz fb Hmyc. Ems huobrbs nc pubfbn msgstgr m ems hbsms fb fgíeckc y súec bntgbnfbn ecs mjubrfcs pmjtmfcs hbfgmntb em gnacrhmjgún qub ebs lrgnfmn sus bspcscs lgegnkubs. Msghgshc, bstcs bspmjgcs fb fgíeckc scn rbstrgnkgfcs m scec ecs eèfbrbs fb em jchungfmf. Be pclemfcr jchÿn nc pubfb mjjbfbr fgrbjtmhbntb y sb gnacrhm hbfgmntb ecs fbebkmfcs fb jmfm sbjtcr, qugbnbs jmhgnmn emrkcs trmhcs pmrm `mjbr eebkmr ems nctgjgms crmehbntb. Jcn rbemjgún m ems msmhlebms, hbsms fb trmlmoc c fb fgíeckc, sb bvgfbnjgú qub em gnacrhmjgún qub sb hmnbom bs lmstmntb tçjngjm, bntbnfgleb scec pmrm ecs bspbjgmegstms bn be tbhm, hgbntrms qub ecs eèfbrbs fb ems jchungfmfbs tgbnbn fgagjuetmf fb jchprbnsgún, bs pcr beec qub nbjbsgtmn rbacrzmr bstb mspbjtc pmrm bntbnfbr ec qub sb mjubrfm bn ems rbungcnbs rbemjgcnms m em Emkunm. Zg lgbn bs jgbrtc, ecs eèfbrbs jcncjbn lmstmntb sclrb em prclebhítgjm, be amjtcr ebnkumob tçjngjc c ebkme pubfb sbr un eghgtmntb pmrm em tchm fb fbjgsgcnbs qub lbnbagjgbn m em jchungfmf. Bs prbjgsc jchbntmr qub be mjtume prbsgfbntb fb em Jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc tgbnb un hmnboc gntbrhbfgc fbe jmstbeemnc, qub sbkÿn ec hbnjgcnmfc bn eènbms prbjbfbntbs eghgtm su jmpmjgfmf fb bntbnfghgbntc bn jmsc qub ems rbungcnbs sbmn súec bn jmstbeemnc y ebnkumob tçjngjc.
c
Em jchungjmjgún eubkc fb em tchm fb em emkunm aub m trmvçs fb mvbeemnms y jc`btbs. Em kbntb mtbntm mFuib bsjuj`mr pmrm qub smekmn m mpcymr `mjgbnfc tuhuetcfblèm y qubbstmr em bhprbsm bnbrkytrbs nc mvbeemnms pubfm gnkrbsmr me eukmr.
<. Clobtgvcs pmrm hbocrmr em jchungjmjgún
Clobtgvc kbnbrme Ghpuesmr hbjmngshcs fb fgíeckc jchc lmsb fb auturcs mjubrfcs babjtgvcs bntrb em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc y be Bstmfc, vgsglgegzmnfc ems nbjbsgfmfbs fb jmfm mjtcr. Clobtgvc bspbjèagjc = Bstmlebjbr jmnmebs fb jchungjmjgún qub pbrhgtmn em fgausgún fb gnacrhmjgún rbemjgcnmfm m tbhms fb gntbrçs pmrm em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc. Clobtgvc bspbjèagjc < Ghpuesmr bspmjgcs fb fgíeckc fcnfb be Bstmfc bsjuj`b m ecs eèfbrbs fb em jchungfmf b gnjbntgvb unm pmrtgjgpmjgún mjtgvm bn em tchm fb fbjgsgcnbs sclrb ecs tbhms rbemjgcnmfcs m em Emkunm fb Tmrún. Clobtgvc bspbjèagjc : Trchcvbr em pmrtgjgpmjgún fb em pclemjgún bn mjtgvgfmfbs rbemjgcnmfms m em Emkunm fb Tmrún, jcn em agnmegfmf fb sbnsglgegzmrecs sclrb em ghpcrtmnjgm fb em prbsbrvmjgún fb fgj`c rbjursc.
:. Bstrmtbkgm fb gntbrvbnjgún jchungjmtgvm qub jcntrgluyb m em trmnsacrhmjgún fbe jcnaegjtc Clobtgvcs fb trmnsacrhmjgún fb jcnaegjtcs
Tÿlegjcs clobtgvcs Trghmrgcs
Bstrmtbkgms jchungjmtgvms
Fbsjrgpjgún fb mjtgvgfmfbs jchungjmtgvms
Bstmlebjbr jmnmebs fb jchungjmjgún qub pbrhgtmn em fgausgún fb gnacrhmjgún rbemjgcnmfm m tbhms fb gntbrçs pmrm em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc.
Tclemfcrbs fb em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc
Trckrmhm rmfgme trmnshgtgfc bn qubj`um fb 6 mh m 1 mh, bn \mfgc Zmn Qgmtcr =42.; AH.
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\bfmjjgún fb hbnsmobs, y mrkuhbntcs
Achbntmr em pmrtgjgpmjgún fbe pÿlegjc hbfgmntb eemhmfms tbebaúngjms.
Hbnsmob?
Bntrbvgstms m mutcrgfmfbs ecjmebs y eèfbrbs fb em jchungfmf.
Mrkuhbntc? Ecs pclemfcrbs fb Jruz fb Hmyc fblbn bstmr gnacrhmfcs
―Gnacrhínfctb
fbjgfbs auturc
hbocr fb
be tu
jchungfmf‘.
Gfbntgagjmr ecs tbhms qub scn fb gntbrçs fb em pclemjgún.
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Vmeebrbs jcn em pclemjgún.
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Bnjubstms pclemfcrbs qubj`um.
m bn
mjbrjm fb ecs tbhms qub gnvceujrmn m su jchungfmf, ym qub tme jcncjghgbntc ebs pbrhgtgrí cpgnmr y tbnbr vcz bn em tchm fb fbjgsgcnbs trmsjbnfbntmebs pmrm jcnfujgr rbspcnsmlebhbntb su prcpgc fbstgnc.
Ghpuesmr bspmjgcs fb fgíeckc fcnfb be Bstmfc bsjuj`b m ecs eèfbrbs fb em jchungfmf b gnjbntgvb unm pmrtgjgpmjgún mjtgvm bn em tchm fb fbjgsgcnbs sclrb ecs tbhms rbemjgcnmfcs m em Emkunm fb Tmrún.
Bstmfc? Hungjgpmegfmf Trcvgnjgme fb @umyems, Kclgbrnc \bkgcnme fb Ínjms`, MEM, TJH, HGNBH, HGNMH
Qgsglgegzmr em emlcr fb ecs eèfbrbs fb em jchungfmf fb hmnbrm qub sbmn vmecrmfcs y bsjuj`mfcs pcr be Bstmfc.
Acrtmebjbr b gntbkrmr m tcfcs ecs hgbhlrcs fbe Arbntb fb Fbabnsm fb em emkunm fb Tmrún y fbe Hbfgc Mhlgbntb.
Fbsmrrceemr tmeebrbs jcn ecs eèfbrbs, pmrm jmpmjgtmr y rbjckbr gnqugbtufbs fb ecs pmrtgjgpmntbs.
Ems hbsms fb fgíeckc fblbn gnjeugr em pmrtgjgpmjgún fb un gntçrprbtb lgegnkõb (qubj`um /jmstbeemnc) y qub sb eebvbn m jmlc fbntrc fbe bspmjgc aèsgjc fb em jchungfmf. Fbsmrrceemr mjtgvgfmfbs
bn
fcnfb rbmegjbn fgníhgjms gntbkrmjgún,
fb pcr
sb
Hbnsmob? ―M
tu
rbkgún
eb
ghpcrtms, pcr bsc qubrbhcs gntbkrmrtb y bsjuj`mrtb ‘.
Mrkuhbntc? Zb lusjm gntbkrmr m ecs hgbhlrcs fb em jchungfmf y bhpcfbrmrecs pmrm qub pubfmn pmrtgjgpmr mjtgvmhbntb bn ems fbjgsgcnbs rbabrbntbs m em emkunm fb Tmrún.
bobhpec Emzmrgeec‘
―Be qub
pbrhgtgrí fgnmhgzmr ems rbemjgcnbs bntrb ecs eèfbrbs b gfbntgagjmr be krmfc fb jcnagmnzm qub sb tgbnbn bntrb ecs pmrtgjgpmntbs, Bstb trmlmoc fblbrèm fbsmrrceemrsb : c 6 vbjbs me mýc. Trchcvbr em pmrtgjgpmjgún fb em pclemjgún bn mjtgvgfmfbs rbemjgcnmfms m em emkunm fb Tmrún, jcn em agnmegfmf fb sbnsglgegzmrecs sclrb em ghpcrtmnjgm fb em prbsbrvmjgún fb fgj`c
Tclemfcrbs fb em Jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc y Jmrmz.
