CAMBRIDE TXTBOOKS IN INUSTICS v:
COMRIE, C. J FL1MORE, R SS, J LYONS,
R B LE PAGE, H MTTHS, R PALMER R OSNR S ROME, N V STH, J. L. M TRM ZWCY
SPET
th seies Mopholo Aspect M KEMSON Sant Theory T BYNON Htoral Lt P H MATTHEWS
B COMRIE
J ALL WOOD, L-G ANDERSSON, DAL
Log n Lts
he Physcs of Speech A HUDSON Soltc D FR
K CHAMBERS
d P TRUDGILL atolo
A JELLOT Child Lane H MATHEWS Sn
Tafomaonal Syntax Elh Word-formati s c LEVINSON mats G BOWN d G. ULE Dse Analys R HUDDLESON Intodtn o he Gammar o Elh R LASS Pnology Tee COMRE A RADFORD
L BUER
w KJE
econ Languae quiition
A CRUTTE DEN
Inonaton
A J WOODS, P FLETCHER D A CRU F AMER A RADFOR
d A HUGHES Staisc n Lae tudes
Lexcal Semantics ood and Modal rnfrmaoal Gamma
ASPECT AN INTRODUCO HE SDY VEBAL APC ND E OLEM
BNAD CO DERMET O IISS VRSI OF OHR LFORI
UVERS RSS ",:'.. CAMBRIDGE
Published y the Pre Syndicate of e Unversty Camridge Te Pi Bilng, rmpinto Street Camd CB2 1RP 40 West 20t Ste Nw York NY 14211, SA Stamor Road, Oakeh Melore 366, Asraia
© Cambrdg Uvrs Pess 976 Fis pulshd 976 Repnd wth corrcons 1978,981 ped 1985,987,1989,1991,1993,9951998
Pntd n th Und Kndom h Univrsi t rss, mrd
L of Cngr aloung n ubcaton Data Comie erad 947Aspe (mide textooks in li) Bloaphy: p. Inudes idex . Gramma Comparave and eneral- Aspe. I. itle. P28 l .C6
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ISB 521211 ardak IN 2 29 7 paperak
aneed t digita eing 0 nted in the Uited ate eia
ONTTS
Prefce v
Abbrevto ns ix
Itroduto 0.1 Den tion of aspec 0.2 Meanng and orm 3 Te m n ology 0.4 Strucure of the book 5 Generl read
1.1 I . 1 2 2 '1 121.1 122
Perfecve ad ierete erecte Dnio of pefectty Pfviy nd ohe a spectu value Imerfectiv Habu btu nd he aspcl lue rogre ssv
2 Asec nd hen meg 21 untul an daive 2 n e 2.3 te nd dyn mc iuio 3 3 3•1 32 3.3 3.14 3 33
Perfc es o peec erfct o esut Experien perect eect of prsisn siio eect o eet ps fect n ot sps
ospcv spc
4 Aspc d en 1 erecve, presen and re 4.2 A spect al dcton tcted to cen n
pge 1 I
6 1 13 14
16 6 2 24 6 30 3 41
41 4 4 52
6 56 8 6 60 6 6
66 66 1
· 4·4 45 .6
Nraive esen page 7 ombined tene/pec oposins 8 spec a nd i ec enseles langue 2 Apec and voce 4 Foal expressin f pect pss Morphol o pec Pexing in Balto-Slavic, Gergan, and Haian Combined sepec mrphlogy Syncic expes o asptual ostions Locative expres o pectl opsions rogresive d impeetive pec otiet tate Drectn d aspec Perfec s resen plus pas Pec nd ertal
4 9 10 06 06 10
Makedess kess and seaic Mak ad morphlgy etralat Marke a fequy akedss a ctex Degee o makess
III I2 I I 6 22
Appedix A Language gde Genetic cascati01 f las cited Aspectal te nl ue Els Savic (Rus ulgaria Old Chc lonic) Ronce Frech Spnis Greek (nct Greek Moern Grek) Ciee (anda) Oth lau (Tuh Ciem)
2 23 2 2 2
e B Re apahs pe BI cas tery B Feature y B Mel-thret es
2 29 0 2
5.1
5· 5·.2 52 52. 5.2. 52.2 5.2.. 3 5.2.2 52.2. 2 6· 4 6 6.6 . 2 .2. A.2.2 A.2 .2 .25 2
Re Ide
26 2 2
34 39
PA
T ai o pesen s povi a nrocin o vera aspc an rae cnceps I e s fro s ohe s as ec i a i is n cncrn wi any one aa an gage, nr wi a opariso o arios ia angages, raer prses aspc as a pa genea ngsi eo heeca poins a, o cs, is ae hou wi am s f vas anga es Engis h, as angag a raers f o o w av n co o ssian an er avc angages, i ve o h iranc o a ro se angag es i n evepn he f aspc, an aso as he s a h fei gn angag s s fama he ah ; oanc angags in paar, enc an ash) as e as a ary o o angags, anng f ree Chinee efeences a a ogh o descpv in wi arios angg es e h b es no pspse any prvious noweg o aspec, ag i es asse ha e eae as r a g a epce of soene h has fw in os ea ingisics o s wng sc a se, an s ppar o ons oh ebos a eenc s ue s o era ere ca ns es no a e p o coss an on parica crren apac e e o sc, ag i s a a inena conssen es i provid a sca s o h ario s ahes a av e n os. os o is sso is as n h genea es aiona gar, ang aicar aen o h seans sec In ain, aenn is ai o s of he aeemes of he scas apac o aspc (espiy e 6 o maedness n of e sphica 2
appoc (especiay chae aspc an proacs inen eanin) A ppn (appen ineson recen o vii
Peface ysis o sc o ive de oe d o crre o his ed sha cosde he ros o s oo o e ed ves s adrs eer res o e ob o se d ovey o hem he er cocs oee eve oe so hey he o o y s ko e de i e r or o he a es pra y is he. I m r o e oo ho eher provdd e i bio hi c rfs voered o aio o he sc ysems ios aaes s rd y o sec esis or discssd d s roe o sec i e: G M. Aery W S. A . W. Bro . H M. v d J. Mier. y re o J Lyo o e e e d r o oo de deid om o . esoibiiy or ce or rej eci e e o o ore y o r o e ero o oo ed o e Reser Feo K' oe ride B erd re
u 75
A O T SOND PRNTIN ddion o reov w sris I h coeed eo h d scss io 1 0 d a o -sqtr i he d scsso s d Scos el 104, ot b o y eo by . W o d hve eded e exmes o p 93 a th seso of P Se
Jauary 1978
rd ore
RFCE T O THE HID NTING Amdm b c rs i s s 23 34, 35 d 105, o 39 o g my ao by ogbs c xs 798 d te dscsso 00 a h sggso o D lky).
ne 8
a Come
ABBREVIATONS
In exple sentence nd gl os e the abbreviations fv., fo merectie n Pv., f eectve, are se thruhu. ,
A arisk bore a entece or ot h e fm ndcae ungrammatcait y ; a questo-mrk dctes dubs rammacaly
I
Introduction
Dno of ap Sne e em ' aspe ens o be es faia o sude of ngscs an ae es o oe veal eoes suh as ense o moo s as wel, bfo gvng eno o aspec, to conse some exape o peca sncons n anguage liey o be aa o eae ode o povde so aual aeal agant wc w be possbe o e oe eoeca t o e dsO. I
CUOn. Sens o usan an oe Saon languags ae fa a wh e sncon ee eece and peecve aspec as n on c al (Pv. ) a n ctal (Ipfv. bo ansaabe no Engs as ead', aoug soe a o eence ca be ge y transaing the Iee ve as as a, he ued to ad ; s only a apoxma aaea , ad a moe deaied ds usso wl be found n e boy o e bo. n at e stto wee h rad he wa e d ng ad he ud to e Esh equally a asetual sco o ase s a eo even n a amlar a language a Es. Say e oane aggs the erene etwe, o nsance Fenc l l ad ll, pansh 6 an (l ea ala nd eggeva is one o aspe despte e adiiona teology, w speas o e mpere (sait ea eggeva a a tn an eqully o Spe Pas (ut ly ese) aso caed e at Den, Hto, o Reoe as a se. Pauay n o s enoogca and onpual, confso o ense an aspec s worth ns g now tat the meag of te oe a a e ene s uesood beoe embakng on dsusson o e lss faa m C aspe . Tense rlate te te of te 1 An explnation fr th trdionl conusn ben apc n nse n
ekng f e Romance as ns oms s uggee n cto
S.1.2
I
no stt fd so othr i uy o he oe o s h c s s s o ud s o h o s ss s h tss o idd dsuish e st s f t sto descibed i he rse is ct to s tus wit t h e o sek s dscbd e s ctd ior o he t f s Joh n s Joh n w ngng); o desc bd Jh ft s ctd sst t th of sk . Jo w gg).2 c ts cts t f sittio t stt o ttc w y dscbe e s cc h s s fere d to s t d h ti o he io sc the st . ch ess e rfere d to bso ss th r ss b fo of e refee i ie refee h std o th te of to bi cd rie o h es t i is ted tie of se othe tio t tc csco i s r isce vove w walg t h sut t th sc wn h o of m H d b wh n alg he oa,I on H the st cie walkg i boh se de stt octd s ts ith he t of he i vb epe e o t ts o veb. I he sce he o sc by wlk s h set e h ese ese ee, h i th sc i hed i te s i he s e et h fct i e coice o he rse cie s hu rev t rfc t bste i reece iy he oed fct tcie i such ote i oscio id
ay o tie refec o see h e n rsus h ae. ng etha Het ea I eale, ' t ee t eeee an ycy i eb or he boe s d b he ret ve s eco 44 h e e ritt b d M d r h i e e r e e rb o ss ti rh t bsoe se hoh he be o y secctio o iepo riv o hich he e reer d hs teoi is k o b the se oe. For futhe sso s o nnc n (6 0-6 so t tns of n nu dl wl as ene value; hi k 'r ue o gh it hold b bo n nd th this s ten c d n. 6 -
o. I
Denitio f aspec
Aspc s qe deen o s Te deence in French bewee l at an l lu, or in ns beween he was readg he ra, s ot one of tse, snce both ae we ae bolue at tese. It s i this sns a we spek o et bein dsnct rm tene, insi o uc oosion as that between efectiv an erfeti ein teaed as aetua eve where te ramacal termioogy of dividal anguae ha tadiion of rferi to te te s the geeral denito of aset may te the formulato ta aspecs are drent way of viewn e teral teol ostituy of situaio. We ay isra thi enio rey eturi to oe daied exempcaon e body of he ook, b onsidern oe of the derences bewe te aspecual form ve abo as exaples of aspecal dincions i vrious languges, a illustte i h following transaio equivaes: Enish: Jo wa eaig we I entred Rssan: va ita kogda j voe! Fenc: and j'entr Spanish:Jen Jalsat la ado en. tia: Gn legev ando eta. I each of es tee th rst veb reet e go to some vet, i tht vet itse itrodue y t o r2 h econ veb reset th totaiy of the ituto referre to (ere m entry) wou referee to s ier eora otiuey the whoe of te sao eete a le ab o wth beginnin, mdle an nd role ino one; o attet ad to divie ti ao o te vrou inividu e tha m u te acion of ny Verba fo wth th e a to a e erecve eann, an where t language uesto al verba os to indca ts, e hal y tt it ha erfete st.3 This s based on t dnon gvn by Ho (1943 6): ' manrs diss d concv lcoumn d poc m . drn was of concvng te o of procss sf d a bn gnalsd sm so a t do o f o o rs, alo for nstanc o stts; s fr a z. 2 s s a stabsd dagoca cq o nun cncp of aspc n tecng ndvda lanag w pss knd S fo nstc Klein 7 8-00. 3 Of th anas ced r a u Engs av rv asp n 1
s sns In Engs rlatn bn Progssv g. was adig and no-os ( nterQ s a r comx b 3
Inttion
T oe om .e ose efeng o he suaon o Johs eadg o o pesen h uo n h wa bu he ma epl h nea empoa onsuey o he suao In xales aa efen s ad o a nnal poon o Jons eadng hle he s o ep e h o o o h eag hs i h he enes a npe anng a m ey s a ee a oe ung h peod Joh wa eadng Johns adng bo peedd and folowed th ay xai th c t n eti ve a d m eeti ve a s t say t a th e tve lks e stati fo tsid, itht cssay stiishi ay th ital stct th stati, has th fci l ks th e stati m s d e, d as sch is ciay cc th e ita stc t th sitati sc it ca bt lk backads t ads th stat th sitatin a s t th t stati, a d d s ay a at i h sati th asts t h al t th t ay bi a tht a e In di su ssi g asp i s p a o ap h e dee bwee pefey ad mpefy s no neessal a oe dee bwee suaon no s neessay a een ha s pesed y h speae as ben obev I que possbl o sam pa o efe o he sme suao on wh a pefv he wh an mpefee whou ny wa beng elfonado be llsttd b as stcs lik John book esty ; wil ws ing i, postman , its qi ts e Jn lut c i pn q ie i, l c vi n ) Rssia (vn po u knigu v o v, kg l, pel poo n) i t s th v o d e t h sa stti ai. th st cas hvr h's d i g is std as a te vt, itht th sbdiis to sccssi tal hss; th sc as this t is oe d that th sak is i th dl o th e stati os e i, says that as th il f this sitat w e d sly d t s th ith cti a that th vt th stas aial tk ac. rvided e resri uselv to nottve er b nd elud hbitul enn, n e dieren ewn th two form e o ierfei ty vrsu erfecivi,
in te ee o. urer iussi e eci n e ressve
I D i sect
ro t isio o t prvio paras, it ill vit at as ot o , a t ra dr a tr o or tr t o ot itiat sitio sist o aov aspt a ts. ovr ato o ap a ts a or t t, t ar or it t i irt as A ot ao ts i ii aory, at itaio ti , sa r r to t prs ot, t o also i rr to otr itatis At i o or rlati t ti o t it ato to ay otr tipoi ratr t tra tpoal osity o t o statio o ol sta t ir as o t sitatral t s) a itatio-xtra ti (ts) a stn J was readg we ed i t s tat r or do srv a i ti t io o oa i t ital to os r t tis apart t tio is ol a soar os q o t drt a t i t ital ostt o sia ios rr to wa s edg p las s itra to rai taio, tor atral ar t t aotr itatio v to s a a i ol itot itral ost, ts sato is at tporal at tat oi i ti r a ra a al tal l to o ran. lal, a s o ors ti a ill ora t to nia sq o vs e wd re te snad e s, d brgt d e ple-ree i a o t tr aios s std t ra to t iral osi, a atrl rt is to ta t a ts tat orr so a o ol i o t y ll or al t o r i t ar prst i t t vr, t s o a ss tr tatio. s q ol, nl l, o ll r s t o a siltaos, a t osit a a xlii y ai a apropriat aral t st h wi sultael Aotr sst s t s is o itrd i rlaiv or o t t vn s tg s o svato o ovral rs t t nd , n as a ot o t aal or o vnt s tii o tn ad ast i artlal or ta in osn , l J as ad e b (s pr n 1 this bok n om on 'perfcv ; and ion lw.
qui
Intouction
sed John ea he book Spi Jua h lo el lbo s sd t Jun l el lio) Tis e is discssed, wi eeece, in ha n e e c adi inay, n wk ha ak e disicin eten tens and asc, he efec as sy, wys, en nsed n as, ug i df wee te deii f as gi b cn e e ed c de e fec sec w, e ec is ey s s, ic i dies in en ng e us ese fs Si ce e ee c is ey fe eee d s n sec, discssin f i s ee inc d ed pesn k3
0 form S fa, sc as ee seed esseni senc tes, wit eeece t t inte sce in, iut a dscssin f fa essi f spec A ef cis it es wi be seu ee ee is e senic cnce f eece abse a), wic ay be gsed i anguge, i e ngg ve g ica cegy eesss ie eee, in wic case we sy e an gge as e ss any gues ak eses, ie d n v gicised i efec, uh bay agage c eicse i efeence, .e. ae ea debias a ce ituais i ie, suc gish toda th ya boe lat t e oclock e e s s ec , is s unfiy f eg, s a e e • sec is use d ef e te gen e ic siin ssi , e iced aicu gamticised siin sed ese ec distin ci s i n indiidu gge s te ese k e se ak n ot f e te ae ngag a at n pen fr t e ale P rfec t (o Compo P ) o no t neeari ae t ea te ppoto a p rne Span an ot av te opon fr n eanng e e in re r lu le vT vr at Dne nonperft) Jan ut iT. S tn a of e y to em fro a tn ne ape en ge r tn fe to al vral agore t are ne en no moo aec. T e o t p fr a h savaag a acomn h of rm as a n o ve r a ay o r n of n io on e sp om n a e of e akon pa: akonsan) a Gera o m a n ve acnal no n a e a to g no e e an me g eneam y ap e
6
0 g o en sul dsns u s en e ec nng, sp e e y e gle l eclsed n n dul ln g e nun s nly n n e l l e lys, e es o e eng o pcl l cegoe n nddul lnges sp n nen ec specl dncn dn. e sl n o e nl ogl pl le nd ll und n o n e ug onc y e pn s pe uld n oso cn . Cel n ny dcn p peee ll b gen el nue e exss s g l cg c c lngug s d ls x e e n dussn e snn ung gl ege Tus n sussng ee d ee nn, es exe o nsn, Ru d Sn (n Spns n e ense ) e n y Engls e p ps s n n gled n e p oon ce ney ween gesse nd ngesse nng ol o /eec dsn el n o ld e o e (ns e e s) nd en nly l enng c de s s e lngges do n gcls e enc g dson bn s d osrt s dr n t ls f ollo to ue dt wys e rst dscto s tw sct s grmmc so of rlv s sncos wl os rprss cl s o of sos v of o t dcos a lcls s s of osrt s smlr o oto of rnt m rld to t rl sm do of s bov ds cssd n pr 2 sc ond dsco c s t usd by most S vs d of by sco lrs Slvo cous o otr lgugs s b ast grmmtcso of sm dscto d tosr s lclso of e dc prodd lclso s by ms o driton morolo ( or a rl dsusso o drvo morpology s (97 cptr wr s rrrd o as c moolog s rsrco of t use of e rm 'tosrt n Slvonc lscs s rdcd by l ( 0 copresve accou t of osr of usn s s s v by s�o 962 3 for ug s vov ( 7 vw of confuso c b usd by tse to rher det sss of ost s trm wl not b prst usd S fur sco boo 2 on te pros.
