Complete Vlsi Notes

GECH ^hcynzqcvs ‑ Znm Znm~levcohq, ~levcohq, Qa`nb Qa`nb n ) Qsllejc

JN (Nlnavz (Nlnavz ohcaq ) Aobb ~hcaevcoh Nhmchnnzchm# :443" 54

Qnbnqvnz ‑ YC Fcmcvel YLQC YLQC Fnqcmh Fnqcmh Q~jgn av Aofn7 NA 9 6 Aznfcvq7 6

Vovel Ho( oi @z q7 6 0 @o~zq tnz } nnk7 6

BOQ Vzehqcqvoz Vzehqcqvoz V`nozs Chvzof~avcoh, BOQ fnycan fnqcmh nu~evcohq, Aobtlnbnhvezs ABOQ Chynzvnz"FA aèzeavnzcqvcaq, Qvevca Loef BOQ Chynzvnzq, Chynzvnzq, Fciin Fc iinznhvcel znhvcel Chynzvnz, Vzehqbcqqcoh Mevn, Vzcqvevn Chynzvnz, Jctolez fnycanq ABOQ Tzoanqqchm Vn a`holoms Qclcaoh qnbcaohf~avoz vna`holoms Eh oynzycn}, jeqc a ABOQ vna`holoms, ABOQ tzoanqq nhèhanbnhvq, Leso~v Fnqcmh z~lnq, Leva`~t, Vna`holoms znlevnf AEF cqq~nq Acza~cv Aèzeavnzcwevcoh ehf tnziozbehan Nqvcbevcoh Znqcqvehan Nqvcbevcoh, Aeteacvehan Nqvcbevcoh, Chf~avehan, Q}cv a`chm Aèzeavnzcqvcaq, ABOQ mevn vzehqcqvoz qcwchm, To }nz fcqqctevcoh, qcwchm zo~vchm aohf~avozq, aèzmn qèzchm, Fnqcmh Bezmchchm, Scnlf, znlcejclcvs Qaelchm Qaelchm oi B OQ acza~cvq acza~cvq Qaelchm tzchactlnq, Chvnzaohhnav lesnz qaelchm, Qaelchm bofnlq ehf qaelchm ieavozq, qaelchm ieavozq ioz fnycan tezebnvnzq, qobn fcqa~qqcoh oh qaelchm, ehf lcbcvevcohq oi qaelchm( ABOQ Acza~cv ehf Lomca Fnqcmh Chvzof~avcoh, ABOQ Lomca Mevn Fnqcmh, Jeqca T`sqcael Fnqcmh oi Qcbtln Lomca Mevnq, ABOQ Lomca Qvz~av~znq Aloakchm Qvzevnmcnq, C/O Qvz~av~znq, Lo} to}nz Fnqcmh ABOQ Q~jqsqvnb Q~jqsqvnb Fnqcmh C Chvzof~avcoh, Feve tev` otnzevcohq" Effcvcoh/ q~jvzeavcoh, Tezcvs Mnhnzevozq, Aobtezevozq, Wnzo/ohn fnvnavozq, Jchezs ao~hvnzq, Joolneh ot nzevcohq"EL^q, nzevcohq"EL^q, B~lvctlcaevcoh, Q`civnzq ABOQ Q~jqsq Q~jqsqvnb vnb Fnqcmh Fnqcmh C C Bnbozs Nlnbnhvq, Aohvzol"IQB, Aohvzol Lomca Cbtlnbnhvevcoh

Zninznhan Jookq7 5( Tzchactlnq oi ABOQ YLQC fnqcmh ‑ Hncl ]nqvn ) Kebezeh Nq`zem`ceh :( ABOQ Fcmcvel Chvnmzevnf Acza~cvq Ehelsqcq ehf Fnqcmh" Q~hm"bo"kehm ) S~q~i Lnjlnjcac

=

BOQ Vzehqcqvoz V`nozs Bnvel Opcfn Qnbcaohf~avoz Icnlf Niinav Vzehqcqvoz (BOQINV# Chvzof~avcoh

V`n Bnvel Opcfn Qnbcaohf~avoz Icnlf Niinav Vzehqcqvoz (BOQINV# Vzehqcqvoz (BOQINV# cq v`n i~hfebnhvel j~clfchm jloak oi BOQ ehf ABOQ fcmcvel f cmcvel chvnmzevnf chvn mzevnf acza~cvq ac za~cvq Aobteznf Ao bteznf vo v`n jctolez g~havcoh g~ha vcoh vzehqcqvoz (JGV#, v`n BOQ vzehqcqvoz oaa~tcnq e znlevcynls qbellnz qclcaoh ezne, ehf cvq iejzcaevcoh chyolynq in}nz tzoanqqchm qvntq V`nqn vna`holomcael efyehvemnq, vomnv`nz }cv` v`n znlevcyn qcbtlcacvs oi BOQINV otnzevcoh, èyn `nltnf bekn v`n BOQ vzehqcqvoz v`n boqv }cfnls ~qnf q}cva`chm fnycan ch YLQC ehf YLQC acza~cvq V`n BOQINV cq e io~z vnzbchel fnycan V`n yolvemn ettlcnf vo v`n mevn vnzbchel fnvnzbchnq ci ehf ò} b~a` a~zznhv ilo}q jnv}nnh v`n qo~zan ehf v`n fzech tozvq V`n jofs zntznqnhvq v`n io~zv` vnzbchel oi v`n vzehqcqvoz Cvq i~havcoh cq qnaohfezs eq cv ohls qnzynq vo bof~levn v`n fnycan aèzeavnzcqvcaq ehf tezebnvnzq Ev v`n boqv q~tnzicacel lnynl, v`n vzehqcqvoz aeh jn aohqcfnznf vo jn e q}cva` ]`nh e yolvemn cq ettlcnf vo v`n mevn vèv cq lezmnz vèh e mcynh yel~n aellnf v`n v`znqòlf yolvemn Y V` V`, e aohf~avchm aèhhnl cq iozbnf jnv}nnh fzech ehf qo~zan Ch v`n tznqnhan oi e yolvemn fciinznhan jnv}nnh v`n levvnz v}o, a~zznhv ilo}q jnv}nnh v`nb V`n aohf~avcycvs oi v`n aèhhnl cq bof~levnf js v`n mevn yolvemn‖v`n lezmnz v`n yolvemn fciinznhan jnv}nnh mevn ehf qo~zan, v`n qbellnz v`n znqcqvehan oi v`n aohf~avchm aèhhnl ehf v`n lezmnz v`n a~zznhv

Fcmcvel YLQC Fnqcmh, NAN Fntv(QNV,G^(

Temn 5

E aohf~avchm aèhhnl }cll nynhv~ells jn iozbnf v`zo~m` ettlcnf mevn yolvemn ch v`n qnavcoh oi v`n fnycan jnv}nnh v`n fzech ehf v`n qo~zan fcii~qcoh znmcohq V`n fcqvehan jnv}nnh v`n f zech ehf qo~zan fcii~qcoh znmcohq cq v`n aèhhnl lnhmv` L, ehf v`n levnzel npvnhv oi v`n aèhhnl (tnztnhfca~lez vo v`n lnhmv` fcbnhqcoh# cq v`n aèhhnl }cfv` ] Jov` v`n aèzhnl lnhmv` ehf v`n aèhhnl }cfv` ezn cbtozvehv tezebnvnzq }`ca` aeh jn ~qnf vo aohvzol qobn oi v`n nlnavzcael tzotnzvcnq oi v`n BOQINV V`n v`cakhnqq oi v`n opcfn lesnz aoynzchm v`n aèhhnl znmcoh, vop, cq elqo eh cbtozvehv tezebnvnz

NH@EHANBNHV"bofn ehf FNTLNVCOH"bofn BOQINV 5 NH@EHANBNHV"bofn NH@EHANBNHV"bofn BOQINV7 

E BOQ vzehqcqvoz }`ca` èq ho aohf~avchm aèhhnl znmcoh ev wnzo mevn jceq cq aellnf









-eh nhèhanbnhv"vstn (oz nhèhanbnhv"bofn# (oz nhèhanbnhv"bofn# BOQINV

BOQINV fcemzeb

h"aèhhnl ehf t"aèhhnl nhèhanbnhv BOQINV hozbells OII, jnlo} V`znqòlf ehf ejoyn YV` oh + YMQ ch h"BOQINV ehf " YMQ ch t"BOQINV Qsbjol7



: FNTLNVCOH"bofn BOQINV 7 

Ci e aohf~avchm aèhhnl elznefs npcqvq ev wnzo mevn jceq, oh v`n ov`nz èhf, v`n fnycan cq aellnf e fntlnvcoh"vstn (oz fn tlnvcoh"bofn# tlnvcoh"bofn# BOQINV


Temn :



BOQINV fcemzeb



h"aèhhnl ehf t"aèhhnl Fntlnvcoh BOQINV hozbells OH, Tcha` oii oh ‑YMQ ch h"BOQINV ehf + YMQ ch t"BOQINV



Qsbjol



BOQINV Nptlehevcoh 

Ch e BOQINV }cv` t"vstn q~jqvzevn ehf }cv` h+ qo~zan ehf fzech znmcohq, v`n aèhhnl znmcoh vo jn iozbnf oh v`n q~ziean cq h"vstn V`~q, q~a` e fnycan }cv` t" vstn q~jqvzevn cq aellnf eh h"aèhhnl BOQINV(



Ch e BOQINV }cv` h"vstn q~jqvzevn ehf }cv` t+ qo~zan ehf fzech znmcohq, oh v`n ov`nz èhf, v`n aèhhnl aèhhnl cq t"vstn ehf v`n fnycan cq aellnf e t"aèhhnl t"aèhhnl BOQINV(



V`n fnycan vnzbchelq ezn7 M ioz v`n mevn, F ioz v`n fzech, Q ioz v`n qo~zan, ehf J ioz v`n q~jqvzevn (oz jofs#



Ch eh h"aèhhnl BOQINV, v`n qo~zan cq fnichnf eq v`n h znmcoh }`ca` èq e lo}nz tovnhvcel vèh v`n ov`nz h znmcoh, v`n fzech



Js aohynhvcoh, ell vnzbchel yolvemnq oi v`n fnycan ezn fnichnf }cv` znqtnav vo v`n qo~zan tovnhvcel V`~q, v`n mevn"vo"qo~zan yolvemn cq fnhovnf js Y MQ MQ, v`n fzech"vo" qo~zan yolvemn cq fnhovnf js Y FQ q~jqvzevn"vo"qo~zan yolvemn cq fnhovnf FQ, ehf v`n q~jqvzevn"vo"qo~zan

js Y JQ JQ(


Temn 1

Aohqcfnz i czqv czqv v`n h"aèhhnl nhèhanbnhv"vstn BOQINV qò}h ch Icm~zn V`n qcbtln otnzevcoh tzchactln oi v`cq fnycan cq7 aohvzol v`n a~zznhv aohf~avcoh jnv}nnh v`n qo~zan ehf v`n fzech, ~qchm v`n nlnavzca icnlf mnhnzevnf js v`n mevn yolvemn eq e aohvzol yezcejln Qchan v`n a~zznhv ilo} ch v`n aèhhnl cq elqo aohvzollnf js v`n fzech", vo"qo~zan yolvemn ehf js v`n q~jqvzevn yolvemn, v`n a~zznhv aeh jn aohqcfnznf e i~havcoh oi v`nqn npvnzhel vnzbchel yolvemnq Ch ozfnz vo qvezv a~zznhv ilo} jnv}nnh v`n qo~zan ehf v`n fzech znmcohq, ò}nynz, }n èyn vo iozb e aohf~avchm aèhhnl iczqv Znmcoh oi Otnzevcoh C

A~v oii Znmcoh

]`nh mevn"vo"qo~zan yolvemn cq lnqq vèh v`znqòlf yolvemn cn, Y MQ

Temn 6

CC

Znqcqvcyn/Lchnez Otnzevcoh (Eavcyn Znmcoh#

Ho} eqq~bn vèv v`n mevn"vo"qo~zan yolvemn cq i~zv`nz chazneqnf V`n aohf~avchm h"vstn lesnz }cll iozb jnv}nnh v`n qo~zan ehf v`n fzech fcii~qcoh znmcohq eq qò}h ch jnlo} icm~zn V`cq aèhhnl ho} tzoycfnq eh nlnavzcael aohhnavcoh jnv}nnh v`n v}o h+ znmcohq, ehf cv ello}q a~zznhv ilo}, eq lohm eq v`nzn cq e tovnhvcel fciinznhan jnv}nnh v`n qo~zan ehf v`n fzech vnzbchel yolvemnq V`n jceq aohfcvcohq ioz v`n ohqnv oi q~ziean chynzqcoh ehf ioz v`n aznevcoh oi v`n aohf~avchm aèhhnl ezn v`nzniozn ynzs qcmhcicaehv ioz BOQINV otnzevcoh Ho} YMQ 8 YV` ehf vèv ehf vèv e qbell yolvemn, Y FQ , cq ettlcnf jnv}nnh fzech ehf qo~zan V`n yolvemn fciinznhan ae~qnq e a~zznhv C a~zznhv C F vo ilo} izob fzech vo qo~zan ^qchm e qcbtln ehelsqcq, e iczqv"ozfnz iczqv"ozfnz nptznqqcoh oi v`n a~zznhv eq e i~havcoh oi Y oi Y MQ MQ ehf Y FQ aeh jn ojvechnf

Ev e tochv p tochv p elohm v`n aèhhnl, v`n yolvemn cq Y ( p#, p #, ehf v`n mevn"vo"aèhhnl yolvemn ev vèv tochv nu~elq Y MQ ‑ Y ( p# p # ^hfnz v`n eqq~btvcoh vèv v`cq yolvemn npannfq v`n v`znqòlf yolvemn ell MQ ‑ Y elohm v`n aèhhnl, v`n chf~anf aèhhnl aèzmn tnz ~hcv ezne ev tochv p tochv p aeh jn aobt~vnf Uc ( p p # 2 ‑ A A op ‑ Y ( p p # ‑ Y ‑ Y V` op [Y MQ MQ ‑ Y V`R""""""""""""""""""""55

A op op qvehfq ioz v`n aeteacvehan tnz ~hcv ezne tznqnhvnf js v`n mevn opcfn, ehf nu~elq


Temn >

]cv` op 2 13=o 2 1>

54



"55

I/b v`n opcfn tnzbcvvcycvs, ehf v op o pcfn op cq v`n v`cakhnqq oi v`n opcfn

V`n a~zznhv cq mcynh eq v`n tzof~av oi v`n fzciv ynloacvs oi v`n aezzcnz–q

h

ehf v`n

eyeclejln aèzmn F~n vo aèzmn aohqnzyevcoh, aohqnzyevcoh, cv cq e aohqvehv oynz v`n lnhmv` oi v`n aèhhnl ] cq ] cq

v`n }cfv` oi v`n aèhhnl ch e fcznavcoh tnztnhfca~lez vo v`n a~zznhv ilo} """"""""""""""""""""""" 5:

V`n nlnavzoh ynloacvs cq znlevnf vo v`n nlnavzca icnlf v`zo~m` e t ezebnvnz aellnf v`n bojclcvs :/

(nptznqqnf ch b Y q# V`n bojclcvs cq e aobtlnp i~havcoh oi azsqvel qvz~av~zn, ehf loael nlnavzcael nlnavzcael

icnlf Ch mnhnzel, eh nbtczcael yel~n cq ~qnf

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""51

"""""""""""""""56 Q~jqvcv~vn nu~evcohq 55 ehf 51 ch 5: scnlfq

Chvnmzevchm v`n nu~evcoh oynz v`n lnhmv` oi v`n aèhhnl L scnlfq v`n yolvemn" yol vemn"a~zznhv a~zznhv znlevcoh oi v`n vzehqcqvoz }cv` jo~hfezs aohfcvcohq p24 vo L ehf Y24 vo Y FQ elohm v`n aèhhnl

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""5> –

]`nzn kh , cq aellnf v`n tzoanqq v`n tzoanqq vzehqaohf~ vzehqaohf~avehan avehan tezebnvnz tezebnvnz ehf ehf nu~elq

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""5(9

V`n ] ehf L tezebnvnzq ch Nu~evcoh v`n niinavcyn aèhhnl }cfv` ehf lnhmv` oi v`n vzehqcqvoz znqtnavcynls


Temn 9

CCC

V`n Qev~zevcoh Znmcoh

Eq v`n yel~n oi v`n fzech"qo~zan yolvemn cq i~zv`nz chazneqnf, v`n eqq~btvcoh vèv v`n aèhhnl yolvemn cq lezmnz vèh v`n v`znqòlf ell elohm v`n aèhhnl aneqnq vo òlf V`cq èttnhq }`nh Y MQ p# < Y V` MQ Y ( p# V` Ev vèv tochv, v`n chf~anf aèzmn cq wnzo, ehf v`n aohf~avchm aèhhnl fcqettnezq oz cq tcha`nf cq tcha`nf oii  Icm~zn qò}q vèv v`n a~zznhv cq hov yelcf jnsohf v`n lchnez znmcoh/ qev~zevcoh znmcoh jo~hfezs, cn, ioz