Zbnsglgegzmr m em pclemjgún mjbrjm fb em ghpcrtmnjgm fb prbsbrvmr em emkunm fb Tmrún.
Crkmngzmr bxpcsgjgcnbs actckríagjms bn lmsb m ghíkbnbs fb em emkunm y ecs lbnbagjgcs qub mpcrtm bstb rbjursc `èfrgjc.
Hbnsmob? ―Ec
qub
tbnbhcs
fblbhcs
vmecrmr,
ÿnbtb‘. ―Be mkum bs aubntb
fb vgfm, fgsarÿtmec y juèfmec, gnaúrhmtb‘.
rbjursc.
Mrkuhbntc? Jrbmr unm aubntb fb jcncjghgbntc y bspmjgc fb cpgngún sclrb be jcnsuhc bqugeglrmfc y rbspcnsmleb fbe mkum fb em emkunm fb Tmrún.
Jcnvcjmr jcnvbrsmtcrgcs y j`mrems pmrm gnacrhmr m em pclemjgún y pbrhgtgr be gntbrjmhlgc fb gfbms y jcncjghgbntcs.
Em prcpubstm bs qub em pclemjgún rbjcnczjm em ghpcrtmnjgm fbe mkum bn em vgfm fgmrgm y pcr ec tmntc bs nbjbsmrgc jcncjbr tcfc sclrb be mkum qub jcnsuhb, sb prcpcnb qub ems mjtgvgfmfbs eckrbn sbnsglgegzmr m em pclemjgún bstb rbjursc, sclrb fb hcfc qub jumequgbr mjtgvgfmf qub sb
rbmegjb prctbjjgún Emkunm rbspmefmfm pclemjgún.
pmrm em sbm pcr em fb
MNBPCZ BNV\BQGZVMZ Rngfmf fb Trchcjgún Vurèstgjm y Mrtbsmnme (fb em Kbrbnjgm fb Fbsmrrceec ‚
Bjcnúhgjc) Hungjgpmegfmf Trcvgnjgme fb @umyems? c
Jgnt`ym \uagnc Eúpbz
Bstm ungfmf fb em Hungjgpmegfmf bstí bn prcjbsc fb jcntrmtmr be sbrvgjgc fb jcnsuetcrèm qub bemlcrmrí be pbrage fb em Emkunm fb Tmrún pmrm jrbmr y hbocrmr sbrvgjgcs turèstgjcs bn bstb eukmr. Rnm vbz qub bstç bemlcrmfc be pbrage, sb ec bntrbkmrí me Temn Jcpbsjc qub bstmrí m jmrkc fbe agnmnjgmhgbntc bn em bobjujgún fb em clrm. Em cpbrmjgún y be hmntbnghgbntc ec `mrí be ZB\NMNT, ountc jcn em Jchungfmf jmhpbsgnm Jruz fb Hmyc. Be pbrage fblb sb jchbnzmrí m `mjbr em qugnjbnm fb ouegc (fbe <4=1) jchc híxghc y fbhcrm mprcxghmfmhbntb un hbs9 pcr beec, bstmrí egstc pmrm jchgbnzcs fb sbptgbhlrb. Em clrm bstmrí egstm be <4=;, m hís tmrfmr, <4=0. Jcstmrí me hbncs 2 hgeecnbs fb scebs. Zb qugbrbn fmr sbrvgjgcs jchc zcnms fb bstmjgcnmhgbntc, pmrmfbrc turèstgjc, sbrvgjgcs `gkgçngjcs, bntrb ctrcs. Vcfcs ecs mýcs sb `mjb hmntbnghgbntc fb em trcj`m fbsfb Jmrmz `mstm em bntrmfm fbe Tmrqub Nmjgcnme @umsjmrín, qub scn sbgs igeúhbtrcs. M`crm sb bstí bemlcrmnfc un pbrage pmrm em jcnstrujjgún fb jmrrbtbrm msametmfm bn bsb trmhc. Tcr ctrc emfc, fbsfb bsm bntrmfm `mstm em emkunm scn sbgs igeúhbtrcs hís9 bsc sb `mrí jcn sbsbntm pbrscnms… sgbhprb sb vm m fmr hmntbnghgbntc jmfm mýc, pbrc nc pcfbhcs
hbtbr hmqugnmrgm ng `mjbr msametc pcrqub be Tmrqub Nmjgcnme nc ec pbrhgtb. ]ugzí hís mfbemntb sb pubfm eebkmr m un mjubrfc ecs prúxghcs mýcs. Em emkunm fb Tmrún pcr sè scem ym bstí tbngbnfc pcsgjgcnmhgbntc fbntrc fbe hbrjmfc turèstgjc. @my mekunms mkbnjgms fb @umrmz hgshc qub em prchcjgcnmn, pbrc bs mÿn eghgtmfc y jmsg pmrtgjuemr. Jumnfc sb tbnkmn egstms ems gnstmemjgcnbs, be pemn Jcpbsjc (fbe Hgngstbrgc fb Jchbrjgc Bxtbrgcr y Vurgshc) eb vm m `mjbr hís prchcjgún turèstgjm m em emkunm. c
Oumn Krmnmfcs
Tmrún bs be jubrpc fb mkum hís krmnfb fbe Tmrqub Nmjgcnme @umsjmrín. Nc tgbnb unm pemntm turèstgjm mfbjumfm. Tcr bsc, nbjbsgtmhcs un bstufgc. Mjtumehbntb `my un gnacrhb agnme fb un bspbjgmegstm qub ec tbnbhcs bn em Hungjgpmegfmf fb @umyems, qub sb jcntrmtú bn jcnjcrfmnjgm jcn em Jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc. Bstb gnacrhb bs sclrb tcfc fb sbnsglgegfmf, pcr bobhpec pmrm em jcnstrujjgún fb pgstm y `mstm quç puntc pubfbn eebkmr çstm, btj.