t
ense so some anguages do n gammaase seman aspea dsnons o ge pes. n e oms o eman nsane name ose wh he Smpl as (e.g gg 'I wen) as been sppaned ompee b h Pee (e.g b gegg 'I hae gone n hese oms o eman aso wen ) hee s no gam aasaon o aspeual dsnons1 hs does no mean ha n ee om of Gembmeans s mposbe o n epess eanng ha ae epesed of aspes hos h languags hadeenes do hae aspes he deene bewen Engs e e e b and e e b a o some en be apued n eman b e deen beween ls s (whh oe s he seman ang o f boh o he Engh snenes) nd m lea he ead nhe bo whh h as epl he meanng he Engsh og se s g Howe hs paua wa epesng he seman deene s no geneasabe beond e md se of ebs n nnsh h deene bewee hee wo senen es an i ndeed n h s ase mus b epessed b a deene n he ase o he de obje: n he s senene he de obje w be n he ausae e l j ead he boo' he n he seond wl be n h pe . j he was adn h book Howee hs s no eneas able o a nnes he dsnon s ompee nappable wh ebs ha do no ae a de obje whe n man senene pas ha do hae a e bje he deene beween he on h ausae de bje an he one wh pae de bje s no a seman aspeua dsnon a .2 So fa we hae no plaed an y esn on how seman aspe ua dsnons ae o be gammaased n ode o ua as ape s and 1 hese rs f ean d hve tn lefet an tre erf wever ntd n etn tes fs d nt nesly ndate ee eann, a s ly nde ltv st te efer ene
The s en n f th tv se n nn s th nly a f th e jt fered t s aeted y the statn were ntas twen artv and nnprtv s sse, the nnrttve ans tha the wl h bje s aeted One se elsatn f dtnn tht etween efetve nd erfeve enn sne eretve s sttn n e, t elly ntls he nlete atn the rt jet wevr t s sle r te drt j f a ver wt erfetve eann t e ny ary td, as otti uok e t se d f he t al th d wth the asatve), p pyst ' n t the d n h t , where ny r f t d t t It. r dt tve n nnsh, ee nn
0 . Mning n o nd d nt ng n uc ddt nl tctn, tug ny ot t o sct v ttpt o o o T pc gt ctey l ny ot tcl cgy, y xped y n t nctnl op oo y o t lngug n utn, wt S ZY Z ce ; y xe d y n , wt n s w en, st c P g p d o t p l v o ed Fut d t o t tcu l devc ud xes sc t o stn n u lgu n g o e g ts n d dl lngug nd nt t nl o n pct; n cpt 5, , etn unt l n lnguge n t pen o tu tn l dcud nd intepe In ct c, t n tn gmtcl ctgs o ind du l lnguge d nt ctg vn o c n i g td y t ptc e ntc cg tt te gtcd n n u nug n n ngug-tcu ctege ten cn t o ctgy, ot u ene T Spn pct, o ntne, s i Ju Z n d g un ue to d ', c n t p t nn n p eenc, con t n n t T t t clld Pect n ttn cn c cb n ct v n n n d e t v t t n o nd, on otn nd lngupt cg tt cnd ly, u no ty t c dtnc tns n tn n n , e l E gl P g tcy s gss g tg t g n cos r t E l s og ss t b n pc ne t a vrb p i ph s t s o c pssbl tt t do bt the p rblm t iss f ho w t sch ca t English P og essv e pl smtl e ssemt ppos t n ogessve forms, b re exprssd by f p pa Ther is r r probm hre wc cocrn m p og sytx s a l tn s spct n t s ot ala t rw s odrs btw vonl (lx d t mo pl btwe po l d stx t E Pgrssv b s o t t s sl t cn th ch c nt train t n t pos f ntctc c rct n xp p o s t s grmt cg of athug it is n xc w t h b lne l d b
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c so h de is e ced he gen setc dniio o ge s nin g To o d consi eee ngg-ti c cegoies d senic distnctns deed indeedey tic gge i i ok picy s e d d f si g nii ci o n f g-pic ce gi es, e e eein g cego s c o os eng ceoy wie sn iii cis f ggidede sic d sincs. is gic coei sd e nod cey i oking g k. n eig ngg-ic cgie ggideede sentic cceisios i is ssie i pic, ie o o e nggepc cegoies d ssoci e i ei enig enings o s f senc dsicis d see o, if , hse e gcsd i indiid g i don psi coiio of e cs). k e n g th s c fo h vi e i ge e i g i s ic s, second och, o nig o o is o esi sic cen e o ie es i o e pic f h is i tic nge. h pese , eefe, vios ge sic disinctions e idcd d ised y es f ggeic cegoes cesond e ess cos o he se i c disici ns s ised s des, co e i i no ys he c s pic gge s d i s e gee oi v a egy coesod c snic disncio in oed e s does e cs is o ecs eog o s ee do ois f sg co cening gep ic ce goy ny e is s e k cpis v e igh e og d od to esis ec ggeic tego a gee chceisti is ig uc th ec e of i indiid se oud e edice is ee chceiio d, ey e d e dic hen ot to se e i es) d he d o eed sk ny i cesdnce eee o cegie d sic dstinctios. e his s ne's sigi s c ose, o eg e esi f e degee f coeiy f ein e cgois d eni disicios. An ne a Gmn t gdtg en
0.3 Tmolog ul e y n e e le se e n eltn n ses e ee genel enng ll nddul ue e ede en ndeed e te es esn e eln, u de n euge e uen e e n ee ngl genel en ng In e ee , en, e e k gven t eg ng svel enngs, sy n exluded seqen k y ee vu enng e n deen ne n ne gene l n g, le le e enng ee d ve e n n enng, t en e e ne ee enng ee e enl, e y n te n e u e k en nng e nng In e exene n en enng n e n e te e e ee e enng gn enng end enng e een que exen ogn eng, en edn g ely e qng ew e nng u de tn g enn g, n np otn ne e gnlly endy enng One e e o dsused en 3. n evepe Pee n n Rne lgges u e e P, v g e e equeen een ev ne e Pee ee o n l poe n oeve n We, f nne, e e gn l e w ge enng gdull ete n n e l eev enng n e een ne, een nl e v ve
03 rmnoo le nted, n o e , opoe n e e ngs, e n genely e en gy een n w ne e e k, n p on o ng ye e el el le o neng ee een e enlge e e l e g ll eene e eng n ny e e e eeseed neu deene ge Gr r s bdir meis ar e r rr 1 b Ger rm bbedu (sga bbedeuu
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sns d n s uy n n y On n nd dnt bs usd o s pnonn, wl n t nd, d n usnly, s b s tn pd by dnt ngsts dlly dn npts In s b ts p n t us n y dnt snss n n p onss w v os s vw s n w nn stn p s o s stn w s psn , nsn psn su ps n ( s s bee be Ts n dsnn s us n dsssns f s y Cnnn nss, nd s nsstd n by ss w o w ns un nd Od u Svn w t s stns, nd ptnn t, t s d I n y n wks by Ens-spn nsts, wv s n unn ndny o s s • p s ndn y s p u y u n u n w n s onp nsn su s w w Sss s s s p n, sy ngls n p t s ns s s • s n dn nos so ns, ow s s st o py ps ns Bun, n, s s s n Sns n to s pssb nson s no n sd s p nus n dsusson sudsns ptty, st s w n s p ss n • nuus , t n sdsnw tt (ssvss s n osnss nsty In dton dsussns Ens, s f s Pss (g Jh s eg ss d s ntnus, s t dsno d wn s s ud y nd suss o nu-t s n ns s s n ln nn su n Ts s n n n ss usn n s nu-pul s pss ss Ae Gek te Art s th d rril ese, e ds i ds th h e s e As s el secl,ss n I eress d ese
0 Sruu o th boo n nos c Ao Ps D o pcv p Bgn n nc pevy nd e lcosly ng don s d no cospond o gn lngc nolog n ook (g Pec w pec p nd d no s eecnnpc nn A Pv wc ev p log e only t pcl le. C ovon o s o nl cpl sld pvn ny coon n csng spe o ncssy o dnce wn ss ns pcs scss o ly n cp owve le ony nonecncl lngg povd w e n o ysn elngg o vo dvon o no povd ny ge o e ll n pn wo n d gen covee on y e o n vn o poc s o s vn po s sc s e n cn 3 Fo p n w y k sn o ollows: co o nl ng w vn n po y conl np o gy no o co o ; vn y on vw op wol (pvly) pos o v poe o n pevy)
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C s t w nn n o n c t s cbs o c c n snc ss, nd w s n n nc w u cgs ndd ng Dncon dcd u s nd d n c son t dv d u sns, bw n n t o poc n g s o c nd n s o poc n wn us c ov wd oc cono c nd o nt T t dscssd n cp 3 c v p o s nds ct conssn w t gn cco cnss sn vnc o o n Cs 4 nd s concp cgon pov t cs. Ct 4 nv nco o pct nd s n vs g n o pc nd voc. cp ns psn pc dcd w pc dcs sd cs nk t nc ncon ssd d od wdow ono t nc sncons 6 dsus concp o d n pp o sc sn n n n wc dn o Pg S c d ow wd ns n n o n gsc . y, n dc v ntc c on o ng c n b b ccon o pc ss o s ggs tt n t non o d by b nd odc d o c oc t ns o pct 5
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1.0 e dnon n pefey and p efiy has eady n on, n eon pefec idca h vew suan as a nle whoe wou d inon o h ro sepa phases t mk ha sn; whle he ieece pa een enin o e a sucue of he siaon. he peen hape wl loo a dn uhe dea xas an aious lnae
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Sice e a o coc ith the itoy o heoe o ac, xc cta, ded eeece a ot ge o h o h aio chaactatio c -e mma o th tca deomet o cct o ectity ( imctiy), i paca ead to Saic i y Dt 1954: IQ Some o h a acco patica th oe om th it h , thoh iadqa y ate k, tl y a pa o h o o h t aect
I I Pfectiv
sh lng in R s , oo he o a hou c be r itr i I rv , a soa a s or i l a lowi g o eectve o ms a posoa a s, ooa a as o e xn o s gv n ndc p er o td lo or r rc e v r w posoa) uggs scte) o d d e on Pciv vn (wh oso) sus ve) log d , wl I l) u Si lrl, Fr n i gn Dni) ten e ans a gna () n ans h gn d f h rs o o e o ob ve r ub ce t iod e i r e w d t s i a g e o o, orrod rl o E sh rg f rt r , . o in n i d rr n p o r o r d gni i cnnc wh r gn d u b r a krod m c i o nddu l eve a ured d r S r k A r (rc v s) basiluse k , o r , r t m I r c p t s a r r , o o x l regn ri en a ql, he pece cnn be e s descbng a siuaio i e a o p o nled duon; an ho, en ea , a e4 peos, b as he e ae sho b pfv pe b o e such dui Rel he nce pefeii as d i g or od ie is i chaaeiin s nd c a u u ie. oi ike o ona siuaon Ee s d sv dconr i v e o v, s i ec y o ed v g s e o v , l Whle coe h bas ncin o he peece is o epesen an even oena o pnual hee i h n v a ev, b no gvn d ps on o he nenal sce o u in , i rr e e o tv S furr ecton
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Pf n o hs he ct o edi g it t sing on. n o , s cv n e om e wi ci o s ca o o wi l e, d gc nd ycic op o ivi s yid s c o e o n , R n p e o d c o oo nii, k o n o ' c , ii y o o s s o d i in Enis o poa c css i no ci o wi s o so ocg o doos Sce te oo point ses o p cld intenl omple, r pl metapor wou as b t say tt t ft sito o a l, he h to a point: ob s tr dmesion obj, and c theor av t plxiy o i eheless snge bj t b A e e et aacerisio f prity s tt t i di cs ompleed c. O soud not o a t � o is o ped not 'opt i t s ete the to ods te an rant smati stcio w rs out o discssg aspt. T v s ndd eo a compet stuion, wit eging i, ad end. he e o co l e , hoevr puts too u empass o he eno o h situ n , hee t s of t ptiv t no r pass ncesiy, on th of sto tn o y o p of o h as of tuao t s sn wo! e xisnc o i F i R o ns g a u f s y o noAi o i, eo fcis, ie og.wi iv o/ o po e i o o s, i Aois ni, d os s i o o , n o, s cciin o n Rssan , o n a ar rd y nly any i e. g Czc dokoQVY, Plish oOny Lan
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v ecl o b volved o oe asecal ooso oe faces o co sco ll l vos m h lluse s e e c le ef ec v s e c ble h ov s of e f su s fll em ed f covec all of c coa pefecv vb fo ech g tet s Ace ek ss e ee s ' Rus o ostooso s e so d e fo hou ls e add ese g U f t e e led f ve s e Rs as e es ee e sl fuco of f o d o vebs o s clss s o dc a em d bu ouc ul su e ee s ecl me f e veb o o elcl ees ua Sa he es s Sml as esus I m eec c ee sed deede f os o es e fo b e fo of he veb b us use of e couc es s se c e ec uc ul os s ese ace ee e fe c e e suc s etvo eo e eed e e d ce suh fms do ccu al ae s o t v to vs all e vsos ke a' Pr r lr r mp v r
P T d h uxli u pls i i r ly Pt T r r P P u T i p r soj ' Pr j su d ig', d ur so l d hl e tg Th prd b poso d prosojat P, ly w a pos 'I l d hil, a poso ' l r l h ) ; s "a u poo r ·a u posoj Thus stot s Imprf whil posoat d poso Pri J x 1 9 : 7) hr � 962 33 , h s r v i po-, d h p r sh r i h l y 1 970 : 6 3 h m i h r r
. erectie h uaton descbed o ha std thouh ( c, h h o h ateno o, d co ts o nube o dstnct phase (th aou avas), hc th Poessve; ov, h hol cope s uay psented s coet ho, hc th Sp Pas Sa use ud n Potuues, e e esee ledo em cs d itro h se h ho dy ho a ua, aa n the st ese, t a o ophooical opostos coeso o h ect vu nonpeecv dstcto, a tat ben Peect d peecte, ad hat eteen os a pe ect O o h a s e o h ae se-cotac ectv ost s pecsey to dcae an acton hc peete a a e hoe (hec the os as ae o eecvy, ut th ea colexy (hec th pectv ae o eectv), n the oon exape: ed og ikoi oe o t od(v ot) d Ndk Te se six(v ost) s Nkol dotoec . . ed ozte xgete l . athe Stph en ed ( pv ost) o d Neo ot o an othe cos Ty tped (pv ot) beo St c ho s t h au atue, , bo th aes o th achage a a d ch e usa, h ts less ous aecual ophooy, no noay a to ve c xp sson o sn ho th tena tuctun : e te stut s pesened a a s he (Peectve), o t s unoded to s coon pats (eecte) ove, hee te suctu ca cate othe than y h Peectve! peectve oppos to, he ussa to ca de cty xpes tuat os eed he e hve een dscuss Wh h ectv eet ese cadei hav setece h te oced h doo, ooc, z h loc e a l o e doo de' ; th at s pl in that h l oce d a do, thout vg y caton a to ho (n ha od, o phap ll at onc y puh a onol utto ) the do c ed u h i alo th vat oay elate
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8 As Russa no av a s luprc o ca ut con h ngs goss ou us mp as o upec ee o p s sc Aoug Rssan a o Aos an pc s os ar compy an rom morn nguag Slvoc gs ra h Ao a mprc no a ow al ou comnaos cv At mrc Aors rcv Im pc mpr v p c : Uppe So o anc o h rcv or ad pectve mper xs ( w 1: 1 g ectv ot kup oug Impecv Impc kp ow h g ue o u no ·k up ·kupow. u u x l e v ( 1 3 s xmp s o Rassua
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p nee ing o h n ing, o ndia h o h p oion oud a i, ing h v oi, to zot o on d n o . . . n i biu oun h poin i i o apiuaing iy on he nig o h ugin pi oi nd v pe, o o hi oin pi n ipi, u no n nonyou. peiv Aoi a a uaon hi de y n ipe o pev), o g pii n o i ina opi, nd iu h iuo n gvng a o o ) , i un on o h piv Aoi ou did a pv o n ip v, o h Ao o h pv. Pv p, on h oh hnd, a a iuaion ih oud in di y a pv o (Pi), nd hn uppo upon hi p vi y, o h on o h po i uyp o ip ivi y, ny uy, i i p o, o pay, ha u o peiv, o h p o h Ptv. n oh o, h n wn h p v Ao n h tv p dev o h dn h ac h a odn o au o piviy n pfivi: in o pvy don ipevy, n h a piiy doina pivy. Gogan, oo, wh h iepev and o p oppoion oy din in h pa n, h iv p an u o hiua uaon a of ho oun oud in i e d id y puy p v o (Piv Aoi), g i cebm med dianes mio xme xrd sme midd, miibd bze xe da axedad zze , i go Slo h o hndn o h an oo oadud on od oh ahoud, o moixda, midoda, miideda, and xedad Peeiv p
Prgessie n h pn on h ond h ang o iy pogiv o, uh a Engi oh snn, Spanih st cantnd aan ianni st cntndo and Jn e a s t en cndh Ahough o o h uta p n o Eng i, i ou o o h ou o gt 971 : ).
fciv that the s essv as, aso th poessve n ay the aua, a uuuay de e. Soe o the use the Es ssv tat a nt haed by esve o n te ues e td ads he ed ths cto. n so e nus, e dtton beten ro sie n nonp gress e ea ng b ens o ogrssve n nnpgressie rs ba, weres n oers e use o e sc e sve ors s oon a e e nonroressve des no ecue progrss eni n s s st e, s that essve ad -P esve ae t a c aae, a ay ne tse eea c b te t a sh a taa, on he othe hand, t s ssbe t ace th sse by the os, thut essve , that oepodn to Eh Joh s sng s ve e J canado (Poesve) cat; s taa a hav Gn caano o G ca as a ca essve , an ch er , bu t ve ss u d a the pash aa sss, s J is iin a b tnsated t c as en cnte. De sss ud e tatona aas, n ao th s sb u pss, t a to b ut te dece te essvees ad pevty. o th eas, te s t set set be t xpa possvess tm t d pectvty h s, peetvty cude a a s abiali ad a s aon an b ieed s habial hu t eng viee a ro esi, as t te -Pssve abtua n on ue o wit poem u o wtn s t Poesve os) ts sc, esvess s aJotontnounes, hc s d e cvy that t oca s d hbtuat. s exaes J used to be writin oes ho, pssve t oa at a v tut a be veed bot s au, a ssve, eah dvdua ocuee o he stuat s est as pssve, ad the u to o a tes ccus s td s be habtual the habtu a pess ov, uat n ts o t sut eque a t use o s cc essv o In ua e hee ssve a ssv a thed, ae nt stsed ty, suh as nh, the t noposve 33
efe ee imperfctv os w ay hv d g tn do th E n gl h -Pogss. Tus, n F cqe jO d c eues pot (:vit U poe y hv th pcy m r ct v r v smpy by v o habtalty ( ' c d y t ok pt r ot a po ) o y vt o t t ta t oemtng su s oo t v ooc ach dy 'ac y at oo t ot tng o ' ) th u s wt tt gss ms a k n s n h ct, n Bzlan Ptgus tas s tes, uo ee eg v ( mp rt) cs s as st bao ( P o r ss ) u vy e v n n n h tn Im rt , h hdn payg ( Pr ogss ) n st J btlty do n en ossvness, so quay o es nes oes no en abtuay, a taon cn b ve as es ve hu en v s h abua, a n
o n w s wt i po t e o ' cock on th e f o e n *on use to wte/us to be wt po t e o'coc ft of n t sccaton f t on oasn on s ton took pc xcu th possby hbtua g On m h t t conc ude, w e , ta t ssv ns s s h s as contnosnss, sce contnousnss s ts m pe t vy o dend b ha b u t y e contnu opang anguae t se a s v d to ou, en n evn e cle snencs abtua m ea nn, ag o oes ene naw tha ha n p essve us w tk th n ntc e
s ' pat top te o cs sat or nw , n , ak ) , ad asu onhbt eto t s osb condt v apaon s Pogsv nt gs ( n d d necessay t houl t rp n o t n snt nc ) ut o o h t v to p n th sv : ohn ew/ *s kno t he w seg too cy o t h anag wh pcay ogssv m, n h a statn ods o stan n Spnsh ( t ovso ta nsh d t ot sca o pgss mnn, o tat t rr o s aso pssb n t e co aus ) : Jn c* seo P og r ss ue b ( pe ct ) /st o ( Pg r ssv ) asao e . T n uth e a m e h s n e n ta h :
ve bs t t t st (g ss, os e esse fs ts tt t Me e, ts st ss t t btee stt e stte vebs Tus w n ie e n ral do f prorsss obnon o ee i n d notti e ig . Nt t, ste b t gesse frs, e t w tt bte e sttiit e eb te t s te gess. n s ceion o t p i , g expc die la nue w og iv ors o agree on wen se rog i o cn be s Utte, t t te tti tt e t bs, t gge s i t e de e s tg x t gss e f be sd I Egs s e, t ex t g si e use te ss aig, e uve , on te t , t es si e f s ib e ee h gi (t *hann r ig Egs, it t in ene ssbe t s gssie fs f ebs it et ke ha (tg s e ext w be td , i e * m u he und h ab o *y e eaig I ot g es, ve, s f e efe be eou vdo bo d a v ouvn tse parila ase, ean o se e a s pssle t ve ann ei arig ir a no-saes (y nai aions) : di yo a dr s o js e eep an ee n o o o uppo a gg presoss e anser n i e ciig prceo a eer a se o a d nai iuai. Dir lanuags o coose esseally suc v are er clie ti o noas an arbirary oie o so n th er langag an Engls er an i erbs aso pea Prgs e see fr belo inass (: 44) hoas (: 20) s e f se pl a essa d e rn e ogon b laag w save ves he an se w nsav vebs Te x at hs p ay ee peey rla
progessees s deed n ts of atvi b then ake s u e nt dee f assg v vb as ve or nsav e uuee see a r t Progrev bease t s o sav bease or e rogressv a oevan t aget bin lag lass de pen o he suel
Pfectve an merct So ar, a tac assu tat o rbs ar stati, ot no, . tat tis s a ttr o cication o ca ts to sjon nono lapi n sts In Enli, o , tis s not t cas t an s t a ta sois as stat, ot nonstat, pd on paula a a n t gn sntnc O such vb h Esh vb b, so that n addton o Frd y av Fred beng sy. h cod of h can b paaphasd by Fre actng n y manner, th h nniv vb act, ha ts s t pos bl in th a. nnc do no py ta d d o ay ly a , indd h ay b b a u by th ot t oy c tha al s s th d fs spccaly h ay d hav th ot d ak no ai byod i abo bau at t ts. Oth laua hav a o t lc cascaio h taa fo stac eere • b i ai v ad th Psv f ths vb, n to essno • a bn vn Es ca s opsd o sat csscat on t
vld so hat o ds yoyou o aly yoyous cstucions t o cas h Po possb ad th o, e rn rom nuenzaad e i * ben i wt nnza ers a osativ v b, and th Pssv s pssb v hn t s b ud a syoyu ih stati vb. n Enis, t na u s to b tat ca ti rbs nonsat n n t Porss, nonstati r no o tr t to n t Pg ng stat iv oth nonstatv us of tav vb Esh s n t k
' undertann bout squantu a each asks day t goes . Nor a h b ore nrtan sttv, mchanc s tat f soo a ay s cophsb, s possb o as ye, undertan you, bt *ye, 'm unertanng you. I p ivn abv th t oss unrta, hv th is not t a ucha sat f cso th d f cp ns o b th a fo o t-p t t at but at a han h d f udrstad ay v day udstod f whr dr gg do g o g of aiv f he agm d g h ri v f de k, a h i me gg a ttiv he ol ol from rgm wrg mp chw ( 7 : 2 ) gg
. ecie o abou uatu chaic han on a iou da Th h ndestand h ee no o a a, u o a d loping oe, ho ndiidua ha a nial di o o aohe Ev i allo or o a iv baical ai v eb, h e, h a ill o o h El ih o iv h a a a coed or hu u b a ve, sand in h o in i ai oiio n, ra han aui g a oiion) a i , ad in o nguag i dii ogi o a no aa in o giv hi i gi i ogi o a ud, a oa i orpoding onpogi o, a in I ive at Raay Ctt n I ii at aiway Ctts, o the in stan y t Ni ad r th s standing y thie n uh a non Pogeiv e o a o n a o ai a h oiv e o a o oa u a I ie a t Rawy Cutting, ha hi i noa idee, hea i ay I in at Riway Cutings,I i ha h i onl a poy ridc (o ian, hi aai i bng o ad) S milaly i h exa p ih stand: h Shinx i a aoab a xue o h ba o h Nil, hil gh pec Si o b a poa ar adig he o a id iod o i Eua, h Engih ogiv an abiua iuaio ha hod o a laivl iie iod, n we' going to the oe a ot thee day, at that ie was woing the night sht n add o o i u o h og iv i n ngih, ogi n ngih ha nube o ohr sci u a o no o u g nea iio o o g i , o inan I' e on y had s whisie and aeady I seing n eehants og o avavb nsoha hig, i aca h o see inlpha oa ),on o agining se's aways buyng oe vegetabes than th ca osib eat h h uion o h oge iv e ipy b o a d ga o ee c han ou d b achived by h aih he aways uys fa e egetaes tan th can sib ea ialy, o ue e o u asso 9 1 hat I cedc ny e ha oay o o occ Possve ca u ogressve f em ve eect, eg " M ? ely hy are o u ng s e o eah you lve A? (srp s dgt o sgss me t the y ue f te p g essve ma y a eote s Pua ht s oufoue ue th ge eunepected gsh f mpa
37
Pfeven fve
d osyc at c : hu e o e ca sa y et yo look w o your ook w h as opposed o look h Poessve po e oy you w no ·yur ng w sa th son he appo pat e se : you un oar, o you un oar. x eor h i Engi he mning f rgreiv ig i r g i ini iuu eg he ueson e ase he e Eg Pogessv houd be ven oe ohe eon han h ga lgus deton o possvees, e hthe he nng o he gs Pogessv s so exeded ha e shoud no spea o a as pogesv eag th vaou usda eag, u athe o o o gee a asc ea ch ncud e o po s ve ag ad h aous ohe eas tha th sh Pogessv as g sugge h si mig f gi v ng iu hs oud uu ogssv ng e, and a so he use o he Pog sv o ndca epoa on ge) sae, ad u o de onge aua iu ao he irio i i gi rgv ing ihr b a u hrerio nn n As oe n he aov duso, ee a eea dosyncae n h u o he Esh Poessve ha see, a eas n he pesen sa o ee, o ta aast a eea ea e n abe o acoun o e e us o h s o oeove, ahouh ay save e can used h Possve o dcae cone a, no en he cas ha al atve ves a e us h ay o sanc, he eo kn o no ao oato o Poe, even eee coe sate Jon ad tat t a a bo ay ca n and fo h hee wa no a at a oon a h nt out tat whn Mry wa n th roo nwa known tat t wa o ar r pr) dd g ur h e ph) le hi ggei i pciv, i y g w wd pvdg pl fr he ppy lfari g h h Prgrev h e fhr fe ge 1 r c c he tht ay c c i he Prg iv ad h e h a ay ee ech ( 97 1 42 ; h fr wk ed i the riefe dici f he ev ir e 72 927)
v wt f t ssg stt (y y kw" knwng b q w fc ct fc st ( kw "a knw g bt q e y ? wt fc gg g f wg I tt knw"m nwing m bt qm n y t s t xts f t Egs Pgss i stc t f ctg t tg s sgst b y w b t Egs i vg f sct s Pss s wt gss g t ts xt g st s stg stg bw s w i cic v c wt t t gg. I s istt Pg ssiv Pgsv . Pss g d is gig s scc gssv g I s f wit t s tygi i s Is Pss s x s g gsv bt g d v s y m yn y i g g g s y e fyn c t P i y f b f stt s I c s g y gssv f is w y st f vbs bg f w xt v b s tt it is gg g g f is sst ig f t gs r v e e csc s t t xy b t ng f s css gssi g i fc sc ss i ycy ics st s fc wt st f t b s w tt y kw I kn wB g ;w nn e kwg b t w b ( f Sm" mmn w r ( y w kw t y knw ing ; d kw g w t b med te tgy (. t t t d k w t tt ed w knwng h ss is gssv s c ts s c f gss g s i wkng dwn te t t n d (t b w st w w w w w w 1 C he ugQ h 7 26 h ee (ev re cre e g ie e r of e o
Pfctv and ipfctv ocioot ( t an b wakn down t tt n,p t an wo i wakin down t tt now) , ow, t cci w ig o d pccll ogi oc, l r v pp t c w aw t accd ta t vict d aw t accd tabbn t vct p ct tab i g v ( ac, ct c i t I wd wl f tg d o iidg p to pr iig, ddl d d, ptig gl copl wo) tabn i gv i t c o v wtd t gi d d t pc l ddl, t i ll I ll d o) Slal : watcd d it a wo or di notn,w Fd ttg, no t w o i td, d gl cpl tt, i ctr o watcd d iti do notin u (1974: 4) tat m mial a a apc tua (impfi mag v (p civtci, mag),eg cp avng t pua fs. idd f asptua diiai i me u pa, itii etwe pgsv a pgse aig
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oa r ceied , i a (P) a er d o ' . We ee e e i cbee ipecv d dai ee eci e vieg i it egd er e (dto, e ce), dt i e f e g ive iti f cei ed e ( e, ceved ig cei peri d ie ) ; e veb oo e ee ed e i div, g iperecive e dv ome termo tem te term ucu urve re eel me ee o erm prcve co tuou rpe te pe work te wo o term e o eut wl ome ppre te co eow 41
d rent mn s h h ths ans h qat of a s taton ha dos no ast t ( s nt cocev ed of s asn te), one kes pac na It shoud b noted tha e cruca oin ere i tha ctual statns do not have n duon o eve duto of v sh d hus unctu uton, detio, no nta st and anu wit epaate mpecve os to in ct efnc t th e ntal stuctue o uton, e lea uncta and eectt w be ncoptbe a, e ae th taken fo td thee e pnctual statos, but e us no nsate futhe dtal the cs e of ossts i n i e One ve wich s often uoted s n xa mle of uncua ve s he Ens ve co, nd ts tns lao n equants n ote nua, efein o a inle couh, ah han a ses of coug hs f thi wee t ct ue, tn th Po ssv e, wc has fcv ea, ould be mpssbe wt co on he ntetaton hn thee s o n o ne cou h) e w a o ould be na oate i n fe n to a stao he gave a snle co uh the sa would b te of Fnc tot Ifect) fo stanc e ony ntetato posible fo u ch entence oud b that the e enc e s a ses o coughs, sce eie of coughs, een thee ae ony to coughs, clel a dutve stuaton t ths tag, we ay ntoduce e • ee lc ive ' o e e o ituation t a aks lace o nd once on (e g o ngle cou h), 2 and • itete ' to e fe to stuan that is eeat d e a e of couhs) hus th i he n of o ud estic e ane of inteeatons ca n b gn to fectiv e fo of th veb Ob ctns av be en a sed o h s nlis o v lk co o he gond s atc n fac eu nte e es of cougi fo ns nceass , i no pu ta n the sense, o ng suato forc y shot im Fo as on s we e tim, s unk anyone would wn o o e duao o successv phas ake u th i ituato, u estcon cn e fted , o ns e i pe i i he iua ahe h he ve ha i puca
hh fo vee e h e he dii pie of u m 'p v o a ve efi o a p io h i od ih he m f he m 'oe di omeh m i e i fo ie voi i he e ve 'uh i deibd mefive ev h kn j z 'he he d v i i i ud a e ee e hee hi o r eav
Pncta a n uatve w o o o low ow l wc oo oo co o c n o wo l ppo o c o c lv l an d no th subject s cong, v o a l o l o o d, d clly v lv qc lss o ol w d o o w v w w, w h l pc ll wol o c l o o c l wol O s l o a o o s ohn eachd th summt o the mo ntan : Jo o c o w w o v w h N o l w o l o o o l v wn w wol lwy b o, l w o at ths nt, Jhn eachng he mmt pv o eac th ummt wol oy v v , th sodes a aady each the summt . o v l c , o ch , v v o th ) w v l ouh, o o v pc lss vb, fll , o h d l ccc c v v bsc y.2 o c l ss vs w s nu, l v , wo ec ctv Ac, aant besnt '.3 o v wc v l v c, sc zen , v o ' c zg o' (osb l». s o l Copae the dc ede 1) hat a the ere t b h er 'aheve
voc gc he er eefacv Rua
odnokrat oa (ia novenn gve to ch ve, qa eca , rrpe cve o whhe they are ued teratvey aeo ( 1 92 802 ; he ar e ofe dervao ay eae peecv e ve, wih he a ca a cpt ia a they a
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c an nnt aning o ecoie cla veb e o ccce c ol ee pcal iio o ei p i pali i vali li aeo owita the ppe iclie e b ece ec lo pcl lowi o o i iiii e eie e p io
22 d e a te icio o eco i e e eic ectal opee e iio eie b e w eee singing ad n akng a ca B ee o ve iio ice bot i ai e ita i c i e e e co eive o i a ceai ie oeove i poile o o o ee iio o l o a h o ime epedi ce Joh' ia we i coe o ii e pe wi wic e e i Howeve ee i a ioa dieece bee tee to e o i wi e o ei ieal tc e t ecod exale, ee coe evetal po wc Jo colee acto o i a c e ca i i eady, ad a o e iato descbed ak a ai o eceit oe to a ed oeoe tl ti p eaced e io eibed b ak a cai ca coe o e b ca ol be boe o a w a tho Ti o e iio ecbe b n singi oh ca op i i at poi i wl l e e a e a , ee i e a o cpee e o o o e e o o i e iati eie ak ai il ito i a emal po aly poi wic e cai i clee, we i toatca l e e iai o dcie b sing a o c em ial poit, d ca e pae idetel oe a poit Stai ie ebe ak a ca e calle eli e le ha cbd b sing eic e ec ae of a ao oe b ttd i te olli wa: tc e to i tatio a m wh ipeecive ei c a e Ei Posv imli t eece ee i o he ae ittio i om it pe c a e E li e ct, e i io i atelc ot e i t s eic T n is sngngoe ca dedce hn hs s t e e e ua on coep ods o e r 'cops use , o s de (c ( 1 97e 1 02 rtlo 'e c w s pp r roce e, e (19 ee 'end
22 ad atec
on mag a caio c c o ha mad a cha. lc o vl poc l p ll l p, o wc pc co cn pc p o lc o, lc A , col cll v h f lc lc o lc lc c pc q pl cl, c cll down lc v d pc csl co o w l ow ), sig lc v. Hv, t c v l o w (c ojc)2 l ohn is sigigc l c , c on s siging sog c lc o c o ll l p , l w J o co f q ohn is sgig sogs tlc w oh is sigi v sos lc3 Sll l on is dowigc lc o, c cats dow y t th in de at lc c c f c dw c c o l sct b f c o v cpl c o o oov p p c povd c ol ows Cpe he e (974 ) th the eme:
S qlq'un jout t tot jont t ntopu st q' jou? O o f omee w p g he g terpte h he pd? Ye he ped (ae) vess S ql un s not t tut n S nt topu t qu' st no? Non, n ' st ps no 'f omeoe wnng an he wg te
p te h e re N h e h dwe (te).