Y FQ

2 Y " Y FQEV

MQ

V`"""""""""""""""""""""""""5= V`"""""""""""""""""""""""""5=

Elqo, fzech a~zznhv bneq~znbnhvq }cv` aohqvehv YQ qò} vèv v`n a~zznhv C F fonq hov qò} b~a` yezcevcoh eq e i~havcoh oi v`n fzech yolvemn Y FQ jnsohf v`n qev~zevcoh jo~hfezs, j~v zev`nz znbechq ettzopcbevnls aohqvehv ezo~hf v`n tnek yel~n znea`nf ioz Y FQ 2 Y FQEV V`cq qev~zevcoh fzech a~zznhv lnynl aeh jn io~hf qcbtls js q~jqvcv~vchm Nu> ch Nu6

""""""""""""50


Temn =


Temn 0

BOQINV A~zznhv"Yolvemn Aèzeavnzcqvcaq

Icm~zn qò}q v`n vstcael fzech a~zznhv ynzq~q fzech yolvemn aèzeavnzcqvcaq oi eh h"aèhhnl BOQINV, eq fnqazcjnf js v`n a~zznhv nu~evcohq (6# ehf (9# V`n tezejolca jo~hfezs jnv}nnh v`n lchnez ehf v`n qev~zevcoh znmcohq cq chfcaevnf `nzn V`n a~zznhv"yolvemn aèzeavnzcqvcaq oi v`n BOQ vzehqcqvoz aeh elqo jn ycq~elcwnf js tlovvchm v`n fzech a~zznhv eq e i~havcoh oi v`n mevn yolvemn, eq qò}h ch Icm V`cq C F Ynzq~q Y MQ # MQ vzehqinz aèzeavnzcqvca ch qev~zevcoh bofn (Y FQ 8 Y FQEV tzoycfnq e qcbtln ycn} oi v`n fzech a~zznhv chazneqchm eq e qnaohf"ozfnz i~havcoh oi v`n mevn"vo qo~zan yolvemn V`n a~zznhv cq ojyco~qls nu~el vo wnzo ioz ehs mevn yolvemn qbellnz vèh v`n v`znqòlf yolvemn YV


Temn 3

Jofs niinav oh V`znqòlf V`znqòlf Yolvemn

Eq v`n mevn yolvemn chazneqnq, v`n tovnhvcel ev v`n qclcaoh q~ziean ev qobn tochv znea`nq e azcvcael yel~n, }`nzn v`n qnbcaohf~avoz q~ziean chynzvq vo h "vstn bevnzcel V`cq tochv bezkq v`n ohqnv oi e t`nhobnhoh kho}h eq qvzohm eq qvzohm chynzqcoh ehf oaa~zq ev e yolvemn nu~el vo v}can v`n Inzbc Tovnhvcel 

"""""""""53 I~zv`nz chazneqnq ch v`n mevn yolvemn tzof~an ho i~zv`nz aèhmnq ch v`n fntlnvcoh lesnz }cfv`, j~v znq~lv ch effcvcohel nlnavzohq ch v`n v`ch chynzqcoh lesnz fcznavls ~hfnz v`n opcfn V`nqn ezn fze}h chvo v`n chynzqcoh lesnz izob v`n `neycls fotnf h+ qo~zan znmcoh @nhan, e aohvch~o~q h "vstn aèhhnl cq iozbnf jnv}nnh v`n qo~zan ehf fzech znmcohq, v`n aohf~avcycvs oi }`ca` cq bof~levnf js v`n mevn"qo~zan yolvemn Ch v`n tznqnhan oi eh chynzqcoh lesnz, v`n aèzmn qvoznf ch v`n fntlnvcoh znmcoh cq icpnf ehf nu~elq

""""""""""""554 V`cq tcav~zn aèhmnq qobn}èv ch aeqn e q~jqvzevn jceq yolvemn Y QJ (Y QJ QJ cq ettlcnf (Y QJ cq hozbells toqcvcyn ioz h"aèhhnl fnycanq# V`cq ae~qnq v`n q~ziean tovnhvcel znu~cznf ioz qvzohm chynzqcoh vo chazneqn ehf vo jnaobn |‑ : I + YQJ| YQJ | V`n aèzmn qvoznf ch v`n fntlnvcoh znmcoh ho} cq nptznqqnf nptznqqnf j s """"""""""555 V`n yel~n oi v`n mevn"vo"qo~zan yolvemn Y MQ MQ hnnfnf vo ae~qn qvzohm q~ziean chynzqcoh (vo aznevn v`n aohf~avchm aèhhnl# cq aellnf v`n v`znqòlf yolvemn Y V` V` ( Y V` V` cq e i~havcoh oi qnynzel aobtohnhvq, boqv oi }`ca` ezn bevnzcel aohqvehvq q~a` eq

v`n fciinznhan ch }ozk"i~havcoh jnv}nnh mevn ehf q~jqvzevn bevnzcel, v`n opcfn v`cakhnqq, v`n Inzbc yolvemn, v`n aèzmn oi cbt~zcvcnq vzettnf ev v`n q~ziean jnv}nnh aèhhnl ehf mevn opcfn, ehf V`n foqemn oi cohq cbtlehvnf ioz v`znqòlf efg~qvbnhv Izob v`n ejoyn ezm~bnhvq, cv èq jnaobn alnez vèv v`n qo~zan"j~lk yolvemn Y QJ QJ èq Fcmcvel YLQC Fnqcmh, NAN Fntv(QNV,G^(

Temn 54

eh cbteav oh v`n v`znqòlf eq }nll ]n znls oh eh nbtczcael tezebnvnz aellnf YV }`ca` YV }`ca` cq v`n v`znqòlf yolvemn ioz Y ioz Y QJ QJ 2 4, ehf cq boqvls e i~havcoh oi v`n beh~ieav~zchm tzoanqq V`n v`znqòlf yolvemn ~hfnz fciinznhv jofs" jceqchm aohfcvcohq aeh v`nh jn fnvnzbchnf ch v`n iollo}chm behhn z,

V`n tezebnvnz

"""""""""""55: (mebbe# cq aellnf v`n jofs"niinav aoniicacnhv , ehf nptznqqnq v`n cbteav oi

aèhmnq ch Y QJ QJ

"""""""""""""""" 551

Q~jqvzevn Jceq Niinav Hovn vèv v`n fnzcyevcoh oi lchnez"bofn ehf qev~zevcoh"bofn a~zznhv"yolvemn aèzeavnzcqvcaq ch v`n tznyco~q temnq èq jnnh fohn ~hfnz v`n eqq~btvcoh vèv v`n q~jqvzevn tovnhvcel cq nu~el vo v`n qo~zan tovnhvcel, cn, Y QJ QJ 2 4 Aohqnu~nhvls, v`n wnzo"q~jqvzevn jceq v`znqòlf yolvemn Y V` V` èq jnnh ~qnf ch v`n a~zznhv nu~evcohq Ch behs fcmcvel acza~cv ettlcaevcohq, oh v`n ov`nz èhf, v`n qo~zan tovnhvcel oi eh hBOQ vzehqcqvoz aeh jn lezmnz vèh v`n q~jqvzevn


Temn 55

tovnhvcel, }`ca` znq~lvq ch e toqcvcyn qo~zan"vo"q~jqvzevn yolvemn Y QJ QJ 8 4 Ch v`cq aeqn, v`n chil~nhan oi v`n hohwnzo Y QJ QJ ~toh v`n a~zznhv aèzeavnzcqvcaq b~qv jn eaao~hvnf ioz

]n aeh qcbtls zntlean v`n v`znqòlf yolvemn vnzbq ch lchnez"bofn ehf qev~zevcoh"bofn a~zznhv nu~evcohq }cv` v`n bozn mnhnzel Y V` V`(Y QJ QJ # vnzb

Aèhhnl Lnhmv` Bof~levcoh ]n }cll npebchn v`n bnaèhcqbq oi aèhhnl tcha`"oii ehf a~zznhv ilo} ch qev~zevcoh bofn Aohqcfnz v`n chynzqcoh lesnz aèzmn Uc vèv zntznqnhvq v`n vovel bojcln nlnavzoh aèzmn oh v`n q~ziean V`n chynzqcoh lesnz aèzmn ev v`n qo~zan nhf oi v`n aèhhnl cq U(P24 # 2 "A OP "Y V` OP (Y MQ MQ "Y V` # ehf v`n chynzqcoh lesnz aèzmn ev v`n fzech nhf oi v`n aèhhnl cq U,(p2 U,(p2 L# 2 "A oP ##""""""556 oP (Y MQ MQ " Y V` V` " Y FQ Hovn vèv ev v`n nfmn oi qev~zevcoh, cn, }`nh v`n fzech"vo"qo~zan yolvemn znea`nq Y FQEV , Y FQ 2 Y FQEV 2 Y MQ MQ " Y V` V` V`n chynzqcoh lesnz aèzmn ev v`n fzech nhf jnaobnq wnzo eaaozfchm vo Nu 556Ch znelcvs, v`n aèhhnl aèzmn fonq hov jnaobn npeavls nu~el vo wnzo j~v cv chfnnf jnaobnq ynzs qbell

ABOQ (AOBTLNBNHV ( AOBTLNBNHVEZS EZS BOQINV# BOQ CHYNZVNZQ7 QVEVCA A@EZEAVNZCQVCAQ V`n lomca qsbjol ehf v`n vz~v` vejln oi v`n cfnel chynzvnz ezn qò}h ch Icm~zn, Ch BOQ

chynzvnz acza~cvq, jov` v`n cht~v yezcejln E ehf v`n o~vt~v yezcejln J ezn zntznqnhvnf js hofn yolvemnq, zninznhanf vo v`n mzo~hf tovnhvcel ^qchm toqcvcyn lomca aohynhvcoh, v`n Joolneh (oz lomca# yel~n oi *5* aeh jn zntznqnhvnf js e `cm` yolvemn oi YFF, ehf v`n Joolneh (oz lomca# yel~n oi *4* aeh jn zntznqnhvnf js e lo} yolvemn oi 4 V`n FA yolvemn vzehqinz aèzeavnzcqvca (YVA# oi v`n cfnel chynzvnz acza~cv cq qò}h ch Icm~zn


Temn 5:

V`n yolvemn Yv` cq aellnf v`n chynzvnz v`znqòlf yolvemn Hovn yolvemn Hovn vèv ioz ehs eh s cht~v yolvemn jnv}nnh 4 ehf Yv` 2 YFF/: , v`n o~vt~v yolvemn cq nu~el vo YFF (lomca* 5 # 5 # V`n o~vt~v q}cva`nq izob YFF vo 4 }`nh v`n cht~v cq nu~el vo Yv` Ioz ehs cht~v yolvemn jnv}nnh Yv` ehf YFF, v`n o~vt~v yolvemn eqq~bnq e yel~n oi 4 (lomca *4*# V`~q, eh cht~v yolvemn 4 < Ych < Yv` cq chvnztznvnf js v`cq cfnel chynzvnz eq e lomca *4,* }`cln eh cht~v yolvemn Yv`
aohqcqvchm oi v`znn aeqaefnf chynzvnzq, eq qò}h ch jnlo} Icm~zn Eqq~bn vèv ell chynzvnzq ezn cfnhvcael, ehf vèv v`n cht~v yolvemn oi v`n iczqv chynzvnz cq nu~el vo YO@ , cn, lomca “5* Js fnichcvcoh, v`n o~vt~v yolvemn oi v`n iczqv chynzvnz }cll jn nu~el vo YOL aozznqtohfchm vo e lomca *4* lnynl





Y CL cq v`n bepcb~b ello}ejln yolvemn ev v`n cht~v oi v`n qnaohf chynzvnz, }`ca` cq lo} nho~m` vo nhq~zn e lomca *5* o~vt~v Y C@ cq v`n bchcb~b ello}ejln yolvemn ev v`n cht~v oi v`n v`czf chynzvnz }`ca` cq `cm` nho~m` vo nhq~zn e lomca *4* o~vt~v

V`nqn ojqnzyevcohq lnef ~q vo v`n fnichcvcoh oi hocqn volnzehanq ioz fcmcvel acza~cvq, aellnf hocqn bezmchq ehf fnhovnf js HB js HB V`n hocqn cbb~hcvs oi v`n acza~cv chazneqnq }cv` HB }cv` HB V}o hocqn bezmchq }cll jn fnichnf7 v`n hocqn bezmch ioz lo} qcmhel lnynlq (HBL# ehf v`n hocqn bezmch ioz `cm` qcmhel lnynlq (HB@# Ioz e mevn vo jn zoj~qv ehf chqnhqcvcyn vo hocqn fcqv~zjehanq, cv cq nqqnhvcel vèv v`n “4‒ ehf “5‒ chvnzyelq jn eq lezmn eq toqqcjln E bneq~zn oi v`n qnhqcvcycvs oi e mevn vo hocqn cq mcynh js v`n hocqn bezmchq

LO] hocqn bezmch @CM@ hocqn bezmch Fcmcvel YLQC Fnqcmh, NAN Fntv(QNV,G^(

HBL2YCL"YOL HB@2YO@"YC@ Temn 51

Y O@ O@ 7 Bepcb~b o~vt~v yolvemn }`nh v`n o~vt~v lnynl cq lomca “5‒ Y OL OL7 Bchcb~b o~vt~v yolvemn }`nh v`n o~vt~v lnynl cq lomca “4‒ Y CL7 Bepcb~b cht~v yolvemn }`ca` aeh jn chvnztznvnf eq chvnztznvnf eq lomca *4* Y C@ 7 Bchcb~b cht~v yolvemn }`ca` aeh jn chvnztznvnf eq chvnztznvnf eq lomca *5*


Temn 56

ABOQ chynzvnz Ho}, }n }cll v~zh o~z evvnhvcoh vo e zefcaells chynzvnz qvz~av~zn, }`ca` aohqcqvq oi eh nhèhanbnhv"vstn HBOQ vzehqcqvoz ehf eh nhèhanbnhv"vstn TBOQ vzehqcqvoz, otnzevchm ch aobtlnbnhvezs bofn V`cq aohicm~zevcoh cq aellnf Aobtlnbnhvezs BOQ (ABOQ# V`n acza~cv votoloms cq aobtlnbnhvezs t~q`"t~ll ch v`n qnhqn vèv ioz `cm` cht~v, v`n HBOQ vzehqcqvoz fzcynq (t~llq fo}h# v`n o~vt~v hofn }`cln v`n TBOQ vzehqcqvoz eavq eq v`n loef, ehf ioz lo} cht~v v`n TBOQ vzehqcqvoz fzcynq (t~llq ~t# v`n o~vt~v hofn }`cln v`n HBOQ vzehqcqvoz eavq eq v`n loef Aohqnu~nhvls, jov` fnycanq aohvzcj~vn nu~ells vo v`n acza~cv otnzevcoh aèzeavnzcqvcaq

V`n ABOQ chynzvnz èq v}o cbtozvehv efyehvemnq oynz v`n ov`nz chynzvnz aohicm~zevcohq 

V`n iczqv ehf tnzètq v`n boqv cbtozvehv efyehvemn cq vèv v`n qvnefs"qvevn to}nz fcqqctevcoh oi v`n ABOQ chynzvnz acza~cv cq yczv~ells hnmlcmcjln, npantv ioz qbell to}nz fcqqctevcoh f~n vo lnekemn a~zznhvq



V`n ov`nz efyehvemnq oi v`n ABOQ aohicm~zevcoh ezn vèv v`n yolvemn vzehqinz aèzeavnzcqvca (YVA# np`cjcvq e i~ll o~vt~v yolvemn q}chm jnv}nnh 4 Y ehf YFF, ehf vèv v`n YVA vzehqcvcoh cq ~q~ells ynzs qèzt V`~q, v`n YVA oi v`n ABOQ chynzvnz znqnbjlnq vèv oi eh cfnel chynzvnz


Temn 5>

YVA a~zyn ehf o~vt~v Yolvemn ev fciinznhv znmcoh oi otnzevcoh


Temn 59

Znmcoh E 7

Znmcoh J7


Temn 5=

Znmcoh A7

NUÊVCOH"J

TBOQ, HBOQ7 qev~zevcoh


Temn 50


Temn 53

Znmcoh F7

NUÊVCOH"F

Znmcoh N7


Temn :4

Jnve Zevco Niinavq

k Z Z 2

 

2

 

]n èyn qnnh vèv ioz kt 2 kh, v`n chynzvnz v`znqòlf yolvemn Yv` cq Y FF/: V`cq bes jn fnqczejln jnae~qn cv bepcbcwnq hocqn bezmchq ehf ello}q e aeteacvcyn loef vo aèzmn ehf fcqaèzmn ch nu~el vcbnq js tzoycfchm nu~el a~zznhv qo~zan ehf qchk aetejclcvcnq Chynzvnzq }cv` fciinznhv jnve zevcoq k Z Z2 k h /k t ezn aellnf qkn}nf chynzvnzq 

Ci k Z Z < 5, v`n chynzvnz cq @C"qkn}nf



Ci k Z Z 85, v`n chynzvnz cq LO"qkn}nf



Ci k Z Z 2 5, v`n chynzvnz èq hozbel qkn} oz cq ~hqkn}nf E @C"qkn} chynzvnz èq e qvzohmnz tBOQ vzehqcqvoz V`nzniozn, ci v`n cht~v cq YFF /:, }n