Gnkbngbrc fb bhprbsm FMVJC (Jcntrmtmfm pcr Fuib Bnbrky) c
Omghb Cjmým
Zcy gnkbngbrc bebjtrgjgstm y hb bnjmrkc fb em pmrtb hbjíngjm-beçjtrgjm y fb tcfc be sgstbhm fb hmngclrms y fb cpbrmjgún fb em jchpubrtm. Hb jcntrmtmn jmfm jgbrtc tgbhpc, pbrc nc pubfc vbngr pbrgúfgjmhbntb pcrqub tcfmvèm pbrhmnbjb be jcnaegjtc. Bstms gnstmemjgcnbs scn prcpgbfmf fb Fuib Bnbrky. Wc `b trmlmomfc <0 mýcs bn em @gfrcbeçjtrgjm fbe Jmýún fbe Tmtc, fb ecs jumebs trmlmoç jchc Obab fb cpbrmjgcnbs. Be mkum jmb m <44 h: pcr sbkunfc. M`crm bstí bn :0 h: pcr sbkunfc be rèc Zmntm. Bsc bs ec qub kbnbrmn ems turlgnms fbe Jmýún fbe Tmtc. Tmrm bstm jbntrme sb usmlmn ems mkums fb em emkunm fb Tmrún y fb Tmrcjcj`m. Wc vbnèm mjí jcn ecs tçjngjcs9 `mjèmhcs hmntbnghgbntc y ec fboílmhcs ci pmrm qub be cpbrmfcr vbm mjí. Bstb prclebhm bs pcrqub Fuib `m usuarujtumfc bxmkbrmfmhbntb fbe mkum. Em rbjchbnfmjgún tçjngjm bs qub em fbsjmrkm fblb sbr fb 6 hbtrcs jÿlgjcs pcr sbkunfc. Jumnfc çrmhcs Bebjtrcpbrÿ ec hmntuvghcs msè, `mstm qub sb prgvmtgzú. Wc trmlmoç `mstm be mýc <444 y fb m`è hb mjckè m em oulgemjgún mntgjgpmfm pmrm rbmegzmr ctrcs prcybjtcs gnfbpbnfgbntbs. Be <440 fbsjmrkmrcn hís fb 1 hbtrcs jÿlgjcs `mstm 0 hbtrcs jÿlgjcs9 bsc hmeckrú ecs sbhlrècs fb ecs mkrgjuetcrbs y ems aecrbs fb bxpcrtmjgún. Tcr bsc, em jchungfmf pgfgú bxpegjmjgcnbs m Fuib. Zb bntrbvgstmrcn pmrm smlbr pcr quç fbsjmrkú tmntc y qub em bhprbsm pubfm rbsmrjgr. Fgsjutgbrcn, pbrc be gnkbngbrc qub vgnc nc pufc scstbnbr em rbungún y fgoc? ―Fuib vm m fbsjmrkmr m em `crm qub qugbrm y em jmntgfmf qub qugbrm‘. Bsc nc pubfb sbr msè. Bntcnjbs, em kbntb eb mpemufgú jchc lurem y m ecs trbs
fèms tchmrcn em emkunm. Brm príjtgjmhbntb unm gnarmjjgún m su egjbnjgm fb usc fb mkum, em qub fgjb lgbn jemrc qub sg sb gnjuhpeb jgbrtms jeíusuems c jcnfgjgcnbs tb pubfbn suspbnfbr, huetmr c qugtmr em egjbnjgm fb pcr vgfm. Ems mutcrgfmfbs nc aubrcn jmpmjbs fb bnarbntmr mFuib, pcrqub `m mfqugrgfc fbrbj`cs fb acrhm ebkme pbrc jcghbmnfc m ecs mfhgngstrmfcrbs fbe MEM. Bhprbsm tbnèm rbsceujgún ebkme pmrm fbsjmrkmr 1h:, sb fgemtm be prclebhm pcr bsc ym qub jcn bsc sb fbagbnfb. Em sbntbnjgm bstí m amvcr fb Fuib, pbrc ems mutcrgfmfbs nc em `mjbn juhpegr pcr hgbfc m hís jcnaegjtcs jcn em pclemjgún M`crm hb `m jcntrmtmfc Fmtjc, qub em Jchungfmf bstí bxgkgbnfc qub sb jgbrrb em jchpubrtm. Bn bstm çpcjm sb bstí pbrfgbnfc. Tcr bsc vmhcs m jbrrmr un pcjc, m =.2 y pmsmfm em çpcjm fb turgshc mlrgrbhcs un pcjc hís. Be mkum sb tgbnb qub mprcvbj`mr fb acrhm scstbngleb. Nc pubfbs nbkmr be mkum m nmfgb. Fblb sbrvgr pmrm em mkrgjueturm, turgshc, bnbrkèm, btj. Zb fblb hmnbomr bn acrhm rmjgcnme, jchc fgjb em eby. Bspbrc qub bsm mkum em jchungfmf pubfm jcnvbrtgrem bn mekc lbnbagjgcsc pmrm beecs. Be mkum qub sb pgbrfb bn be hmr bs fbspbrfgjgmfm. Ec qub fblb sujbfbr bs qub sb mprcvbj`b tmhlgçn pmrm prcybjtcs jchc J`gnbjms, J`mvghcj`gj, bntrb ctrcs9 pbrc qub bsms bhprbsms jcntrgluymn jcn clrms jchc mrrbkec fb jmnmebs, jchpubrtms, btj. Em bhprbsm Fuib tgbnb vceuntmf fb nbkcjgmr jcn em Jchungfmf, pbrc ym pbrfgbrcn em jcnagmnzm9 me gkume qub MEM, MNM, btj. ]ugbn sbm qub vbnkm tgbnb qub `mjbr gnspbjjgún rutgnmrgm y hmntbnghgbntc9 sbm Fuib c jumequgbrm.
J`gnbjms y J`mvghcj`gj `mn carbjgfc pmkmr be hmntbnghgbntc, em cpbrmjgún, vgkgemnjgm m jmhlgc fbe mkum qub sb fbsjmrkm y sb vm me hmr pcr kustc. Vgbnbn lubnm vceuntmf. Ecs pclemfcrbs bstín bntbrmfcs, pbrc beecs fgjbn qub nc ebs `mn eebkmfc ecs fcjuhbntcs acrhmebs. MEM sb agom sg ametm c sclrm mkum pmrm jmfm prcybjtc9 y sukgbrb qub sb jgbrrb c mlrm hís em jchpubrtm. Nunjm sb `m fbsjmrkmfc sgn pmsmr em vcz m nmfgb. M`crm be nubvc mejmefb ng smlb fúnfb qubfm em emkunm. Fuib bstí trmtmnfc fb eebkmr m jcnjgegmr y bstí jcntrmtmnfc un tbrjbrc, m pbsmr fb tbnbr m ecs bspbjgmegstms pmrm be hmntbnghgbntc fb ems gnstmemjgcnbs jcn beecs. Be tbhcr fb em pclemjgún bs qub ecs fb Fuib bntrbn y tchbn pcsbsgún, ec qub beecs `mrèmn sg tuvgbrmn em cpcrtungfmf. Be Bstmfc bs em mutcrgfmf qub tgbnb qub rbscevbr be prclebhm, pbrc nc qugbrb tchmr pmrtb. Em TJH tbnfrèm qub jcnvcjmr m ecs qub ebs jcrrbspcnfb zmnomr bstb prclebhm. Fuib bstí `mjgbnfc lmstmntb pcr mjbrjmrsb m em jchungfmf pbrc `my un rbsbntghgbntc fb bstm, bntcnjbs nc qugbrbn qub rbtchbn ng be hmntbnghgbntc. Bs lgbn fgaèjge jcnvbnjbrecs. Ecjmehbntb, be mejmefb fb em hungjgpmegfmf bs qugbn fblbrèm hcstrmrsb prbsbntb, sgn bhlmrkc, nc jcncjb ng em emkunm jrbb. Zg be sgstbhm qub `my bn em emkunm fb Tmrún ameem bs un prclebhm fb fbabnsm jgvge, pcrqub vb em gntbkrgfmf fb em pclemjgún. Vmhlgçn be MEM fblbrèm jcnvcjmr y vbngr m sbnsglgegzmr m em kbntb. @my qub fbstmjmr fb em pclemjgún qub `m rbmegzmf hcvghgbntcs pmjèagjcs, qub sb bstín ybnfc pcr em vèm ebkme jcn ecs fgíeckcs. Zb pubfb fgabrbnjgmr m em kbntb fb em pclemjgún bn kbnbrme qub bs em qub `mjb hís prclebhm y sb bnarbntm jcn em jchungfmf, bstcs ÿetghcs `mn bntbnfgfc y bstín jcnjgbntgzmfcs. Be msuntc bs em kbntb fbe publec? Jmrmz, em jmhpgým. Em pmrtgjgpmjgún fb Fuib bn be eukmr bs eghgtmfm, ym nc jrbb qub `mkmn huj`c pcrqub fbpbnfbn fb ems fbjgsgcnbs qub sb tchbn bn Eghm. Fuib qugbrb rbtchmr em jcnagmnzm pbrc em jchungfmf ym nc qugbrb nmfm, Fuib nc `gzc ngnkÿn tgpc fb jchpbnsmjgún. Be Bstmfc fblb rbspbtmr bsc sbkÿn çe. Eb prbcjupm em sbkurgfmf fb em pclemjgún. Fuib qugbrb vbnfbr em bhprbsm pbrc pcr ecs jcnaegjtcs nc sb pubfb, ym vbnfgbrcn mekuncs tbrrbncs, jchc be fb Tgurm. Zbjrbtmrgc fb em jchungfmf jmhpbsgnm Jruz fb Hmyc c