ee fo fthe dsson Dty (19 ) e {1972} me f the eee tht ge ee 9 4) n h c f
eed pem eem t te m the fe t e th je e ec mt e ncle he e. e gee thgh pet d tee m e dte h er phg the t mh h cte e the e tef the oe the ete cg ect d ecs Acl t ct t hn of ete h mt b n ep te ecrbg te it h if h ere to ept e cet the eve Jhn is ngng ng d e e e sec Jon kilng mght eem t ebe a ey tec to h mt me t e when y de t ee s y gve edge bot he e d he pepe d ot ome t e agn th fetg he p tht they ght e e tetey eeea cd eiy d rge h e e e mge an kg efe
p d h m b ak ci c iuai c b iv li io Iai o iac ii cl o ppi i i in cai paa n v sng o o n o x y a o pa o o ill o ollw o a sun. Sa oo ao pui ai i o ead l ha th cc ipai cop i ahou i dicl o o y t c atlic hi dos ac h a ic c and a c uai Th aicul iac ici iicio o uy asc is ha h cobi i pcivipv in th atic a i i coy tha ca loca duci ca o p tc ig a c itio a o t c i o lic iu ti Fo isac p i n o a l iuao il aai h o dea P stu mnl o o a iatio2 a n Rusia ch il Pas Dn) a Pc) un ce h a mad chi t o hich y a h cai a co i ci ca o uc i caio iply ah ha ai ad b co i o aat I c) u h he w mkn Poiv ch. I m anua psi o i v in o cic ly ic stuas m v a ci o lic siai uuy a pa iva opoo a isnc th i s oas w me h il y wi achi c v y o i l u h a hn i pad c ekm p o o i . A i c ess pcicaly l , E os eat eat up I ai m la oai bw acee k d a w y 1 972 28 cmm n : nt n t n ng ty c c n ccmp n c C n n t t m c n txt S xmp my gn t t wp w cty ct cmpt n , t mct cn ccnd y t m n t m ct t tn y c y mpr mn nnn cm cptn t d cptn t ctcty cn mpc wn m tu.
eic ad ate dvav oee cm l ' T ma tc die Pai e ae f e Fehe ihes a des gem aa a f c y ' d n mly ha h a cc wa die Patsae hae die Fehei ihes ade ekmftd. s f lc stats t ma ha shld b bt a c s lad t h tmal a wl a tal . Ts h aml qd bv Joh eached he mmit, lc sc cant sa f c lad t ' ac m by ay Joh is eachig he sm mi 2 al asy dst c a ts f hs d c cvs t t a s dc cas a lc a, s ss bl t s b al w mf ct an, th mca b that a t qst tmal t had y bn ac d id, sb t at lctly tat tal was n a wa ii a og when he died cmts c th s f sccay mct ms at d a Joh was eahig e mmi wh he ded b y, nstac Joh hd amo ehed he mmi whe he ed dcu ca th Es b die th hs t a cal a, y l sbl ay Joh i d ch f c an t J da and m th s ak die a tc b H, sms dd ay ?Joh a dig b he dove of a medicne ed t h eoe t ds thu Joh wa di s that a t tm qt h a y dad, y st t m t y a d d lt) smlay, oh i di d tt ay f h cy
a igig a o k s l sb v i cmlt t wh s. T t aa a nw csb as l ha t b c a t t d h mdatly cd cs t ns h ss 1 y, b e r, ae h o,
ar , e he o o a y , a h he he o e, a om chdrn a h fd ; p h xap at down abov 967 02 h 'ahev fo a ke h achd th ummt : he r o a ro oy h y o 2 1 , o e a o h (97: 07 g r v
d r h
47
Aspect ad ihet meag
eei e o iiay bo wi t a oce e ps w y t caot b o cc I is i ta Rssa di s o s , s ic Rsi ie osib o ay Ka mra (I, o e me Pf) Kya wa y , b d i o wo ds mra /me' ie Ria is ic, i to t ocs a o dat, o no e is ac Siiay, Rssia gvarva I) ma, ori (Pv) os ot a y sa i o od sh a e a ai , b id t sa d m Rssan gv ' /gvr' r a i ic, was Es sade c oy r o e oe ai to e sasio ta c is fc cs
3
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T dstcto btw stat ad damc sitai is oe at asoby ca t, ad ctc o a a a amt bt iid s o e as cassi y iats as stic dyamc, d simiy bw s ta a o a t stacdym dstci, atho t a o istacs o dsam , as wa od i cti o ossi T s sci wi am cay stico bw a a yam sias, d a s te ai crtai a m s, s as ' c s W ay aach h bm by cos a iat ta i t d i tm, i s tit s s ita y to at itats m as sd t stao a ay of ie i its atio s ms to wo wt, w ay csid e stto vb kn t abw sat, a d i o o dyaic O dc e sai rr hr dissis f his ii, psii s f md
ig ms d ai m iiss r, us rm 'ai a m rd ss, fr a dm io h ris h im f ag; hs t g dw ud o a i i his arrr ss f h m T ai psib fsi, mr xpi rm mi sia is usd hr. r fr hr is s sio s s ( 9 : 1 - 1 9) a ( 9 dr (7: 0721) hi is a s io f h diiar dii f ph hh su rris h o a hagg r i rss a di pois f im
3 at d dymic iuaton y o ve i i a w of e n in e ce f k al a a h kow hee ve ae ca wcv f cse c i J kede, w all acly a wv i : if w ay oh i uig t h f wl vy d: a m w l a u a a f i g d a . T k, ad vv ca v s cay ca h v r a at f chaacta f a vu yam tt Hoeve ee ae a a wc t cy ccy caaceie. e ae f andn ( i a a s ay v c a b q ay t s n c lty f c t I ca f y s ha a c-a dc a v f t s h c ( . if i vy a a. O mt theefe uge ha dynac v neceay a ws sa ua hat ay y a he cul c. I st fd y tc h ociocoe emin ue ce w a dym a n nv ay cs c, a la y a a qa th e a he ce, a wd ac h cc f he ymc a f t T h ca ca c c bgh e ghy ded c acta f c w t dyac an t a te meh ha hae a a a wll c t stad d l w h dync io qy ad, h ta y c f i cally jc a ne i f y: s as qy u ad o ce if J ng any u w c t a a cc ct o fo i oce of poe i no l . T a a a q wa ma a yamc ut qu w wc c w a a a h f u (i hh ca w av a naenv e t tai t cc tt a u t I , gih Dvl frhrhhe pcl si Pf g 3 mgh r ha h he r i e i
9
Ac an inhnt eanng Sc ctua tua to oatcy v c f tt t a tatcay dyac: t ca uc t a pcta tat W av to of tt v c ato c d dt of y latcl tcto, o l ct aatcu dtcto la o tco c a o colat of t tatdyac tto stct t dcoto tuto o o l t a fo aa to aot, t t cto o tuato t ca d, tut a t tat dac tuto t t b da t o to o t to qt to u cotouy d f, a f to tat o oo, k at stt t Of cu, tat c a ao tat a ca sat d f tat dyac c fo a tat to ttd o sd st t co abt o aout t ca to o t f t tat t fo o fo t d t o of tt v abo u , cto ot tat tat ca f to y f t fctv t f dc t y t t tat, u ao to t cto d tato us Ra oo (Pfv ta a I too t fo a o, ct ba/ue (At dka o y t oy to t tat ota at a t ut ao to t t d to, d o cd dy ac lt ay ua ta t do ot a fom t fct a ay ot aa t a to l u of tat s2 t cobat of fctty d tatty ca y v at tc td tc a f c to tt t t
pay d o dynam iuan d ongn and ma a di o a maoa n o qi nt nn dna iuaon ta ut a oining np o ng n nngn a a a a no noa o tg i o diu o anain an an ao a i noa a o tg and i ng od pd o t g a imiay, a aba aa , g or o a, o dc o o po i oa o a nda on o pad o iaon mang p a ao, aog a oninn mpoa aiua, a o o o b in po om
S, o o nan nn, ogan g andamp oba mp S, ionn3ion
2 ae and dyac uaon c a mat ad sm lauas allw f ts tn G ass f h c b a f a a m fc ty s asy s why may lans ha a s f ss ss ma ss a cmbns sa wt cnts man ad fn sats h sc bw cus ad fc ma s ma ha f s s, whch a cally c nuus u f fmal dscn s b mad aywh, i m lcal b ad wh dscs f yamc suas ha w scs sa c suas h lusc lau, als cs acss h ms n cs' f sua h f dyamc suats css fs h a suc u of yamc sa (h a o pca csss h ' s a y a c o s sl cl o . h cs ' a s c a vw m fc l y, h ' ma s ac sa w v.
3
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Asc , a w a coc wi i io coc wi i way o si ial oa cos f a siai T c i a i fo ascs, sic it lls ot icly ao sitaio i islf b a a o ta o iaio A a liia satio o is, o am m i al iscs o l w ay cas Eis sc have lt Pfc)
ekne a lt (Pc) my nkn. O ss i ic my s tw s at wi c is a ilicatio a k is sil s, was wt t P c is s c ilica M ay t fc iicas cii s lac a s sao Ts c w fc a ot ascs as l may lss o b w t c so b cosi sc a al2 w, i aioal iy i wic t ct is s as a asct, it s s coit al i c i a oo asc, wl bai i m c y a i s a asc a a i s s f o o Oascs ay a wc s ta fc act a w a ami is a sss a laio w t-ois, a ti of sa slti fo a siaio a o o t a i saio T s fc , fo isac, sc a Elis ave eaten, aa o o a as sm aas ts al s syac n to te e ct cm e t t pet cteo t t oth co m nomton t te tton se e oe on a been eeg he os.
• (6 o 3 o th kon to t om g y o
30 Pt ooicl c i Ac o ic c alo f o a a a ill a iay oa) o o o qc o i a cl Pc co o fc c c a dico i qc o i Pc w c a ally a a a wa c w fc i c o. o la fo f fc ico a l io o o e. a i c j o f dco c
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ol a f (f ly cll c) i ol o oibl f c ac o lao w a a a . o w o ic a fc fc) . o ad at t , a la w a a a a a v i i a a f f c . on w hav a th s, i io io o o i lo i o o ccio o bol i o a io acio wc ( do' k ow o as at th but w av don so by t tim o u w l a i i abo of J' i a wll c o o ci l o ). ici c i i oa o o l o ii v o i lall • Pc i aaboo ac c i. T i f ac a bov ocl Pc c cov o c a o c ciall c o a) a i c ay oanc aa i o o c al o i o o Si o cill o i of a ocal fc a i a o Sil a i.. i fac bco P s ci v o c Mo of l i c l b o Eli w cla al co b f wi c ai a o c ain 1894 ) eseee a ge ( 895 14-9 sequee f tess e ese f t e v et suore aus etem e es e te se e e t e a luse It sol e a tere e t g s s t etee ee lmatn eee Pert a Pert
P a daosc chaacsc o h sh c, hc s h s scss hs s ha, s, h c ay b s h wh sccao o h as s, . o ca o s ay I have g p a ve o' k bcas h scc c o h o a o'k o s comab wh h sh Pc. I s scca as sc ha s cdd, sc ca scy h hch h as sao hld odd h cds h s, . I have e Fed oday o v I have en Fd mg dd s s o a h m o sa. h 3 b, aso adms o a c dscssd sc scca a o e as I have on o oaon in pa go a v o'ok ho ve o'ok s o o some scc isac o ococ b ah as o a poss ccs o cold o o sac say I have go a ve ' ok on e sx o ne D., as a al c ca ha h al ecsss o h c a sccao o h o a sao s a cssay sa o aas a aa. Sa s h, o sac, wh c os a scca y c ma, s s ssbl o sec e acly e me o he as ao as he vanao a a no a cl oc l o eo why a lo so e avo en ha e o aye e ha ado aohe en o ones d e neve • s a o F d d y s da y . cash as h o h sowco moas we Pc wo e ossble he Esh losss2 I Rssa wh h s a dsc P c h ass sco ., sccao s s ssb w hs fc dom ooen Pc v oo
g • h hs wa b whc mps ha vhoom ose sgo s sa, d0 as by ya ose o-c Slal a sccao accal Esh o s form ar cua rca n oera o a reae f ece fo Pe f ca er Br wou re or equ Prfe a b a ou of nd u ar ao ere eec 71: o me En p er I've t the d m, n if d i h roo h Prfc i ve rt lre evg i i ee pb aho recet r e pi f m e p. S f hr i 3 1 4
9704 Sv � 9:
54
. Pfect ddd as a tthh t sc wth fc , sch as I v n rmngam, las wek in , as a y a qsi, sc s v y y rl n Tn mrplg? Ys, l t t, th stctn n th ccc f a dbs s ds d a sf hstc dic d f th Pfct tt T h s y t h ty f hs ts s s it f E sh s tht s, ct ba cstc esciy t fct (av s s tc) ds cssiy h ct hs sm th f scs wth atci d t cstcts w b hs wth t s i t ct t s wt t s th S s t Havig ea n a reecre iner Bi ll nger ngr y A a eaten a treecre nner Bil n lngr ngry Haig n in rin r te ar Bil rrie at th a c ang A e a i n Ber in e e te War Bi l ri at t e a can g . aray avehi i i inn I ie tat ii a alreay i inner. a av e ee n Ber ln e re e Wa r I t i i le at a i Brin r e ar g l Bill t ave t evera ie alrea Te g a Bi a evral lie area. T ri r iv B il l t av e en Brl in er te ar e riy ce elieve tat Bil n Berlin er e ar.
I sch ms wt scct f t st t t h s f th P c t m s ssb dd wt sc t b s th s t dc s t, s tt sc cstcs dstct t ct d a ast t fc s t d t s tsd) T rrictio aga coiaion o Pct and tim ciaio ma l pat o a mo gnal r tcto agat t o t Prct n rg o a cic occao T occaion may cd y t o a ad o tim, t t may ao pod y t a to oldg coo to o par d ar i I yo bro I can a w k ? t oPrct or c I a aig a alrady gn t act at yo ro yor ar , ad am lcitg o ma on aot i cd Sary pat tao can irodd io a dco y Pct t ra common oldg ard y par adAar and l l ar d y ra onP rc t om a n t xcag ' o . Dtoo t oa
Pet
A l ss ve sei isi ee es e e e e ei he Eish Peec A seee lie hd rrived a six oo bis O he e h e h si 'l he ve i i te hich e e bsei he e eie ees, ne hc as Bi' i Bil ve ive ve ', hh he s sil he e si This i s he sc e e e-, ie ees s se hic ess n eve ee i si 'cc e l ave si h d O he e h, i is s ssibe inee e seece qes as i si 'cck s e ie Bs a his se e e si ha i's ivl ecee e he s si (si-he-s) w hee bein ei beee Bll's iv l s ae eis ec he ie is le si i e B h d s ' ; dd ge he u eh . Te se i s e he Fe Peec , hich be eihe eec-i-hee s-i-he-e
3..