}o~lf nptnav v`n o~vt~v }cll jn mznevnz vèh YFF /: Ch ov`nz }ozfq, v`n cht~v v`znqòlf b~qv jn `cm`nz vèh ioz eh ~hqkn}nf chynzvnz Qcbclezls, e LO"qkn} chynzvnz èq e }neknz tBOQ vzehqcqvoz ehf v`~q e lo}nz q}cva`chm v`znqòlf


Temn :5

Qvevca Loef BOQ Chynzvnzq V`n icm~zn qò}q e HBOQ chynzvnz }cv` znqcqvcyn loef oz e aohqvehv a~zznhv qo~zan Ioz znqcqvoz loef, ci }n q~tnzcbtoqn v`n znqcqvoz loef lchn oh YC aèzeavnzcqvcaq oi T~ll fo}h vzehqcqvoz eq ch icm~zn J, }n aeh qnn vèv ev YMQ2> yolvq, v`n o~vt~v cq qobn qbell Y FQ(YOL#}`nh YMQ24yolvq,YFQ zcqnq vo > yolvq 

Eq znqcqvoz loef cq befn lezmnz, v`n Y OL fnazneqnq ehf a~zznhv ilo}chm }`nh chynzvnz cq v~zhnf oh fnazneqnq



Eq znqcqvoz loef cq befn qbellnz, v`n Y OL chazneqn ehf oh a~zznhv chazneqnq



Qnlnavcoh oi znqcqvoz yel~n }o~lf qnnk aobtzobcqn jnv}nnh YOL, v`n a~zznhv fze}h ehf v`n t~ll ~t qtnnf

Hovn vèv v`n fzcynz BOQINV cq chcvcells ch qev~zevcoh, qchan cvq fzech"vo fzech"vo qo~zan yolvemn 4~v 2Y ch " Y v` v` # 2Y MQ MQ "Y v` YFq88 YMQ"Yv` (Y Fq 2 Y 4~v 2Y FF # cq lezmnz vèh (Y ch "Y v`

HBOQ Qev~zevcoh Qev~zevcoh a~zznhv cq mcynh mcynh js

CZ 2k h


(  # 

Temn ::

]cv` chazneqchm cht~v yolvemn, v`n fzech a~zznhv oi v`n fzcynz elqo chazneqnq, ehf v`n o~vt~v yolvemn Yo~v qvezvq vo fzot 

Nynhv~ells, ioz cht~v yolvemnq lezmnz vèh Y o~v + Y v` fzcynz vzehqcqvoz nhvnzq v`n v` , v`n fzcynz vzehqcqvoz

lchnez otnzevcoh znmcoh Ev lezmnz cht~v yolvemnq, v`n vzehqcqvoz znbechq ch lchnez bofn, eq v`n o~vt~v yolvemn aohvch~nq vo fnazneqn

cn, Ych8 Yo~v + Yv`


Yo~v< Ych"Yv`h

YFQ< YMQ"Yv`,h

Temn :1

V`n Tqn~fo hBOQ Chynzvnz V`n Tqn~fo Tqn~fo hBOQ hBOQ Chynzvnz ~qnq e t fnycan fnycan t~ll ~t oz loef loef vèv èq cvq cvq mevn cq tnzbehnhvls mzo ~hfnf Eh h"fnycan t~ll fo}h oz fzcynz cq fzcynh fz cynh }cv` } cv` v`n cht~v qcmhel V`cq cq zo~m`ls nu~cyelnhv vo ~qn oi loef loef ch hBOQ vna`holoms ehf cq v`~q aellnf aellnf “tqn~fo"hBOQ‒ ]`nh fzcynz cq v~zhnf oh, aohqvehv FA a~zznhv a~zznhv ilo}q ch v`n acza~cv acza~cv V`cq cq vo aohvzeqvnf }cv` ABOQ chynzvnz ch }`ca` ho FA a~zznhv ilo}q }`nh v`n cht~v cq ncv`nz v`n vnzbchel `cm` oz lo} qvevn V`n cbtozvehan oi }`nv`nz FA a~zznhv ilo}q, ehf `nhan }`nv`nz ohn aeh ~qn tqn~fo hBOQ chynzvnz, chynzvnz, fntnhfq fntnhfq oh ettlcaevcoh ettlcaevcoh

Fnzcyevcoh oi o~vt~v yolvemn nu~evcoh ehf

h/ t

Aohqcfnz TBOQ


Temn 16

Aohqcfnz HBOQ

TBOQ el}esq el}esq ch EAVCYN EAVCYN znmco znmcoh h

ioz

YMQ
HBOQ ch Qev~zevcoh znmcoh

ioz YMQ 8YV`,h ehf YFQ8 YMQ"YV`,h

Yo~v8 Ych"Yv`h

Nu~evchm jov` v`n a~zznhv nu~evcohq


Temn 1>

FA vzehqinz aèzeavnzcqvcaq


Temn 19

Vzehqbcqqcoh mevn V`n qvznhmv` oi e qcmhel cq bneq~znf js ò} aloqnls cv ettzopcbevnq eh cfnel yolvemn qo~zan Ch mnhnzel, v`n qvzohmnz e qcmhel, v`n bozn a~zznhv cv aeh qo~zan oz qchk V`n to}nz q~ttlcnq, oz zeclq oz zeclq,, (YFF (YFF ehf MHF# ezn v`n qo~zan oi o i v`n qvzohmnqv 5q ehf 4q Eh hBOQ vzehqcqvoz cq eh elboqv tnzinav q}cva` }`nh teqqchm e 4 ehf v`~q }n qes cv teqqnq e qvzohm qvzohm 4 4 @o}nynz, v`n hBOQ vzehqcqvoz cq cbtnzinav ev teqqchm e 5 V`n `cm` yolvemn lnynl cq qobn}èv lnqq vèh YFF YFF;; HBOQ vzehqcqvozq teqq ‐4–q }nll j~v 5q toozls ]n ezn ho} ho} znefs vo jnvvnz fnichn “toozls‒ Icm~zn qò}q eh hBOQ vzehqcqvoz }cv` v`n mevn ehf fzech vcnf vo YFF Cbemchn vèv v`n YFF v `n qo~zan cq chcvcells ev Yq 2 4 Ymq 8 YV` YV`,, qo v`n vzehqcqvoz cq OH ehf a~zznhv a~zzn hv ilo}q Ci v`n yolvemn oh v`n qo~zan zcqnq vo Yq 2 YFF YFF ‑ ‑ Yv` Yv`,, Ymq iellq vo Yv` ehf v`n vzehqcqvoz a~vq cvqnli OII V`nzniozn, hBOQ vzehqcqvozq evvnbtvchm vo teqq e 5 hnynz t~ll v`n qo~zan ejoyn YFF ‑ YFF ‑ Yv` Yv`

Qcbclezls, tBOQ vzehqcqvozq teqq 5q }nll j~v 4q toozls Ci v`n tBOQ qo~zan fzotq jnlo} | Yvt Yvt|,|, v`n vzehqcqvoz a~vq oii @nhan, tBOQ vzehqcqvozq ohls t~ll fo}h vo }cv`ch e v`znqòlf ejoyn MHF, eq qò}h ch Icm~zn


Temn 1=

]`nh eh hBOQ oz tBOQ cq ~qnf elohn eq eh cbtnzinav q}cva`, }n qobnvcbnq aell cv eq e teqq vzehqcqvoz  Js aobjchchm eh hBOQ ehf e tBOQ vzehqcqvoz ch tezellnl ]n ojvech e q}cva` vèv v~zhq oh }`nh e 5 cq ettlcnf vo m, ch }`ca` 4q ehf 5q ezn jov` teqqnf ch eh eaantvejln ieq`coh ]n vnzb v`cq e vzehqbcqqcoh mevn oz oz teqq teqq mevn mevn Ch e acza~cv }`nzn ohls e 4 oz e 5 èq vo jn teqqnf, v`n ettzotzcevn ettzo tzcevn vzehqcqvoz (h oz t# aeh jn fnlnvnf, znynzvchm vo e qchmln hBOQ oz o z tBOQ fnycan Hovn vèv jov` v`n aohvzol cht~v ehf cvq aobtlnbnhv ezn znu~cznf js v`n vzehqbcqqcoh mevn V`cq cq aellnf fo~jln zecl lomca zecl lomca Qobn acza~cv qsbjolq ioz v`n vzehqbcqqcoh mevn ezn qò}h ch Icm~zn V`~q, v`n hBOQ hBOQ vzehqcqvozq ohls hnnf hnnf vo teqq 4q ehf v`n tBOQ ohls teqq 5q, qo v`n o~vt~v cq el}esq qvzohmls fzcynh ehf v`n lnynlq lnynlq ezn hnynz fnmzefnf V`cq cq cq aellnf e i~lls znqvoznf lomca znqvoznf lomca mevn ehf qcbtlcicnq acza~cv fnqcmh aohqcfnzejls


Temn 10


Temn 13

VZCQVEVN CHYNZVNZ Icm~zn qò}q qsbjolq ioz e vzcqvevn Chynzvnz  ]`nh v`n nhejln cht~v NH cq 5, v`n o~vt~v

S nu~elq S nu~elq v`n cht~v aobtlnbnhv oi E, E, g~qv eq ch eh ozfchezs o zfchezs chynzvnz ]`nh v`n nhejln cq 4, S S cq cq lniv iloevchm (‐W– yel~n#


Temn 64

Icm~zn qò}q e vzcqvevn chynzvnz  V`n o~vt~v cq eavcynls fzcynh izob YFF oz MHF, qo cv cq e znqvozchm znqv ozchm lomca lomca mevn V`n vzcqvevn vzcqvevn chy chynzvnz nzvnz fonq hov hov ojns v`n aohf~avco aohf~avcoh h aobtlnbnhvq aobtlnbnhvq z~ln jnae~q jnae~qnn cv ello}q v`n o~vt~v vo iloev ~hfnz anzvech cht~v aobjchev cohq

]`nh NH cq 4, jov` nhejln vzehqcqvozq ezn OII, lneychm v`n o~vt~v iloevchm( ]`nh NH cq 5, jov` nhejln vzehqcqvozq ezn OH( V`ns ezn aohantv~ells znboynf izob v`n acza~cv, lneychm lneych m e qcbtln chynz chynzvnz( vnz(

Vzcqvevn }nzn ohan aobbohls ~qnf vo ello} b~lvctln ~hcvq vo fzcyn e aobboh j~q, eq lohm eq npeavls ohn ~hcv cq nhejlnf ev e vcbn( Ci b~lvctln ~hcvq fzcyn v`n j~q, aohvnhvcoh oaa~zq ehf to}nz cq }eqvnf( Ci ho ~hcvq fzcyn v`n j~q, cv aeh iloev vo eh chyelcf lomca lnynl vèv ae~qnq v`n znancynzq vo }eqvn to}nz( Boznoynz, cv aeh jn fciica~lv vo q}cva` nhejln qcmhelq ev npeavls v`n v`n qebn vcbn }`nh v`ns ezn fcqvzcj~vnf eazoqq e lezmn a`ct( Fnles jnv}nnh fciinznhv nhejlnq q}cva`chm aeh ae~qn aohvnhvcoh( Mcynh v`nqn tzojlnbq, b~lvctlnpnzq b~lvct lnpnzq ezn ho} tzninzznf tzninzznf oynz vzcqvevn vzcqvevn j~qqnq(


Temn 65

Fciinznhvcel Chynzvnz Ell oi v`n vèv }n èan npebchnf qo iez cq qchmln nhfnf;vèv cqv`ns èyn qchmln nhf cht~v ehf tzof~anq qchmln o~vt~v Ho} eh chynzvnz chynzvnz vèv ~qnq v}o fciinznhvcel fciinznhvcel cht~vq ehf tzof~anq v}o fciinznhvcel o~vt~vq cq eq qò}h ch ch icm~zn, V}o h vzehqcqvozq èyn v`ncz qo~zanq aobbohnf ehf inf js e aohqvehv a~zznhv qo~zan vèv ch v~zh aohhnavnf vo mzo~hf V`n fzechq oi nea` h vzehqcqvoz ezn aohhnavnf vo znqcqvoz loef vèv ezn aohhnavnf vo v`n q~ttls yolvemn

Ho} }n bekn qobn ehelsqcq, ci v`n cht~v yolvemn cq ettlcnf cn, Ylniv2 YE2 YZcm`v v`nh nea` vzehqcqvoz èq Y MQ2YE"Y H, }`nzn Y H cq v`n v`n yolvemn eaazoqqv`n aohqvehv a~zznhv qo~zan qo~zan V`~q cq CFQ cq qebn qebn ioz jov` v`n BOQINV BOQINV ehf elqo elqo Yo~v52Yo~v:  Ho} chazneqn v`n Ylniv ehf YZcm`v nu~ells,v`nh Y H elqo zcqnq vo bechvech v`n aohqvehv a~zznhv v`zo~m` v`n a~zznhv qo~zan V`n o~t~v yolvemnq Yo~v5 ehf Yo~v: }cll qves ev qebn yel~n Fcmcvel YLQC Fnqcmh, NAN Fntv(QNV,G^(

Temn 6:

Ettlschm Ettlschm aobboh aobboh qcmhel vo jov` v`n cht~vq v`nzniozn v`nzniozn znq~lvq znq~lvq ho mech(cfnell mech(cfnells# s# V`cq mech cq zniinznf eq Aobboh bofn mech Ho} Ylniv cq chazneqnf js

zcm`v

js

cq fnazneqnf js

,v`nh a~zznhv ch H5 chazneqnq

ehf Yo~v5 fnazneqnq js

o~v:

chazneqnq js

V`~q cq v`n fciinznhvcel mech izob Ylniv vo Yo~v

mb cq

/ Y vzehqaoh vzehqaohf~a f~aveh vehan an oi v`n v`n fzcynz fzcynz vzehqcq vzehqcqvoz voz

Yo~v52YFF" (Cqo~zan 'Z loef loef#/:

JCTOLEZ FNYCANQ 5 FCOFN : JGV 1 JcABOQ


Temn 61

JcABOQ Chynzvnz JcABOQ Chynzvnz

V}o jctolez vzehqcqvozq (V1 ehf V6#, ohn hBOQ ehf ohn tBOQ vzehqcqvoz (jov` nhèhanbnhv" vstn fnycanq# V`n BOQ q}cva`nq tnziozb v`n lomca i~havcoh ) jctolez vzehqcqvozq fzcyn o~vt~v loefq  Ych 2 4 7 V5 cq cq oii V`nzniozn V1 cq cq hoh"aohf~avchm hoh"aohf~avchm V: OH " q~ttlcnq a~zznhv vo jeqn oi V6 V6 jeqn yolvemn qnv vo Yff V6 aohf~avq ) eavq eq a~zznhv qo~zan vo aèzmn loef AL vo}ezfq Yff Yo~v zcqnq vo YFF " YJN (oi V6# Hovn7 YJN (oi V6# cq jeqn"nbcvvnz jeqn"nbcvvnz yolvemn oi V6 (T~ll"~t jctolez vzehqcqvoz vzehqcqvoz v~zhq oii eq v`n o~vt~v o ~vt~v ettzoea`nq >Y " YJN (oi V6##  Ych 2 YFF 7 V: cq oii V`nzniozn V6 cq hoh"aohf~avchm V5 cq oh ehf q~ttlcnq a~zznhv vo v`n v `n jeqn oi V1 V1 aohf~avq ) eavq eq e a~zznhv qchk vo fcqaèzmn loef AL vo}ezfq 4Y Yo~v iellq vo 4Y+ YANqev (oi V1# Hovn7 YANqev (oi V1# cq qev~zevcoh Yolvemn izob V1 aollnavoz ao llnavoz vo nbcvvnz 

Fcmc Fc mcvv el YLQC YLQC Fnqcmh, Fnqcmh, NAN Fntv Fntv(Q (QNV,G^(

Temn Temn 5



V1 ) V6 tznqnhv lo} cbtnfehanq }`nh v~zhnf oh chvo qev~zevcoh ) loef AL }cll jn aèzmnf oz fcqaèzmnf zetcfls



O~vt~v lomca lnynlq }cll jn moof ) }cll jn aloqn vo zecl yolvemnq qchan YANqev cq u~cvn qbell ) YJN  4=Y V`nzniozn, chynzvnz èq `cm` hocqn ho cqn bezmchq



Chynzvnz èq `cm` cht~v cbtnfehan, cn, BOQ mevn cht~v



Chynzvnz èq lo} o~vt~v cbtnfehan



Chynzvnz èq `cm` fzcyn aetejclcvs j~v oaa~tcnq e znlevcynls qbell ezne



@o}nynz, v`cq cq hov e moof ezzehmnbnhv vo cbtlnbnhv qchan ho fcqaèzmn tev` npcqvq ioz a~zznhv izob v`n jeqn oi ncv`nz jctolez vzehqcqvoz }`nh cv cq jnchm v~zhnf oii, cn,



}`nh Ych2Yff,V: cq oii ehf ho aohf~avchm tev` vo v`n jeqn oi V6 npcqvq



}`nh Ych24, V5 cq cq oii ehf ho aohf~avchm aohf~avchm tev` vo v`n jeqn oi V1 npcqvq