Ocmquèn Tçrbz Zínj`bz
M`crm `mn pubstc bn vbntm em @gfrcbeçjtrgjm fbe Jmýún fbe Tmtc. Ncrhmehbntb sb rbÿnbn be TJH, be mejmefb, Hungjgpmegfmf prcvgnjgme fb @umyems, Hgngstbrgc fbe mhlgbntb y ecs eèfbrbs fb em jchungfmf. Ncsctrcs bnvgmhcs ecs jchungjmfcs pcr jmrtm. Msè ncs jchungjmhcs. W tmhlgçn sb jcnvcjmn m msmhlebms kbnbrmebs bntrb ecs hgbhlrcs fb em jchungfmf. Nc `my rmfgc
jchungtmrgm. @mjbhcs msmhlebms bxtrmcrfgnmrgms, fb mjubrfc m em nbjbsgfmf. Ec ncrhme bs jmfm fcs hbsbs, pbrc m vbjbs, sg bs nbjbsmrgc, jmfm qugnjb fèms. M hè, jchc mkrgjuetcr, hb pbroufgjm fgrbjtmhbntb be prclebhm fbe mkum. Em jchungjmjgún jcn em bhprbsm nc bs lubnm9 nc ncs mvgsmn, m fgabrbnjgm fb ec qub fgjb be gnkbngbrc Omghb. Em bhprbsm nc ncs `m fmfc ngnkÿn fgnbrc. Zcec `m rbpmrtgfc ÿtgebs bsjcemrbs. Nc jcnagmhcs bn Fuib, ng MEM, ng MNM, ng bn be Bstmfc. Vcfcs bstín jcnamluemfcs. Zcec tbnbhcs jcnagmnzm bn be JBMZ. M ecs <= sbjtcrbs ecs gnacrhmhcs hbfgmntb be fbebkmfc fb jmfm sbjtcr. Zè, tgbnbn qub gr fb jmsm bn jmsm. Bsc fbhcrm. Zè eebkm em rmfgc. \mfgc Hungjgpmegfmf fb Jmrmz, \mfgc… tmhlgçn. Bsjuj`mhcs \TT
tmhlgçn. Zè jcnagmhcs bn em jmegfmf fb gnacrhmjgún qub lrgnfm em rmfgc. \mfgc Vrcpghgx em bsjuj`c fb = m :ph9 gnacrhmn sclrb Jmrmz. Mekuncs tmhlgçn bsjuj`mn bn em ncj`b, tbrhgnmnfc fb trmlmomr, bn amhgegm. Ncs sbrvgrèm lmstmntb qub `mym unm rmfgc jchungtmrgm fb ncsctrcs. Ems huobrbs fb em jchungfmf `mlemn hmycrhbntb qubj`um. Zg sb pmsm un prckrmhm rmfgme bn jmstbeemnc, scec bntbnfbrèmn pcr sus bspcscs. Bn jmhlgc, sg sb `mjb bn qubj`um, sè bntgbnfbn. Wm tbnbhcs hmem bxpbrgbnjgm jcn bhprbsms. Nc rbspbtmn. Jchc tgbnbn pemtm, `mjbn ec qub qugbrbn. Wm nc qubrbhcs bhprbsms prgvmfms9 scec qub be Bstmfc qub jcntrmtb m mekunm bhprbsm qub rbmegjb hmntbnghgbntc, pbrc qub nc gntbrvbnkm fbspuçs. Mfbhís, qub be Bstmfc `mkm clrms mjí pmrm qub hbocrb. M ems mutcrgfmfbs ncs begkbn pcr vctc sbjrbtc. Vbscrbrc fb em Jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc? c
Hmjbfcngc
Vchmhcs be jcntrce fb em emkunm `mjb cj`c mýcs. Be mkum fb em emkunm ncs sgrvb pmrm tcfc? mkrèjcem, kmnmfbrèm, jcnsuhc. Zè `bhcs suargfc prclebhms fb mkum. Jumnfc em hmnbomlm em Fuib, m vbjbs ecs juetgvcs sb gnunfmlmn c `mlèm sbquèm. M`crm ym nc `my bscs prclebhms. Jumnfc `my msmhlebm, sb rbÿnbn scec em ountm fgrbjtgvm, nc tcfm em jchungfmf. Ncs rbunghcs jcn ctrms mutcrgfmfbs bn Jmrmz, jcn em Hungjgpmegfmf Trcvgnjgme, MEM, btj. Em bhprbsm nunjm ncs `m lrgnfmfc lbnbagjgcs, mpmrtb fb ÿtgebs bsjcemrbs jumnfc jchgbnzmn ems jemsbs. Hís nc.
Wm nc qubrbhcs nbkcjgmr jcn ngnkunm bhprbsm, sgnc hmnbomr ncsctrcs hgshcs. ]ubrbhcs qub sb hmntbnkm em jchpubrtm sbkurm.
c
Mntcngc Bx prbsgfbntb fb em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc
Mntbs fb em rbjupbrmjgún fb em emkunm, ecs prcabsgcnmebs hbnjgcnmlmn qub nc sb vm pcfbr rbjupbrmr pcrqub bstm ym tgbnb fubýc. Em hmycrèm fb beecs brmn fb Jmrmz. Mntcngc aub prbsgfbntb fb em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc jumnfc sb rbjupbrú em Emkunm fb Tmrún, bs fbjgr jumnfc em emkunmpmsú m sbr pmrtb fb em jchungfmf bn be mýc <440. Trbvgc m em hmrj`m pmjèagjm fbe <7 fb ouegc fbe <440, emjchungjmjgún bntrb jmfm unc fb ecs jchunbrcs sb fgc m trmvçs fb ecs j`msqugs, pbrscnms qub trmnshgtèmn ecs hbnsmobs fb jmsm bn jmsm, pmrm gnacrhmr fb ec qub bstmlm mjcntbjgbnfc. Tmrm beec ems mjtgvgfmfbs gngjgmrcn fbsfb ems 6 MH. Zb rbmegzú unm hmrj`m pmjèagjm sgn vgcebnjgm y tcfcs ecs jchunbrcs y kbntb fb Jmrmz tmhlgçn mpcymrcn em hmrj`m be jume sb fgc sgn ngnkunm hmnj`m fb smnkrb, unm mjjgún qub bs pmrm rbsmetmr. Zgn bhlmrkc pmrm be 41 fb mkcstc fbe <440, Fuib trmtm fb gnkrbsmr m em emkunm. Em jchungfmf nc pbrhgtgú be gnkrbsc fb em bhprbsm, ems huobrbs aubrcn ems hís mkubrrgfms y beems juhpegbrcn un rce huy ghpcrtmntbs. Tubs fb bsm abj`m çe rbjglb unm fbnunjgm pcr pmrtb fb em bhprbsm, qub m`crm `m qubfmfc mrj`gvmfc. Bn jumntc m em pmrtgjgpmjgún bn hbsm fb fgíeckc sb fgc fbspuçs, bspbjgmehbntb bn be kclgbrnc fb Jmrecs Hgeem, munqub `m sgfc fb nchlrb nc hís, scec pmrtgjgpú bn rbungcnbs Eghm- Jmrmz- @umrmz. Bstms rbungcnbs sb fmlmn sbhmnmehbntb y pmrtgjgpmlmn sus jumtrc fgrbjtgvcs y be mejmefb Jmrmz. Zb rbunèmn jcn be MNM, MEM y bn be jcnkrbsc. Beecs fbjèmn qub sg sb vm m sceujgcnmr pbrc nmfm scec brm `mlemfurèm. Mtbnfèmn ems qubomn y bsjuj`mn pbrc pmrm fmr sceujgún nmfm. Tbrc em jcnvbrsmjgcnbs sg myufmrcn pcrqub em emkunm rbkrbsm m em jchungfmf y sb jcnvgbrtb bn Tmtrghcngc Nmturme fb em nmjgún fbe jume beecs sb sgbntbn huy crkueecscs. ³Júhc brm be hmnboc fb em emkunm mntgkumhbntb3
Em emkunm tgbnb unm prcaunfgfmf fb 6<44 y jumnfc çe tuvc =4 mýcs sb `gzc em jmrrbtm pmrm bstc emkunm tbnèm un agetrc nmturme. Bstc myufmlm m em mkrgjueturm y em kmnmfbrèm. Mfbhís nunjm nmfgb hb `m fgj`c qub sb `m rblmesmfc pbrc m`crm fgjbn pcr be jmhlgc fb jeghm bstc `m mabjtmfc em emkunm.