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S a, e have ive a ee eniti e eec s he i elee evis si I hi sei e sl eie se e si iesis hi enel e. N ll les ha he s wih eec e ae he ll e he enis ise be, hie i se uaes ee e st s se hese eis Te ticu es pe e iscsse be e h e e c esl, he eeien ee, e pee sisen sii , he eec ece ps 3.1.1
o resu he eec sl, es se s eee s be
he esl se s si : hs s e he eaes ies is e ee elevce s sati Ths e he ssbe iee e beee J s d n J is ha e e e essee e esul Jhns i, ie e is il ee ees he sec es n ase he qes Jh he re ye? peecl esble e l be ye, he h red, yes he rrivd iese he eece e h b ile e e ba (ha ea, ha ' eie arrv a nslo Te eply y eqe pi oPefec ee im p ce fo oe i c oEnh
Tps d a ba tll hl d Of c , nc oly sa y tat t l tll ld, wth ay idct f h cctal ba c nd t m y makn th tamt t Cl at a may ly av ttd c a statt f had had a bath wh t h last whl f a dval nk th lvan t-a ay ah bn w last y a t ca, th P fc aat, c t a clam ab what ctt a cnt slt, ly hat m c lt T at f fc f l ca b ad by cma talat alnts ac laa wh h s Pfct (, t abc f a dsct fct, a ast t) ad th t t t f a tatv vb ( djctv), i lana t a a lt f a) at ac, wl t t j t a a at wt ay vt t f w hs ta ca ab s f h aml t cc cas wh Elih a a at adjcv vb, wl th laa ha a Pfct t ast t , tha t a b a El all wad f a P a a a t laa Act G, a al vb tat a i Pfct cd t a Enh tati , cld nkna b dad (Pf c f nk d ) , mmnsa mmb' (fct f ass f mmnskn d ), hna td (Pfct f sna lac ( t) ) Swal,2 P f ct, mkd b m at th sct , ca talat a Elh Pfc, a ama has avd , but wl f t b aatd m st at al y ns a a ta Pn, ka h s d ( l y h)as d ), amsmama, c tadrJ (l ta tn htd t at, td' t ad as c, ayabl as 3, l t all y h a t t d ' . I K s al s ta l d b y kp, c kpE d ' and kp h as sh t K l l , v d a a Pfct, i a ka ca c s d t s t ' a ca ht i h t f t ' 3 1 t Gr s some uh vs hh Pft fs suh s w d crrespd gsh Prses; hse r ss te g e th r of Prt om idst wihi G ie hs d r mpes se Gdw (1889 1).
h 37) 2 e (197 e ad Kpee ep es r f om e mes ( 1 973 37-8)
7
a s wi ds c P fc, Pas T s will b s s c s c is a R ssa sl i n f ' s j 1 s is a f f vb (s - (Ifv, (s -) ( id' I ci as, sac i I i d, (b y id ' , was i id, I sd id . ad w , scy, e Pci Pas d ecive s sa Rss ia ds a a d sc P c av ic ad c ss s E i s ha d , i I a i d , ca as s m y i , d d d I ad d , c I wa s i d , iv a R ss a Pa s s cs a is Ps Ps Pfc d Pfc smaly is I w d c a a s I will av d I i d Madai Cs, va c das fcve sc d aiv s i fc (sc siv cs f f s cl s d c s sl i f s s si, a s i g g is a x s ( it mci a c y w , . y a c xsi { I is is ( as b c d s c as wt 6g g s vy xsv', t O s a is v y d , w s i lca a is v is cm e i v sen tn c : . h nrd
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i nt wa ii ng , of bin n ain
wn w ai
E
T xia c2 icas iv sa s d las c s i i as d o ps Si Ria a o ooa i Pr T o mg i
rom Egi g a i a ai ' a i i a ai sly 'rd o i rpogiy b prai orm Hr rr aai o a o tl i o a o o ai sly; o a ' a ir m o a j sal ao i pria Pa T o oa i y Ra o ao ay ·j y sl Morr ra my l i rba g a ia d gi my sly. ' i b ir i j n n a oy b a rb
Or r od i ar ar iia r di 58
eof pfec A sl lltt l li s t ticti w be o i c li B bee to Aeic Bi goe to mic c Es itic w xiti c c o lt. Bill h oe to Aeic is c st ils ta l l s i A ic, i i wy t, tis i s l is st ct i t (tt Aic. Bi be to Amec w, sc icti ti tc sys t cci ( sibly ) i i c Ac. l , Eis isic t i xti ct i A t s, icli s o ii u , li Elis i t y systic disticti tw t ss. , lu c t istci y. M Cis, t Exitil Pc is t ls sx
{ h h mio
_guo.2 Thus Chese we hae a as betwee
o y t ? y t s s ? A iila isticti sts i K l T P ct st x i wl kpt (. w wi t Exil Pct wl t (. o ccis it, bi w) T c tw El e h goe to onovi e bee to Moovi c ut t wy, s tiy : DM: t xls f itl c s t t cs ti wic t si t t s l t l s c cu t wl ti to t t
il b to Ameic lcs tcti ll w to Aic, t t t it ti t . ssib t stict t ti y ciyi l l i it t csy lt liit t s t, bee to meic ince te wic y il o A c ls c i t tw wa (l l ) rt mt (lt iit C a ( 9 8 : 51-2) is als a s s ally h fo h one cng cmpletn an acn apa m nil to i ernc , of ompte aco t not epeiena ma folowe h pct •
W elmers ( 1 97 3 : 3 5 -2 ) . l mas Wih eg pnia perfec the reqren rn anc s ill
im p an C m s ( 7 1 1 ) n Mc e ( : -8
59
ec
..
Perfe o prsisen ition O s f t Els f, ee a be a a f El s, s f e f ese s a a a s b essts e , a weve ved heref t yers Iv hpd herefor yer, Ive be wtg hr ay e lae e s se e Fe jt pu trs jurs a h re schon dr Te, Rssa j d e tri dn av bee a f e a y e e f fc Els ey ss, e a ef e b pa a pse, cea a a laae by a f e xpes s sa ay, a e ee ya
. . Perfct of ret pst
ay laas, e f a be e eleva f as sa ly f a eess , e as a s v y e Els, ae, e al csa aas b ef a sca f l e e a veb rely f ls yys : I hve reetly lerd tht th th is to be postped, hs jt (hs mnute) rrived e ef , f s, eea ecesay ly a e as a , e lva essaly l eees: see th od Wor Wr hs dedl be fcy aabl se a be a ds sla, a se f s 44 Hv, s lva e ly cees, ce a b cd pe e lva de f ecss q va a laae a h aal f Esnas vid PTwh E1n a su c acc rdg Chms ) pc a rdg cCal) f h c, g ha s s dad h Cm ad Cawl la h n n vsd n s apal wh o as suc p g wldg ha rc sl s h pr ahs ud s ar h h c sc ad ms a h ps c ar c s dg f dlc al aa. Such ss i Gra ad c h adr sch (Gma) !d ussa alrad. par McCa l s dcu 97 48 5) f ha he s h C h ws prc
3 ect and ote ect aw th pfc t p t pat tm fc F m pa nh ny th adb cty d t a ym a ad h ay th cat pat tm pd cd, . n cant ay ve to t dentt t mon d th ft nn ns th f th fct c tat ath d th a vo fct) eta maana wl sb a h t ' , a d n th a f n aal aat f th d ctn qd f f th f m t ha b y pa f th d pm f t fct may Rmanc aa t st th ml at cmpty I Fnch amma f th h cty a tmb th l f ty -f h ' as ta d 2 hby th ct cd b ta t tht hld t m ta tt yf th p wl t ct w ady a d t pactc th l ba m a t a f th m In md p nch, taa ad Rmaa cp cta a dact f th aa th Pfct has cmty ppat th Smpl t c th Pfct ths ana d t ha pfct ma th tm Cmpnd a ' ap p f a b fc ' a m tadta amm f th aa that th pfct pata f t t ad p at t sb a a t jt w pn pa t t p f ct fm a Th m ta a t pac th Rmac g can a a adal dc f th pstns f th an fm whc ly cm p y p at
3 Prf nd oh ps majty f th a w a 3 fthhpctnfct dtnctn t c wh h apca dtct d tat c cmat d a cc a cts ch a Md k wh th fc, a ca m tct d t , ac can l 1 por o r s o r s
mg r r O n Ive been o e en roo v visi c lc n mg sce toy
r mm (s s mi is n sii o B o I g 54. o A d ( 1 660 0 4 o ms Ps D sr I ro ig ig
r (rc e in e
fec
b md m Pc ti bs i a, t m cti P c s at ast o s tat i bs 2 I cit , t y t P ct c d s cmbi at it t ist mp c t asctu dtct c dt sts a usd f t t b ms l,/on m ct I s s us t lsa o s t I s d , !uk ct I a sd t a t it s i b t bibiity ad sutat a ascta dsticts tt c b cmb, suc as c ad ossi i Eis ( hm' bee sg) ad Pts (teh d rahn a b Pct d mcti i uaa t st st it m ctadcty tt a b f ca b bt pfct ad mct bt ct tt si s m s td t mct i), bt ts aa t c td cto c a d t t td cy t c s p ct ad cti T ct ks a st stat t a at stat, t ts a stt s idda t, a stt a css t yt cm t s t at t i oti t dt f t f ct t cd cbat it t cti s T s o ai f sc cbiats f ascua ct c b ustatd by i at t Eis Pfct Ps i f tk st t caactstcy Ei us t Pct t t a stt stuati, i ta ctis u t t t tm (d may cti bd t d tt t distbu ti t Ps a d P ssi ms is esstay t sa a t Pt s t nP s ust b usd wt tt hv been n hi fo a ie) t bs s abt i ay b i t Pg s s hve bee pek fes) it itstd xinta is uit ssib t t ic a t pct, b a i css, as if �e y eve ben watchin telvisin whe he e s ex lde? m t t fct ct at s he olic ve recel been e y eiho nde sevtin have jst hi it been lkn o sici. M ay, t Pc Pss cbi s t ss b m ais te Pc t it t ssi b a t P ssi pog P) ' cd i no * g 1 971 193) ) 3 n Bgn p P o pb gn n n p C o on in 7 P ; p
.2 Peeta h ect In he dscussn ussan a sa am ir or o ird' ads h d secn 3. we ned h ussan oe s he Peecve csd xc c ms in laus ha ha such ms aluh Russan has in fac n dsnc rec ms Russa n m c s b n mas coma ble h pc manng Sm insances he mereciv alwg man m h umarkdess he ussan m (cha 6), bu a sance, i is end ad s hs hus ha -wh ashd and h m sng n s aden sg hn I ma sa sh I se e v e bee whewash he hse : h s hal hashed sa o e huse s he r su o m f nd ha bn ud h ask hashn , hc he Prc Pess If I er sa ussa, usn Pc, v e d h hs culd l m a he wewashng was aead cmlee, e uve wheashed he house', and n h suan dscbd abe hs w uld sml be unrue In fac , n such a cas ussan ne cud use h (Imerfcve) Pres, dscb v a cess whh a h s mmen is n e comle ie bee d ; hu a m abae aahas h s n a o c h d a c and h sh Pssv Pe ec a ua n ha has b rud bu whs cmld has res su s Sm a hee ae cass he nsh w use h P c bu Russa us h Imec wher h e nsh Perfec reers a habual suan as n da zasa sa ed e e e a avdva (v) seba he cn ne use h d mh ds hch ha aad man ccas ins jusd hem sel ves Cs h lsh eec, en, one nds bh Perc
adImc n ussa j us Th as ds bno ee asccsosin cs pnds ig shP c ms e erfec dn m h fce/mrv sn Thee ds s hwr man he generalsa a h a sm lauas ke den Grek, whre he ec is rsced ece asc hle hee ae aaren ne wher h erc s s cd m c s c h s a mr aual rash beee c ad c han beween erec and imperc I w lk aan a he meann f h rec d h eecv Ts lies srcl nl he cie vice he ssie see secn
6 o r o R Perec ves wi ec mng g (73
Pe
efece s, e asn f s feqen, b by n ean oba, an becs ca fec s a a san s f s csqecs and w osse fo an ncee sa a cscs , s c e y a conence w be cnsq ecs a san a a s bn ce , e f a san a y be decb d b y eas f e e ec e.
. Propv p
Te fc s sc, n a esas a ea been a a a n e and sa an a If aae wee cy syca, qa w xc n sece f s, we a s a a d sm bsq a, f sac we se s a s f ab do e May aa s d ae ea f xss sece ea, o s s s dc nd xac qaen w n ass ed Idc, aa es a ac sme ca ab ax f s e, a sd n be s a e n ec csndc bewe w efc ea ad f w oce ea Ty ca Es exess s f sce a ae e csc on to be gog to to be bu , to be o he p of, as the shp b wc ecbe bout to sl, the shp is on the poit of sg e ese sa a f en, w ee c c an e y f e ad the shp s gog to sl, wee ee aan a es sae ad a f en, b e wo ay can f f I s a aeca deecbn e eessns e ece ea andeexssns a f efec, beween Bll gg to h hmse he clad ll h hmse th cl I we a e a sa w sene ay ne ee eenc, ad e ac eed f w e c, n f seae sad th hmse o he cl, e was wn s edcon was on f, w, sad B s gon to th hmse o he cl , e e was necessay w, omar ams od y c 1 1 5 6 I o o be a poa whe I gro Wteboto allato ae coe h aet o to r t 00,000,000 ea o w No
sao c ocr s ob o scy a c
33 Prospetv spect snc a he was aud as Bs ienn hw hmse he ci i h aa s seds sm ue suai wich uue suai mh w e evd m cmi abu r ve cs go to throw hse o th c mh w sh d as a wa n sme hd vn he u ur siuan m cm abu I Russ ia s ac i s v dc u v a dqua ans an an ish sce hs wihu add r sub raci sm m ma Thus e asan I a gog to k you wu a soaus ut te I nd k b hs des add an mn n whi ch is n ncssa ri sn n h nish sci ms Ths cnsucn cud n e usd as he Russian asan thee a e gog to be p for pug, wh h aes a sumab n indi b aen r udd and in Rssi an n ca n n u se he rdnar re Tns : uut aok a tt he w be as r dd' Smeims Russan ss o us in such csucns, poez ole pt v em v h a is in ariv a sev cc', bu aan h Russan s a xac quva h s ad a bee ss mi h b he a s due ari v a s evn c c
4
ect an tene
40 S fa, w a bn mass dc wen s and asc, acu n s fa as adal rammaical rm ds no alwas orously dsuis w aamrs, wch ca lad conusin in scuss er asc or ns n is w h w ev, a arius s i as n nd a asc and nse d smms im on n ar, and s nw im o eamn mr ssmacaly som o rlaonsis wn asc an s in arus lanuas.
4 Prv ps d Sc s s s ssnall usd scre, rar an nar i s ssnally imrcv, cnins o habual, an no fc. n s sc w sal lo a prci rss i vaus lanas insiain manis associad wih s aan conradico combinaion of caoris. In lauas wh basic ns dsncion is bw as and nn-as, w a scl sain no e ossi o a ercie sn b ra a fce as a nse . o e ive oi rs-u Sincof sn ison rimaily of rfc dscriion s qu aura fr h rf ce non- as o a as o s meani a a prfc fur. Varios sa o is delmn o rc n-as erecie ure can e sen in ire do ra seciall Saonic non oEroa lanas. In Hnarian, were asea sinicance o e eral res is ar wa dl d, alou y nd o i erb r ec ie man , hr is a d nc f n as suc rx s o a f ur man In e Eas an W s Slanc aas ncd n Rssa, Psh, zc, no Buaan o S-raan), an Mn (959 81
4 Pective et te
also n Gan he dvopmen s more comle so ha he Precv nnPas s mar a uue nse a pon o wc we sall un n rar deal blo; s aallled b a nw perphrasc maon h mercve Fuur Wh nondered erbs o moon n Czech, a urhe developmen has aen pace whereb he ealer Percve nonas has bcome a Fue Tense espece o aspc, a developmen rm Percve nonas o erece Fuue Fuur. n he Ps Tnse, e wen' s mpeece and oe Pecve Bu n e nnPas he deence been and (or po +ju) s no aspcal (as s he case wh ussan mpeecve Presn versus poju, Peecve Fuur) b pure emoal e ju o am on ', pju shal l o sal l have ne shall be on' Wih hse vrbs o moon Cech as no spccall mpecve Fuure bd t o paralll ussan b iti s al l e n shall (Iv) ahouh hs s ho mpc e Fuues o oh v rbs ar r med n Czch oo e bu t sha ll be e ad n shall ead (Ipv) One elanaon he emolo o he Ancen G ascua eura Fu ure Tense e p shall w e, shal l b n ould dev hs oo om he Aors (e peecve) sem o he verb cp he Aors g wre n he lh o s epced esrcon o he peece nonpas o uue ns s woh lookn n some d a l ose la nuaes whe he perc ve prsen s n prmar l a uue en se (e Sou Slaonc) and also a ndvdual usaes n som o he lanuaes ha normall have h eced developmen bu somemes hae a peece non pas ha sems paralll he merecve resn rah han h me rc v u ue (he hs s a dsnc om rom he mpecve presen) Theh ussPsn he Pereve esen n Souh cass whe Tense s usd n was aSlavonc are no nole srcl ern o h esen mmen One characersc h Souh Slavonc lanaes, oun n s ulles om n Bular hou so o a cea een Sebo Caan o nsance, s e loss o he nnve n s eplace men a subrdnae cause wh he conuncon and he Prsn Tnse I t Sh Slac lagag cn gaan an S Ca e hc e fo th ac h the Perce Pee ot a t a t at an t anc ; t Pecve Pnt (964 ) n Soth Slaon fth Kycz
pec e
o wio a necessar reerence o presen me, an mor a ere s wi he Ine i aaes ke nish or ssia ha ha an Iitie) The Ie can dssh aspec ssia, wer e hae e Im rec e n j mogu e I can , u he P recie i xou kup kgu I wa o b a boo I we ra sae ese seneces ino Baran, we ms repace he Ine e Prese Tense, but sc er s ot aca rence o presen ime, e aspeca opposo ma ad ms e reand mog ejIp), i ra can a - Ip ) , ers s km kupjP) kng, era Iwa ha I-u oo I he ma er s are p to e Pas Tes, hee s o chae he orm o he sorda e er b mox e cod , x kupj kg wane d o a boo n Enish, a sentence e h e come hee o is o wn, i n pres mean in, wi norma e erpreed wi aia meani, since h reerence wre o a acion o on a he prese momen wod ae o e e comg here, e Proressie oweer, n a cone were he come here does no ae pesen ime reence, e perece eanin s a posse erreao, as i a sbordae case o ime, e he e ome ere , e hm , sce ee e er come reers o a co Dirn auaes de as o heer o no he ere oer speccaon o ri in sc empora cases conras wi e ns seece aoe s Frenc ransao u i r Fre) ci, e e u r, ad aso w is ssian ransaion og o pre Fr), j u ku. Baa and Sero-Croaan n sch sences are ie sh rather han Frec or ssan, and ae he Pese i he empoa case, as n Baan e o P ziorbo, o P. Fure eo when is is esen work, I sal o hee co A pon, a apae waness o e comparison beween anaes e Es ad Baria on he one had ad c a ssian on ohr, espcia bew Buaran an ssia, ma sr rader oroo ca, u sian pre i eampe oed aboe is Perecie oPas, cp he Imeece Pese e h oe s The same is e, mo o oc a, o Bar i r, athoh ien eisence o a spaae Prcie Fure in Buari wi e r s specca ce Prsen raher han e ss specc Precie noPas. Ge h paraesm o morpooica ormaion bewe e o ms sed in Bu aa a d ssian, a d ac a ot
8
4 Peecte, pesent, d tre are sed eqall in temral causes wit uture reerence, it a ee casistic o speak in e on cas (Bugarian) o ere ci e reen nd in he other ( us sian) a Prfe cti v tre, inc he da a proide o vidence r such a distincin weer, te dieren ction o he mrlg call arale Blgarian and usian o rms ca n be idnied b caring eneces wer he erb in he bordinae cla i Impeective, rater an Prfctive, because hre Blarian and ssian have quite dierent mrhlgica expressin o te I perec tive utur e : i n Bulaian t e aricle te with e mpe recive resen, in ssian bd wh the Imerec ti e I nn ti nd i n suc h e nenc e we nd a cear dstinctn beeen Bulgarian, with the mperecive Preen as in ngi, and ssian, wih he Imerective Fure in enc: Bulgarian az kato pe (Ipv resent) ti te pe ian kogd a bud pet (Iv Future), ty bude pakat, Fench e chaterai (uture u pereras, ngish whe I am sgg (Present you w be ryg T e cmarison it crrespdin mperec ives cnrms the distincion beteen Buarian with h resen Tnse i n ha is stic tl n resn t time eerenc e (s i n En gis , an d ussan with he utre Tens (a in ench, desite the aparnt mrlca aralleis beeen Percive Presen in Blgarian and Per ect ie uture i n ssian. Anter unctin the erecive rese in Bgarian i he nar atv e Present, i e . wen the Preent T ense is ed with pas eaning as a narrativ tecnique wh retenin he ascta disincion sua in the Pas Tense This se o the Perec ive resen is discs ed in greater detal n ecti n 3. inall, in Bulgarian te Peective Presnt ma b sed with habita meaning rher is one the ssib o eprhich ei ngwod habiait were he, rhabitualit inved i ha mans a siuaion in isef, as a si ng istae b teated as per ec iv e ; e he resen Tens i ed o exres a btua situatin resening one itce o exepi he recrrt sitai, s n: spoged (Pv resen se, pousmxat Pv reen) deok, oaeva (P. Presen ume ca .. te gi l e nother, sme one anter, incine their re dd n ed aces Th ss is nt, w eve r, tha is is w a hey are dng a t rs mmn, b raher t his is wa apen weneer a ceain st ccumstancs hlds (and, indeed, it is quit ike that thi aticla et o circumtancs des nt hd precisey ee is e y Ac (8 2).
spct t
t t rest mom) Tis io o Pri Pr is reld us Pri Imrc i Bularia o d cte tu erf ct suai i s tim se secio . . . th ths hbtu us t Precti Pr, i ma sem o tt Rss s am eomo as Bulria, si Rss t has a smlar s o Perti oPas wit abiua m ad idd i i usa Preci oPa ual curs cunci wth t mrfci Pr, absrai aa rm sua dir i woud r a w ar r dl ith Prf i Prs i ssia Ti s sa i m mo th s tim re rc t cua a s im bi mar d m ora ds, rb frm yvao i sd o b as a or sml ctx, as i t foloi xam rom Tr l iit .) mt . na Ir in a na kak dt s (I kk k .) n (P rtja Pf) k xln smtr (P) n ng t ( l I t n t t w l t ( ) . . n g ( t rn . . . n s t angy ) t .) w l g (. ) l P) th m lk P) clly a him hrg (Pf) sl.