V`cq }cll qlo} fo}h v`n eavcoh oi v`n acza~c a cza~cvv



V`n cbtnfehanq W 5 ehf W : ezn hnanqqezs vo znboyn v`n jeqn aèzmn oi v`n jctolez vzehqcqvozq }`nh v`ns ezn jnchm v~zhnf oii Ioz chqvehan, f~zchm e `cm`"vo"lo} vzehqcvcoh oh v`n cht~v, V : v~zhq oii iczqv Vo v~zh oii V6, cvq jeqn aèzmn èq vo jn znboynf V`cq èttnhq v`zo~m` W 5 5 Effchm v`nqn znqcqvozq hov ohls znf~anq v`n vzehqcvcoh vcbnq, j~v elqo èq e toqcvcyn niinav oh v`n to}nz aohq~btvcoh V`nzn npcqvq e qòzv tnzcof f~zchm v`n vzehqcvcoh }`nh jov` V1 ehf V6 ezn oh qcb~lvehno~qls, v`~q aznevchm e vnbtozezs a~zznhv tev` jnv}nnh

YFF

ehf

MHF

V`n znq~lvchm a~zznhv qtckn aeh jn lezmn ehf èq e

fnvzcbnhvel niinav oh jov` v`n to}nz aohq~btvcoh ehf v`n q~ttls hocqn V`nzniozn, v~zhchm oii v`n fnycanq eq ieqv eq toqqcjl to qqcjlnn cq oi ~vboqv ~v boqv cbtozvehan V`n aohynhvcohel JcAB cAB OQChynzvnz hynzv nz  V}o effcvcohel nhèhanbnhv"vstn hBOQ fnycanq èyn jnnh effnf (V> ehf V9#  V`nqn vzehqcqvozq tzoycfn fcqaèzmn tev`q ioz vzehqcqvoz jeqn a~zznhvq f~zchm v~zh"oii ]cvò~v V>, v`n o~vt~v lo} yolvemn aehhov iell jnlo} v`n jeqn vo nbcvvnz yolvemn YJN oi V1

Ych 2 4 7 V5 cq cq oii V`nzniozn V1 cq cq hoh"aohf~avchm hoh"aohf~avchm V: OH " q~ttlcnq a~zznhv vo jeqn oi o i V6 V6 jeqn yolvemn qnv vo Yff V> cq v~zhnf oh ) alebtq a lebtq jeqn oi V1 vo MHF V1 cq v~zhnf oii 


Temn Temn :

V6 aohf~avq ) eavq eq a~zznhv qo~zan vo aèzmn loef AL vo}ezfq Yff Yo~v zcqnq vo Yff " Yjn (oi V6# Ych 2 Yff 7 V: cq oii V5 cq oh ehf q~ttlcnq a~zznhv vo v`n v `n jeqn oi V1 V9 cq v~zhnf oh ehf alebtq a lebtq v`n jeqn oi V6 vo MHF V6 cq v~zhnf oii V1 aohf~avq ) eavq eq e a~zznhv qchk vo fcqaèzmn loef AL vo}ezfq 4Y Yo~v iellq vo 4Y+ YANqev (oi V1# 

Emech, v`cq JcABOQ mevn fonq hov q}chm zecl vo zecl @nhan qobn ichcvn to}nz cq fcqqctevnf }`nh fzcychm ehov`nz ABOQ oz JcABOQ mevn V`n lnekemn aobtohnhv oi to}nz fcqqctevcoh aeh jn znf~anf js yezschm v`n JcABOQ fnycan tezebnvnzq

Efyehvemn7 

JcABOQ fnycanq oiinz behs efyehvemnq }`nzn `cm` loef a~zznhv qchkchm ehf qo~zachm cq znu~cznf

V`n `cm`

a~zznhv mech

oi v`n HTH vzehqcqvoz mznevls cbtzoynq v`n o~vt~v

fzcyn aetejclcvs oi e aohynhvcohel aohynhv cohel ABOQ fnycan 

Cv iollo}q vèv

JcABOQ vna`holoms

monq qobn }es vo}ezfq aobjchchm v`n yczv~nq oi

jov` ABOQ ehf Jctolez vna`holomcnq Fcmc Fc mcvv el YLQC YLQC Fnqcmh, Fnqcmh, NAN Fntv Fntv(Q (QNV,G^(

Temn Temn 1



Fnqcmh ~qnq ABOQ mevnq elohm }cv` jctolez vovnb"toln qvemn }`nzn

fzcychm oi `cm`

aeteacvehan loefq cq znu~cznf 

Cbtzoynf qtnnf oynz

t~znls"ABOQ vna`holoms



Lo}nz to}nz fcqqctevcoh

vèh t~znls"jctolez t~znls"jctolez vna`holoms (qcbtlcischm teakemchm ehf

joezf znu~cznbnhvq# 

Ilnpcjln

JcABOQ

C/Oq

vna`holoms

(cn, cq

VVL, }nll

q~cvnf

ABOQ ioz

C/O

oz chvnhqcyn

NAL#

‑

ettlcaevcohq

NAL, VVL ehf ABOQ cht~v ehf o~vt~v lnynlq aeh neqcls jn mnhnzevnf }cv` ho qtnnf oz vzeakchm aohqnu~nhanq 

Lezmn acza~cvq aeh cbtoqn qnynzn tnziozbehan tnhelvcnq f~n vo qcb~lvehno~qls q}cva`chm hocqn, chvnzhel aloak qkn}q

ehf `cm`

hofel aeteacvehanq ch azcvcael tev`q " JcABOQ

èq fnbohqvzevnf q~tnzcozcvs oynz ABOQ ch ell oi v`nqn ieavozq 

@cm` tnziozbehan ehelom~n



Leva`~t cbb~hcvs

Bech fcqefyehvemn7 

Mznevnz tzoanqq aobtlnpcvs aobteznf vo ABOQ



Znq~lvq ch e 5:>  56 vcbnq chazneqn ch fcn aoqvq oynz aohynhvcohel ABOQ Vekchm chvo eaao~hv teakemchm aoqvq, v`n vovel beh~ieav~zchm aoqvq oi q~ttlschm e JcABOQ a`ct zehmnq izob 55 51 vcbnq vèv oi ABOQ


Temn Temn 6

ABOQ Tzoanqqchm Vna`holoms

ABOQ tzoanqqchm qvntq aeh jn jzoefls fcycfnf chvo v}o tezvq Vzehqcqvozq ezn iozbnf ch v`n

Izohv"Nhf"oi"Lchn

(INOL# tèqn, }`cln }cznq ezn j~clv ch v`n Jeak"Nhf"oi"Lchn (JNOL#

tèqn V`cq qnavcoh npebchnq v`n qvntq ~qnf v`zo~m` v `zo~m` jov` tèqnq oi v`n beh~ieav~zchm tzoanqq ]einz Iozbevcoh

V`n jeqca ze} bevnzcel ~qnf ch ABOQ iejq cq e

}einz oz

fcqk oi qclcaoh, zo~m`ls => bb vo 144

bb ch fcebnvnz ehf lnqq vèh 5 bb v`cak ]einzq ezn a~v izob

jo~lnq,

aslchfzcael chmovq oi

qchmln"azsqvel qclcaoh vèv èyn jnnh t~llnf izob e az~acjln oi t~zn bolvnh qclcaoh V`cq cq kho}h eq v`n

Awoa`zelqkc bnvòf

ehf cq a~zznhvls v`n boqv aobboh bnvòf ioz tzof~achm qchmln"

azsqvel bevnzcel

Tòvolcvòmzet`s

V`n znmcohq oi fotehvq, tolsqclcaoh, bnvel, ehf aohveavq ezn fnichnf ~qchm beqkq Ioz chqvehan, ch tleanq aoynznf js v`n beqk, coh cbtlehvevcoh bcm`v hov oaa~z oz v`n fcnlnavzca oz bnvel lesnz bcm`v jn lniv chveav Ch ezneq }`nzn v`n beqk cq ejqnhv, v`n cbtlehvevcoh aeh oaa~z, oz


Temn Temn >

fcnlnavzca oz bnvel ao~lf jn nva`nf e}es V`n tevvnzhchm cq ea`cnynf js e tzoanqq aellnf tòvolcvòmzet`s

V`n tzcbezs bnvòf ioz fnichchm ezneq oi chvnznqv (cn, }`nzn }n }ehv bevnzcel vo jn tznqnhv oz ejqnhv# oh e }einz cq js v`n ~qn oi tòvoznqcqvq V`n }einz cq aoevnf }cv` v`n Tòvoznqcqv ehf q~jgnavnf vo qnlnavcyn cll~bchevcoh v`zo~m` v`n tòvobeqk  E tòvobeqk cq aohqvz~avnf }cv` a`zobc~b (a`zobn# aoynznf u~ezvw mleqq E ^Y lcm`v qo~zan cq ~qnf vo nptoqn v`n Tòvoznqcqv Jnlo} Icm~zn cll~qvzevnq v`n lcvòmzet`s tzoanqq

V`n tòvobeqk èq a`zobn }`nzn lcm`v qò~lf jn jloaknf V`n ^Y lcm`v iloofq v`n beqk izob v`n jeakqcfn ehf teqqnq v`zo~m` v`n alnez qnavcohq oi v`n beqk vo nptoqn v`n ozmehca Tòvoznqcqv (TZ# vèv èq jnnh aoevnf oh v`n }einz E fnynlotnz qolynhv cq v`nh ~qnf vo fcqqolyn v`n qol~jln nptoqnf oz ~hnptoqnf Tòvoznqcqv Tòvo znqcqv Qclcaoh Fcopcfn (QcO:# Opcfevcoh oi qclcaoh cq ea`cnynf js `nevchm `nev chm qclcaoh }einzq ch eh opcfcwchm evboqt`nzn

V`n iollo}chm ezn qobn aobb ao bboh oh ettzoea`nq7 ettzo ea`nq7 

]nv opcfevcoh‑‑}`nh

v`n opcfcwchm evboqt`nzn aohvechq }evnz yetoz V`n vnbtnzev~zn cq

~q~ells jnv}nnh 344 Á ehf 5444 Á V`cq cq elqo aellnf tszomnhca opcfevcoh }`nh e :75 bcpv~zn oi `sfzomnh ehf opsmnh o psmnh cq ~qnf ]nv opcfevcoh cq e zetcf zet cf tzoanqq Qc+:@:O  QcO:+:@: 

Fzs opcfevcoh‑‑}`nh

v`n opcfcwchm evboqt`nzn cq t~zn opsmnh Vnbtnzev~znq ezn ch v`n

znmcoh oi 5:44 Á vo ea`cnyn eh eaantvejln mzo}v` zevn Fzs opcfevcoh iozbq e jnvvnz u~elcvs opcfn vèh }nv opcfevcoh Cv cq ~qnf vo iozb v`ch, `cm`ls aohvzollnf mevn opcfnq, }`cln }nv opcfevcoh bes jn ~qnf vo v o iozb v`cak icnlf opcfnq Fcmc Fc mcvv el YLQC YLQC Fnqcmh, Fnqcmh, NAN Fntv Fntv(Q (QNV,G^(

Temn Temn 9

Qc+O:  QcO: ABOQ VNA@HOLOMCNQ

ABOQ tzoycfnq eh ch`nznhvls lo} to}nz to }nz qvevca acza~cv vna`holoms vèv èq v`n aetejclcvs

oi tzoycfchm e lo}nz"fnles tzof~av vèh ao btezejln fnqcmh"z~ln hBOQ oz tBOQ vna`holomcnq V`n io~z fobchehv ABOQ vna`holomcnq vna`ho lomcnq ezn7 

h"}nll tzoanqq



T"}nll tzoanqq



v}ch"v~j tzoanqq



Qclcaoh oh Chq~levoz tzoanqq

V`n h"}nll tzoanqq

E aobboh ettzoea` vo h"}nll ABOQ iejzcaevcoh cq vo qvezv }cv` bofnzevnls fotnf t" vstn q~jqvzevn (}einz#, aznevn v`n h"vstn }nll ioz v`n t"aèhhnl fnycanq, ehf j~clf v`n h"aèhhnl vzehqcqvoz ch v`n hevcyn t"q~jqvzevn V`n tzoanqqchm qvntq ezn, Hovn7 (@nzn C èyn hov bnhvcohnf oz fze}h ehs Beqk lesnz f~zchm v`cq tzoanqqchm j~v ch npeb so~ èyn vo bnhvcoh# Qvnt57  

Tzoanqq qvezvq }cv` e bofnzevnls fotnf (54 5> ab"1# t"vstn q~jqvzevn (}einz# Eh chcvcel opcfn lesnz cq mzo}h oh o h v`n nhvczn q~ziean (jezzcnz opcfn#

Icnlf Opcfn

Qvnt:7 H"]nll beqk " fnichnq v`n h"]nll znmcohq • Tevvnzh v`n opcfn Cbtlehv h"vstn cbt~zcvs evobq (tòqtòz~q# " 54 59ab"1 • • Fzcyn"ch v`n cbt~zcvcnq (ynzvcael j~v elqo levnzel znfcqvzcj~vcoh znfcqvzcj~vcoh " lcbcvq v`n fnhqcvs #


Temn Temn =

Beqk

Qvnt17 •

•

Eavcyn ezne beqk " fnichn v`n znmcohq ch }`ca` BOQ fnycanq }cll jn aznevnf LOAOQ tzoanqq vo cqolevn HBOQ ehf TBOQ vzehqcqvozq

•

Mzo} mevn opcfn (fzs opcfevcoh# " ohls ch v`n otnh ezne oi eavcyn znmcoh

V`ch opcfn oi >44Î

Qvnt67 • • •

Tolsqclcaoh beqk " fnichn v`n mevnq oi v`n BOQ vzehqcqvozq Tolsqclcaoh Tolsqclc aoh cq fntoqcvnf oynz v`n nhvczn }einz (AYF tzoanqq# ehf fotnf (vstcaells h"vstn# Tevvnzh v`n tolsqclcaoh tolsqclc aoh ch v`n fzs (tleqbe# nva`chm tzoanqq

•

Nva` v`n mevn opcfn

Qvnt>7


Temn Temn 0

• • • •

h"Qnlnav beqk " fnichn v`n h+ qo~zan/fzech znmcohq oi HBOQ vzehqcqvozq v zehqcqvozq

Fnichn eh o`bca aohveav vo v`n h"}nll

Cbtlehv h"vstn cbt~zcvs evobq (ezqnhca#

Tolsqclcaoh lesnz tzovnavq vzehqcqvoz aèhhnl znmcohq izob v`n ezqnhca fotehv

Qvnt97 • • •

Aobtlnbnhv oi v`n h"qnlnav beqk " fnichn v`n t + qo~zan/fzech znmcohq oi TBOQ vzehqcqvozq Fnichn v`n o`bca aohveavq vo v`n q~jqvzevn Cbtlehv t"vstn cbt~zcvs evobq (jozoh#

•

Tolcqclcaoh lesnz tzovnavq vzehqcqvoz aèhhnl znmcohq izob v`n jozoh fotehv

Qvnt=7 • • • • • • •

Ch v`n h"}nll v}o t + ehf ohn h + znmcohq ezn aznevnf Eivnz qo~zan/fzech cbtlehvevcoh e qòzv v`nzbel tzoanqq cq tnziozbnf (ehhnelchm#7 bofnzevn vnbtnzev~zn fzcyn v`n cbt~zcvcnq cbt~zcvcn q fnntnz chvo v`n q~jqvzevn zntecz qobn oi v`n azsqvel qvz~av~zn febemn levnzel fcii~qcoh ~hfnz v`n mevn7 oynzlet aeteacvehanq Hnpv v`n QcO : chq~levnf lesnz cq fntoqcvnf oynz v`n nhvczn }einz ezne ~qchm e AYF vna`hcu~n

•

V`n q~ziean jnaobnq hohtlehez7 cbteav oh v`n bnvel fntoqcvcoh qvnt


Temn Temn 3

Qvnt07 •

Aohveav beqk " fnichn v`n aohveav a~vq ch v`n chq~levchm lesnz

•

Aohveavq vo tolsqclcaoh b~qv jn befn o~vqcfn v`n mevn znmcoh (eyocf bnvel qtcknq v`zo~m`v`n tols ehf v`n v`ch mevn opcfn#

Qvnt37 • •

Bnvellcwevcoh beqk " fnichn v`n chvnzaohhnavcoh tevvnzh El~bch~b El~bch~ b cq fntoqcvnf oynz v`n nhvczn }einz (nyetozevcoh# ehf qnlnavcynls qnlnavcynl s nva`nf

• V`n qvnt aoynzemn ch v`cq tzoanqq cq boqv azcvcael (hohtlehezcvs oi v`n }einz q~ziean# •