³Jrbb qub em hmqugnmrgm qub sb `m pubstc sgrvb pmrm rbkuemr be mkum3
Wm qub sb `m `bj`c sgrvb pmrm bsc fbe jmebntmhgbntc, munqub nunjm sb vm rblmesmr y sg nc tuvgbrm em jchpubrtm tgbnb su agetrc nmturme. ³Júhc pubfb myufmr em hungjgpmegfmf jcn be tbhm fb em emkunm3
Be mjtume mejmefb bstí myufmnfc y furmntb su pbrgcfc tmhlgçn `ulc mpcyc fb em Hungjgpmegfmf. ³]uç cpgnm fbe gnkbngbrc Cjmým3
Be Gnkbngbrc Cjmým `m trmlmomfc jcn Fuib y nc jcnaèm bn çe, su gnacrhmjgún nc bs jemrm y nc smlb bxpegjmr m em pclemjgún pcr bsc nc `my jcnagmnzm. ³]uç cpgnm fbe Zr. [metbr Mrhms3
Vmhpcjc jcnaèm bn çe, fgjb fbabnfbr em emkunm pbrc pmrbjb tbnbr ctrms gntbnjgcnbs, gnjeusc `b bsjuj`mfc su vczbn vgfbcs, btj. pbrc nc sb jcnaèm bn çe. ³]uç pgbnsmn fbe jchgtç fb fbabnsm3
Beecs fblbn clsbrvmr em emkunm y fblbn gntbkrmrsb m nubstrm jchungfmf tcfc nubstrc suarghgbntc pbrc bsc nc qugbrb, nc jcncjbn ng smlbn sus nbjbsgfmfbs. ³]uç cpgnm fbe mjtume prbsgfbntb fb em emkunm3
Be mjtume prbsgfbntb tgbnb mnsgms pbrc eb ametm. ³Fb qugçnbs rbjglbn hís mpcyc3
Fb Jbms ³]uç rmfgc bsjuj`m, m quç `crm y bn jume jcnaèm hís3
\mfgc Hungjgpme y \mfgc Vrcpghgx y rmfgc Wunkmy. W jcnaèc hís bn rmfgc Wunkmy, m Vrcpghgx nc eb jrbb pcrqub hgbntb huj`c y bhpgbzm m vbjbs gnsuetmr. Bsjuj`m rmfgc hmycrhbntb bn em tmrfb. Çe bs mkrgjuetcr y jumnfc vm trmlmomr nc bsjuj`m rmfgc scec jumnfc eebkm m jmsm. Jrbb qub sbrèm lubnm gfbm rbmegzmr jcnvcjmtcrgm m trmvçs fb em rmfgc sbrèm hís rípgfc y sbrgm huj`c hbocr bn ]ubj`um. Ecs mvgscs fblbn sbr bn em hmýmnm 6 c 2 fb em hmýmnm pcrqub e mkbntb ym bstí fbspgbrtm y egstm pmrm gr me jmhpc. ³Qb Vbebvgsgún3
Qbc scec pcjms vbjbs, pbrc be ÿngjc jmnme qub vbc bs Vv Tbrÿ. ³]uç eukmrbs tgbnbn pmrm rbungrsb jcn tcfm em jchungfmf3
Be eukmr fbpbnfb fb em mutcrgfmf pubfb sbr bn fgstgntcs sbjtcrbs jchc tgbnbn vmrgcs sbjtcrbs scec bs jcsm fb `mlemr jcn be prbsgfbntb y sb jccrfgnm jcn em pclemjgún. c
Ouegc Lmrún, Trbsgfbntb mjtume fb em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc
Bs prbsgfbntb fb em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc y jcnsgfbrm qub nc `my mpcyc fbe Bstmfc ng fbe kclgbrnc fb Mnjms` m pbsmr fb tbnbr huj`ms nbjbsgfmfbs. Tcr beec, beecs trmlmomn bn jcnountc scn jbrjm fb <= jchungfmfbs y mkrmfbjb huj`c m ecs fb JBMZ qugbnbs mpcymn y rbjglbn un mpcyc jcnstmntb pcr pmrtb fb beecs. Em pmrtgjgpmjgún pmrm em rbjupbrmjgún fb emkunm sb euj`ú tcfc be publec, ecs <= sbjtcrbs çe bstuvc jchc fgrgkbntb. Em jchungjmjgún jcn em pclemjgún bs m trmvçs fb fbebkmfcs, bs fbjgr beecs bhgtbn un hbnsmobs y ecs fbekmfcs sb jchungjmn jcn em pclemjgún pmrm bstc sb bnvèm jcnvcjmtcrgms bsjrgtms y fbhcrm 0 fèms fb gnacrhmr tcfc y sgn bs urkbntb bs bn trbs fèms. Em jchungjmjgún bn em çpcjm fb em tchm fb em emkunm aub m trmvçs fb mvbeemnms y jc`btbs. Em kbntb tbnèm qub bsjuj`mr trbs bntcnjbs tbnèmn qub vbngr m mpcymr. Çe bsjuj`m rmfgc, \mfgc Zmn Oumn y ctrms rmfgcs. Tbrc sb usm hís jbeumer pmrm em jchungjmjgún. Em pclemjgún pmrm bsjuj`mr nctgjgms bsjuj`mn rmfgc pbrc nc tcfcs bs tbhm fb gntbrçs. Tbrc pmrm jchungjmrsb sb eemhm jcn jbeuemr m ecs fbebkmfcs jcn ecs vcjmebs pmrm gnacrhmr sclrb mekÿn tbhm. Bn jumntc su pmrtgjgpmjgún bn hbsms fb fgíeckcs, sb rbmegzmn tmntc bn Eghm. Jmrmz y @umrmz. Tbrc bxgkb qub ems hbsms fb fgíeckcs sb fblmn fmr bn Jmrmz pcrqub ecs `bj`cs be jcnaegjtc sb fm mquè. Em jchungjmjgún pmrm bstms hbsms sb fm m trmvçs fb jmrtms. Ouegc jcnsgfbrm fb qub be tÿnbe bs jchpegjmfc nc smlb sg bstb rbsuetm lbnbagjgcs. Be MNM y be MEM pmrbjb bstmr fb emfc fb em bhprbsm, beecs scec qugbrbn bstmr bn sus cagjgnm y nc ebs gntbrbsm ems nbjbsgfmfbs fbe publec. Vmhlgçn `my mjtms qub beecs rbspbtmn pcr pmrtb fb ecs mjubrfcs jcn Fuib. Bn jumntc me hmntbnghgbntc fb ems hmqugnmrgms fbpbnfb fb ecs prcabsgcnmebs y tçjngjcs pmrm bsc sb tgbnb qub `mlemr jcn be TJH. Zu pcsturm agnme bs qub be jcnaegjtc tbrhgnb y qub em emkunm bstí smnbmfm jchc mntbs. Tmrm beec be Bstmfc fblbbstmr bn ec ebkme m mpcymr m em jchungfmf.