e the Imerc rms dsri bacroud sae o ac c rrc e i ries o s, il t actu ens ar xrss d Precti rms, t ses ei mefect i Prs d Prfce -Pas wr, as wil b discusd i rear dai i sctn tr is curr us a edc fr s asctu dis t t xress d rr t drc b we t Imr t uture i it Iti) ad Perec oPst utr utur)th i xls is ol h tmoem t Per t i Pas is amrfe Per e fc crr owrds usi t utur rte mrfcie Pr suc cosructis st th frma rllis ewee Pefeci Prese in ri d similr au, u as SerCrotia) ad Prfci o-Past ussia ad similar auas, suc as Czc d Pis ) it emers t atr is rimri a fur s, ad eset s il re isas o s us s a re es ar e trted s rm, as omals win sroi sm Gn t sricl eelmt rm a Prfeci Pa, existec f suc reic o arir usa is o rrisin oria, C ora an C rt an ( 1 71 : 1 )
Te rtrictio as i ssia, he Perecive nonPas is ow imail a ue ese, ahuh here ae ehas raher moe rema s o ealie usae where he Perecive oPs arales eacl he meecive Prese, as i he maieace o asecal disicios in he arraive Prese (seci alhoh he absece in Georgia o a secicall Imeecive Fure should as be oed as a condiioni acor: Georia has i ac a merecive oPas and a Peecive o Pas he mer bei raher eel esen o uure he laer uur e exce in ceai secial usaes (i aicula he araive and habial Prese ) ih ove indicaion o is nsual ime reeece Summarisi he reain beween asec ad ese in ussia, we ca sa ha here is a Pesen Tense which is Imeecive, a Pas Tese wih a ImerecivePeecive oosii, ad a uue Tese ih a merecive/Perecive osiio rholicall he Ime ecive Fue rahe lls ous ide he ssm, b ei eihas ic hie he mrhoical aallelism is aher beee he Imeec iv e Pese ad he Peeci ve Fue The mh lo ehe ih some i diidua usaes he Perec ive uue sues a eaie sae hee hee was j oe nonPas Tese wih a Imeecie/Peecive asecual disic io, bu his is o oer ue he mode aae, whee resicis on he comaibili o Pesen ad Peecive have led o he Peeci onPas becomig secicall a Peecive Fure
Asp dsos rsrd o r ss
One o he mos ieres relaishi s bewee asec a d ense, m he viewoi o auae as a ucia ssem, occurs when an asecal is resiced oe moe eses, ha oerai acodisicio ss he boad, indeeel oorese aeasahe ha he ese ha ms e eices as ecual disicions is he as ense Thus i ma Indroea lagaes, ad also in Georia, he de ence beee he Aoris ad h e merec eiss onl in e Pas Tese ad here is o cresondin disinction in oher eses hus he disici beeen Saish ha I soke' ad haaa I a s seaki, used o seak' ai ve came' and veeam as comi, used o come', uaria ox I co ed ' an d roax I a s coni sed o co, Geoia (aee o wroe' ad e dnt nayss ussan Pfctv Past aun ta t s an a futu ts, f st (193)
pec ad e
ii d wi' i lle c di ici i F i i v iiiv d ici xc i ci cae e e xici e) I ce eca diici i i ee civ i a d i eec ie ai iv i ic iici, i i ii ci vii d iia diici i , ic e, ei dciie , ca a ie ci e i I c d e c c d e i ic c iici i i O i ed i e wd xici c diici i as ei we pec d i eeece i Aica ae, e ic v i e e d ci i a (ie wi ci ci d i ei), eea i ic e ve eecia i e, e i peciv i k i i i s a v ec iv i, e i i e exe i a d idic e cee ci, d i i IcAi di ici ee I ac , e I pe ec exee i as s e a c va i ica e I iia Id iic Iec i cceied a i e ic c v vi e I ec ic e ec va i Hee i e d c ici de a i e, i i e ee cacic e e e aca diii i e p e Ei iic i i sed to a cedi i e Siia Svic H -v- cc yic i d i ae, c Ria, i vi ice e a e i v ik t i e i c a ae e i wad ee ec dee ii i e Wi 5 ia ike ycal o d on
4. Narrative
Ind uroea n I m ec s an d As, he e s no morol cl reasn h h asecua dsncn shul e resice o onl he ne ense Thus an elc eecve, dsi rom mercve, mos cmmn n he as ense, an leas ommon n h presen ens O urs, he ense dincon is a verss onas, raher ha a vesus uue, hen s ssble or her o a recv os, ih basall uu re meann as n sa Aa o he as, where he eeiv is cmmnes, an h presen, whr i s rares, ee des n see be an ener a rinl a o wher secua isi ns will ne manes hemlve nc h remn caeries (uue ense, an nnne m innves and acls) seem equall susceble o asecual erenian, lhuh n ncen Gree we d he asecua snc bewee A an Imerec cae over o he vaus nnni rms, bu n he Fuue Snce he uure is eneral raher rl derenaed as a ense dsn m he ese n man uea n lauaes, s ma be he esn r he absence o as el-mar ed an asecual sc n n h s en se ; om ae he absence n alan, b n Sansh o a Fuue P essiv e (I alan ·ta o Sanh ta eeo s h a l l be wr n ) , alhu her is n rhlca r eaon r he absenc e ·a ceno n alan
3
Nv ps
One ineresn ace o he eneral rblem he relan beeen ense and asec can be suded b eamnn cas whre lanua es use ne nse in lace anhe, insanc e i n e naae ese, hee he esen ense s used eer a as suan A smleupnlsh eaml wuld h use I 'm rahe han he c ome oe a a y . be ttg ttg o o he he eh eaa he u ame oe a a . . huh hs use he Pesen s ehas raher less cmmn nglsh ha n her urean lanuaes Snce h n l sh P ess e is n ed an ne ense , hee s n blem h asec n he narve Presen he eence beee Pessve and nnPessve bein eaned, o ahe reanabe n he dslaced esin T hs s ue ch r nsance, hee he deec beeen eecve and mecive meann s l mananed in he Pas Tense, b he deence beeen Pas ene and Imec Thus he asec disincn n he Pas Tense vesn s ls h e use he naaive Pesen
Asp ns () n P ene
homme 'aait mpefec a ue conduiat mpefe un Il aerUt P Dee e cha e it a D ene ( n Pen ene Un s'ae a ue, conduit o moon. aeroit e arg . A an asi walkng aon he a d h wi aing hee hee. e s/s e a en nk y saidsay . .
I rch, hn d likwise i oh once anaes he mhlical rsricion o oer spec dieeniaio o he Ps Tnse as ha riori ere cn e no spec disinci in he arraiv Prsen nes ha do hae orhooical aspec disici in h on-pas enses oo ee e wo loical possiilii es her h asc dirce o he pas wil e eained, ee i his mas usi orpholoical ors (like e Precie nonPas in Gi) ha ar nomall sriced uue ie rrnc; or h ilusn rsss (dscri ion ahe han raion will co l d b nuralisin he a sc disin cion I Gian, alhouh he Peecie nonPs usall has uue maig i h narrai Prsn i is sed o aralll he Imrcie Ps, aii h asc disincin; hs e Prcve nnPas sds o h Peci (icall Aoris Pas h Imerecie Prs o he Imrcive (icl mperec Pas:2 n Pat ne Gzz �a iioa Ipf mpeec, am c xa ihqaa Ipf Im r iax (P A ie u 3 r a ta P A ( in Pn n Gz �a iis pf. ee, am cxa mihqavs Ipf. ee dinaxavs (P Peen aeu r a qi P Preen a / ing aon he oad, he w/i leang hee ee, e ass an nk an i/says . . .
Ga hn alhuh he Precie o he Prsen suall has ur m i is ds no ree n he use o hs or in he narra i P I Baa, lhouh here is Perecie Pese ha does n Qu gnly gug tht hve tv Psnt we nd rnt ch c s t hw sn t nd hw st ths f bhvs hu s , n th sunc tnses, he tv P esnt (hstc Psn) y b tetd th s ( Pst) s strc ( s) nse Gd se eve nd dg 895 7 o ( 97 8 -2)
74
4 3 arrave rese hav scca fuu mann, e s he m usua cnsucn n he naae Psen s se he asec dnce, usn h Imcv csnd Pas Tns fms scv f as Pc vsus Imecve, Ars vesus Imfc ) , nd cm n he usn of prsnness in s Tnse C sje er . Ck Ar dd nni n e obi is Trgn . Ar is p e i r ; . in r n Ten s Cr s rsn . Cuk esn dd nni ne u e ob I n Trgv rsn b r ; T King ws/s seepng . O In kno eknoksnne nswerenswers. e se/sets of n g e w ie p e n
v, s as ssbe manan he asc dsncn bn Pefcv and Imfecve n h naae Prsn csndn Pcve Pas usua As ) and mfcve Pas usua Im c) , rsecvl he h exm w nd ussan. re, he Pf c ve nn-Pas as bn md s fuue nse, so ha n he arave Prsen n h Imefcve Psn ma b usd, s n he fwn xam m s nv 3 i in a s Tnse Vrg n r snovs' Vred dg yl us. T e-d ini eni sdi stojl I sorel I n nu Saina sl p M S sosko n drg i in esen Tense svlvt Vdrug n pur Tl sotr; d-de k- dini eniI.. sldaieed so drg psa. nu n Sarin t I M Sa5 soskvem p. n r gu . ddnl u nend-a-hnn spesos. Th ed s/s Onl w n e dsnc ne sal die so/s nd looke ooks in u direcn Te eg n s g. Sh and jume/jup w n d s e a pe s ted y n dejcn 1 938 : 3) • Iv n s e th t te use f te Se Cata n tv e Pesent sm t tat f Bugan n ts espec: ethe he apect dstnctn n u ctve ay e etaned Ce d y syt ( 1e 97mpefe : 1 ) the Pa st t e se e s ne
sect a ese
e i s o po ss b t o us t cti o Past i su h a stc How, thr is aothr at usa o th Pst Ts ussa t habtua ma: a urt squc o ts is arratd as i it w a sl squ, oe istac stads or th wo tt , s uua to mata t asctua stcto coro to a Imct ast we ha th Imert rst w corrsod o t Prct Past w ha th Prct o Past t h tm deoid o ut ma I t ol owi xam e om Shookho, w ha t th a oriat Past T s o ms o ds b i o idua ocur o th squ i qusto h th arat us o th Pr st : ) n t Tense euju uk ooao po loko, no odnj ku Aesej cgark sksno bez poma) rial () set k vyplomu zaslon grd, zubam oorval (P) nuny klo bg sognu (v ) eg elob o nareb v ) tab neuovmo pel (f) paJca skuva a e e (v ) elo ek ogl janut sa a Aeksej poargva ue eval Ipf) gooj cgar rosi pv) ogonku () n esent Tense evuj ku oorvao p okot n o odn o kutt Ae ksej cgak skusno bez promaxa:) rimet fv) kse k ypou zon grd, zb otorvet (Pv) nun oo b onet () eg eloo nagrebet (Pv) abaku lo oede (v) pac, skra e ueet v) evek og nsja, Aleksej poargva u e v goto vuju cga ku rosit (f) oon ku Hs et arm h bee u o at te ebow, but ee th one eksey oud o c gae es s ll ad wtho t a slp ) He would res hs obacouc o s blg est er o te reqred aoun o ppe wth hs eeth, bend no ro coo up soe to d ro p wth exerous ne oveens ne had no tim to rn aron before Aleksey ws redy in the nshe cgree blnn, and kin o a gt
I such cos tutos, Buaa bas k ussa, dsp usua dc btw te Bulara ctie s ad t ssia Prcie Futu d y rsyh 97 8 ) ; the T ense r n s n ne Fr R thre s se ece tt th re st rther t d s nd s sn etee erte reet ct t s ecl th th erl yst Fy ( 90 8 ) n s ht n the h l nrr rs nt ne cn ll the pe rhr th th erct reset hr rs gen tht e he h rce s n n s erte Ftr the ntrl tenen ere he s t se h the rrsndng erecte tre.
4 aat pese
Hvi looke umer o oher uae e my ow reur o he iercio o pec ee i he Ei rrive ree A no boe, i Elish he noorssi ree o osaie ebs es o be rsic o expreio o hbual cions. Ahr use o hi s o ro es sv e res e i he h iori rese , w e h aspec icio roresiveororeive o e i reie. A imil use o he o ro e iv re i b e le he commeary e o he ree i rovii a ommery or lm oobll mch or horer mue rro. Here, alh ou h w e re ree me he rc ure o h omm u io is h o rrive hi charcer ucre rece i he possibiliy o ui he ororeive ree reer o oplee io .e. o mai pec iicio u oe ol he ee, he oy eree be h here h mie o he diico i opol e e ree ese eerlly he oresive c be e or l oi io l com me r y mih Now the viin seiz the hro, no thy drive o towrds the ralw ack now for hr out of cr ow e ti he to he ta k w a te ime t trai s gett ig arr.
Al verb orm ecep he re ororeve. Elly he commery oul ve bee ive hroo h roreve orm Now the vi is siig he hroe now thy'r drvig o towds t awy tak now hes oig r out o ar, now s tg h to ac k, whi a tim th rin s gtg nerer
Oneo cor choiehe ewee e i ha he roeci re iv e i he voure ra erieobiliie o eve h be commee o he y re h appei e e oe o ar i hi ecio ve yply h e e ese e pree or p eiher hie pec i ccorce wih nom a e he pree o r ree spec ccor ce ih h iinco bewee er ip o rr o Ae r loical osibl woul be o re he e, bu hi pec, or ce o lo e p ec isincions i he pas e, us as i he wole bee hie i he pese, wih he ic pren pcl iincio, or ck o ic ios Th ma sem a parcular l cmple e o hi , b i Lc ( 1 971
7
Aspe s
s aent qute ue n conprr rc trry ty mak se o t Ima pttorsqu pcr perect, c has ust tis e ct : Ce n'es ren' it-if ( Dene Pu pnsn 'iteromit (mperfec pou 'cre Coup ob! ou u o mo s ! . C' est c ur u a r oup ob! Ah oc nn ct pe toue e Chana' Oro ne ri (mpefect pa I ta p cmm un ot et tema e ou e memb s ng' i (P Dente h n h m of anagng he nteue i (mpfec) o shou : • Dou h! Bo o hem t c p se s ! t' th e ca ho' g ng o agh Dob h ! Ah ! Hr' that tte otos Ch aa at Oo t r ( mperfe ct H a e a copse a temb ng n e b
He, t Imeects ierrpit nd poit r usd s t nra ad ben trnsposd nt Prst s
4+ omb s/s oosos tten Arabc, ter ar wo os, ratona rerd to naous as spcts, ss, sts stats, nd dstngused ther as Pct nd Imprec, or s Prct d prect. Here th erms Perct and perect w used, toug t meanngs o the ems a irent om s usd n S aonc ngus tics and ese n tis boo, s wll bco pren beo W ma star te uncon o t Prc and pc he te rest o t stc conns o spccto o rence eg no mor drbs. r rcti s p wt prect and as nng, pct s prd it meect and resnt meang: (f bb Tey sow a he oo ?ahu y amu (Ip f bm ana pf o henow abo h o-o o now a o o ng
On bass o se o p, ps t a te basc stncton s on ns wt cua irnc n ts (96 92) t ee Me Th e d et t etn re ed ny n Wrht ( 898 : 2) r re dn the ht t o, th thr St gge (ee kkd), n Kry t
44 Cmbned te/pect ps
p e de o cce) o oe o ec w e e eeece deece e el o peeed epeo o e pe). Fe ve evel ee o ee e. e oll w e le odce e e o e pe eve Fa hu a} ku u p f ba na
-hu aw a l -q ati
bn m y rrro b Go jg B Go jg b en m n Dy of Rren
ve o owlee a e o eeco o e plce o le o l ed e e e e e vel o eee a e me efeece. Hweve e eee o o a le , o ecely) eeed v peec ve e , deed c ld well coeo o eece Slv c le w e fecve Ae So e eee ewee e Ac efecve d eecve ca e el oe o pec A fe clc odced clo o ode ca e ?j? fv) ka 'mar fv) bu om oou n ra om o n e n
e Ieeve 2j ol wod e e ee o pee e e peece of e ode epol cle c eal dve f a le peeece fo ee w f e ef ee ce e. I all c e B e ee i f he Pefecive cii f i peed o e yoe a e efe cv eI e fecve o o pely oe of ee p e eeece e w e e efeece e e ce ee). po oe ee le eo eee of Howeve, ve, w ele e eeee e w dce a e pe o e dae wll ecede y c o o So oe ll code e deece ewee e efecve d e eecve oe elve ee. ee o e e oooed e e o e Iefeve oe clae e leal e le of e poe folw be elve w epec o) e co ee y ppoe ?a fv m
- b
k
� fo H omo or o o m ao bo
7
d T ubuciv usiv an mrativ moos a of wich v raiv uur tim rfc xis ony i h mrfctiv I ur (ubunctiv) t uni m sise shou com' kt (Jssv) ay it ' 2ukub (miv) wi ' Aany h Prfciv inica rtiv s im mrfeciv aiv on st (r o fuu) im as o abov hat h mrfciv k in ioatio is int r rfering o th snt athough it c b ire s rrg o h futu if th contxt mks i car ht th rfc is uur T usio h o aris is h ineretio n b fnc o as im w is a v inicator of as ti g l/ muki sayna i ooon rig T as is i aaiv a : m at (Ip) y! Wa 'ttbu and hey-foow w hy- ec e he demon a mlki sym. rgn Somn Ad oowd wt emos ed o ecte Soomon gn
Tus mefctiv ca us ith ast im rfrnce rov oy aso ha impeectiv manin Summariin h uses o th rciv a Pfectiv may ay ha th Peectiv ictes o rciv anin a raiv as im rnc i h mrfctiv inicats vrhin s (i ihr imfctiv mag or ativ onas ns) Th Araic oosio mfectiv Prfciv icooa both asc a (rtive) tes n auay oes ow rabi makes nr rernc so ii ag covr by h mfctiv n c bn o cic ma avrias (n v uuy n t c t tn enn t e t e cne c te eeent f c n c, he
e he eect t ent te te eeence nnc n he n e: c l e e e eecte the cc e e Tene (e e, ece en n c c n den en c, e tene e ce el w l een n he eenc e , hh t tl e t tht th eece eect e t enng, n he e cte ete ee ete nnt enn en ecu e ne ne tnctn n tn t t en c nte eet
44 Com tsspct ptos
whe he a esen esca n he mdern we anuae), Aabc has mans ndcag secca u ense Pas ense o he Imeecve (h Imeecve ms ben b ma Prese) uur ens s secie b adn or h r x s bee he veb, e saw tbo s-tb h w rie' o shw he Imc v e Pas, n cmbies h Pr c v verb b' (here uncnn as a auxar) and he Imereciv o h ma vr b, e at he was wrg se o wr' he c suc s sma hse dscussed sec I 12 whee perc and merce ms a cmbne nca b ha a ac s cme n s an ha has erna sucur h Aabc om ced m h equa be ssed ra as hapne (P v) ha he b wr n (I v) ' wh a as me ire ai as se d o tb because has ara sce he es as Pas In add, Aabc has scca Pe re c ms me ca wh h arce qa Thus an exc Presen Perc uses h arce q an he Pece eg q ata h has w e ' he Pe cv ben use becaus h vb rm aso has erc v ad as meann r Pas Peec, e use s h Pecve ' a h Prc he mai v b ( haen ha he wr ' ra her hae ed ha he ha d wre ' , snce he Pere c v each case caes re aiv pas me) wh r wh q: (q) a he a we' o h uu Peec, n uses h Imeecv o b' wh e ecive o h mai verb, a wh hu : a () tb he w hav w e ' ac , h Ime ecv o o e ' reuar uncns as a uur Tense sce n h Prsen Tse Arabc has o e cua A bw so ar sma handa o Ara bhese s aso ou i hes ames a m ahoh smr he oppso usn dere mrhoca maeia s un i oher acs hes h sio is bewee veba rms wh h sux ad hse ackn hs sux, e he eb w', n tn t t e el -e nrn nee enen
ile -e tt e lt r n e entene (nt neily te ). Te re ierent t nctilly n entlly ( 968 67 79880 n n er let nee ere e nnn rtie Te entenele -e ill n e i e ee Te t e eu -le en ere 1957: II5-2), n te er e re t tete e tel r Perete er (196 2468
sc d s xe ad I may o - opo Aabc, wh s o ra po o rpa rc y h mci) bu wh i do ocr - id ca pa pr cv a Xao duizhng xe-l yfn xin ommad Hsao
wo a r' Sricl s rla rar a o pa m n! s-, nc a ca mo ary n m a, ZQ hshg wh ou di, I all om mo ' . oc yo a v dd . I a v , a o w d bo h b, i dd' om ' ; h ao r au da h v - ro c Wh h c o a rl pr or r uao, wu l s sd a m b s c , a mgn yo m b l s l cl m ow l . o o ow w a sl l o a la as suai whc s fc, s sa s, w m da f , a yunl m b fl ld l s c u o d s so
As d
a m o Ara aa d or ad Ibo, h ar o pcc mar o pas vr pr s, alhouh h a marr o apc. or, oa vb hav o mar i y a pcv m, ad ma bo h vb hy ha mpr a. Sa av ol mprc ma, a o arr I o mp r v o osa b s mard or h v O mh ho xpc a c wi ao vra orm woud b ambuous a o m rr ac ac o ay co xual dcao o rrc poal aal), h Imprc orm p r o or o osa v a id a r o prs, wl h or sim osaiv ) a pd rrri o h pa, o - Jonto ses the le rI QrIe t colete he thn r rI(t eecte the sl te n
cssons o Sonc lne t note ecly th he e o the hnee os th he er re esenlly he e thoe o the erece t n Wele 1 7 , o ot ele el ow re ten Soe lecs o or tns wt nt e, t roe n whc ce tehe or oe eccly
45 Aect and tie eeece
is a e Yub a R w b 9 c g he wa ns mn e Yor ua #�, b 9 � ¥ he is wo r in , e wor s ai ua ll Yuba w Ib 9 b h am e Ol in he e se n e an ov er idiain ime would h meeive oms inrreed as in h as oua #� l'n b n r¥ h was wrin eserda. Thus hre is a lse relainshi ween mive Ase and esen ime and beween Pereiv Ase and as ime in hese lanuaes wihou ns aes. This is no dissimia m he siuain in Aai disussd in sion 44, wher e hee is a se rs inr ra in b Pas Tense and Per e ive Ase. is n ulikl ha a ve siila ssem obained a a lae sae in he hisi dev elme nd-ua n, wih ase eing mad ve and ime reeen e a s a snda nseune aseua disin is we n he uure s, whih is a la ivel la e an d auaai ula dev elomen wihin h nd-urean lanuaes, ad as, nvenie, he Pee, which des ener n his aiula aume , hn i has en bee assumed ha I durean had he a eis, he Pesen, me , an d Ais Nw, while he disicin eween Presen ad Ais and he ms eiher a a be aed a PrInd-uean he same ann e sai d he mee r whih he alleed I nduoan ormin wih he aumen and resen sem eg Ann ree phee he wa s aig, he usd a is ased on in ndanian, ree, ad iie2 ain ad Ba-Savni hav quie di mais diee aso m e anher, whil Gemanic fas uside his ssem b haig a Pas Tse undireiad asec Thus i sms mbini ha Po-d-uan lakdand h as Imc, a seialn m imive ase ime i enc as aiin whher he ens e r he ase disi in wa s ai, e ma k a he main h seaae mees in he vaius lanuages: in eah h lanua us mnind av wih an mere /A is disiin , h e mee is med m he s oaed Wlrs ( 73 267) e s t s s s ' , e t qs e st t rb q, n he cse e [ie nB] rs s t n s se r , e [d rte nst&e esC] s tht te uat s
uc (6 ) .