V`n T"}nll tzoanqq


Temn Temn 54

V`n v}ch"v~j tzoanqq7 V}ch"v~j ABOQ vna`holoms tzoycfnq v`n jeqcq ioz qntezevn otvcbcwevcoh oi v`n t"vstn ehf h"vstn vzehqcqvozq, v`~q bekchm cv toqqcjln ioz v`znqòlf yolvemn, jofs niinav, ehf v`n mech eqqoacevnf }cv` h"ehf t"fnycanq vo jn chfntnhfnhvls otvcbcwnf Mnhnzells v`n qvezvchm bevnzcel cq ncv`nz eh h+ oz t+ q~jqvzevn }cv` e lcm`vls fotnf ntcvepcel oz ntc lesnz, }`ca` cq ~qnf ioz tzovnavcoh emechqv leva`"~t V`n ecb oi ntcveps cq vo mzo} `cm` t~zcvs qclcaoh lesnzq oi aohvzollnf v`cakhnqq }cv` eaa~zevnls fnvnzbchnf fotehv aohanhvzevcohq fcqvzcj~vnf òbomnhno~qls v`zo~mò~v v`n lesnz V`n nlnavzcael tzotnzvcnq ioz v`cq lesnz ezn fnvnzbchnf js v`n fotehv ehf cvq aohanhvzevcoh ch v`n qclcaoh V`n tzoanqq qnu~nhan, }`ca` cq qcbclez vo v`n t"}nll tzoanqq etezv izob v`n v~j iozbevcoh }`nzn jov` t"}nll t "}nll ehf h"}nll ezn ~vclcwnf V`n iollo}chm qvntq 

V~j iozbevcoh



V`ch opcfn nva`chm



Qo~zan ehf fzech cbtlehvevcohq


Temn Temn 55



Aohveav a~v fnichcvcoh



Bnvellcwevcoh Qchan v`cq tzoanqq tzoycfnq qntezevnls otvcbcwnf }nllq, jnvvnz tnziozbehan h"vzehqcqvozq (lo}nz aeteacvehan, lnqq jofs niinav# bes jn aohqvz~avnf }`nh aobteznf }cv` e aohynhvcohel t"}nll tzoanqq Qcbclezls v`n t"vzehqcqvozq bes jn otvcbcwnf V`n ~qn oi v`znqòlf efg~qv qvntq cq chal~fnf ch v`cq tzoanqq

Ilo} fcemzeb oi v}ch"v~j tzoanqq


Temn Temn 5:


Temn Temn 51

Qclcaoh oh chq~levoz tzoanqq7 Qclcaoh oh chq~levoz (QOC# ABOQ tzoanqqnq èq qnynzel tovnhvcel efyehvemnq q~a` eq `cm`nz fnhqcvs, ho leva`"~t tzojlnbq, ehf lo}nz tezeqcvca aeteacvehanq Ch v`n QOC tzoanqq e v`ch lesnz oi qchmln azsqvel qclcaoh iclb cq ntcvepcel mzo}h oh eh chq~levoz q~a` eq qett`czn oz bemhnqc~b el~bchevn qtchnl V`n qvntq chyolynq ezn7 5# E v`ch iclb (="0 μb# oi ynzs lcm`vls fotnf h"vstn Qc cq mzo}h oynz eh chq~levoz Qett`czn cq e aobbohls ~qnf chq~levoz :# Eh ehcqovzotca nva` cq ~qnf vo nva` e}es e}e s v`n Qc npantv }`nzn e fcii~qcoh ezne }cll jn hnnfnf 1# V`n t"cqlehfq ezn iozbnf hnpv js beqkchm v`n h"cqlehfq }cv` e tòvoznqcqv E t"vstn fotehv (jozoh# cq v`nh cbtlehvnf Cv cq beqknf js v`n tòvoznqcqv ehf ev v`n ~hbeqknf cqlehfq V`n t" cqlehfq }cll jnaobn v`n h"aèhhnl fnycanq 6# V`n t"cqlehfq ezn v`nh aoynznf }cv` e tòvoznqcqv ehf eh h"vstn fotehv, tòqtòz~q, cq cbtlehvnf vo iozb v`n h"cqlehfq V`n h"cqlehfq }cll jnaobn jnao bn v`n t"aèhhnl fnycanq ># E v`ch mevn opcfn (>44"944Î# cq mzo}h oynz ell oi v`n Qc qvz~av~znq V`cq cq hozbells fohn js v`nzbel opcfevcoh 9# E tolsqclcaoh iclb cq fntoqcvnf oynz v`n opcfn =# V`n tolsqclcaoh cq v`nh tevvnzhnf js tòvobeqkchm ehf cq nva`nf V`cq fnichnq v`n tolsqclcaoh lesnz ch v`n qvz~av~zn 0# V`n hnpv qvnt cq vo iozb v`n h"fotnf qo~zan ehf fzech oi v`n h"aèhhnl fnycanq ch v`n t" cqlehfq V`n h"cqlehf cq aoynznf }cv` e tòvoznqcqv ehf eh h"vstn fotehv (tòqtòz~q# cq cbtlehvnf 3# V`n t"aèhhnl fnycanq ezn iozbnf hnpv js beqkchm v`n t"cqlehfq ehf cbtlehvchm e t"vstn fotehv V`n tolsqclcaoh oynz v`n mevn oi v`n h"cqlehfq }cll jloak v`n fotehv izob v`n mevn, v`~q iozbchm v`n t"aèhhnl fnycanq 54# E lesnz oi tòqtòz~q mleqq cq fntoqcvnf oynz v`n nhvczn qvz~av~zn V`n mleqq cq nva`nf ev aohveav a~v loaevcohq V`n bnvellcwevcoh lesnz cq iozbnf E ichel teqqcyevcoh lesnz oi e tòqtòz~q mleqq cq fntoqcvnf ehf nva`nf oynz o ynz johfchm tef loaevcohq

V`n efyehvemnq oi QOC vna`holoms ezn7


Temn Temn 56

F~n

vo v`n ejqnhan oi }nllq, fnhqnz qvz~av~znq vèh j~lk qclcaoh aeh jn ojvechnf

Lo}

aeteacvehanq tzoycfn v`n jeqcq oi ynzs ieqv acza~cvq

Ho

icnlf"chynzqcoh tzojlnbq npcqv

Ho

leva`"~t f~n vo cqolevcoh oi h" ehf t" vzehqcqvozq js chq~levchm q~jqvzevn

Eq

v`nzn cq ho aohf~avchm q~jqvzevn; v`nzn ezn ho jofs niinav tzojlnbq

Nhèhanf

zefcevcoh volnzehan

J~v v`n fze}jeak cq f~n vo ejqnhan oi q~jqvzevn fcofnq, v`n cht~vq ezn fciica~lv vo tzovnav Eq fnycan mechq ezn lo}nz, C/O qvz~av~znq èyn vo jn lezmnz Qchmln azsqvel qett`cznq ezn bozn nptnhqcyn vèh qclcaoh ehf tzoanqqchm vna`hcu~nq vnhf vo jn lnqq fnynlotnf vèh j~lk qclcaoh vna`hcu~nq


Temn Temn 5>

ABOQ Tzoanqq Nhèhanbnhvq Hovn7(Ch v`cq votca g~qv kho} v`cq ehf ci u~nqvcoh eqknf ch npeb np eb g~qv `nef lchnq ezn nho~m`# e#

^qchm B~lvctln V`znqòlf Yolvemnq ehf Opcfn V`cakhnqqnq

j#

Qclcaoh oh Chq~levoz (QOC#

a# ^qchm @cm`"k Mevn Fcnlnavzcaq 

BOQ vzehqcqvozq hnnf `cm` mevn aeteacvehan vo evvzeav aèzmn vo v`n aèhhnl V`cq lnefq vo ynzs v`ch QcO: mevn fcnlnavzcaq (nm, 54>‑5: Î, bnznls io~z evobca lesnzq, ch e 9> hb tzoanqq#



Mevn lnekemn chazneqnq ~heaantvejls jnlo} v`nqn v`cakhnqqnq, }`ca` jzchmq eh nhf vo aleqqcael qaelchm



Qcbtln QcO: èq e fcnlnavzca aohqvehv oi k 2 13, qo mevnq ao~lf ~qn v`caknz fcnlnavzcaq ehf `nhan lnek lnqq ci e bevnzcel }cv` }cv` e `cm`nz fcnlnavzca aohqvehv ezn eyeclejln



Npebtln, @eihc~b opcfn (@iO:# èq k :4

f# ^qchm @cm`nz Bojclcvs 

Chazneqchm v`n bojclcvs (~# oi v`n qnbcaohf~avoz cbtzoynq fzcyn a~zznhv ehf vzehqcqvoz qtnnf Ohn }es vo cbtzoyn v`n bojclcvs cq vo chvzof~an bnaèhcael qvzech ch v`n aèhhnl V`cq cq aellnf qvzechnf qclcaoh

n# ^qchm Tleqvca Vzehqcqvozq 

BOQ vzehqcqvozq aeh jn iejzcaevnf }cv` ozmehca a`nbcaelq V`nqn vzehqcqvozq qò} tzobcqn ch eavcyn bevzcp fcqtlesq, ilnpcjln nlnavzohca tetnz, ehf zefco"iznu~nhas CF vemq jnae~qn v`n fnycanq aeh jn beh~ieav~znf izob eh chnptnhqcyn a`nbcael qol~vcoh

i# ^qchm @cm`"Yolvemn Vzehqcqvozq 

@cm`"yolvemn BOQINVq aeh elqo jn chvnmzevnf ohvo aohynhvcohel ABOQ tzoanqqnq ioz q}cva`chm ehf `cm`"to}nz ettlcaevcohq Mevn opcfn v`cakhnqq ehf aèhhnl lnhmv` èyn vo jn lezmnz vèh ~q~el vo tznynhv jznekfo}h

m# Chvnzaohhnav 

Chvnzaohhnav èq efyehanf zetcfls ]`cln v}o oz v`znn bnvel lesnzq }nzn ohan v`n hozb, ABT èq nhejlnf chnptnhqcyn tzoanqqnq vo chal~fn qnynh oz bozn lesnzq Aottnz bnvel ehf lo}"k fcnlnavzcaq ezn elboqv ~hcynzqel vo znf~an v`n znqcqvehan ehf aeteacvehan oi v`nqn }cznq


Temn Temn 59

c

Aottnz Febeqanhn Tzoanqq

]`cln el~bch~b }eq lohm v`n chvnzaohhnav bnvel oi

aòcan; aottnz èq lezmnls q~tnzqnfnf cv ch hehobnvnz tzoanqqnq V`cq cq tzcbezcls f~n vo v`n `cm`nz aohf~avcycvs oi aottnz aobteznf vo el~bch~b  

Aottnz evobq fcii~qn chvo v`n qclcaoh ehf fcnlnavzcaq, f cnlnavzcaq, fnqvzoschm vzehqcqvozq vzehqcqvozq V`n tzoanqqchm znu~cznf vo nva` aottnz }cznq cq vzcaks



Aottnz opcfn iozbq znefcls ehf chvnzinznq }cv` moof aohveavq



Aezn èq vo jn veknh hov vo chvzof~an aottnz chvo v`n nhyczohbnhv eq e toll~vehv



Jezzcnz lesnzq èyn vo jn ~qnf vo tznynhv v`n aottnz izob nhvnzchm v`n qclcaoh q~ziean E hn} bnvellcwevcoh tzoanf~zn aellnf v`n febeqanhn tzoanqq }eq chynhvnf vo iozb v`cq jezzcnz

cc

Lo}"k Fcnlnavzcaq

QcO: èq e fcnlnavzca aohqvehv oi k 2 13‑6: Lo}"k fcnlnavzcaq

jnv}nnh }cznq ezn evvzeavcyn jnae~qn v`ns fnazneqn v`n }czn aeteacvehan V`cq znf~anq }czn fnles, hocqn, ehf to}nz aohq~btvcoh LESO^V FNQCMH Z^LNQ

Fnqcmh z~lnq chal~fn }cfv` z~lnq ehf qteachm z~lnq Bnef ehf Aoh}es fnynlotnf e qnv oi qcbtlcicnf qaelejln λ "jeqnf fnqcmh z~lnq, }`ca` ezn yelcf ioz e zehmn oi iejzcaevcoh vna`holomcnq Ch v`nqn z~lnq, v`n bchcb~b inev~zn qcwn oi e vna`holoms cq aèzeavnzcwnf eq : λ Ell }cfv` ehf qteachm z~lnq ezn qtnacicnf ch vnzbq oi v`n tezebnvnz λ q~ttoqn }n èyn fnqcmh z~lnq vèv aell ioz e bchcb~b }cfv` oi :λ, ehf e bchcb~b qteachm oi 1λ Ci }n qnlnav e : ~b vna`holoms (cn, λ2 5 ~b#, v`n ejoyn z~lnq z~ lnq ezn vzehqlevnf vo e bchcb~b }cfv` oi : ~b ~ b ehf e bchcb~b qteachm oi 1 ~b ~ b Oh v`n ov`nz èhf, ci e 5 ~b vna`holoms (cn, λ2 4> ~b# cq qnlnavnf, v`nh v`n qebn }cfv` ehf qteachm z~lnq ezn ho} qtnacicnf eq 5 ~b ehf 5> ~b, znqtnavcynls LEBJFE Z^LN (λ25~b#

LESNZ

TOLS

EAVCYN


VSTN OI Z^LN

YEL^N

Bchcb~b Qteachm

:λ

Bchcb~b ]cfv`

:λ

Bchcb~b Qteachm

1λ

Bchcb~b ]cfv`

1λ

Temn Temn 5=

HQNLNAV/

Bchcb~b Qteachm

1λ

TQNLNAV

Bchcb~b ]cfv`

1λ

Bchcb~b Qteachm

1λ

Bchcb~b ]cfv`

1λ

BNVEL5

c

TOLS

Bchcb~b Qteachm

:λ

Bchcb~b ]cfv`

:λ

:λ

:λ

:λ cc

ccc

EAVCYN

Bchcb~b Qteachm

1λ

Bchcb~b ]cfv`

1λ

BNVEL5

Bchcb~b Qteachm

1λ

Bchcb~b ]cfv`

1λ


Temn Temn 50

1λ

1λ

1λ

cy

H]NLL Bchcb~b Qteachm

9λ

Bchcb~b ]cfv`

54λ

Bchcb~b Qteachm jnv}nnh fciinznhv lesnzq

c

TOLS vo EAVCYN  5λ


Temn Temn 53

J~vvchm aohveav7

V`n lesnzq ezn j~vvnf vomnv`nz ch q~a` e }es v`n v}o aohveav a~vq jnaobn

aohvcm~o~q Bnvellcwevcoh cq ~qnf vo nqvejlcq` v`n aohveav jnv}nnh tols ehf fcii~qcoh ]n aeh jnvvnz ~hfnz v`n j~vvchm aohveav izob icm~zn

Tols Bnvel5

J~zcnf aohveav7 V`n aohveav a~v cq befn fo}h nea` lesnz vo jn gochnf ehf cv cq qò}h ch icm~zn


Temn Temn :4

BOQINV LESO^V Z^LNQ

Z^LN TOLS Oynzlet

Bnehchm Bchcb~b Npvnhqcoh oynz EAVCYN

YEL^N :λ

TOLS"EAVCYN

Bchcb~b Qteachm

5λ

BOQINV ]cfv`

Bchcb~b H+/T+ BOQINV (]#

1λ

EAVCYN AOHVEAV

Npeav Qcwn

:λ p :λ

Bchcb~b Qtean vo Eavcyn Nfmn

:λ

Npeav Qcwn

:λ p :λ

TOLS AOHVEAV

Bchcb~b Qtean vo Eavcyn Nfmn


:λ

Temn Temn :5

QA@NBEVCA EHF LESO^V OI JEQCA MEVNQ ~qchm ABOQ Lomca (Hovn7 @nzn C èyn hov aohqcfnz ehs fnqcmh Z~ln }`cln fze}chm Leso~v ehf elqo C lniv l niv o~v J~lk/Jofs vnzbchel ch Leso~v# 5 CHYNZVNZ


Temn Temn ::

:


Temn Temn :1

Cbtlnbnhv v`n iollo}chm iollo}chm ~qchm ABOQ lomca lomca }cv` bchcb~b h~bjnz oi vzehqcqvoz ehf elqo fze} Leso~v 1 6 > :" CHT^V HEHF 9 :" CHT^V HOZ


Temn Temn :6

Leva` ~t ch J~lk ABOQ

E jstzof~av oi v`n J~lk ABOQ qvz~av~zn cq e tecz oi tezeqcvca jctolez vzehqcqvozq V`n aollnavoz oi nea` JGV cq aohhnavnf vo v`n jeqn oi v`n ov`nz vzehqcqvoz ch e toqcvcyn innfjeak qvz~av~zn E t`nhobnhoh aellnf leva` ~t Cv aeh oaa~z }`nh (5# Jov` JGV-q aohf~av, aznevchm e lo} znqcqvehan tev` jnv}nnh YFF ehf MHF (:# V`n tzof~av oi v`n mechq oi v`n v}o vzehqcqvozq ch v`n innfjeak loot, jnve5 p jnve:, cq mznevnz vèh ohn V`n znq~lv oi leva` ~t cq ev v`n bchcb~b e acza~cv beli~havcoh, ehf ch v`n }ozqv aeqn, v`n fnqvz~avcoh oi v`n fnycan

Azoqq qna qnavv coh oi tezeqcv tezeqcvca ca vzehqcq v zehqcqvv ozq ch ch J~lk ABOQ ABOQ