c
[metbr Mrhms Tbým (Trbsgfbntb fbe Jchgtç fb Fbabnsm y Trctbjjgún fb em Emkunm fb Tmrún)
³]uç rce oubkms bn em rbjupbrmjgún fb em emkunm fb Tmrún3
Rngagjmr m em Jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc, ountm fb usumrgcs qub jcnstm fb =6 tchms y Jmrmz qub sgbhprb ec `mn fbomfc fb emfc y sg vbhcs em pgríhgfb fb jcnsuhc fb mkum, be jcnsuhc fbe mkum bs be bsjmeún unc, sbkunfc vgbnb em mkrgjueturm, pbrc mquè bstmlm cpubstc, csbm eb fmlmn em prbabrbnjgm m em Jchungfmf JH, fbjèmn qub beecs brmn príjtgjmhbntb fubýcs fb em EKT jumnfc nc bs msè, prghbr pemnc bs pmrm be jcnsuhc `uhmnc, eubkc em mkrgjueturm y tbrjbrc em gnfustrgm. Hg rce aub em fb ungagjmr m tcfcs, trmlmomr fb hmnbrm unínghb pmrm fmr un lubn usc fb em EKT y m emrkc pemzc pbnsmr qub fb ems 164 emkunms qub bxgstbn bn be Jmeeboún fb @umyems, be hís krmnfb bs em EKT, tbnbhcs em hmycr jmntgfmf y tmhlgçn `my metm fbhmnfm fb mkum pmrm pcfbr ulgjmrec m em vbntm, jchc em bhprbsm FRIB c J`mvghcj`gj qub tmhlgçn sb bstín lbnbagjgmnfc jcn be jmufme fbe mkum. Hg rce aub ungagjmrecs m tcfcs y m em pclemjgún fmrebs m jcncjbr be pcr quç bstmhcs trmlmomnfc mquè. Ec `mlèmn fbomfc fb emfc m em prcvgnjgm fb @umyems, bn Jmrmz `my <4,444 usumrgcs jcnsuhgfcrbs fb mkum pctmleb m trmvçs fb BTZ J`mvèn , bhprbsm prbstmfcrm fb sbrvgjgcs pmrtgjuemr, qub nc pbrtbnbjb m em Hungjgpmegfmf, mquè ncs jclrmn tmhlgçn uncs prbjgcs bebvmfcs, bntcnjbs yc fgob `my qub fb unm vbz trmlmomr pmrm eebkmr m un lubn mjubrfc y bhpbzmhcs m trmlmomr. Mntbrgcrhbntb EKT trmtmrcn fb rblmomrec m 6,=02 hsnh, m rmèz fb uncs bstufgcs fb `mjb 64 mýcs hbnjgcnmrcn qub bsb bs be ngvbe fb sbkurgfmf, ec jume jrbc qub qugzís sb bqugvcjmrcn, hgbntrms qub sb `mkmn bstufgcs nubvcs, sb tgbnb qub rbkuemr m EKT bn 6,=74, pcrqub unc tbnbhcs qub vbr be bspboc be ngvbe fb em Emkunm, c sbm tmhlgçn bhlbeebjb bn çpcjm fb turgshc. Zg `mlemhcs fb sbkurgfmf, bntcnjbs yc bhpbjç m `mlemr fb nbjbsgfmf, bs jchc `mlemr fb bfujmjgún? bnsbýmnzm‚ mprbnfgzmob, tgbnbn qub gr fb em hmnc. Tbrc sg `mlemhcs fb sbkurgfmf, MNM y MEM, bntgfmfbs fbe kclgbrnc `mlemrcn fb sbkurgfmf qub Jmrmz prclmlebhbntb pubfb jmbr un nbvmfc c mekc y `my unm fbskrmjgm, pbrc ec jume nc bs tmhpcjc, bn tmntcs mýcs nc `m cjurrgfc, ng jcn be tbrrbhctc fbe ;4 nc pmsú nmfm, bntcnjbs yc `mleb fb nbjbsgfmf, beecs fb sbkurgfmf y yc fb nbjbsgfmf, m rmèz fb bsc mquè sb acrhú un nubvc jchgtç em jume hg pbrscnm em prbsgfb, yc rbprbsbntc mquè m tcfm em prcvgnjgm fb @umyems, Jmhpgým y Wurmjctc, qub scn ecs usumrgcs fbe mkum. Fb nbjbsgfmf hg pbrscnm, nbjbsgfmf fb quç, jumntms tchms m vbjbs jcrrbtbmhcs pmrm tmpmr be mkum, jumnfc `my krmfumjgún fbe mkum fb em emkunm, ctrcs sclrbjmrkm, ctrcs hís, ctrcs hbncs, bntcnjbs eb fgob , pmrm nc bstmr pbebmnfc, pmrm fbomr zmnomfc bstc fb unm vbz `mlebhcs bn MNM, hb eebvmrcn me Jcnkrbsc m Eghm, fbomhcs ems jcsms lgbn jemrms, bntcnjbs uf. jchc Trbsgfbntb ³]uçjcnvbrsmhcs sceujgún eb meeè, fm fgobrcn3, sbnjgeec eb fgob, yc jchc fcjbntb pmrm fgjtmr hg jemsb pmrm tcfc be mýc `mkc hg prckrmhmjgún mnume, bntcnjbs gkumegtc, ufs jchc MNM `mkmn su prckrmhmjgún mnume fb
fbsjmrkm y egstc, bnbrc, ablrbrc, smlrbhcs sg `my eeuvgm bntcnjbs fb mjubrfc me bstufgc qub sb `mjb prckrmhmjgún mnume, bntcnjbs fbomhcs fb `mlemr fbe jcnaegjtc, fbomhcs fb emfc ems mspbrbzms fb em jchungfmf y em FRIB, fbomhcs fb emfc ems pbebms bntrb be hungjgpgc y be MNM, me agnme ufs scn bntgfmfbs fbe kclgbrnc, fblbn vbemr, m rmèz fb bsc sb bhpbzú y `bhcs eebkmfc m un lubn mjubrfc, ec qub ngnkunm mutcrgfmf ec `m `bj`c qugzís, m`crgtm `bhcs jcnsbkugfc rbkuemr em Emkunm bn 6=74, pcrqub 6=02 qugzís nc eb `ulgbrm fmfc kmnms fb hgrmrec, huy lmoc be ngvbe. Bstb mjubrfc sb pemshú bn un mjtm qub bstí bn em hungjgpmegfmf. ³Em jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc tgbnb jcncjghgbntc fbe mjtm3
Jemrc, bs qub m`crgtm schcs jumtrc, unc bs em hungjgpmegfmf qub bnjmlbzm, bs un krupc fb trmlmoc qub tbnbhcs m`crgtm, unm hbsm fb trmlmoc príjtgjmhbntb, em jume prbsgfb be MNM (Eghm), be MEM, be TJH, Fbabnscrèm fbe Tublec, Hungjgpmegfmf prcvgnjgme fb @umyems qub bnjmlbzm be mejmefb, sbkunfm bstí be Jchgtç fb Fbabnsm fb Trctbjjgún fb em EKT (hg pbrscnm jchc prbsgfbntb), prbsgfbntb fb em Jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc, Ountm fb Rsumrgcs fb ems =6 tchms qub bxgstb bn tcfm em jubnjm fb em EKT (sbýcr Hmjmrgc bs be prbsgfbntb), scn tcfc bsb krupc qub trmlmomn. Be prbsgfbntb fb em FRIB tmhlgçn bstmlm meeè. Bsb fèm agrhmhcs pmrm be jgbrrb fb em EKT FRIB tbnèm qub rbspcnsmlgegzmrsb jcn be pmkc, m rmèz fb qub, bs qub beecs scn fubýcs fb em gnarmbstrujturm, scn fubýcs fb em jchpubrtm, m`crm be brrcr `mn jchbtgfc beecs, nc ncsctrcs, m rmèz fb qub, bs pcrqub bsm jchpubrtm lgbn jemrc be gnkbngbrc bxpegjú scemhbntb tgbnb un scpcrtb m 6=74, pmsmfc ecs 6=74 be vceuhbn y em prbsgún fb em emkunm ec pubfb tuhlmr, m tbhcr fb bsc qub pubfb `mlbr unm fbnunjgm fb fbrbj`cs `uhmncs, m tbhcr fb bsc, beecs fgjbn `my qub `mjbr unm fbsjmrkm, nc bs qub pubfb `mlbr un meuvgún, ng nmfm, be prclebhm bs pcr em jchpubrtm. M`crm em ÿngjm sceujgún bs y ec fgob mybr bn em rmfgc jumnfc hb bntrbvgstmrcn, sb fblb fmr un hmntbnghgbntc urkbntb fb bsm jchpubrtm, be brrcr ym sb jchbtgú, pbrc be hmntbnghgbntc bs nbjbsmrgc, nc sb qugbn ec vmym m agnmnjgmr pbrc tgbnb qub `mjbrsb fb unm vbz. Em pclemjgún ³júhc sb bntbrm3 Tcr em rmfgc, tbnbhcs \mfgc @umnfcy, \mfgc Zgfbrme, qub hb fmn un bspmjgc. Jumequgbr hchbntc yc vcy jcn hg jrbfbnjgme y beecs hb mjbptmn, bn be nctgjgbrc qub scn fb = m :, jumequgbr `crm yc pubfc gr jcn hg jrbfbnjgme. ³Vÿ pmrtgjgpms fb ems hbsms fb fgíeckc3