pet a tee
Pesent stem nt the st stem) wth sme he ndcatr Pas Tes e e he ume e-); wence e chaacesat e mer c as he Pesen n the Pas' The natue the Impeec b s chca ad dachc y becmes clea ne t Prese sem vesu Ast sem bu mpeeive stem versu Peectve sem: the Perctv em is in isat usua nereed reer he ast wece e Ast) e meecv e em i isati is u sua iteree reen the rese sec i e c mnat n mpe ective ad past tme meann sme ad dti a mae r is eede d such as t e vaus addtns t th Impee ve em that ae und n the idvidu anuas ma he Imee c
4 6 Asp d o In many anuas in patcua in man Euean lauaes the ae nteeas beween aspec ad vice cve verus passve) Snce ths reas ss u dscussed i eatu aspec than ae eats beween aspect ad ese sme space wll e devted them re I nume aues ve expss peec mea is pssie n i h passve v ce a d t n he actve In ussa istance a sntence ke koak vypt means xpct e bdy as bee dr un k ' nd t h an d was d un k ' whch w u d be koak by vyp ut ths dstnctn cnnt e made in the active vice whe on vyp ko ak cr es nds th he da n the band ' ad he has drun the and' The dstnctn s thus mananed n i the passve r athe cetan tense th passve A mla stu bas s whe he Smple Pas athe lke the ussan Pe c bhfaas ve peect rce:?a avPast e uca s eeave n mee ? pec a bhfaa dd u s eefs e a ppar pa pe s rd ' wth e v b m faa mutated baca f er a n) th e mples wev er hee s as a seccal P e ect f rm usn the Past Patcle Passive ju s as n ussan t a ar te To Tm has an dnne' teal dnne is avn-eeae () Tm Once a an a d stct pect cn e mantained nl n he passive Th nl deence betwee ussan and Irish hee seems be e eater endec n Iish t v ve expess t ths eec mann b us he passe cnstuctn weeas ussn For fuher discussion of 197. the Rssia Passve icluing t nteractio wh spect se Harson
4.6 Aspec ice
ha raer endn o neuralie h emani diinion b uin g h e reiv a n o h diadan o hi aiular rlaionhip wen a n oi i ha he ere an be mainine a a orl diin ago onl wih ver ha hav a aive, i or he maori o noEuroan lnguge aniive verb hi e ma b omard ih he lighl de ren elaion beween a ad voic ound r inane in he nd o- rania languae Al houh ndo ranian inheried rom Io-Euroean a hre-wa diincin amon h imle a ene been mere Aori, and Pre hre i a nden rom h arlie riod or nw mound n o arise bae o he Pa Parii aiv eiall n he ere o he ba o aiv onrucion li Sansri eem m ( b i dm hi (neuer) tm aid (a ariil aive , nur) hi wa aid b him. The imran dieren i-i Sa oni or rih i ha n nd o- rania h a ai v aril an alo rmed rm inani erb and ha acive eanin o h orroni n in a ec (hou n in vie) o eem w ae alo n Sankri mt ha di ed The em i il no ull in quili brium bau in ode r xpre P re Ape in hi wa on u in h on ae ue an a i onr ui o (ih inranii vr bs) , in h ohr a av onucin (wih raniiv rb) n h la men o hi onion in ndrania hee ar o mn hae h on h pra o hi oiinall rihrai Perec, onu n ha eome he bai a ene nruc in : in mo morn ndo-Ianin langua her n race o he nd Euroa imle a ene bu onl deendan srcinall rihri wi ai a Pariile Thektm herahan is h anainrucin o e Sanri- eem n aie, e. wha wa srcinall he uje o f a paive nu cin is in reed a irec obje an aiv ncion, and he earlier ai agen einerreed ubj o an aive onucin Thi i ri o h ind nsruion nwn he erie, in hich he morhologial marking he ube o a rniie er diers rm a o an inran ii e eb, he lae being he sme a h dire ojec o ran iive verb, nd w er moreoer he erb oen are ih h e dire ob raher han wi h ube, Hindi r cl i he woan ha one lirall woman (nminive) gone (eminn i, bu e e itb kh hi he b h wren a (lirall bo
spt n tns
a b m a w mn . Th n hs ac h nl ssv csu b ls, ha v h r hrc Pc Ps hr ubjc n ma oje h cusav, rav cuc j h em dn Prn: z rf h wom wn rl woman ma wn, psr tb r xi h o u he oo rly boy m b cuav uh. O auall wh culr ln bwn rc sc n s ou2 Th c re pas c s a, . a r a su sm c h d rm o h sv m lauas a ws av.3 Wn n c e d n ojc a lc, h reun ch uully re an n h objc hn n h , h nmy hs stry t ity Wh sv bs, r, h ms uual sa ru m a acn w h h h mac bjc h ac h xm ch h sa h cy. T rc ass s cs ha m w rdcs cha sa h bjc an co Wh rsv vbs, h cha a a a n , v v rra : Joh hs v n Hindi, enne The enin en here sed n the dscsn n Krywc 196 5689 lthh the reent dscssn ed t erihrsc sn he ndEren t ice nd her derties, Kywc ne essenly the se henenn ih red t he ndEren erect, tyclly cte th ntntie e with tnse ecnsctn t n erier erd. F stnce, the Gen • sie da Ha au he he i ie. h ee it i lde hn d H rd bau he hse s en lt her ees re en y Kr 96 : 689)
86
5
Fol expeio of petual io
51
Morphoo o sp
is o im o rs cr o loo da a morp o lo of an o a nua or rou o f a uas , snc moroloical iormaio o is kind ca radil b obad from ammars of indiidual lauas, d is no i islf of irs o sud of funcio of asc wiin luag ssms as a wo Rar, h aim of rs car s o ook a rcurr faurs bo morpooical ad snacc, in formal xprssion of ascual oposios, ad scialy faurs a recur in anus a a no rlad o o or ad ar wid sparad ograpic all from on ao r i wl also b our im o o a os e fu rs f ascual morpolo wi idiidul lguas a sm o a som bar o smanc fucioig o aspcua ssems of s uas. rs major disio a can b mad i was o formll prss in scal oosiios in lauas i bwn moroocal sic) d scic lyic) mans Alou r ma b idii cass wr i is d icul o dcid w r a n fo rma o is prim ril moroloical o r scic , i as majo ri o cass disicion c b drawn d is orms us l ri oi o r our clsicio A clr m of sic prssio o sc is i Prorssi Asc o orub, o is wori, lirll i wor' wr vrbl cosrcio is l a o n drbial ras S imiarl, Prorss i E lis woud fl l udr is in, as i ri wi consrucion Copua rb + Prdic clr is rc rogr i araras je e r rier li rl a m i ) rocss o wor kn . W sal A 4
Fol expesso o speu opposos
rrn o synaci xrssions of ascal oosiions lar in is car Amon auas a do a morooical mans of prssin asca opposios, w my mk a disincion bw os lanas wr r s carly idniab marr o asc or o on mmbr of an spcal oposiio), fors of rb bin orwis sam for bo ascs, and os lanas wr is s no so lr xmpls of f ormr y ar lanas wi iari b dicain sc, sch as ins he rorssi nd rsian m- I mprfc i) r xaon as a markr f rfc i Asc in Slaonic an Balc lanas, and also i or is similr procss, ho sliy lss sysmi, n a oc f pr is ofn licly drmnd rfc f ssian tt rd' is o-t wras rfc of pst wri' is n-), d m aso odf mani of rb accordanc wi m nin of pr lswhr in draional morol oy n Slaonc nd, o lssr x , i Balic b o or an r al so xiss dro procss of mrfsaion, wrby Imrfci rbs ca b drd by sao fro prd rfs cp so 5.) Preng in Blto-Slonc, Geogn, nd Hngrin In w f mporc of Slanic asca sysm i discssions o sc in rl lnisics, is rhaps wor sndn som im n ookin morooy of is sysm, bo s fons n modr anas spcialy ssin ad iso ral y. rom h wpi n of h sis of aspc sys , .
daroi omprs ay b ad w Bal las, d oloa compriso may b ma wih rin. T Sloc las, lk h oldr Indoroan lanas nraly, ad oriinay rfcvimrfc disincion in s Tns, i h Aorsmrfc oosiion, o s forms b os n h maory of odr Sla laas w xcpio o Blran, cdonia, and som forms of Srbo roan n Sorba). Th crr dsincin w rfc mprfci, no rsricd o as Tns, s wr a Slaonic r a f le cn, ee aeo 1962: 5 81 rcent re dcn ryth 72) wth dcn 88
eerece lle
51 Mholog o aect
ioion shre prl with he loel ree B nus n w o n e prlll he oher re o oErp he oern nue Prives re ore ro mpereivs priril b prxi, comol ori o prexes se r his purpose hve heir ori i preposiios or vrb s such r imilr orii o pricle in Enlis drk p cp drk) or he ermn prex i n rke ri p p r n ) r he L pre con concere o pl e e p acre me ) lh og i hee nu s ors o Sloni, hr is no se oppoio o P eive Ipereiv er e i h eeope o he Sloni nues i i prob e h prxing iple er i n o i el l o per i io oern uss il oins ner o prexe spe ers wihou perciv i oe orrowe ro O Chrch Slvonc he erli s s Sloi nu e eg . pred-det oreee', sosat coni Susequel erin pre ss ce o e ierree s speci cll ere cie lhouh he op pio Perec e p ere e w rinl o e ll evelope e oerin wo spec ors r ll or ner ll) ers o h hose er at i not he p ci cl l pr x r o sp il Per ie r s oe h es o prexion he irene i e ws pure peul (epeill wih po he ot erl pre seni ) ; elsewhere he ii o o he prx i ii o o h i e p c o he er o hae i ein s i e reo ewe ezt u n o-rez cuo' z-rezat up' e. or erin ver where in he oer nue, e pre i sp pe i i possi hthe prex, erler pero ere w noe lso sepl ierene o eeh huh semill rre oe inhert smic ure o h r wi n-t wre i.e r i e o ro-t r i.e. re hr o h . Ol where h prex noh ng o he m g o he p ere ie er oher h per ei e eni w h e stri pecl prs this e , h , we hve sicall sple unprex e r which re eur s spec, u b sril inerpr pereve whe e re n crrt ici R ct, tr ch ctrry r t h ch ctl r, ith tlly ty rxs, thr , rticlry ti ttit ( 962 :r, 86 r i i, rt yth ( y 1 970 : 6
ra eess f aspetua ppss ab Deeot o rexe Petive e Ier ete i R rexd o r m
�
Pi.r;'
Ol
�
(
(
t
1�\·-"i'Yt (Ipf.)
ppsn a c , and pxd vbs wc a os a Pcv sm mpc vbs wl n a a scly qvaln c, snc hy y b sd w ay p a ds n ac ca ma o b, w may rc vbs (ll hs a a od aca ps ha n spcc mpc conpa nx sa n sysas o t spcal pson ws h d lpmn mpc alns sp cc o hs c vs h smancall omp pxs, ad s was chvd b mns sxal da o p cs; s av p aspcl a Eapl a c Sloc zbajati *iz-baa, h mpcv o zba-i av', ad ssn t-rez yvat' c o', prc trezat mnd bo Daammacaly, dopn o aspca ss can b sn d as n abl wh low dow pa s h dlpd a n soy o rmaon aspcal p n dn ss, n, Pcpc ps r d pml r b c b p drv o Imprcv, b o rc, ho la orpc ac n w b s a acally n-mp px w l a r mo o w d aspcl ssms a a v l a o Sonc as w r prod. Ts n Gmanc lana a som prd rb can hav pcv mn, b h r s no ymc p n os w pc v ad p c an, nd n n wa o dr ms t m c v mann vbs w pc m an 2 1 Fr e rt th t, ee hter rked t dete tht the re Gth rgy detd ce e Gec e erete e trutde
5 I ho aspec In Lhuanan nd suan v smla he earli Savnc sn n sm b ma mak Prf c v, acu hre s hse n semanc chane nvvd Where h ex ds nvv sme he smanc chane, ambnas suess ha he veb ma b hr Pecv Imfecv, r bh, acd vaus la dncac eaus, huh ncudn ense The s a cedu dn secca Imeecve fms frm exd ecs h h sux -, bu hs s n as rducve a h Savnc mecvs suxs s a resu, ahuh he a val u ascual cv/Imrecve as n Lhunn h r umb r s much smae han n S av nc and h sc aspc ua ssm s n s dved as n Slavnc Lavan aars be smar hunn, huh wh dnces n h mrhlcal c ses usd a cua avan has n mrfec v sn su x The addn a rx a sml veb ma ehe us chane he meann chan h mann and add Pfciv sc smpl dd Pc sc The a / (Iv) z-ls (P v) ead ' ms be a u aspcua a h ' and -e n ivlve chane bh meann and asc (huh can arnl ls be usd as an Im ec v Lav an ds ha ne (n u rd uce) mans m an Imecve quvaln ven peed Perecve, nam b us nsead f h x he equvalen advrb Thu cresndn he x - s he advrb k in (s de) " s ha ansde Pve hee s as Imefecve k Snce n can as us as a ecve, e k, h duble speccan he d cn mn x and dvb k, eha ps wuld be me crec sa ha h real ps s beween preed Perfec ve and hn nn xd v adveb, ne wns nd ca drc mn n can Im us c a cave huh bvusl ereinis es n d s h vb rad has a lcve e In he alc lanua s n as he case h pr smle vb leads Percv Aspec, s des n he Slc la uaes (ecen lans n he der Slavi anues rm Old Chuch Savnc caqus n verbs fm nn-Savnc lauaes), n s hee n na an a frmn Imperfecvs fm prexed o Goh r is in of u iuaion an Gmn o nsan
n Mon
is imply a ruar mrk fo
wi n or mann of1959) is on 1 pl o aa, Dabna
9
Foal psn o aspcal opposon Prci ormion o Prci in Gorn i mir o o Blic n r no wy o ormin Imprfci rom Prci, ou i is nry ru prxin impl r mk i Prci. Gorn lon lirry rdiion din ck o cnur, nd i i posil in Gorin o rc dlopm n imilr in mny wy o in Blo-Slonic u Wr r i ny dirc inunc o Sonic on Gorn n r ro rmin n opn quion r i lil dirc idnc onin o ny uc rlio nhp In Od Gorin ml r could prx d, c rd r wr no ccly Prci In mor lnu, mny lon ro oldr lrry nu il rin i lr ri, avs i conin' ( in o , a-ata ln' ga)- ou o' , nd in ddiion cr in inrn ii r in pricur r o moion, do no cn pc wn prxd. For m oriy o od rin r, owr, iion prx m ruln r Prci nd in piculr mn run r uur Tn u no Prn Som prx impl cn pc o imp in ar wr' Ipr ci ) nd aab do, mk' Imprci ab) I mny c, owr px cn no only c u o nin wi ar incri', aa coy, gao-r u cri, rom r wri', nd ab rpr' oab cur', gada-ab rm ' , rom ab do, m'. T quion hror ri: o do on u on o r i Impr, for nsnc Prn T nwr i on cnno r on o u om circumlocuon wi impl r nd, or inn, n dr xprs m min pr woul nc wi omlwy r poi rx u idiosncric mnin i ir y no mn or o u imp pr wic in Gorn i ponll mrci o i prd Prci u corrpondn o Prci ao scri ' mp rci i impy r lou r c lo kn in i mpr ns wri or o n' ow n : babav sa a v or m cdrn I uri (v r pron prx o r o nor mzin'. Sin 97 83 n h r e re nt dean e, t e c d rs n V 97 827), d n ct e n r n ke hh gm�er t n t te e
oolo of apc c smms q acly c h o s b h ossbiiy o iri p ci my i cic b mo scd Ths h r Pi bs iaaba m d aniaaba • disam o rici h mrc hic hs cs hs a sy my ca ) aiaab sho d bos o r ic i il sy b s • h smcly or br o h s Ths h o G s od r r ooi io w Pcv Imci ys s dod o h o hvi o sy o i ly ia asc s T pc a i cc b s Ha is s s l o i Gor Blic Hi rbl c c syci cocio b o b s ho h cs rs dmi o d h r o b a d di o a os rs r mi o, asily so o dri yoicly om, rbs d/or oposiio os oosos b i oi y s o h s i s cos dy bw s o r o ars i a s (dk p ann Gora or Bic H h y o mc o Pi oi o o Lii o r i , is py pr r, i r - P) ; o b d o io y ipy ii i s i oas • d s -olv • c O s r so sm i sdi ihwih h l y scl mil w y cr b s ;b sc l i m ) od p ds oy , P r ci l i os r, hic so c mi o pcy, c icc s bs dy id r or rb ai ih, oi, c ri iic ca b rd o oo cdi o o c y h g ( 1 1 1 85) te ta t tie e whe e te am t te meag m at a f e mpeece e Deta f e(15 apecta cance ngaan pee Mt 1« eea f 8)
gen y
Foal xpo o actal oppoto u ssm si ons wn c n Im c v , sn wh hs lus w h s ul vl ssm : nsh n mn, Hu Blc, n, Snc T t sns c n oin hs btbl, snc th ssss n c n ss o scul c Th c ht ms ows mn ssmc s o scul osions th snc n hws smncll m cis n x such s hc a- Hunn on a Lhunn pa- Snc po- oh s w m sc ss v s) ; h ssb mn mcs om v wh x chns mnn h hn us sc Slvonc t som xtn thun n) cl ns scu ncs w s ncs Svnc, on, sm xn unn s scn 41) huh hs s y no mns ncssy c o no ol o St Sv onc cus, h ossliy o mn c Imcv s s mn vs s ossi l wv h scu oson s compi wih h lxic mnn o h b Soc chs s siuo) hs sm n o nu s cn ls som insih n h wy n whch h s x mns o scul mn: h n o o sml vb noml sus scon o mn b, n wy n whc such scon cn n s s stctn o snl uni com con s s y n mns ncss scn, s show y s s w v xs no nmlly v spcu sincnc ou picy n h snc o smicly nu sc u s o pocsss m cv son hs cn l o h vo pm o n sc ssm in imy on ion m o pcivisi 12. Cb tct olo In nu wos opoloy w hv x o , h oms o h iv nss moos sons, n c , v n o l sp . ony n n h sc m s suc, h vy s, Cns wh no v m o ns so c. o mo inny o nus wh coml v mooois l h Bo-Svonic lnus n on In suc s, spc s clly snc mhloc coy om h oh mophoocl cs xss in h vb nus s h
opolo of pc Tabl Vb oogy (Icat oo f wtte abc (ataba e wte ' Ieect fect aubu katba Sgua 3 as. ttubu katabat e tatubu aabta as. tuba katbt . katabtu atubu aubn atab ua as ttubn aabat . taub katabtu atuba as atab yatuba atabna . aubna atabtu 2 s. tatub atuna e atubu atab
cur: hus n rbic, r insnc, houh hr sinc sms r h Pciv Imprciv ( rspciv kaa- n -a)ku wri) h vb nins inicin prson (s scn hir) numb (snur, u pu), n n (scuin mi nin ) qui isnc or h w spcs. n h prim o h Arbic ur b (b 3, thuh h r sm rcurn simiiis bwn h incins o Pci n mprciv ( r rm h rs psn sinur, h su h Prciv crsns h pr - h mprciv) in n hr is no sim c snnc bw h s us r h sm psn/n numbr i n h wo spcs In h s c onju in i rnch h ms pu cv cnuio in h nu, hr is n ss cru isincion bwnPs h mrphooic pocy o spc ( h irnc bw Dni n prc) hr rb c ri s ; whh w h wi r spon nu , h sm s h sm r bh spc os ai- m] ) , whi h r is i prism bwn ui orphooic orms o h wo sp cs (b T hisric vopmn rb mrpooy r Acin Mr r is irsin in his rspc b Ancin r h Aoris mprc hv sic sms ( raps- (or "ra-s vrsus a- wri), wh in h mri rbs hy so hv gn) The n e relen ne P en hch s sreed n Men Greek n he resen dcsn.
n
Fmal x
p pp
Tae P D m Fae o ) gar 2 Pa
2
D ama t aia n a v e i ai
[E] [E
[E]
[E:] [E] [E: ]
mp a t a a n an vs ez i aien
EE E E [EE]
Ej3] Ej e]
EE
Va mopo (datve Mood ) A ad Ge g ) a
Gk et a g 2 ge 3 ge P grMen 2 gMete 3 gMsn od et Imptv nga g 2 g 3 g Pa ge 2 grete ge
e g g gei gpse gret
Impeet gr ga ge egen egrete
gr n ga P grs gp gi gpe grpete gne
ot gapa gaa grae egaen egpate ga
a mptv Petv graa gapa pe gae gae gae gpae ge grpate gae graa gaan g gane
ii i sm fs s car paraes e ig h prsahugh a umer eigs Thehere Prn a uur ae h ig h f h Pr i h same as ha o t per hi h of h uur fe ( awas) e same a ha f h Ari ( ei ) M Gee te rp gi xpri f apec h icreasigy ma ii frm ha r vra cagoie s ha i he m aguag irc ewe quiva frs ier apc i he irece h prfiv a Perfiv rms f h em By parig h Ai a M rk a i w seen tat h ig o h e Gr Pa T rep a ompromise e h f h i re mperfec a Ars wle h
51 oplog of sp drnce een h urren merce nd Prcve ss dres hsrcl m h dernc ewen h Presn nd ors sms ncen rek n he nn-Ps ens h ense dsncon ben rsn n uur om a been s bn lacd a ur secul dsncn ( he Mod rek uu re s erhasc rn ec a gro Precve ta grpso In ncn rek s ned bv r sme bs uu and Ars ms dr e Pesen lp a uur lps a l ve ' u r s po ' , h la n ne he e w nn rek Ars s o ha sme ndns s a r u mrc) n Mdn re re r n h dscrncs bn he em r m Pr n Pr c v nd Ps Perc e (po s s', a p sl be mssn', a pso s ss ' lipa a ms s n sed o s s ', lips I ssd ') Two n ns shoud e mad aou h morhoog o apc n dr n reek rs, rmmrs o Moen rek undr he nnce o ramars he nce anug, n ren h ncen rek ns h vrus nss scs e Ars rhr hn Prci Pas Imerec rr hn Imrece Ps hh where here re n equen asecua rms n he ncn nue hn ern crrsndn mre he ssm o h mdern u s used or h Prcv nd Imcve Fuure) Secndl he rid saran scul her m ho cl c rs s u onl h c c h ss v (Med passve) h d rnce ewen Ars and erc and ewn Prsen nd uur, wr much rer n Ac ee n n h cve Vc and n in dern r ek hese eens he n n levld u es he s cnsse e n c ce usnrms hesmrhc asec hr cao riT n such he rs ndmrr mrc hand ndo-Europan angua ohr h e resrcn o hi paicuar apua oposn in ms css o h ps t ns, e xlan w or wic ar dirnad apcuall uc a Aoi nd mpr ar rdiona rr rd s enss ra r an p om of sm nse n usian Prci and riv P v h sme eds s a s rea s rahorwrd s para t e nn G uur o r a or a gn a aua n orpoogca f
a u c r
o n pora t aual apa oul b o r h aagn l num S n acul n drn bn r and pr n noEun
97
o eeo of aeua oo
e s a aks as e mooa aks o se o so and nub I t Gk o ca sa a ake of h s/Ift ds ta e sx n th s bu e eson ad nb nds a s dee as beeen os ad It h o cannot even ea y soa a ohooca se en coeod o e ascta dsn bt ast t and Ime s th moo anags k n t G k and n h does no o de so ovet a ak o f as a s anuaes k Rssa In anas a d ae a h dstton b e as ual ses o e ba econs ae oese e sae fo a ass) e s a c e dsncon mad mohoogca dds o a moa st v aa ad fas s t e of mho ah an te ene ast hs nd v fo s t) axat Rss o- ead nc Gk !UO sa I osd ' nna cae n G eo o I ' ac ka yak u u e o s ' ) sueto Rssan a v ak an xeav axa v s k es{ I a t fg I ae od e G k o I sa) lack o deenaon Rusa e ay Gan a ea ) st as s e mo ooes of the anas conce nd
5
Syntactic exprssos of spctul oppositins Loave exeso of aeu ooso
ss and efecte I a anas blonnasec o aous enec and o aa o s tee sa beee e fol exesson of ast sca oesve asec and vaous ocae adba s s mos desead aa s btn oessve as ect and xssos f e lace ee soen s ocat d ou n s aas as nod bo s locae o of e eb s als sd habua eann e s ef ce ae an ju ss e bas caacec of s fo f xeson s at lgges is o tes o
ek 39
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52 t epesso e ure e perpr i oor bcau otrws o mut aie epi eio o bo uu e ad Pore p oe u e e ree o �s So o wr i ' o So o r t ' w a e ierpeed e appop ae o w uue me M adr e o e wa o ca Pro r p c i o u e e o za be) ' ore e ai erb, wi or wo u preed ing zh 'just , pr ec s el y , eg studyng.