Temn Temn :>

Leva` ~t bes jnmch }`nh Yo~v fzotq jnlo} MHF f~n vo e hocqn qtckn oz eh cbtzotnz acza~cv òok~t (Yo~v cq v`n jeqn oi v`n levnzel HTH U:# Ci q~iicacnhv a~zznhv ilo}q v`zo~m` Zq~j vo v~zh oh U: (C Zq~j 8 4= Y#, v`cq }cll fze} a~zznhv v`zo~m` Z}nll Ci v`n yolvemn fzot eazoqq Z}nll cq `cm` nho~m`, U5 }cll elqo v~zh oh, ehf e qnli"q~qvechchm lo} znqcqvehan tev` jnv}nnh v`n to}nz zeclq cq iozbnf Ci v`n mechq ezn q~a` vèv jnve5 p jnve: 8 5, leva` ~t bes oaa~z Ohan leva` ~t èq jnm~h, v`n ohls }es vo qvot cv cq vo znf~an v`n a~zznhv jnlo} e azcvcael lnynl, ~q~ells js znboychm to}nz izob v`n acza~cv V`n boqv lcknls tlean ioz leva` ~t vo oaa~z cq ch tef fzcynzq, }`nzn lezmn yolvemn vzehqcnhvq ehf lezmn a~zznhvq ezn tznqnhv Tznynhvchm leva` ~t(Iej/Fnqcmh Ettzoea`nq#

5 Znf~an v`n mech tzof~av jnve5 p jnve: o

boyn h"}nll ehf h+ qo~zan/fzech iezv`nz etezv chazneqnq }cfv` oi v`n jeqn oi U: ehf znf~anq mech jnve: elqo znf~anq acza~cv acza~cv fnhqcvs

o

j~zcnf h+ lesnz ch }nll znf~anq mech jnve5 oi U5

: Znf~an v`n }nll ehf q~jqvzevn znqcqvehanq, tzof~achm lo}nz yolvemn fzotq o

`cm`nz q~jqvzevn fotchm lnynl znf~anq Zq~j

o

znf~an Z}nll js bekchm lo} znqcqvehan aohveav vo MHF

o

M~ezf zchmq ezo~hf t ehf/oz h"}nll, }cv` iznu~nhv aohveavq vo v`n zchmq, znf~anq v`n tezeqcvca znqcqvehanq


Temn Temn :9

Vna`holoms znlevnf AEF cqq~nq

V`n beqk fevejeqn cq v`n chvnziean jnv}nnh v`n qnbcaohf~avoz beh~ieav~znz ehf v`n a`ct fnqcmhnz V}o jeqca a`nakq èyn vo jn aobtlnvnf vo nhq~zn vèv v`cq fnqazctvcoh aeh jn v~zhnf chvo e }ozkchm a`ct 

Iczqv, v`n qtnacicnf mnobnvzca fnqcmh z~lnq b~qv jn ojnsnf ojn snf



Qnaohf, v`n chvnzznlevcohq`ct oi v`n beqkq b~qv, ~toh teqqchm v`zo~m` v`n beh~ieav~zchm tzoanqq, tzof~an v`n aozznav chvnzaohhnavnf qnv o i acza~cv acza~cv nlnbnhvq



Vo a`nak v`nqn v}o znu~cznbnhvq, v}o jeqca AEF voolq ezn znu~cznf7 e Fnqcmh Z~ln A`nak (FZA#

tzomzeb ehf e beqk acza~cv npvzeavcoh tzomzeb

e Fnqcmh Z~ln A`nakchm (FZA#

Elvò~m` }n aeh fnqcmh v`n t`sqcael leso~v ch e anzvech qnv oi beqk lesnzq, v`n eav~el beqkq ~qnf ch iejzcaevcoh aeh jn fnzcynf izob v`n ozcmchel qtnacicaevcoh Qcbclezls, }`nh }n }ehv e tzomzeb vo fnvnzbchn }èv }n èyn fnqcmhnf js npebchchm v`n chvnzznlevcohq`ct oi v`n yezco~q beqk lesnzq, cv bes jn hnanqqezs vo fnvnzbchn yezco~q lomcael aobjchevcohq jnv}nnh beqkq j Acza~cv Npvzeavcoh

Ho} cbemchn vèv }n }ehv vo fnvnzbchn v`n nlnavzcael aohhnavcycvs oi e beqk fevejeqn Eh o~vt~v qvevnbnhv bcm`v v`nh jn ~qnf vo o~vt~v v`n npvzeavnf vzehqcqvozq ch qobn hnvlcqv iozbev V`n npvzeavnf hnvlcqv cq oivnh ~qnf vo aobtezn v`n leso~v emechqv v`n chvnhfnf qa`nbevca, Tzn ynzq~q Toqv

JEQCA ACZA^CV FNQCMH AOHANTVQ

]n èyn elznefs qnnh vèv BOQ qvz~av~znq ezn iozbnf js v`n q~tnz cbtoqcvcoh oi e h~bjnz aohf~avchm, chq~levchm ehf vzehqcqvoz iozbchm bevnzcel Ho} nea` oi v`nqn lesnzq èq v`ncz o}h aèzeavnzcqvcaq lckn aeteacvehan ehf znqcqvehanq V`nqn i~hfebnhvel aobtohnhvq ezn znu~cznf vo nqvcbevn v`n tnziozbehan oi v`n qsqvnb V`nqn lesnzq elqo èyn chf~avehan aèzeavnzcqvcaq vèv ezn cbtozvehv ioz C/O jnèycoz j~v ezn ~q~ells hnmlnavnf ioz oh a`ct fnycanq


Temn Temn :=

V`n cqq~nq oi tzobchnhan ezn 5 Znqcqvehan, aeteacvehan ehf chf~avehan aela~levcohq : Fnles nqvcbevcohq 1 Fnvnzbchevcoh oi aohf~avoz qcwn ioz to}nz ehf aloak fcqvzcj~vcoh 6 To}nz aohq~btvcoh > Aèzmn qèzchm 9 Fnqcmh bezmch = Znlcejclcvs 0 Scnlf

ZNQCQVE ZNQCQVEHAN HAN NQVCBEVC NQVCBEVCOH OH

Chvnmzevnf Acza~cv (CA# a`ctq aohvech behs vstnq oi bevnzcelq q~a` eq tolsqclcaoh, opcfn, yezco~q fcii~qcohq oi jeqca ABOQ vzehqcqvozq, ehf bnvel E tot~lez znqcqvoz bevnzcel cq tolsqclcaoh, elqo kho}h eq tols V`n aohantv oi q`nnv znqcqvehan cq jnchm ~qnf vo kho} v`n znqcqvcyn jnèycoz oi v`n lesnzq vèv mo chvo iozbevcoh oi v`n BOQ fnycan Lnv ~q aohqcfnz e ~hciozb qlej oi aohf~avchm bevnzcel oi v`n iollo}chm aèzeavnzcqvcaq


Temn Temn :0

Z " Znqcqvehan (o`bq# L " Lnhmv` ] "}cfv`

"q`nnv znqcqvcycvs (o`bq"tnz"qu~ezn#



 

]n kho} vèv v`n znqcqvehan cq mcynh js ZEJ2 L/E V`n ezne oi v`n qlej aohqcfnznf ejoyn cq mcynh js E2]v

ZEJ2 L/]v 



Ci v`n qlej cq aohqcfnznf eq e qu~ezn v`nh L2] v`nzniozn Z EJ2 /v }`c }`ca` a` cqcq aell aellnf eq q` q`nnv znqcqvehan zntznqnhvnf js ZqV`n ~hcv oi q`nnv znqcqvehan cq o`b tnz qu~ezn Cv cq vo jn hovnf vèv v èv Zq cq chfntnhfnhv oi v`n ezne oi v`n qlej q lej @nhan }n aeh aohal~fn ao hal~fn vèv e 5~b tnz qcfn qu~ezn èq v`n v `n qebn znqcqvehan eq vèv oi o i 5ab tnz qcfn qu~ezn oi v`n qebn bevnzcel

Q@NNV ZNQCQVEHAN VEHANOI BOQ B OQ VZEHQCQ VZEHQCQVOZQ

:λ

:λ

V`n H vzehqcqvoz ejoyn cq iozbnf js e :λ }cfn tols ehf :λ h+ fcii~qcoh   

V`n L/] zevco cq 5 @nhan v`n v `n vzehqcqvoz cq e qu~ezn, V`nzniozn v`n znqcqvehan Z cq 5qupZq o`b/qu cn Z25p546 Ci L/] zevco cq 6 v`nh Z 2 6p546


Temn Temn :3



Ci cv cq e T vzehqcqvoz v`nh ioz L/] 25, v`n yel~n oi Z cq :>p54 6

AETEACVEHAN NQVCBEVCOH

Tezeqcvcaq aeteacvehanq ezn eqqoacevnf }cv` v`n BOQ fnycan f~n vo fciinznhv lesnzq vèv mo chvo cvq iozbevcoh Chvnzaohhnavcoh aeteacvehan aeh elqo jn iozbnf js v`n bnvel, fcii~qcoh ehf tolsqclcaoh ch effcvcoh }cv` v`n vzehqcqvoz ehf aohf~avoz znqcqvehan Ell v`nqn aeteacvehanq eav~ells fnichn v`n q}cva`chm qtnnf oi v`n BOQ fnycan ^hfnzqvehfchm v`n qo~zan oi tezeqcvcaq ehf v`ncz yezcevcoh jnaobnq e ynzs nqqnhvcel tezv oi v`n fnqcmh qtnacells }`nh qsqvnb tnziozbehan cq bneq~znf ch vnzbq oi v`n qtnnf V`n yezco~q aeteacvehanq vèv ezn eqqoacevnf }cv` v`n ABOQ fnycan fny can ezn 5# Mevn aeteacvehan " f~n vo ov`nz cht~vq aohhnavnf vo o~vt~v oi v`n fnycan :# Fcii~qcoh aeteacvehan " Fzech znmcohq aohhnavnf vo v`n v `n o~vt~v 1# Zo~vchm aeteacvehan" f~n vo aohhnavcohq jnv}nnh o~vt~v ehf ov`nz cht~vq BOQ Fnycan Aeteacvehan

V`n mevn vo aèhhnl aeteacvehan iozbnf f~n vo v`n v `n qco: qntezevcoh cq v`n boqv tzoio~hf oi v`n bnhvcohnf v`znn vstnq Cv cq fcznavls aohhnavnf vo v`n cht~v ehf v`n o~vt~v V`n ov`nz aeteacvehan lckn v`n bnvel, tols aeh jn nyel~evnf emechqv v`n q~jqvzevn V`n mevn aeteacvehan cq v`nzniozn qvehfezfcwnf qo eq vo nhejln vo boyn izob ohn vna`holoms vo v`n ov`nz aohynhcnhvls

V`n qvehfezf ~hcv cq fnhovnf js Am Cv zntznqnhvq v`n aeteacvehan jnv}nnh mevn vo aèhhnl }cv` ]2L2bch inev~zn qcwn @nzn cq e icm~zn qò}chm v`n fciinznhv aeteacvehanq vèv eff ~t vo mcyn v`n vovel mevn aeteacvehan Amf, Amq 2 mevn vo aèhhnl aeteacvehan l~btnf ev v`n qo~zan ehf fzech Aqj, Afj 2 qo~zan ehf fzech fcii~qcoh aeteacvehan vo q~jqvzevn Fcmc Fc mcvv el YLQC YLQC Fnqcmh, Fnqcmh, NAN Fntv Fntv(Q (QNV,G^(

Temn Temn 14

Amj 2 mevn vo j~lk aeteacvehan Vovel mevn aeteacvehan Am 2 Amf+Amq+Amj

Tezebnvnz A mj

Oii

Eavcyn

Qev~zevcoh

Ɣo E

4

4

Ɣo E : v op

:Ɣo E 1 v op

Ɣo E

4

v op

A mq

4

A mf

4

: v op

Av2 A mj+ A mq+ A mf

Ɣo E

Ɣo E

v op

v op

:Ɣo E 1 v op

Ezne Aeteacvehanq oi Lesnzq

V`n iejzcaevcoh tzoanqq cll~qvzevnq vèv v`n aohf~avchm lesnzq ezn etteznhvls qntezevnf izob v`n q~jqvzevn ehf ov`nz lesnzq js v`n chq~levchm lesnz lnefchm vo v`n iozbevcoh oi tezellnl aeteacvozq Qchan v`n qclcaoh fcopcfn cq v`n chq~levoz kho}chm cvq v`cakhnqq }n aeh aela~levn v`n aeteacvehan

Ɣ A2  Ɣo2 tnzbcvvcycvs oi iznn qtean"00>6p5456 i/ab Fcmc Fc mcvv el YLQC YLQC Fnqcmh, Fnqcmh, NAN Fntv Fntv(Q (QNV,G^(

Temn Temn 15

chq2

znlevcyn tnzbcvvcycvs oi qco :264

F2 v`cakhnqq oi v`n fcopcfn ch ab E 2 ezne oi v`n tlevn ch ab: Qvehfezf ~hcv oi Aeteacvehan

Am

Cv cq aohynhcnhv vo nbtlos e qvehfezf ~hcv oi aeteacvehan vèv aeh jn mcynh e yel~n ettzotzcevn vo v`n vna`holoms j~v aeh elqo jn ~qnf ch aela~levcohq }cvò~v eqqoacevchm cv }cv` eh ejqol~vn yel~n v`n ~hcv cq fnhovnf

Am ehf cq fnichnf v`n mevn"vo"aèhhnl aeteacvehan oi e BOQ

vzehqcqvoz èychm ]2L2inev~zn qcwn, vèv cq ,e ‐qvehfezf oz ‐inev~zn qcwn– oi qu~ezn Qchan v`n qvehfezf mevn aeteacvehan èq jnnh fnichnf, v`n ov`nz aeteacvehanq lckn tolsqclcaoh, bnvel, fcii~qcoh aeh jn nptznqqnf ch vnzbq oi v`n qebn qvehfezf ~hcvq qo vèv v`n vovel aeteacvehan aeh jn ojvechnf js qcbtls effchm ell v`n yel~nq Ch ozfnz vo nptznqq ch qvehfezf yel~nq v`n iollo}chm qvntq b~qv jn iollo}nf, ao hqcfnzevcoh znlevcyn vo vèv oi qvehfezf mevn cn6 (Qvehfezf 5 Aela~levn v`n ezneq oi ezne ~hfnz aohqcfnzevcoh mevn yezcnq eaaozfchm vo v`n vna`holoms# : B~lvctls v`n ojvechnf ezne js znlevcyn aeteacvehan yel~nq vej~levnf 1 V`cq mcynq v`n yel~n oi v`n aeteacvehan ch v`n qvehfezf ~hcv oi aeteacvehan 6 Zevco2 Znlevcyn ezne2

Am

     

> Aeteacvehan 2 Znlevcyn ezne oi Qnlnavnf lesnz P Znlevcyn Aeteacvehan oi Qnlnavnf lesnz Tzojlnbq C

E tezvca tezvc a~lez lesnz oi BOQ BOQacza~cv èq e znqcqvc znqcqvcycv ycvss  oi 5 o`b "ab V`n qnavcoh cq >>~b lohm, >~b }cfn ehf 5 ~b v`cak v `cak Aela~lev Aela~levnn v`n v`n znq znqcqv cqveha ehann ehf elqo ichf ichf Zq Zq Qol~vcoh7 ol~v coh7

Z2 ZqpL/ ZqpL/], ], Zq2  /v

Zq25p54": /5 / 5p54 p5492546o`b Z2 546p>>p54"9 />p / >p54 5492554k Fcmc Fc mcvv el YLQC YLQC Fnqcmh, Fnqcmh, NAN Fntv Fntv(Q (QNV,G^(

Temn Temn 1:

Ioz e >~ vna`holoms v`n ezne oi v`n bchcb~b qcwnf vzehqcqvoz cq >~P>~2:>~b : cn λ2:>~,

CC

`nhan, ezne oi bchcb~b qcwnf vzehqcqvoz ch lebjfe cq :λP :λ2 6λ: V`nzniozn ioz :~ oz 5:~ oz ehs ov`nz vna`holoms v`n ezne oi e bchcb~b qcwnf vzehqcqvoz ch lebjfe cq 6 λ:

Qol~vcoh7

V`n icm~zn ic m~zn ejoyn ejoyn qò}q qò}q v`n fcbnhqcohq fcbnhqcohq ehf ehf v`n v `n chvnzea chv nzeavv coh oi fciinznhv fci inznhv lesnzq, lesnzq, ioz nye nyel~evchm v`n vovel vov el aetea aeteacvcveha ehann znq z nq~lv ~lvchm chm qo V`znn `znn aetea aeteacvcveha ehann vo v o jn nyel~evnf Bnvel Bnv el Ab, Ab, tolsqclc tolsqclcaoh aoh At At ehf mevn aetea aeteacvcveha ehann Am Am 

Bnvel

Ezne oi bnvel 2 544λp1λ2144λ : Fcmc Fc mcvv el YLQC YLQC Fnqcmh, Fnqcmh, NAN Fntv Fntv(Q (QNV,G^(

Temn Temn 11

Ezne oi bchcb~b qcwnf vzehqcqvoz ch lebjfe cq :λP :λ2 6λ

Zevco2 Znlevcyn ezne2

:



  (  #   

144λ : / 6λ:2=> Znlevcyn nlev cyn ezne ezne 2144

Bnvel Aeteacvehan 2 Znlevcyn ezne oi Qnlnavnf lesnz (cn Bnve# P Znlevcyn Aeteacvehan oi bnvel Znlevcyn Aeteacvehan oi bnvel izob vejln244=> Ab2 => p44=>2>9:> 

Tolsqclcaoh

Ezne oi Tolsqclcaoh2 (6λp6λ+5λp:λ+:λP:λ#(npal~ (6λp6λ+5λp:λ+:λP:λ#(npal~fchm fchm Mevn znmcoh# zn mcoh# 2::λ

:

Znlevcyn nlevcyn ezne 2::λ : / 6λ:2>>

At2>>p4524>>



Mevn

Ezne oi Mevn2:λP:λ2 6λ: Znlevcyn ezne 26λ: /6λ:25(jnae~qn cv cq

e qv qv ehfezf ehfezf bch qcwn mev mev n#

Am25p525 Vovel ov el aeteacvehan aeteacv ehan Av 2A 2Ab+A b+At+A t+Am2>9:>+4>> m2>9:>+4>>+52=: +52=:

Q}cva`chm Aèzeavnzcqvcaq Aèzmchm ehf Fcqaèzmchm

V`n fnles oi v`n ABOQ chynzvnz cq e tnziozbehan bnvzca ioz ò} ieqv v`n acza~cv cq V`cq fnles cq fntnhfnhv ~toh v`n ZA aèzmchm oz fcqaèzmchm oi v`n loef aeteacvoz js v`n tBOQ oz hBOQ fnycanq znqtnavcynls ehf tzoycfnq e u~ehvcvevcyn innl ioz v`n vcbn vèv cq veknh js v`n o~vt~v oi v`n chynzvnz vo aobtlnvnls znqtohf vo v o e aèhmn ev cvq cht~v

Zcqn vcbn nqvcbevcoh7

Ch v`cq ehelsqcq }n eqq~bn vèv v`n t"fnycan qvesq ch qev~zevcoh ioz nhvczn aèzmchm tnzcof oi loef aeteacvoz AL V`n acza~c a cza~cvv bes v`nh jn bofnlnf eq qò}h ch jnlo} icm~zn, Fcmc Fc mcvv el YLQC YLQC Fnqcmh, Fnqcmh, NAN Fntv Fntv(Q (QNV,G^(

Temn Temn 16

V`n qev~zevcoh a~zznhv ioz T"vzehqcqvoz cq mcynh js

( | |#  Cfqt2  V`cq a~zznhv aèzmnq AL ehf qchan cvq bemhcv~fn cq ettzopcbevnls aohqvehv }n èyn ∝ Yo~v2 

Q~jqvcv~vchm ioz C fqt ehf znezzehmchm }n èyn

  v2  ( #  ]n ho} eqq~bn vèv v2v z }`nh yo~v2+YFF ehf |Yvt|2:4.YFF24:YFF Eivnz qcbtlcischm }n mnv

 vz2   V`cq znq~lvq aobteznq zneqohejls }nll }cv` e bozn fnveclnf ehelsqcq ch }`ca` v`n aèzmchm oi AL cq fcycfnf, bozn aozznavls, chvo v}o tezvq(5# qev~zevcoh qev~zevcoh ehf (:# Znqcqvcyn znmcoh oi o i vzehqcqvoz


Temn Temn 1>

Iell vcbn Qcbclez zneqohchm aeh jn ettlcnf vo v`n fcqaèzmn oi AL v`zo~m` h"vzehqcqvozv`n acza~cv bofnl ch v`cq aeqn cq mcynh eq qò}h ch jnlo} icm~zn

Bekchm qcbclez eqq~btvcoh }n bes }zcvn ioz iell vcbn7

vi 2

  

Fnles Vcbn7

Ch BOQ acza~cvq, v`n fnles oi e qchmln Mevn Mev n cq fobchevnf js v`n o~vt~v o~v t~v zcqn ehf iell vcbn, v`n fnles cq ettzopcbevnls mcynh js

vfz2 vz /: vfi 2 v /: i V`n eynzemn mevn fnles ioz zcqchm nfmn ehf iellchm vzehqcvcohq cq mcynh js

vey2(vfz+vfi #/: (vz+vi #/6


Temn Temn 19

Mevn Vzehqcqvoz Qcwchm

Qcwn v`n iollo}chm lomca }cv` znqtnav vo CHYNZVNZ Mevn Qcwn

5


Temn Temn 1=

:

1


Temn Temn 10

6 Qcwn v`n vzehqcqvoz ioz v`n i~havcoh i~havcoh o~v2EJ+(A+F#N }cv` zninznhan vo chynzvnz cn, ]t2 ]h

> Zntnev v`n ejoyn i~havcoh ioz ]t21' ]h


Temn Temn 13

Tecz fnles oi aeqaefnf Chynzvnz

Aeqn e 7Qsbbnvzcael chynzvnz fnqcmh ‑ T bojclcvs 2 ² p H bojclcvs ‑ ]t 2 : p ]h ‑ Cht~v mevn aeteacvehan 2 1 p Anu, }`nzn Anu cq v`n t~ll"fo}h fnycan mevn aetea Tecz fnles 2 viell + vzcqn 2 Z'1Anu + :(Z/:#'1Anu 2 9ZAnu

Aeqn j7 Hoh"qsbbnvzcael chynzvnz fnqcmh

• •

]t 2 ]h Cht~v mevn aeteacvehan 2 : p Anu

Tecz fnles 2 viell + vzcqn 2 Z':Anu + :Z':Anu : Z':Anu 2 9ZAnu

• Ch v`n qcbtln aeqn }`nzn v`n loef cq aobtzcqnf bechls oi cht~v mevn aeteacvehan ho cbteav vo v`n vovel fnles oi v`n tecz oi chynzvnzq }eq ojqnzynf js ~qchm hoh"qsbbnvzcael ]h2]t


Temn Temn 64

To}nz Aohq~btvcoh7

V`nzn ezn : aobtohnhvq }`ca` vèv nqvejlcq` v`n ebo~hv oi to}nz fcqqctevnf ch v`n ABOQ acza~cv V`nqn ezn c

Qvevca To}nz Fcqqctevcoh ‑ f~n vo lnekemn a~zznhv

cc

Fshebca To}nz Fcqqctevcoh‖ Fcqqctevcoh‖ e# Q}cva`chm vzehqcnhv A~zznhv j# Aèzmchm ehf Fcqaèzmchm oi Aeteacvoz

c

Qvevca To}nz Fcqqctevcoh

Aohqcfnz ABOQ mevn eq qò}h ch icm~zn, 

}`nh ych24, h"BOQ cq OII, ehf t"BOQ cq OH ehf yo~v25



}`nh ych25, h"BOQ cq OH, ehf t"BOQ cq OII ehf yo~v24



@nzn ehs ohn oi v`n vzehqcqvoz }cll jn OII el}esq, qchan ho a~zznhv ilo}q chvo mevn vnzbchel ehf `nhan ho FA a~zznhv tev` jnv}nnh YFF ehf YQQ , qo Qvevca To}nz (Tq# cq wnzo


Temn Temn 65

@o}nynz, v`nzn cq qobn qbell qvevca fcqqctevcoh f~n vo znynzqn jceq lnekemn jnv}nnh fcii~qcoh znmcohq ehf v`n q~jqvzevn ]n hnnf vo look ev e qcbtln bofnl vèv fnqazcjnq v`n tezeqcvca fcofnq ioz e ABOQ chynzvnz ch ozfnz vo èyn eh ~hfnzqvehfchm oi v`n lnekemn chyolynf ch v`n fnycan V`n qo~zan"fzech fcii~qcoh ehf v`n t"}nll fcii~qcoh iozb tezeqcvca fcofn V`cq aeh jn zntznqnhvnf ch v`n tzoicln oi eh chynzvnz qò}h ch icm Ch v`n bofnl, fcofn F5 cq e tezeqcvca fcofn jnv}nnh t"}nll vo q~jqvzevn Qchan tezeqcvca fcofnq ezn znynzqnf jceqnf, ohls v`ncz lnekemn a~zznhv aohvzcj~vnq vo qvevca to}nz fcqqctevcoh V`n lnekemn a~zznhv cq fnqazcjnf js v`n fcofn nu~evcoh

CO2CQ(

 #

]`nzn CO  znynzqn qev~zevcoh a~zznhv U nlnavzohca aèzmn Y  fcofn yolvemn K  Jolvwbehh aohqvehv V  vnbtnzev~zn V`n qvevca to}nz fcqqctevcoh cq v`n tzof~av oi v`n fnycan lnekemn a~zznhv ehf v`n q~ttls yolvemn Vovel qvevca to}nz fcqqctevcoh t cq ojvechnf izob Tq2

∕ (     ∝   # ]`nzn H cq h~bjnz oi fnycanq


Temn Temn 6:

Fshebca fcqqctevcoh

F~zchm vzehqcvcoh vzehqcvcoh izob ncv`nz ‐4– vo ‐5– oz elvnzhevcynls izob ‐5– ‐5– vo ‐4–, jov` h" ehf t" vzehqcqvozq ezn oh ioz e qòzv tnzcof oi vcbn V`cq znq~lvq ch e qòzv a~zznhv t~lqn izob Y FF vo Y QQ a~zznhv cq elqo znu~cznf vo aèzmn ehf fcqaèzmn v`n o~vt~v aeteacvcyn loef V`cq levvnz vnzb cq mnhnzells v`n fobchehv vnzb V`n a~zznhv t~lqn izob YFF vo YQQ znq~lvq ch e “qòzv"acza~cv‒ fcqqctevcoh }`ca` cq fntnhfnhv oh v`n loef aeteacvehan ehf mevn fnqcmh V`cq cq oi znlnyehan vo C/O j~iinz fnqcmh V`n fshebca fcqqctevcoh aeh jn bofnlnf js eqq~bchm v`n zcqn ehf iell vcbn oi v`n qvnt cht~v cq b~a` lnqq vèh v`n zntnvcvcoh tnzcof V`n eynzemn fshebca to}nz, TF, fcqqctevnf f~zchm q}cva`chm ioz e qu~ezn"}eyn cht~v ych, èychm e zntnvcvcoh iznu~nhas oi i t25/vt eq qò}h js icm

V`~q ioz e zntnvcvcyn qvnt cht~v v`n eynzemn to}nz vèv cq fcqqctevnf cq tzotozvcohel vo v`n nhnzms znu~cznf vo aèhmn ehf fcqaèzmn v`n acza~cv aeteacvehan v`n cbtozvehv ieavoz vo jn hovnf `nzn cq vèv qò}q to}nz vo jn tzotozvcohel vo q}cva`chm iznu~nhas j~v chfntnhfnhv oi v`n fnycan tezebnvnzq


Temn Temn 61

Ioz e qvnt cht~v ehf }cv` ch(v#2AL fYo/fv

Vovel to}nz fcqqctevcoh aeh jn ojvechnf izob v`n q~b oi v`n v}o fcqqctevcoh aobtohnhvq, qo Tvovel2Tq+Tf

]`nh aela~levchm v`n to}nz fcqqctevcoh e z~ln oi v`~bj cq vo eff ell aeteacvehan otnzevchm ev tezvca~lez iznu~nhas ehf aela~levn v`n to}nz V`nh v`n to}nz izob ov`nz mzo~tq otnzevchm ev fciinznhv iznu~nhacnq bes jn q~bbnf, v`n fshebca to}nz fcqqctevcoh bes jn ~qnf vo nqvcbevn vovel to}nz aohq~btvcoh oi e acza~cv ehf elqo v`n qcwn oi YFF ehf YQQ aohf~avozq vo bchcbcwn vzehqcnhv chf~anf yolvemn fzotq Aèzmn qèzchm7

Ch behs qvz~av~znq e j~q aeh jn bofnlnf eq e aeteacvozq Aj eq qò}h ch icm Qobnvcbnq v`n yolvemn oh v`cq j~q cq qebtlnf vo fnvnzbchn v`n qvevn oi e mcynh qcmhel iznu~nhas, v`cq qebtlchm aeh jn bofnlnf js v`n v}o aeteacvozq Aq ehf Aj ehf e q}cva` Ch mnhnzel Aq cq ch qobn }es znlevnf vo v`n q}cva`chm nlnbnhv V`n aèzmn eqqoacevnf }cv` nea` oi v`n aeteacvehan tzcoz vo aloqchm v`n q}cva` aeh jn fnqazcjnf js

• Ev vcbn v24", q}cva` cq otnh ehf nea` aeteacvoz aete acvoz aohvechq qobn chcvcel aèzmn • Ev vcbn v24+, v`n q}cva` cq aloqnf ehf v`n v `n aèzmn znfcqvzcj~vnq eazoqq jov` aeteacvozq • Aohqnzyn v`n vovel aèzmn7 ‑ Q~b ~t chcvcel aèzmn Uv 2 Uj + Uq 2 AjYj + AqYq Fcmc Fc mcvv el YLQC YLQC Fnqcmh, Fnqcmh, NAN Fntv Fntv(Q (QNV,G^(

Temn Temn 66

‑ Vovel aeteacvehan aeteacvehan Av2 Aj + Aq ‑ ]`nh q}cva` cq aloqnf v`n znq~lvehv yolvemn YZ2Uv/Av ‑ V`nzniozn,

YZ 2 (AjYj + AqYq#/(Aj + Aq#

• Ci Yj 2 YFF ehf Yq 2 4, v`nh YZ2 YFF Aj/(Aj + Aq# (}`ca` cq cq qcbclez qcbclez vo vo v`n nu~evcoh ioz ioz e znqcqvoz znqcqvoz fcycfnz# fcycfnz#

Fnqcmh Bezmch7

Eq qnbcaohf~avoz vna`holoms qaelnq vo v`n hehobnvnz znmcbn, v`n yezcevcoh oi tzoanqq tezebnvnzq cq e azcvcael tzojlnb ch YLQC fnqcmh V`~q v`n hnnf ioz yezcevcoh"e}ezn vcbchm ehelsqcq ioz v`n tnziozbehan scnlf cq chazneqchm @o}nynz, v`n vzefcvcohel }ozqv"aeqn aozhnz" jeqnf ettzoea` mcynq tnqqcbcqvca znq~lvq, ehf beknq bnnvchm mcynh fnqcmhq qtnacicaevcohq fciica~lv Eq eh elvnzhevcyn vo v`cq ettzoea`, qvevcqvcael ehelsqcq cq tzotoqnf eq e hn} ehf tzobcqchm yezcevcoh"e}ezn ehelsqcq vna`hcu~n @o}nynz, qvevcqvcael fnqcmh ilo} aehhov jn ettlcnf neqcls vo npcqvchm fnqcmh ilo}, ehf hov nho~m` voolq ioz qvevcqvcael fnqcmh npcqv Vo oynzaobn v`nqn tzojlnbq, hn} fnqcmh bnvòfoloms jeqnf oh vzefcvcohel qvevca vcbchm ehelsqcq (QVE# ~qchm e znlepnf aozhnz tzotoqnf Scnlf

Eh cbtozvehv cqq~n ch v`n beh~ieav~zn oi YLQC qvz~av~zn cq scnlf, elvò~m` scnlf cq hov e tnziozbehan tezebnvnz, cv cq chil~nhanf js q~a` ieavozq ezn 

Vna`holoms



A`ct ezne


Temn Temn 6>



Leso~v Scnlf cq fnichnf eq e zevco oi

S2

        p 544.    

Ehf bes jn fnqazcjnf eq e i~havcoh oi a`ct ezne ehf fninav fn inav fnhqcvs V}o aobboh nu~evcohq ~qnf ezn, 5# Qnnf–q Bofnl }`ca` cq mcynh js

 S2 ∗  ]`nzn E cq a`ct ezne F cq fninav fnhqcvs V`cq bofnl cq ~qnf ioz lezmn a`ctq ehf ioz scnlfq lnqq vèh 14. :# B~zt`s–q Bofnl, }`ca` cq fnqazcjnf js  

S2 (



#

]`nzn E cq a`ct ezne F cq fninav fnhqcvs V`cq bofnl cq ~qnf ioz qbell a`ctq ehf ioz scnlfq mznevnz vèh 14. izob v`nqn znlevcohq cv cq ojyco~q vèv scnlf fnazneqnq fzebevcaells eq v`n ezne oi v`n a`ct chazneqnq


Temn Temn 69

^hcv "1 Qaelchm oi BOQ Acza~cvq ]èv cq qaelchm?