Jemrc, hb gnvgtmn mquè bn Jmrmz `my unm hbsm fb fgíeckc. ³Tmrm qub tÿ jchungqubs m em pclemjgún, m ems jchungfmfbs, tb pmrbjb hbocr usmr em \mfgc3
Zè, pcrqub tbnkc bn hg fgrbjtgvm un vcjme qub trmlmom bn pbrgcfgshc, bs pcrqub eebkm m tcfcs, bs em rmfgc hís sgntcngzmfm. ³Ctrc hbfgc fb jchungjmjgún3
Ecs fcjuhbntcs, ems jchgtgvms, fgrbjtgvms y ec rbaubrzc jcn em rmfgc fb eunbs m fchgnkc smeb bsc. ³@ms pmrtgjgpmfc bn mekÿn tmeebr pmrm bxpegjmreb m em Jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc3
Zè, hmycrhbntb jcn JBMZ `my jmpmjgtmjgcnbs m ems jchungfmfbs, hb gnvgtmn pbrscnmehbntb, m hg hb gnvgtmn jchc usumrgc, nc jchc fgrgkbntb, yc scy fgrgkbntb fb tchm 6 fb mrrglm, pcr bsc tbnkc qub gr, yc tbnkc be bstmtutc y trmlmoc jcn beecs, eb `mkc bntbnfbr, ncs pmsmhcs tcfm em tmrfb jcnvbrsmnfc, yc `mlec qubj`um, yc jchc fcjbntb `b bnsbýmfc bn pbfmkúkgjc qubj`um bn Wunkmy, `b acrhmfc fcjbntbs. Jumnfc fcy bntrbvgstms tmhlgçn fcy bn qubj`um pmrm `mjbrebs bntbnfbr. ³Vÿ júhc vbs m em bhprbsm FRIB3
M em jchungfmf nmfgb ebs `m fgj`c, ncsctrcs jchbtghcs un brrcr, ncsctrcs vmhcs m fmr hmntbnghgbntc m trmvçs fb tbrjbrcs sg nc qugbrbn qub bntrbhcs y ustbfbs hmnbomn su mkum jchc m`crgtm y egstc, nmfm hís qubfmlm bsc. Em Fmtic bs unm bhprbsm qub pbrtbnbjb m em FRIB, qub mntbrgcrhbntb eb egjgtmrcn em clrm y pcr bsc eb fgob me sbýcr Cjmým, bs tu bhprbsm eb fgob, `mn kmnmfc em egjgtmjgún pbrc nunjm `mn `bj`c hmntbnghgbntc. Zb `mn kmnmfc pemtm aíjge, `mjb fcs mýcs fblgbrcn `mjbr hmntbnghgbntc, bstí bn be mjtm, m hè em hgshm FRIB hb `m fgj`c m Fmtic em `bhcs jcntrmtmfc pcr nc ec `m `bj`c. M rmèz fb bsc bhpbzú bstm euj`m, ems vbrfmfbs, tcfcs ecs fcjuhbntcs smegbrcn m em euz y pcr bsc m`crgtm bstmhcs fcnfb bstmhcs. ³Mjtumehbntb tÿ bstís rbspmefmnfc m em jchungfmf pmrm qub hmnbob em rbprbsm c jcnsgfbrms qub FRIB fblbrèm hmnbomrem3 Nc, nc mquè nc sb nbjbsgtm fb hmnboc, yc fgob lgbn jemrc, sb `mlem fb nbjbsgfmf, fb mjubrfc m em nbjbsgfmf `my qub usmr be mkum y bsc bs tcfc, bstmhcs bn un jmebntmhgbntc keclme, `my qub kumrfmr mkum pmrm hmyc, schcs prgvgebkgmfcs qub ncs `mn pubstc bsm jchpubrtm pmrm pcfbr utgegzmr y em jchungfmf ym hb bntbnfgú lgbn jemrc, hb `mn fgj`c pbrabjtc bn sus hmncs fbomhcs tcfc. ³Lubnc, bntcnjbs qugçn sb bnjmrkmrèm fbe hmntbnghgbntc3
Be hmntbnghgbntc clvgmhbntb tgbnb qub `mjbrec em FRIB pcrqub bs lbnbagjgmrgc fgrbjtc, pcrqub bs fubýc fb em gnarmbstrujturm, tgbnbn qub `mjbr be hmntbnghgbntc, pbrc tmhlgçn ncsctrcs pcfbhcs `mjbr hmntbnghgbntc. ³Mekunm jcsm hís3
Wc vcy m pcnbr hcngtcrbc bn tgbhpc rbme, `mstm em qublrmfm me eènbm fb hcvgstmr, `mstm em hgshm emkunm `my, vcy m pcnbr gntbrnbt bn tgbhpc rbme ec vcy m hcngtcrbmr m`crm, bntcnjbs me MNM eb `b fgj`c ufs Cevèfbnsb 6,=74 pubfc hmnbomr bn tgbhpc rbme, ufs. Hb `mlemn fb sbkurgfmf, ym, vcy m fmr sceujgcnbs pmrm qub beecs nc vbnkmn m bntrchbtbrsb, sg `my huj`ms jcsgtms qub vcy m jmhlgmr mjí. ³Vÿ jccrfgnms jcn JBMZ jcnstmntbhbntb3
Zè, jcn em gnkbngbrm Tmuem, beem hb jcnsuetm y yc eb hmnfc pcr w`mtsmpps, eb hmnfc be fcjuhbntc qub agrhmhcs bn @umrmz, be ngvbe fbe mkum, yc qugnjbnmehbntb sulc pmrm hbfgr be ngvbe fbe mkum, `mkc un hcngtcrbc pbrhmnbntb, tcy hmnfmnfc y jcnvbrsmnfc, jcn beem tbnkc unm jcnvbrsmjgún mntbs fb ems rbungcnbs, fbspuçs nc, mntbs, jcn em jchungfmf jcn tcfcs, ecs jumtrc ncs rbunghcs, be prbsgfbntb Ouegc Lmrún, Hmjmrgc, yc y Jbms, ym vbnghcs egstcs pmrm euj`mr jcn ecs qub sb vgbnbn fbe MNM. ³Be MNM quç mjtgtuf tgbnb arbntb me jcnaegjtc3
Zb jrbbn fubýcs fbe mkum jumnfc nc bs msè, scn bntgfmfbs fbe kclgbrnc nmfm hís bstín pmrm rbkuemr, csbm em aunjgún prgnjgpme fbe MNM bs vbemr,fmreb un lubn usc me rbjursc `èfrgjc y tmhlgçn tcfc ec fbe hbfgc mhlgbntb, qub nc pmsb nmfm, pbrc sgn bhlmrkc `mjbn fbsjmrkm m : puntcs, :.2, jumntm pemntm bstín hmtmnfc. Wc scy fb Jmr`umz pbrc ym tbnkc == mýcs trmlmomnfc bn Jmrmz. c
Ocrkb Ínkbebs Lrmvc, obab fb em Rngfmf fb Jmtmstrc fb em Hungjgpmegfmf fb @umyems
Em bhprbsm Fuib nc `gzc be hmntbnghgbntc mfbjumfc fb em emkunm jumnfc bstmlm prbsbntb rbmegzmnfc sus emlcrbs. @my pbrscnms fb em rmfgc qub trmtmn fb hme gnacrhmr m em pclemjgún jchc bn be jmsc qub fgobrcn qub vmn m ‐fbsmkumr‗ em emkunm. \mfgc @umyems
bs unm fb beems. Be rce qub oubkm em hungjgpmegfmf fb @umyems bs bstmr m amvcr fb ecs usumrgcs, bn bstb jmsc, bspbjgmehbntb em mkrgjueturm. Me pmrbjbr em pclemjgún rbqugbrb hís mkum fb ec qub sb pubfb bstmlebjbr. Bstb bs be prghbr mýc qub sb `mjb em fbsjmrkm y vmn m trmtmr fb eebkmr 6=02 qub bs be ngvbe hènghc fb sbkurgfmf, bn be hbs fb ncvgbhlrb sb fblb eebkmr. Ec qub sb lusjm bs qub tbnkm un pemn fb fbsjmrkm mnume, y bsc bvgtmrèm huj`cs prclebhms, bn bsc sb bstí trmlmomnfc, ym bstí bn mkbnfm. ]ugbn `mjb bsb pemn bs be MEM.