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Sncc pron c ou o h cou sr s ossb n Ssh o oc o h s on o o b s ar whh no h oo s o s r n spa s S s r us bsou s n r o cogn s hs g g s c o b w o u i ' an s no( h s Jn nro( s ow i b c n b o co w u in goo hh Pogus h s sco s wh s aq caaraa joa h ow s og b o q (oj) h wh s ho o Pougus oh sr n r b usd o ocon h sm bsoucog sco s o c a casa no Flano h ho us s n m go sus oo casa oo s hom h og mg o sar ( r) s o sn ' s c h ou gus · hs o d h g h bsou/cog snco o o s s w c h o k b s xsso o cog s nd h us o r c co s os r coms o b s o om o ou gs sr; Snsh o h oh hn w s coss us o sr s oc s cos o h ogn o h con ng us o sar n g oc us b g n s k big In uss mn ssos o congn whch ino dcs h hss wh o o hs; gosss bow h o Ensh2 Thus n n son m wh nral un h g mz w h v nal v ln h g s m nral v an h g s n h budg Sm we h sncs ke nal
prl ojn nral vol g o d, an vh g ino m h bung' Thcs gn gh c bw s oi io ng s: wh h o h s vb s voj Ps Tn vol i e go/ in' wh wih h h v is pr o ows Th sme ou wh nsiv vb pora prvlo nral oajan h d bogh h n ino si c an vvl rala v an h bugh h gn o h bung f To 6 226J ) e an Run ee M ( 972) O he e Fo o o eon o re g e 97.
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a prt plu a t kig t s o eessing e e in vos ngugs s be ticu ested i ws th g ges se of gg t sson o both th e ide o s sittio nd he d e st stt, o combiing he o ce istis o e eg o te t o mes o e ssio . On y o dog is is od i h et gges, ih se cnstcn lt tstb io Eglsh I m e i g th tt ' o h i tt he ee ' he v b to be ' is e es t Ts, hie the s o the emo l osi on te ' beoe
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thouh itout, icietly , eceily c ti outfo o th liailit itict o the imatio1 ifeetia occu, iace i y ukish, Baia Geoia, a Etoia. o ome et ti i a aea etue thus Buli as petly eeloe the Ieetil ae f the oh Sloic lauae a le Bulgaia ue ukih inece, a me coul e tue o Gei; ith tia ee e a eumbly eli wit a ieeet eeoet. h oint that i aic iee i te set 6 0 u n nl fr Tu i a if a w vn i Bul ar , llly r w i i u l c
52 n xon coe, hoe, s cose om , l be suggese, mo h oml elo bee eil ec he o o es s i ug , eog, Es o, ll o hch he Iee om o h Ps ese cosss o Ps Pic lus h Pese ese o h eb o be, om hh hs be sho hs che o be ces o he ee c he ces eml is eog, hee h so-ce Peec s c boh c iee i meig, e clees oms o scuss h Psse ( c ele sie oms o hs, g vz-/- I hv (so s eems bee bo ugh u, euc ed o I h ( so i se ms go u , h e s he e cg Peeci se, - he icig s so subec, h sem o he b h su o he Ps Pci ssive; v he sme s I m l , his om be gl os sed s o m l I m h g-bee- bou gh -u o I m hg -g o u he mo o o oe s h comb o o Pese se o h ul h h Ps Pce o he m b I Bulgi, he elo bee Peec Iel s lgh moe come s h o-Ieel oms, e he h o is g p I oe, ps h o e , he Im ec p I s ig, p he s ig , he Peec , omed ih he P Picile Aciv om e ois sem he Pese es o h l o e pa sm I h ve i , psa he h w e I he Ieeil foms oesoig o hes he omll hv houghou omou omos ulisig h Ps Pici ce he Pese ese o he il hus o he ois pis s I ( l wo e ; fo he Ime ec p sm I ws ( e l ig ps , wih e ome d o he Imeec sm ; o Pec a bh " IPs h vePcl ( l) we (h he P s se o h h uii, s o o m e ece be he o-I e e Pe c he el ois cu , he siuo s o ue s o s m e, s ce i e so he o-I el Pee c Iee l os oms e usu e isi c b he omsso o he u he o-Pec fom s he hs ie oIel Peec, b sa he (el wo (fee os o hs ee, he, ug eeied he Peec (s h o m he I ee l, hough eseh ee coe es b h om esio o h o cegos s ue I Eso, lhg sil Il om eis coesoig
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6 2 Mkdss d mohoo b of opolocl pcl n o cl w k/ ncon nnc u k co n o h l opolocl l co fc / mpf oppoon Slon c po ltl nc , nc pobl bo o fo fc fo mpfct (m by p on) , nd lo o fo p fc om P c (by xon) On c on of x p ol cl l, o, ll o lo wo l b k, ic o co n nl w fl n bo kd : Egh o n f c n n S pn P ll p c fo n , n con o p f b p fc n n (w p co
6 · 5 con opolocl con, lkloo of olocl l n fo ood l fo o n n coy ndoEopn n n Fo n o h oee k tegy ee H 951. T oiby o Spi eee k eta d (Sip e a de l aas regal Ma h l a de ero gazP� d opu uxuy nu Iido Mino l o n idl youg gm S mp P i m u ou y ietra ed Imee a uge my od r ong Smp P unmke e o mee
Makes an oolo t S P th c u) ypcy, s th t h t rd pnc t tht t t t u ptt, t I mp ct s us c t P t t m th b . I Sn c h t c cctd th y, t h m p c s uy t d c th u d p d, t t h p d, hch y b u. Sm, G th d th Ipct rur, d ttchd t th t t r u - t h t y cb th , d t c th t I n th mk c th y t yc m m h kt t th ukd c, ct mp m th pdm th kd rm hu u h ukd Ict th thy dc s nt Psutu, t h kd Pct thr tct Ptt. It, th kd P m ck ut ( sa sve I b t ) I c (t t c t h hu , h th P ct h h m b c m p ppc th c t c d h t ut y rn tu S, sc, t m haa d duty r h p d thd pn gu t prc, th Pst h pt r th pn d bh u ( tcu t ha d thd pn u ha ut t dc s t d t kd dnc cud n ccdnt u u ud ch l oce Ie eqie x (eg S
pn w g haa ' ekg) le ma Aot d vg d e ge (eg pse ' ae l g ha I ok) Eg Ol C Sloi Ieect daax& ws o daae e og oi a e di 8 E Ie d yo ee iig y e ng, o e yo oe pe 'yo ke i i i c e Li eig beig a ad o e o ec l I i oo by egl a od age ol d x c o aava o ll ee eo o e e ct o ae
o l a c in n ic in nw g aavo aav aava ee o o v ke eg om e ee/ngn
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6. Nrisio f ak cse r o v o vral form ecu s of it or for o e reao, orpoloically oly o ecul for wee ote ve o vl fo v wo or or, o i ect ooloy of t veb o ct ta of th umae d b of th ootio. Of cor, e oe posibiy, i cas of vb wic fo ic ro av oly o for , my t fo tat i a oiat eatca b u t woud o xc to d veb it oholo o makd pec e g sd ispctv of ect, or oly wt mai of rked spec, a lest no a a a omo In Russan, e val vr tat c b used ou opolocl ca o Prfctiv d rfecti; o oe lsd by For r foloi: vl comad, sja) a', azn excut', an woud', o g bit o', o b bo', b ', lu l nuber o vb of fog oi in (z)(r)O eg akO tck', lon tho' T oly pxd fos oned ob ose ' , ic y be fl o spl eb i te odn lag t s cooua Pfci ob) ad s i a cas Cuc Soc ipfeciisio fomtio of l ci t- al - it - fo " d sslOa iv t t , hc s ime tis sux Oa ntst xl of ophooica nusato poided by eoia Mos oin e av dstc ois ad Imfc i t at , o t b lck is dist ction , in g oy o fo wo s m iv e t e ag of the vebs) s ial tat of th Imerf cti of ot vs Yet moroogicl, s for a orit, . vavi I w a ', v3n lt wa sl , vk a s st t '
Mss d frq
Oe cirio o e toed o far i coc tio ith ake d ac, lou i s n y d o j cti critio o a , i fucy T raso for s is t fe u y is calld t o sti o v d ceio ecisl y by t l ua orwis provd o of h cre xple of rki co I e Sc me o mkd oolo l o e y o 2- 3• 90 og ( 9 · 82-)
6 4 e e
spc, y ss dd c yss f bh cso cs , o co h ccs h bh kds of sy h c s fc h c ea ha h pfc ( co y, 5 469 c s y , 57 45 ) d p of c h h s e c Ps bu o Pc h h s s h c o fu p c by c h o , wh u h dc h P s g Y s ds g o dsss fy s co udyg spc, w swh s o g s sus I h d f hs chp w sh b g so u kd ss h y go so wy wds pg h p dscpcy h su fo ppyg h ucy c scssg spec d, s possb h u y y d ss b s c d g w h cgs k sc h cy kd w g, cs phgc sege sc, wh h s o dc wh yhg s Cy h ch o spec s y cosy ccd wh wh h sk ws o sy, h s h , fo s, h ws og c f dsc of c, w b us f I c s gg k uss f w o g p c w f ow g o d h ppoc f Pcs bh css, h o of us s h h oud c, spcy o og scs f x h h ppdc of f I c y w h fc h p k d ws ky w xps hos gs sscd wh Asc E , s ysg gug k ps , h s fc ud h h Sp s c pfc, s ds o cssy h d, bcus h bss f h uss d w wod xpc fo wh pfc g o q h o h pfc h g S Ps s ukd p o woud xpc hgh cg of h bou ud uss Ad w f occu w cy cd fqcy s gs h s g oe gges (such h I Ssh Pgss s- Eg gess hs ss d c o s b k 953
Mkdss
65
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a, t as b tct ssd that i st s as ake ss irece, th it will l s b th cas hat th eb f th osit will n kd w v r, it s qa ss a i cai ccstcs b of a st b umak wh i th ccustacs t t ( the t e s) b ak d b f hcl akess Russa r nstc is e clx th sggestd th eae scss ths a, as a aad b cla o t scussin f st 5 1 . 1 t m aset Rss a ass ft as m m a atl a t I m t t e fct v s a I m fct i xato t vss cci h xat smatc mat bt th mbs f suc as f it s d m t Itv b sxati), hil hs it s e fct t a s cal atal i t efe c t is m t tica a xd t b sxat) t d agua t s bsc f mh atal s ot ct th sst f usg th et s a ea ac a (c as a fcve oa ad ad akaa, t akaa o, sd s usta ts a) e t mctv s eah cas th ad f t sm t b sm facts that seak i avu f a d ta tratt akd ss i te t ass Tus i t as e t ta te us f t mt s a aactua is ticl t x vbs, ad ath lss co th m s tat t mct t sx that des the m ia, tevbs, a ct Imt ft ist is atic a coila th ml ie ts tt nt vd f c tve s t.3 I i cocabl tat t o tm th st f Russ lag, akss d corlat m cs wth mgca kss, tat tee w Cop ar So 9 96 ody a o Co y 96 46, rby oolo l oppo o oo ol b s o o a od mbr a oo ol a oa 6 26)
ay o d r od e i n a a evdence moroo in la Ol a s ve n by p sics oy 197
6 Man and o n t mkd vrb om r sly prfiv i vr d o pr u rfcv if i hd r . p chgd h mg o h vb or h jus spcy), wl pu sul did oms oh d-Imprfcv Pfcv d d v Imprvs) r mrd, d prs ss b sd d osd I f vs rc o is lr su o o mr o posid oldr Sl voc sys m s l b xs c i u : mos sm o prxd) vbs r mr d of v Prcv fors h pxs lss ool, suxs) som d vrb s fcv s ss d hv md Imprc m drivd by sxo wr i is ssy o gv ov ssi of imprf v mg T mor po o o s mkds vlus cg drocy, d psub y hr rmdi sgs s d il or mpossbl o ssg mrdss, ls h ss s w o l ss ps mopogcl comlx d o frqcy s o o o r mkds cor Imc u, h prprsic fom w buu d h iiv Ev r rs wich h v rv form d y prxo Ip v Fu o mor morhologcl rl rfv Fr d o r r w r mp rfciv form d fro m h Prf civ y sio dirc o r r ompar ubu f) d buu ubvat Ipf v.) s l k l ' . by h rlliy io ( r fcl mg s) mprfcv is sl umrkd mmr of opposiio. , s clid mkdss vlus c cg dchroicy, s o urlsc o ssm ha som of ml) usl cocomi rkdss o orpologc y l furs rc rr g i dr rd vl from os pprg gv om. m o r o rhr mor coplic d s ys m o lg, h r r o forml oppoo rciv vrsu mpfiv d, h s Ts, ori r Imprc my sk or s usd c sodig o h Rssi gr cul u pcv , h rsd soly sbs ig w o gv oo . sr mprc ors g ua nk v ogd id y boo ' ug gs h h u kd mbr o h v / mprc oposiio i
ede
rfctv Russa ud b of t orfc oosito or a robaly ray oro lus ssm of akdss b d fo Goa, t t Ifctv ost douby uak d Prf ct mf c dub kd So f, wv, w v b cod t o rva oosto saat, d w co o obi t i o cl o justi folow Vo ki t Irf v Ao t ls kd, Pfiv fc o k it Pfctv o d fv fc tdat cato For l o o o of Bul a ad Goia, t o l fo csly Pf civ o fv prfc wil ot olt lwa cry o a l o or Prfctv Ifc cay r b , w ftv or i Buga oft al cl i s of kd u lk Bu ori i rfo uc mo olicad a , y, R o o , r fv ova ss kd Prfv, Aois ovl l mkd Irfct; u coo f, prfcv s k Prfv wl oo w Ao, Prfcv l rk pfcv; lrly oo w t p fv rf c ls kd o, wl cob o t rv Aor r prf r rk vlu r lo c y vl of o cl rr o, ddo o bld bsolu r for t y w ol wr rofofl rd ro c rAor of o u ocr of c s o rf, r o r ov coy) I cou of book av od ub of olio ts o i rfr d pfc p o o o rfc v c o t or s cll io for stc o r lu r Prfcv for of vrb rr bc of do o o, s wl fv for r k to r; Idouro wr w v v of rr pc l opp oo Vo ( 1 7 87) 2
65 ans a o n bwn Pct (ost) ctv (P) ss, with h Pciv nolly hvig s i nc, h pciv hvig sn i c n sctio 64 w od h in Ps n in Rsin, h Pc is mo hn h p civ, v hough i ss ovll i h ci h s u; Psn Ts cn oly b civ. u i ombti on t h s ts th is grl ly i n gug ndcy or ctv sc o b d, whil wih ps s h ndcy s or ic sc o b urd. Th spcl syst o sin is itsig in lght h ov spcl dinc i bwn Pcv wth no r nd n pciv with h ohologcly, h, h s fo wold o b n , i n h Ps s hi s in c o b th cs, corsodi g o h gl ndcy o p o b prc i oo, sll ub o b hich by hi ni would o fvou ci th n Pfctiv Asc in ct v ss oms oly, n y clly civ, g an o hv, so os o buan to b. h st T, o m hs vbs, ll Psin b oc cr oly wit r .2 n Ps i wo b srng o p o h ci o ms in big d, sinc h o o in c t conr w ny oh sc vl, l lon big rliv o on W h h ving bco n h odn l gg gnl of ctiv sc, i o log y bsol coltion bn ohologcl dns (prc o ) n ss wthin th spcul y, wh h pci is ud win h Ps ns. s, o o n wih su rcivs in Svoic gug h ,opoloic b win s o li o h lgg hn h o r coig io g us n w fo w ccp n g l h Ronc lg d cin h os s mk is--s h c, n w by no com it o glisg h ds ssign o oh , id h bc o st fom wit rciv mni in sn vns us o doig so n cn , uho, it Fo e ata cp. bo (1 957 : 16-17, 2-6 , 1 -51) e eqivet or o ca occ b e e er ve tl meaig, ep�ialy n t ler er ve becoe coed e bcive e ve modl e ect ve
Mk ould ot ca y fo t Aot fctiv ma ig o it fos to uakd lativ to ti Pt ifctiv maig cotat Thos Afica lagags ctio 5 h t ohologica akd fo of stti v tk to e ifcti, t of a ostti v to fcti, ggs a imila colatio t ifti ad tati ad tw ftie ad otati oth aicato of makd rlativ to cott oud to osi ht, fo t xio of a giv maig, o o ot ast t o uual I Ruia , fo ist ac, athoug o ca a it kvl If) bo o akl f) bo fo od os h , i itot ay ilicatio of ifc tiv ity , it cold agud that od to s ti itatio th Pfct i t u akd fom, ie t fctiv il ala add om ecial uace, fo itac ga f actua meai
6 . 6 . Degees o meds s thi to w hav coidd t makdakd itictio stl as it chaacti actul ooitio ithi te atua t ole t a it a fuctio lativid to ctai cotxt suc a otr aa va, t, tativty, e to cod). Fial, t ma otd tat te de of mad of a aked fo d o ala te ame. S h o tc, ot the mec h Pa v a ark r ra v to t Sil ast, u h Pt rogs eve mr mak ta t fct it ca e rlacd by t att imia, th Sais Pog ss i i mo ma rltiv to t o rog iv t h Egli ea r i mor l i Pogsiv, d itprogive t pa
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Gni ls n d be 6 ve gnec cac o of e cied
n e pen boo, cung oe on enoed pn Soe e ebl e ec oup (e . eee Url r ) v o bn en no ccou. Tb Genet£c lassicto of language dt nd-E nd-n ndic Sn s nd Ud n nin rsn B-Svnc B Lnn Lvn Ls vnc vc S vni Od Cc Svnc Od Bgin, Bgrin Mcnn, SCn Svnc Rssn Ws Snc Cc o U Son U sn U Wnds Ann nic ncn G, Mn G c n nc n Fn, Sn gs Roman C s cs Gc, Ws Gc: Gc, Gn , Engs cnic i nn- Ugi Ug ngn, Vg M Fnn-ric Fnnis Esnin Cm Ma Zyan KiNns V Ud dic u S m
Appx A al 6. Gnc ccon o a c con) Tkc Tsh Cacan (Kavean): eogan e: Akaan, Aab o-ea aan) Cese NCono ane Kee Kwa ane (Aan) Yoba, Igo Ban u w a , Shon a, ChBema
As sss o C ndv d ngugs pupo o co o b o, umry o bl ocal c , dcpo o vou c v dcud d p o book, o u c v omd bckbo of mrl d book T co o l d Slvoc ua ua d u a m dad o c E aua fma o ll a d o ook , lvc u v lyd moa o dvlo pm of udy of ac ful dl, f c ould d o pop co of book, ad o o ld blo.
2 E El o cul ooo v d o of vbl y, ov vb o be d vb fo in) d o-Po v b P c (v o Pcl d of c. W o v vb d c w o d o Pov l b pro v d oo . ov, fo oppo lo foud v vb, El, oppod o y or u m opo, d m d co uull polly cd Por d poly ucd oov. c d ofc w pfc ofc , lou lufc d Fuu f lo dc r r ddo P ly E a pr b uly to; fo cbl by oHu quvl o-bul do o clud bu .
agug g A ct a ag t Eglis spec ad ote ve cteois om a pctcal t teotic vepoi Lec 7 ) wch cta a i g ap Rce ke oks i t e velo et f t tud f a st i E s c ude ), oo 4), Pm e 5 ), ad l ) Pticua atti s e tc d to t e Poss ve, ic h s aki ay of t ot a o u opa laguags Scp 74 it ume of ticle s o t Po s iv i Egis, vid o ycoicaly ad coic, ell s oii essa y h to S c opf 74 b) o ece ppo ce o e aays of the Peive Elis ed co um of m a tces n spc, ad cs oigiay it e i Eg is a e eited iout ei tted i t ea Otr s ag xcusivy o pma t osv e atce 5) Nhs 7, d Scee 5)
.2.2
avn
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efeec, a accou is taitily calpec t Pfecie u of sia aval uu ls is o 0) �igp os o ad ea sud so co sul sae o 74 ) A ce t te at v Ru ssia ai t i Boa 7) coiuto o devepe of a ysi Russi pect i c ue M 4 d kob ) Batca 74) i discuss of sm ec poace o pec i Rusi d te ote Slav ic aguags.
2.22
Buai h sectua yt of Bui s cosideb o opex h at ussia. di o oppotio bee
nx Pfct t fc g) d Imc i ifc ma n ci and ifci i s an sin in Ps Ts y n f st h mfc hs fci nig d t Ais ct ig; sc cit s Pfc mc d fc s ssi nd i s cnis sgs f ci d ifc ng, , n th cs f h c A is c s ps cmiatn f fcti ni wc Aist w sy scd ni c Ifci ddi is stn tn Pfc d nnPfc, n s t Pfc nd mfcti sc. T is ns sncn Ps/Ps/u d c s s Pct n Ifci Pfc n Pf ms sdd dsct wk is s 1959). A y f maj k s s in t 1 97 98 s s i cn 198 19) . Od c S nic Od c Sic wi n c y i t tha ugi c f ss w dd P fc / p sti n, cssc t n i D 1 95 f c dscussn, s As-d n 197 ..
Roan A s f itdc in sc Rn c gus is
n 197 cs i ipy . c I tt c, is twy fm dsici amg th ast tss: Ps t th ci g g j I t ) mf ct t f ct ng g j vas a s t g usd t it ' ), nd P fc t t c m g t t n ) T stin n Pst t d m c s s ct t st ns, h th Pf ct f s a tss Smtca th is y stin u t t ay ts fc fcti a ct/ ath t th Pfc t s ssn f
Lnuage gui th fctmf smc stc. In sn rch, th s n s usd, d th fc ls cld Cu s) s usd bh snss. h s rmt f h ch bl fms s Imbs (60) rc thtc rt s P (960), hch ls cts r f rr o sc n rch n n (chr ; s ls y (7, s (97)
A
Ssh Ssh hs th sm fm scs s h, lhugh h snc dstnctn b S (crrsdg t h rc Pst t, g esb rt) d rfc (.g o n ) , n tc ulr, s sm h r ul (6), rrridl (97 In ddn, Sns hs sr rgr ssv fs ( g esy esbieno m rt g ) h rg ss g, hl h ul nrssv rm (g sco ) d n cu ss ng. .
ee
A
nc n tn t th s btn Prc (g !a h osd d nnfc, cn r hs, thn h n fc fr s, stn b rs (g . Z s d ) d nonrs (g mrf n s s g, I usd t s ) th nc , h rst s ssnly s Ts, d hs tcur scul dstncn ds nt s h h tnss n h s nd n no f s, th dsc n mrfc n s r nnost s urly scu (rfc vsus d dsctn h c vrl rs s n (88) r m rcn scuss, s 9), s 96 1 1 1 - , nd r r ch ( 7)
A
n r n r hs fctct sn rng huh tss, s, t fs I t, h h c, s c fr s. th f s h s, s S 9)
A A Chs aa s s of v w sp, o od sptua d pol, vu, fo s ossv -zh fiv l (t ltt oi pftiv i d ltiv ps f o o s ptils, Jo tov 9 . o os wo do o d uss, o 98, ou otd owd ol distitios t t i so vs l idtios of t is of t vo ss 2.5.
t laggs follow ould lso of st, v o d o fli wi ls dsi d, fo vwpoi t of t l oy of sp ltou us o dsssd i dt l ts oo, t liu o sp ukis, t o oso 9, wi lopy o opso of spt i vo d i s, s osid 15 2.6.
B l wi t i s s of t s a d spt opposi o s o b B, dsid i iv 7 : pt 4 ply pp 749 d .
PP
B
Rece aroace o aec
T bsc s bk s bn idc d cnc f s g w ps g k y b n d s c bb y nf i s c h s b sys c dscb u c s sbsd cs b s pc n d sc c ac f d d ci sd i s cs dd d ds insd c w uy w cd ns svs O dc smis su ss kd m c f c cd b y cnn c i f g s vn s sd my d-c scs T cs cd nyss y ecnc b nd y s T s n h c s h y c sd b u d dab e b c d n gscs edg sc d n b T cs s vy d h nd w give d g c cs d b und n c wk B Lls
f sp
In sc d n d n b m ucus sd xs ci i nd s usd xss gss e gy c bss s d m bsins o c oh do (197 d Ho (96) e ovd h ov ok o gve gm, t ohee dlly dt moeov ehe cat t o o te ly soss gtve eok
n B des (7) se cs heo o s eeb o esse g s eeseed mca am ca cnsuc, e h mn ng te mn n t o o h n n( 7) T s a o o a oc s oc uae heeb vaous aae oocv coco r eeseed cas ems deso ue f ras be ee ad asecua cosuco wd age of gu (hough e d n dsuss he dsc ace fou d y o hese ues, s d sec bov) u des o gve eaed aas on agage he ms Su c a aas o Russ s oded b e 7) o eses Imefece sec as beg uon, e h Percv se s oba cas eese, c combes o uan b g he sun, d fo e uo Ts cesds cse o u dscuss sc ad ss, hee he meecve desced as veng suo fo sde, eeas he eece es f ousde, ou dscmag begg mdde d d Tee e dcacy beee desos ad e use o ca eeseas: deso cams ha be sua haaeses essea gsve eg, h exs bd hs e eee meg geea ben secda ee e be suo cceses mec mea he Seaa, ud e h e' aoach e adeque hu h f aesm beee gess d ae seems be much commer h ha beee meec d ae acss h aguge o h od, ao o des uhe dscuss, e om (7a)
Fur nss
h use o em efecv, fecve, soo eds dsus he fa ha ecu y o agua o us e dsce ee, ec y dsc o eac ohe o bu ahe e o osos o cy v ooso eee Peecve d Imeecv ussa sae, he e hd em Russa Suc a o ca be ee se ed e ms ba eau e e eec e haaesed b feue vue [+ Ieee s h au au [ ] Sce hs as h Ime e e s h maed mbe o oso, e ca chcese °
Rn aoa to a h Ic as u PRFTVE t Pfctv a PERF ] , wh mans unad and ans ad, and ha u to tl us hat PEECTV ] - ERFECTVE ] whnc t ost ad ns u m PFECVE ] , s [ + PRFECTVE , n hs cas S a th us o atu hs sn as bn tt m tn a aun h a sin , hw, atons bn th a stns s c thn wh h P c sn n uss n h us a us can h s n t aus s In nnt , nsan t nn s h Indcaiv Mod a h Aos It snt nd utu h aons mng th ms a hat h and I ct a b ast nss, h th Psnt and Fu a n an h nonas tnss t Futu is a ut tns, h th Psnt s nt Th s ctua dsnc ct c as xss h Aos bng ct, Ict and Psnt ng h uu s ascua nuta ih h a d h bna au ± PST] , [ ± FUURE a n d [ ± PFEVE ] th u s an b chaacsd as ws hus bngng ot a ns tha hd aon th s but nt ncssai n o t ssn n h hg Aorist Impefec Preent
e
[ + PER F C VE, + P AST - FU R] PER CTIV + P, - U [ PE RE C IV T - U E [ ST + UR]
H th us atu ds nt s cauat th fa stns but ss t hw th nonal atns ht hd ang th aus s u dg o abstaon is intdcd i h fau snc cua tn fmwo c do nt a hat h aon bt fm nd manc ctgo s nssa nn o as onn n intctv p of s aac s gn in af 6 c n t atn bwn aus santc faus and t Pfctmpciv stn n ussan oma poitin i twn t w as P v nd Im cv bu in t ant c c ca i ele v t te eet ge ete tee te ted b ile e t eet/tte 2 e Hl 96) l ebe (1 970 ) d W (1 97 lc i c
Appdx B
io of i oppoiion Haltf u i fa, cldi, fo ic, [E VE] , [VE . D coio of ar ld o dir coic e ic d forl cati, o ta r o pl corrlaio aic d foral catri, r o r iat o cmpl e of ul at c faur ypiclly rad iccll, o ta i rc f bot iat ad inad fatr i i doii i dcisiv
B3 Mod-hori si e dl-teretc apac o anic p o o od aalyi f ma in of ic pnion, ic aic reptio lv fol ojc a, ricly a, a i ed of iepeao2 Modl-oic smatic ls a ufuctial elas tn smic rr etais f stecs fr istac, d t stec ecessarily av t rut-vlu is e o tu eve tr is t u ad fal vr i false), ds stc csar ily a u if p ie q te ve p s tu q u b u, u if p i fals n q ma t tu o r alse), tc oty 97) a ml-oretc emacs aalysi aspc i li, i uld od a d no aly r pc dcty ay articula fol sios f Els, bu ratr o uc ditici a t ini v dutio f tt d comlion vrs u t irfctiv dura i f a ct ' oe m odel o ec eeco em o emic ee eeed y eeo (92) o i e ewe ee c ecio deemied eel y e ee [ ± AIVITY] d IME] (e e eg eev oy w [+CIVITJ o le dvge ged om vg d em d oml egoi Moeov e mode dic o evle ce e o gve o dee ie o e gme o ee le See e o ( 4) Com e ( ) J o e modeleoe o lig emic ee o c e ee ( 92) ece y e ce e elev o o ' y ole wod e j ' o wold e e ce Jn n Pa d Jn apita o ra v me vle (ee o e e o o e le ol ee e o e e c ce e cpl o ce ovle be moved o me oe y e e wo eece wo d v e d wee ee
Re se
(p A -trtc ys u c /p t pp s y pl (94 pr t ppct s ys s t spc i wic i urst ts tt t pctu ppt r tn uj ct rr t bc t, t ncsiy d rnc tu-u, uss t pks tut dci s cu c rpr stt
133
RFRNCS
0) 'k d d kio bildg bei l e Zeiwo e e d d dorme verbi d r ede fkte', Uieit it, w eie V 2 l 1 66 ) Te b yte of ret-day Aa Elih e ge oo d o ( 1 97 4) h mei o t t er for Old Chrh Si ex Siei yi ty e Hge Moo o 197) ey eig t e e oo d L [= de 1 9 3 8 Kteie zaziw oj barkiej k ok kdei o O 1 47) Swiioi i mm r. eod ed odo Lo d A 7 2 ) it ie et it om ti ode b o o B) (1974) dg d ebek d ol i ko ge i r Zeithtfr lawii 47 5 8
ix L d do 15 Graa d la la gar Seod d d de od ko 1 7 1 V a koo lol e otrb oo oe o F d R F ( 1 9 7 1 R yta: aet o oer Ri x d by od d Ox od ledo B W E ( 1 9 63 ) T, e d h vr : a ty thortl ad li giti, with ti attetio o aih Uver it o l o blito i i o Y R 968 ) amar of oke Che erk eey d Lo Uive r i o ioi re oky N (1971) ee e re re d ei re In D b d L Jkobov ed a. Cbide bdge veri e 183-21. ok N d H ( 1 6 8 h ou aer o lh New Yok Her d Row oe (195) Revew o dero 197) Lua 7 89 o ( 1 95b) Rew o e o ( 197) Moer Lge iw 0, 47 DabGa, L 1959) r b i L Li oie , 253 -62 Li o or o Poi 8 (196), 1 h artt Fh Ale di i Fe eio N 197) eie B 18
Rns Dl A 195) ie vvm sm v aoslv!i age SN Dy D R (92) Stes n he lic vb asect time eeence n Ensh Sd i Lg pae Lg, Uvy ea at a S (9) cel amma es ssa ate J Hk e Feel, 1953) e ape bt d te ii e ei at i eeiv e epay leay a , 362 6 , (0) ama o asec ae n eaig i the Russin erb a bidge: Cabdge Uvy F, 92) e ae d devee e aea iti n e R ve b Slav a Eas Eoean Rew 0 (1 21 ) 9 50 6 Fdi, (19) O a tey ad H Inenaon ourn al Amca Ls 0 a 2 Gae (95 'ebal pe e, aguag 91 Gdeeeve ad dge G 1 895 ) ain gmmr id e ala Giv, (92) ie ChBemb nd au grm tie n rcn i gc eet 3 G d W W ( 8) a o he oos nd tene of the Geek ve Ld Maa G d, W. W ( 9 ) A eek mar Ne ed d ala Gebg, H (1966 aag vls, wh ec referc to eur herches. e . age ' Lgic ad veai I Cl n Mga ed Gie, (95) Seeh s Sx d Sa Ne k adei e 18 a, B (e Ba, B) (196) Die Aekt de de e e ee d dbve Mdellieg Zeh awik 7353 a, 196) ' eae de Aeteteieg i e Re Pble r ktueen Grm atk ud Semantik i ig : al M Uiv 13350 al (19) evie ee 97 3 ) Zetcht f lawik 10-16 , B ad Sbe, (0) ' a Caakeeg de ea i Re d e, Lisise Abesbechte 3-52 Ha M (9) e vbal ye a a nc rcon o he hilical ey 6290 a i W. ( 96) h eesson o h v voc tuie n th d sian le Cabidge Cabdg Uiveit Pe Hat e A G 1 95 1 ) 'e ge i v n n ac Lae 7 2580 avek, (1939) 'Ae et te d vebe e e Mln de lisqe erts Chae Ba Geeva Ge P 23-0 Heea, J. 19) eegi n t ant te a n ats hereica Liis 15880 lt, J 193) e sect Aca Jtaia 152 Ib P 960) emlo e temp eb rni oerne esa d rmmre ecive a kk Ia�ek, (1962) De russiche pche der Gegenwrt, Forelehr l (Se) Ne Nini na llo svie v vremen lark zik a Ivava N K (19)
1 35
ri· G Jakobso, R 932). ur Skur des ssch Vrbums I Mh Pragu: Cerl Lngusiue d rague. P. 74-84. oo S. E. (1957). Kgoria gagof kak . Lgrd zdvo Lngradskogo uivers. esprse, O. 19) Th piloophy of grr.ndo: Gorge A d Uin ohanso, L (1971) Ak im Trkich. Sud Turcc Upsaies oos, M. (16) T Egh rb: r mig. diso lukee : Uvrsy of Wiscos ess sseso, H. H (1953. Te wor ou d freue y o grica gore of Sdard Lierary u.Di Waye Univei Press Ligii Iuir, 413 -6. Keenan, E. L (197 On semaicaly bsed gammar', Kein, H G . ( 17 Temp Apk, Akioar. Tbige : Niemeyer Kosmiede, E (15. as ishe Vebu und dr savsch Vrbalapk' In hr Bre zur Sud, Fb r P Di Much: IsVrlag 37-49. Kuoc, J (196. Th i gr o d-Europ Hedlb: Carl Winr Geb o Apprch h Kurwic, J (17 eba aspec n Semiic' n dy of h Ai Near Ea Oiena fasccules 1-2 P -20 NSF-r 17 ao, G. (1966). Saie adives d verbs n ngis'. Compuaiona Laboaoy, aad Uv ambo . S. (197). Pr Gr. orreced d ambridge mbdg
Uniesiy ess. anceo, C ad Arnaud, A (1660). Gir g raio.ars: Pirr le ei. eech, G N (97 Meg h Egh rb Londo : Logma nng, (7). ' roivoposavl orsiskogo pefekog za�eni u russkog glgoa', Scadovic 1 103-10 Lewis, G. L (967) Turih grar Oord : edo Lyons, J. 963 Srcur emaic Oxord Basil Backll, or h Plologca Soey yons, J. 168) Iroduo horic guic.rg: Cambdg Ui veiy rss. yki, I nd Timu§e, D . (1961). rki o�r gak om zyk' I omruk ar. Moscow: S Pp 3723 Mcawley, J D (1971). Tes ad ie refer glish I lor d D T Lagedoe, eds, Sudi ii .N Yr o, Reha ad Winso Pp. 961 3 ajinskaa, 199) Vk . Gr brzi oscow: zdvo A SSSR Marchand, (1955) O uesio of as oprso be h rogressv fo Eglsh ad of Iaia and Spash' Su iguii9 4-2. Maso Ju. S 5 agonj d someno bogasom ieaur nom jazk Vp gri bgo a�e uoreblenie' n S. B. Be!j, d., ruogzyk oscow: dvo SSSR. p 7-12. Maso Ju. S 6a d. Vpr ggogo bi Mosco : Ido osroj erau. Maso Ju. S 6b . oosy agono go ida soemenom zabom aykzan n Masov 6, . 7-32 Maes, H (1974). orphoo: h w. ve Pr
Rcs Man A. (1914) Emplos des aspec du vebe se.Prs: Chmpon Mle (1972). ors a nrtve emantic ccoun o aset n Russin Journal of ngtcs 8
- 6
Nehls D (19. Snchro dach one Untersuchung zu Epaedform m Enschen uich: Hbr Ota A (1963). Tense and apec of pesenday Am erca ngh oyo Kkya. almr R. (96. A lngsc st of he Englsh vebodon Lonman ttrsson T. (972. n Rs peates a heory of case an d apec Stocom Almvt n isl. Po\ak (1960). n zu erbaapek m Franzschen. rreish admi isht tratise 5 Qrk R. Grnbm S e G. and Svrtvk J (1972. A gmmar of coem oa Englsh. ono: onmn Rsudova P ( 96 8 Upote ene vdov agola v russom ae . osco zdo osoog ivrsitta. Rods C (969. ec ose Yorba Lndon: nglh Uverst Pr Rika . (970 Die Brie "rmati nd "rmalo nd ire rwendg n er enratven Tnsormationsgrammati. n K H iolp M. Biric e ores lngscs. e He: oon. Pp 2608 Te pogesse n nsh. Sche.J(974. (975 Ed. Not olld. Buc Schopf Der lsche Asek. mstrdm Drmstdt isschftch lschf. Schop A. (1974b. re At zur rage des erlskts m gln. n Scho (197) pp 4 S H 92 'aet t e es an ebe noge. : B Lettres Serenniov B (196. eo veme n vda v n no ugosk az pemko olsko rupp oc: zvo N SSSR Srn . . M ( 1 974. Introdu ton t P. n . eman syna Oxor Oxord nvrity Prss. p. 1-27. ec H 968. amaa honoseske re, oka ofologjaBudyi (Butz): Dooa. Somm est en . H. 97 3 . The son aen of Ance e Oxfod: Bal Blc h iloogca Socity Stvens H. (1970 The Spans laue oLodn Hutchnn nversit ay Tomas . . (1969). The sya of soke Braa uuese. Nave ens ee Vanderlt nverst rss. ezo N. S. (1939 rundze de onooge rau u Cercl nust Pag schenl K ( 9 8) nfhung n de eoche che, Teoescher Te/ Z: Amira Vrag. Vener Z (1967 'rbs and ms. In Z Vn ncs n ploophyIthc e or : Cornl Univ rs ity Prss. Pp. 91 2 1 (R vs vrs on Z Vnlr 'er nd tim s The hlosophca Reve (1957) 360 he coposonal naure of he ascts. Dorrcht Verl . J (972).
Reil . (1971.
Gramae de la langue ene O Unrstets et
fns , H (1973) i , Mod d k mik d i fo i d od uic i c , Ztcht aw;18 98212 , W 1 973 Afca agg tct k iv f Ci i (1898 A mma o the ag z d d , v d W d M J d G Cmd Cmd Uiv P
INDEX
aou a e a aol
ccompihmn n chivmn 4 Ak e Fa adian 78. akionar n
Alann, Ion Anen G e Gee nen aori(i) e pa, pr and inivl anguags Arabi 9 I8n 7-81, 82 mooog 95 98 I aspe denon o, I ai 4 448
Bai 88 89 9 3 94 e o Lin Lihania Baolavoni 8 8892 94 Ba Savonc Ba 28 CBeb, on, wahil b ac nn Bb e 7 ChiBb lr ' 5 ot mpr t · I ad II9 Pr 7 pam
Ci 9 9 ao nva lae Chrmi on ChiBem 28 Chee (Mandarin) 59 8 94 0 2 28 - 2 I 9. 58 8I 82 448 59 64 ona II II8 onx in o 2 2 45 9 82. II 822
oi s e a onint onnuou 2 5 4 8 I umlaidiriuv 24n C 67 70, 07 8 limaiv 2 iribuiv 24 raiv 4 44 pam 48 Duh 99 iao 3 4 5 48 e En I 4 2 aial 25 7 ai 72, oi orm 9. S Pr 2I am, efe and i e rer S4 60 Prn iho pr m rr 8 73 77 Prorv IS 44 am Prorv orm 9 87 9 or d II 2 ror Pr 6 Por ad 49n prop 4 6 pnal 42 te 8 am vral parl 8 93 94 Eonian 8. IO ve 0 47. 5 x rfct ee rfc xprinia xpinial ere e pre xpr enia e 57
y 29 2 Finh 8 8 Ion foma eeson I 4 7I; ee ao orphoo ynx -
Fench,60,68f.,73,78,06,Iz6f mefct,ad st Dte,1, 3,4, 3,7,ZI,Z,6,,34,4Z,45, 6 mperect a d Past Dete,forms, 95,96,98 erfet (Copou Past),53,61,107, 08 perastic ogressive,n,33,87, 99,03,2Z requec, IJJ, J6f, J8 utu,,8,22,64£,66,73,92 utre erfct, 8,5,56,8 Gaelc,ee s, Scots Gaec geeral actal,ee constae geera meanig, ,38 Georgan, f., IZ Aorst a erfect,12,2,32, 4, I 5,I6, 20 Prfect,62,08,09,10 erectv a mpeectve,6 32, 6,70f.,74 erfective n mperectve,oms, 88,928, German, ,5394 ,, 609 ,86n,107,3In. rbal prees,46.,89,91.,9,4 Gemac,8, 90,99,07; ee alo ival age
gesmtbedetng, ee genera meanng Gthc,90,94 gamatcalisaton, 6-10 Geek,Anciet,4,6,95, Z7,31 os erfect, 2.,72 a 50,957,98, 14, 2If. Pefect,53,57,6z Greek,Moder, 26,6I,6,95 ,98 , I7 gunebutng, ee basc ang habitual, 25f,26-32,50,7f.,82.,03 ad ther sectual alus, 3.,69., 76,120 Hnd,85.,0Z, 0. hstoric preset,ee resent,arratve ttite,83 Hngaria,43,66,93,94,12 Icelandic,32,35,37n.,9
gbo,82,10,106,120,I ipeect,ee hat,rctve, past,an nvl imeectve, , 3,4,I6, 46 locatve,98"10, an tec, statve, n 465I, 84, 122 n tnse, 782,2
iplicate,28-30 inchoatve,ee gessve ndetperect,ee perfct,expeenta ndoEopen,- ai 83,84, 97,4,20; ee ao invia aie an laage
oraia,83,85, ee alo divda laage
ifeental,08-0 igessive,9,0,I3z teral stctre o station,ee te ora csttcy, intea sh,84,103f,06 Prgressive,3Z,39,99f,10 talan,1,3,53,6 ,07, 5 Prgressve,32 ,33 ,36 ,73,10 2,z, I ,I5,J 7 ieativ,27f.,30,3If.,4z- 4 am 3 Ko, e an Kpelle,57,59,0 atn,46f,4n,89,2 Pfect and rct,1,53,7,83, Laian 07n (Letis,9, lon. ialisto, 6,n. ithuaan,z5f,7,9,94,19 ocals teoy, 9 octv exressons,98-06, Z9 Lsata, Upe,ee orian, Upe Maconian,88,0 a,ee Vgu Ma,ee herems aeess,ZI,6n,63,1I2Z eang,ee sntcs ihet,7n,,Z3f,4-5 oelthoretc sematics, ee seatics, modlteoretic Mode Gre, ee Gree,e morphology,7n,9,46f.,53
idividal laguages, 9n, z3,62 878 a makednss, J4f,II6, , If. uul,z4n arrae se,ee rset, narrtive neg, ee subsa meag Nenets, eutao,55,I16 o costuctions,z,39f,55 ostav,7,IZ,34-9,41,51,72 ad tsss laggs, alo dnac stat 8 12Z; ee nos,40n,4,4
O Cr lavc, ,8,0,5n 126
pst, 55f.,58, 82-4, 8; se eect d habitual, 25f.,2830,72f d perfei, , 12, 1,22£.,713 recet 5�.,60f,se aso pefet o recet st prduriv, 22n. perfet, S.,2, 5264, 8, 4 106-10 xprintil, 54,58f.,62 o persisten siuion, 60,2 of recent ast 60f.,2,0 of result, -8, , 10 perfecte, 1-5 passim, 2 13 1624,30 d tera tempral costiec 21, nd iterat ive,2,31, 2 nd erect u 2-4 passm nd sta vi, 1f.,50f.,72, 2-4, 122 and tese ,671,78-2 ersin, 6 ,8, 14, 21 pase 48 onolo II I 6. J7,8n. luerect, 8n, 53, 5, 8,108 os 66,70 , 08 ruguese,23, 34, 3,2, 102, 04. reset f.,0, 671, 2, 82f. see as perfect arratie sorc)38 proes,3,3f,4f, ,72 pogessie,2, 15,20 ,2-40, . ,
iteral moracosite , 8 , 22, 2f.,4f., S iteative,27, maredness 2n ,IS22 p nopast, 67 ass Sf perect mean 5 ,8, , 4.,0, 108 erectie I, 4,7-24 pass ec a d ompeeness,,20f, 46,48 posp 65 ta 43 sit,8 cots G ,f.,102,03f., 106 setis,J,83 pssm, 4 J, 122,1312 see basic mai al mig sub siay mai model -teortic u 2 semelftie,2, 42, mi se ls adan, Arabc erboCrotin 6670 s im 75n, 88
forms,, 8, 8-10 f. d m ared n ess, 112 11 d other spes, JJ, 22f,2f,30, 62 rsectiv, 64.,106 pnual, 7f.,2, 41-4, 97., S,
hoa doai 02 ee cosai simp sitato1 see as his f si tuato n aoic I, 14, 16, 4, 8 , 2, iee eaing, 7.,42 ,4 edess,2, J2I4 ,4 passm, 820 Peft,10, 108 vel rees, 891 see as n langages lvoi, as se as Rss laoc ot6,4: s aso va lag ag
Pjabi, 02,0 rct t e ast recen relatie m referee se t me reer a restie, 20; se as erfe ct o rest teic omace u6 mefet d ime ast I, 74,4, 121 ef I, 53, 61,107: se ls n d vidual language Romaia ,61 Rssa 125 ,0 2 13 sct d lotie 10, 10
oic West 66 see as divua anages orba Uer 3n., 88 pash 04f., , 122, 127 mpefet ad impe at I, 3, 7 ,, 12, 1 25,71,I ect6, 3, 4,61 , 107 ogessve,., 2,32- ass 73 OZ,112 ,11 stte 1 z f. , 4851 , 7f.,72 asle, 104. get, 8, 4., 1035 se, f 82f.,8,103,132 idiida ast 1,20, 4 ,f.,6z,22
3,7
foms, 88,2 8,, , 10 H, 87 , 2 f, 1,72 mpefeie,, 3,4 26
sr wi eanin 11, 8 sya , 2, 8 f.,110, I
Index c 8 emo osecy r , 1, , , 81 emo eso . ,, 8 s ao e oge ese , , 3 8 9, 98, IlS, 13 ; s a ua t esess gges 7, 8, emolo 1, 1, 7 e eece ,8,79,788,10 dvb , n, 79 v , 9, , 8 798 Tkc In. s a Tks Tks 08 8 Udm Vot
e ob s e dsh s ob 0,07 Vg oce 8 97 Vy es 0 1,8 +vbl noun ,, 9, 9 Weds Ue s orb Ue Yoba 8 ,8,0 0 Yk oed Ne y 1
UNIVERSITY PRE