Be prclebhm bs qub me nc gnkrbsm Fuib m hmntbnbr em gnarmbstrujturm bstm sb bstí fbtbrgcrmnfc. Em hungjgpmegfmf nc tgbnb ngnkÿn gntbrçs fb fbsmrrceemr jmpmjgtmjgcnbs m em jchungfmf sclrb be tbhm fb em emkunm. Bn be tbhm fb fbsmrrceec fb clrms sè `m `mlgfc. Jrbb qub bstmlebjgbnfc un pemn fb fbsjmrkm mnume ym nc sb vbrín jcnaegjtc. Em MEM bs em bnjmrkmfm fb vbr bsc y qub tgbnb ecs jcncjghgbntcs. Em pclemjgún tgbnb fbsjcncjghgbntc. Bs lgbn fgaèjge qub em pclemjgún vubevm m jcnagmr, vbn me tÿnbe fb fbsjmrkm jchc be qub ebs `m kbnbrmfc be prclebhm. Tcjc m pcjc, hgbntrms qub bstín vgbnfc qub beec bstí rbkuemnfc, bsc ebs bstí kbnbrmnfc jcnagmnzm m trmvçs fb qub beecs bstín vgbnfc rbsuetmfcs. Be pemn JCTBZJC sb bstí fbsmrrceemnfc pmrm qub sb ghpebhbntb m Tmrún jchc eukmr turèstgjm y sb ghpebhbntbn ems hbfgfms nbjbsmrgms pmrm beec. AC\HMVC FB BNJRBZVMZ M TCLEMFC\BZ FB EM JCHRNGFMF J\R_ FB HMWC BNJRBZVM Bfmf? Zbxc? Jmsbrèc? @crmrgc, tgbhpc y fèms fb jcnsuhc fb rmfgc =.
³M trmvçs fb quç hbfgcs sb gnacrhm3 (hÿetgpeb) m) Vbebvgsgún l) \mfgc j) Gntbrnbt f) Tbrgúfgjc b) Ctrc?
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³Zubebs bsjuj`mr rmfgc3 Zg em rbspubstm bs NC pmsmr m em prbkuntm =: m) Zè l) Nc
:.
³]uç rmfgc(s) bsjuj`m jcn hmycr arbjubnjgm3 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
6.
³Bn quç rmfgc jcnaèm hís3 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
2.
³]uç tmntc jcnaèm bn bsm rmfgc3
m) l) j) f)
Nmfm Tcjc \bkuemr Huj`c
1.
³Juíebs scn ecs prckrmhms rmfgmebs qub prbagbrb bsjuj`mr3 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
;.
³]uç jcnfujtcrbs rmfgmebs eb kustmn3 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
0.
]uç fèms bsjuj`m rmfgc (hÿetgpeb) m) Eunbs l) Hmrtbs j) Hgçrjcebs f) Oubvbs b) Qgbrnbs a) Zílmfc k) Fchgnkc `) Vcfms ems mntbrgcrbs
7.
³Bn quç hchbntcs fbe fèm subebs bsjuj`mr rmfgc3 (hÿetgpeb) m) l) j)
Hmýmnm. Bspbjgagjmr `crmrgc?SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS Vmrfb. Bspbjgagjmr `crmrgc?SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS Ncj`b. Bspbjgagjmr `crmrgc?SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
=4. ³Jcn qugçnbs bsjuj`ms hmycrhbntb em rmfgc3 (hÿetgpeb) m) Zcec l) Amhgegm j) Mhgkcs f) Tmrbom b) Ctrc? ==. ³]uç tgpc fb gnacrhmjgún eb kustmrèm bsjuj`mr bnem rmfgc3 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS =<. ³]uç gnacrhmjgún fb em rmfgc tb myufmrèm pmrm rbmegzmr tus mjtgvgfmfbs3 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS =:. ³Juíe bs be tgpc fb trmlmoc qub rbmegzm3 (hÿetgpeb) m) Kmnmfbrèm
l) j) f) b) a) k)
Mkrgjuetcr Clrbrc Jchbrjgmntb Mhm fb jmsm J`cabr Ctrc?
=6. Tcr ec kbnbrme, ³quç mjtgvgfmfbs rbmegzmhgbntrms bsjuj`m rmfgc3 (hÿetgpeb) m) J`mjrm l) \gbkc j) Fbsjmnsc f) @mkc em eghpgbzm fb em jmsm b) Jcjgnc a) Ctrm? =2. ³Tmrm quç bsjuj`ms rmfgc3 (hÿetgpeb) m) Tmrm nc sbntgrhb scec l) Tmrm bstmr gnacrhmfc j) Tmrm bsjuj`mr hÿsgjm f) Ctrc? Jcnaegjtc =1. ³Júhc tb gnacrhms sclrbprclebhms fb em jchungfmf3 M trmvçs fb? m) Msmhlebms jchunmebs l) Hbsms fb fgmeckc j) Bn em abrgm/lcfbkm/ctrc bspmjgc pÿlegjc (bspbjgagjmr) f) Em rmfgc b) Ecs pbrgúfgjcs a) Tcr tbrjbrcs k) Fbebkmfcs `) Ctrc? =;. ³Zmlb fb fúnfb vgbnb be mkum qub jcnsuhb3 =0. ³Jcncjb júhc sb hmnbom be suhgngstrc fbmkum fb em emkunm fb Tmrún3 m) Zè l) Nc =7. ³@m tbngfc prclebhms jcnbe fb mkum pmrm rbmegzmr sus mjtgvgfmfbs fgmrgms3 Zg em rbspubstm bs sè bspbjgagjmr arbjubnjgm.
m)
Zè Arbjubnjgm?SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS l) Nc <4. ³@m bsjuj`mfc `mlemrsclrb em bhprbsm Fuib Bnbrky3 m) Zg l) Nc <=. ³Em bhprbsm Fuib tgbnb mekÿn prclebhm jcnem jchungfmf3 Zg su rbspubstm bs sè bspbjgagjmr. ³Rf. quç smlb3 m) Zè. Bspbjgagjmr?SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSS l) Nc <<. ³Juíe jrbb Rf. qub sb em sceujgún m bstb prclebhm3 <:. ³]ugçn tb gnacrhm sclrb ecs mjubrfcs qubsb tchmn sclrb em Emkunm3 m) Fbebkmfcs l) Eèfbrbs j) Trbsgfbntb fb em Jchungfmf f) JBMZ b) a)
Ctrc? Nmfgb hb gnacrhm
<6. ³Júhc ec `mjb3 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
<2. ³M qugçn rbjurrb Rf. juínfc fbsbm prbsbntmr unmqubom rbemjgcnmfm jcn su jchungfmf3 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS <1. ³Júhc eb mabjtm m ustbf bstb prclebhm3 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS <;. ³Jrbbs qub bstb prclebhm `m mabjtmfc be turgshc bn em Emkunmfb Tmrún3 m) Zè l) j)
Nc Nc sç
ACVCK\MAÈMZ
Actckrmaèm crgkgnme fb em emkunm fb Tmrún be fèm fb em mpbrturm fb jchpubrtm (oubvbs <: fb oungc fbe <4=1)
Bntrbvgstm me prbsgfbntb fb em Jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc, Ouegc Lmrún
Bntrmfm m em jchpubrtm fb em emkunm fb Tmrún
Actckrmaèm fbe jmnme baeubntb fb em emkunm fb Tmrún
Tbrscnme fbe JBMZ me lcrfb fbe jmnme baeubntb fb em emkunm fb Tmrún
Bnjubstm m unm huobr fb em Jchungfmf Jruz fb Hmyc bn em Abrgm fb Jmrmz
ARBNVBZ LGLEGCK\ÍAGJMZ Jchungfmf Bpgsjcpme fb Mjjgún Zcjgme <4== Em jchungfmf jmhpbsgnm Jruz fb Hmyc ―Rnm jchungfmf qub fbagbnfb y prchubvb em Qgfm‘ `ttp?//www.jbms.crk.pb/nctgjgm.p`p3NctGf8<62 [geemqngig <4=6 [geemkncig Gnacrhb fb fgabrbnjgms, jcntrcvbrsgms y jcnaegjtcs scjgmebsBfgjgún N´ =1 Eghm =6 - Tbrÿ `ttp?//www.pjh.kcl.pb/wp-jcntbnt/upecmfs/<4=6/4:/[=1.pfa Mutcrgfmf Nmjgcnme fbe Mkum <4== Bstmfc sgtumjgcnme? Emkunm fb Tmrún Eghm - Tbrÿ `ttp?//www.mnm.kcl.pb/hbfgm/66;==7/bstmfcSsgtumjgcnmeSemkunmSpmrcn.%2L=%2F.pfa Jchgsgún Bpgsjcpme fb Mjjgún Zcjgme <4== EM JCHRNGFMF JMHTBZGNM J\R_ FB HMWC ―Rnm jchungfmf qub fbagbnfb y prchubvb em Qgfm‘. Jcnsuetm? =2 fb oungc fb <4=1.
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