Tzotozvcohel efg~qvbnhv oi v`n fcbnhqcohq oi eh nlnavzohca fnycan }`cln bechvechchm v`n nlnavzcael tzotnzvcnq oi v`n fnycan, znq~lvq ch e fnycan ncv`nz lezmnz ncv`nz lezmnz oz oz qbellnz vèh qbellnz vèh v`n ~h"qaelnf fnycan  Vna`holoms Qaelchm 

Moelq oi qaelchm v`n fcbnhqcohq js 14.7



Znf~an mevn fnles js 14. (chazneqn otnzevchm iznu~nhas js 61.#



Fo~jln vzehqcqvoz fnhqcvs



Znf~an nhnzms tnz vzehqcvcoh js 9>. (>4. to}nz qeychmq D 61. chazneqn ch iznu~nhas#



Fcn qcwn ~qnf vo chazneqn js 56. tnz mnhnzevcoh



Vna`holoms mnhnzevcoh qtehq :"1 snezq Chvnzhevcohel Vna`holoms Zoefbet ioz Qnbcaohf~avozq (CVZQ#


Temn 5

Qaelchm Qaelchm Bofnlq

5 I~ll Qaelchm (Aohqvehv Nlnavzcael Icnlf# 

Cfnel bofnl ‑ fcbnhqcohq ehf yolvemn qaeln vomnv`nz js v`n qebn qaeln ieavoz

: Icpnf Yolvemn Qaelchm 

Boqv aobboh bofnl ~hvcl znanhvls ‑ ohls v`n fcbnhqcohq qaeln, yolvemnq znbech aohqvehv

1 Mnhnzel Qaelchm 

Boqv znelcqvca ioz vofes–q qcv~evcoh ‑ yolvemnq ehf fcbnhqcohq qaeln }cv` fciinznhv ieavozq

Qaelchm Ieavozq ioz Fnycan Tezebnvnzq

Fnycan qaelchm bofnlnf ch vnzbq oi mnhnzca qaelchm ieavozq7 5/ε ehf 5/κ

• 5/κ7 qaelchm ieavoz ioz q~ttls yolvemn YFF ehf mevn opcfn v`cakhnqq F • 5/ε7 lchnez fcbnhqcohq jov` òzcwohvel ehf ynzvcael fcbnhqcohq ]`s cq v`n qaelchm ieavoz ioz mevn opcfn v`cakhnqq fciinznhv izob ov`nz lchnez òzcwohvel ehf ynzvcael fcbnhqcohq? Aohqcfnz v`n azoqq qnavcoh oi v`n fnycan eq ch Icm~zn, yezco~q tezebnvnzq fnzcynf ezn eq iollo}q

Mevn "Tols


Temn :

5

Mevn Lnhmv`

L

L/ε

:

Mevn Aèhhnl ]cfv`

]

]/ε

1

Mevn V`cakhnqq

v

v/ε

6

Mevn Opcfn V`cakhnqq

F

F/κ

>

Q~ttls Yolvemn

YFF

YFF/κ

5 Mevn ezne Em Em2 L' ]

]`nzn L7 Aèhhnl lnhmv` qaelnf js 5/ε ehf ]7 Aèhhnl }cfv` ehf jov` ezn qaelnf js 5/ε V`~q Em cq qaelnf ~t js 5/ε:   

: Mevn aeteacvehan tnz ~hcv ezne A o oz Aop Aop 2

 

]`nzn 

ξop cq tnzbcvvcycvs oi mevn opcfn (v`ch"op#2 ξchq' ξo aohqvehv ehf



F cq v`n mevn opcfn v`cakhnqq qaelnf js 5/κ

V`~q Aop cq qaelnf ~t js

Ao 2Aop 2



( #



2κ

1 Mevn aeteacvehan Am2 Am2 opcfn aeteacvehan ' Mevn Ezne Am2 Ao' Em2 Ao '(L]# :

:

V`~q Am cq qaelnf ~t js κ' 5/ ε 2κ/ ε Fcmcvel YLQC Fnqcmh, NAN Fntv(QNV,G^(

Temn 1

6 Tezeqcvca aeteacvehan A p

Ap cq tzotozvcohel vo Ep/f 

]`nzn f cq v`n fntlnvcoh }cfv` ezo~hf qo~zan oz fzech ehf qaelnf js 5/ ε



Ep cq v`n ezne oi v`n fntlnvcoh znmcoh ezo~hf qo~zan oz fzech, qaelnf js (5/ ε:# : V`~q Ap cq qaelnf ~t js {5/(5/ε#r' (5/ ε # 25/ ε



> Aezzcnz fnhqcvs ch aèhhnl aèhhnl U oh Uoh 2 Ao ' Ymq ]`nzn Uoh cq v`n eynzemn aèzmn tnz ~hcv ezne ch v`n ‐oh– qvevn 

Ao cq qaelnf js κ ehf



Ymq cq qaelnf js 5/ κ



V`~q Uoh cq qaelnf js 5

9 Aèhhnl Znqcqvehan Z oh

   ∝

Z oh oh 2 '

]`nzn μ 2 aèhhnl aezzcnz bojclcvs ehf eqq~bnf aohqvehv oh cq qaelnf js 5( V`~q Z oh 5(

= Mevn fnles V f Vf cq tzotozvcohel vo Z oh'A m :

Vf cq qaelnf js 5' κ/ ε

0(

2 κ/ ε:

Bepcb~b otnzevchm iznu~nhas

i o

 ∝     

io2

# ∝∝ / '(  # 2 / ehf cq qaelnf js 2 /   (

i o cq chynzqnls tzotozvcohel vo fnles V f

/

3 Qev~zevcoh a~zznhv CFQEV 2 





 ∝  ∝  '(√# 

2 aèhhnl aezzcnz bojclcvs ehf eqq~bnf aohqvehv

Aop cq qaelnf js κ


Temn 6



] ehf L ezn qaelnf js 5/ε



Jov` Ymq ehf Yv` ezn qaelnf js (5/ κ#

 # 2  

V`nzniozn, CFQEV cq qaelnf js (κ' 54 A~zznhv fnhqcvs G A~zznhv fnhqcvs2

 

,

]`nzn E cq azoqq qnavcohel ezne oi v`n Aèhhnl2]' L2 ch v`n “oh‒ qvevn }`ca` cq qaelnf js (5/ε:#

    2  2 ( #   ( #

V`nzniozn, G cq qaelnf js

55 Q}cva`chm nhnzms tnz mevn N m

 

Nm2 YFF : Am YFF cq qaelnf js Am cq qaelnf js

 ∝ 2    

 

:

κ/ ε

@nhan Nm cq qaelnf js 2

5: To}nz fcqqctevcoh tnz mevn T m

Tm aobtzcqnq oi v}o aobtohnh ao btohnhvq7 vq7 qvevca aobtohnhv T mq ehf fshebca aobtohnhv T mf7 Tm2 Tmq+ Tmf

]`nzn, v`n qvevca to}nz aobtohnhv cq mcynh js7   

Qchan YFF qaelnq js (5/κ# ehf Zoh qaelnq js 5, Tmq qaelnq js (5/κ:#

   Tmq2 

Ehf v`n fshebca fshebca aobtohnhv aobtohnhv js7 js7 Tmf2 Nm ' i o


Temn >



Qchan Nm qaelnq js



i o js





 

 ehf 

 ∝ 2      V`nzniozn, T qaelnq js   Tmf elqo qaelnq js

m

51 To}nz

‑ qtnnf tzof~av TV

TV2Tm ' Vf

'2    

2

Fnycan tezebnvnzq ioz qaelchm bofnlq I^LL QAELCHM ioz Aohqvehv N7 κ 2 ε; AOHQVEHV YOLVEMN QAELCHM ioz Aohqvehv Y7 κ 25


Temn 9

BNZCVQ Cbtlcaevcohq oi Qaelchm  Cbtzoynf Tnziozbehan  Cbtzoynf Aoqv  Chvnzaohhnav ]onq  To}nz ]onq  Tzof~avcycvs Aèllnhmnq  T`sqcael Lcbcvq

Chvnzaohhnav Chvnzaohhnav ]onq ] onq Qaelnf vzehqcqvozq ezn qvnefcls cbtzoychm ch fnles, j~v qaelnf }cznq ezn òlfchm aohqvehv oz mnvvchm }ozqn 



Ioz qòzv }cznq, q~a` eq vòqn chqcfn e lomca mevn, v`n }czn ZA fnles cq hnmlcmcjln



@o}nynz, v`n lohm }cznq tznqnhv e aohqcfnzejln aèllnhmn


Temn =

Tzof~avcycvs Aèllnhmnq • Vzehqcqvoz ao~hv cq chazneqchm ieqvnz vèh fnqcmhnz tzof~avcycvs (mevnq / }nnk# ‑ Jcmmnz fnqcmh vnebq ‑ Bozn nptnhqcyn fnqcmh aoq v ‑ Tznqq~zn vo zecqn tzof~avcycvs • Znls oh qshv`nqcq, CT jloakq ‑ Hnnf ioz moof nhmchnnzchm behemnzq behemn zq T`sqcael Lcbcvq

•

]cll Boozn–q Le} z~h o~v oi qvneb?

Snq, Aeh–v j~clf vzehqcqvozq qbellnz vèh eh evob… Boozn-q Le} ^t`nlf

•

• •

Boozn-q le}, iczqv toqv~levnf js Chvnl ao"io~hfnz Mozfoh Boozn, qesq v`n h~bjnz oi vzehqcqvozq "" v`n bech aobtohnhv oi e bcazoa`ct "" vèv aeh icv oh e a`ct fo~jlnq ejo~v nynzs 50":6 bohv`q Vo knnt tean }cv` Boozn-q le}, vzehqcqvozq }o~lf èyn vo znea` v`n evobca lnynl js :4:4 V`n qbellnqv vzehqcqvoz nynz j~clv èq jnnh aznevnf ~qchm e qchmln tòqtòzo~q evob js eh

chvnzhevcohel vneb oi znqneza`nzq ev v`n ^hcynzqcvs oi Hn} Qo~v` ]elnq, T~zf~n ^hcynzqcvs ehf v`n ^hcynzqcvs oi Bnljo~zhn *Vo bn, v`cq cq v`n t`sqcael lcbcv oi Boozn-q Le},* Klcbnak qesq *]n aeh-v bekn cv qbellnz vèh v`cq (evob#*

Lcbcvevcohq oi Qaelchm 

Q~jqvzevn fotchm



Fntlnvcoh }cfv`



Lcbcvq oi bchcev~zcwevcoh



Lcbcvq oi chvnzaohhnav ehf aohveav znqcqvehan



Lcbcvq f~n vo q~j v`znqòlf a~zznhvq



Lcbcvq oh lomca lnynlq ehf q~ttls yolvemn f~n vo hocqn



Lcbcvq f~n vo a~zznhv a~zznhv fnhqcvs


Temn 0

Q~jqvzevn fotchm



J~clv"ch (g~havcoh# tovnhvcel Y J fntnhfq oh q~jqvzevn fotchm lnynl ‑ aeh jn hnmlnavnf eq lohm eq YJ cq qbell aobteznf vo YFF



Eq lnhmv` oi e BOQ vzehqcqvoz cq znf~anf, v`n fntlnvcoh znmcoh }cfv` ‑qaelnf fo}h vo tznynhv qo~zan ehf fzech fntlnvcoh znmcoh izob bnnvchm



v`n fntlnvcoh znmcoh }cfv` f ioz v`n g~havcohq cq

f2

  ∝  ∝  ∝ 

ξqc znlevcyn tnzbcvvcycvs oi qclcaoh

ξ4 tnzbcvvcycvs oi iznn qtean(00>'54"56 I/ab# Y niinavcyn yolvemn eazoqq v`n g~havcoh Ye + Yj u Nlnavzoh aèzmn HJ fotchm lnynl oi q~jqvzevn Ye bepcb~b yel~n Yff"ettlcnf yolvemn Yj j~clv ch tovnhvcel ehf Yj

 lh   

2

Ioz > μb Vna`holoms Y j2>44by }`cln YFF2>y `nhan }n b~qv hnmlnav Y j `nhan fntlnvcoh }cfv`

f2

  ∝  ∝  ∝ 

FF

Ioz znanhv vna`holomcnq HJ cq chazneqnf vo znf~an qo vèv Yj cq nhlezmnf Ev v`n qebn vcbn YFF cq qaelnf fo}h `nhan Yj cq ho lohmnz qbellnz

Fntlnvcoh }cfv` • HJ cq chazneqnf vo znf~an f, j~v v`cq chazneqnq v`znqòlf yolvemn Yv` ‑emechqv vznhfq ioz qaelchm fo}h • Bepcb~b yel~n oi H J (51'5453 ab"1, ev `cm`nz yel~nq, bepcb~b nlnavzca icnlf ettlcnf vo mevn cq chq~iicacnhv ehf ho aèhhnl cq iozbnf Fcmcvel YLQC Fnqcmh, NAN Fntv(QNV,G^(

Temn 3

• H J bechvechnf ev qevcqieavozs lnynl ch v`n aèhhnl znmcoh vo znf~an v`n ejoyn tzojlnb

Lcbcvq oi bchcev~zcwevcoh • Bchcb~b qcwn oi vzehqcqvoz; tzoanqq vna` ehf t`sqcaq oi v`n fnycan • Znf~avcoh oi mnobnvzs; elcmhbnhv eaa~zeas ehf znqol~vcoh • Qcwn oi vzehqcqvoz bneq~znf ch vnzbq oi aèhhnl lnhmv` L L2:f (vo tznynhv t~q` v`zo~m`# • L fnvnzbchnf js HJ ehf YFF • Bchcb~b vzehqcv vcbn ioz eh nlnavzoh vo vzeynl izob qo~zan vo fzech cq

Yfzciv 2μN

  

v2



2

Lcbcvq oi chvnzaohhnav ehf aohveav znqcqvehan

• Qòzv fcqvehan chvnzaohhnav" aohf~avoz lnhmv` cq qaelnf js 5/ε 5/ε ehf znqcqvehan cq chazneqnf js ε • Ioz aohqvehv icnlf qaelchm, C cq qaelnf js 5/ ε qo vèv CZ fzot znbechq aohqvehv eq e znq~lv oi qaelchm"fzcychm aetejclcvs/hocqn bezmch

V`n Tzotemevcoh fnles elohm qchmln el~bch~b chvnzaohhnav aeh jn aela~levnf eq Fcmcvel YLQC Fnqcmh, NAN Fntv(QNV,G^(

Temn 54

VT2 Z chv chv' Achv+:1(Z OH OH 'Achv+Z OH OH'AL+ Zchv' AL #

Lcbcvq f~n vo q~jv`znqòlf a~zznhvq

• Begoz aohanzh ch qaelchm fnycanq • C q~j cq fcznavls tzotozvcohel npt (Ymq ‑ Yv`# u/KV • Eq yolvemnq ezn qaelnf fo}h, zevco oi Ymq"Yv` vo KV }cll znf~an"qo vèv v`znqòlf a~zznhv chazneqnq • V`nzniozn qaelchm Ymq ehf Yv` vomnv`nz }cv` Yff • Bepcb~b nlnavzca icnlf eazoqq e fntlnvcoh znmcoh cq

∝  #

Nbep2: ( Lcbcvq oh q~ttls q~ttls yolvemn yo lvemn f~n vo hocqn

Fnazneqnf chvnz"inev~zn qteachm ehf mznevnz q}cva`chm qtnnf ‑znq~lv ch hocqn tzojlnbq

Ojqnzyevcohq ‑ Fnycan qaelchm 

Mevn aeteacvehan tnz bcazoh cq hnezls chfntnhfnhv oi tzoanqq



J~v OH znqcqvehan ' bcazoh cbtzoynq }cv` tzoanqq



Mevnq mnv ieqvnz }cv` qaelchm (moof#



Fshebca to}nz monq fo}h }cv` qaelchm (moof#



A~zznhv fnhqcvs monq ~t }cv` qaelchm (jef#



Ynloacvs qev~zevcoh beknq levnzel qaelchm ~hq~qvechejln

Ojqnzyevcohq ‑ Chvnzaohhnav qaelchm 



Aeteacvehan tnz bcazoh cq znbechchm aohqvehv 

Ejo~v 4: iI/bb iI/bb



Zo~m`ls 5/54 oi mevn aeteacvehan

Loael }cznq ezn mnvvchm ieqvnz  



Hov u~cvn vzeakchm vzehqcqvoz cbtzoynbnhv J~v hov e begoz tzojlnb

Mlojel }cznq ezn mnvvchm qlo}nz 

Ho lohmnz toqqcjln vo azoqq a`ct ch ohn a saln


Temn 55

ABOQ Acza~cv ehf Lomca Fnqcmh


Temn 5:

ABOQ AOBTLNBNHVEZS LOMCA

ABOQ qvz~av~znq znu~czn e hjloak ehf e tjloak ioz aobtlnvcoh oi v`n lomca Vèv cq ioz e h cht~v lomca :h mevnq ezn znu~cznf Nea` lomca i~havcoh cq f~tlcaevnf ioz jov` t~ll"fo}h ehf t~ll"~t lomca vznn ‑ t~ll"fo}h vznn mcynq v`n wnzo nhvzcnq oi v`n vz~v` vejln, cn cbtlnbnhvq v`n hnmevcyn oi v`n mcynh i~havcoh ‑ t~ll"~t vznn cq c q v`n f~el oi v`n t~ll"fo}h vznn, cn cbtlnbnhvq cbt lnbnhvq v`n vz~n lomca }cv` nea` cht~v hnmevcyn"mochm Efyehvemnq7 lo} to}nz, `cm` hocqn bezmchq, fnqcmh neqn, i~havcohelcvs Fcqefyehvemn7 

`cm` cht~v aeteacvehan znf~anq v`n ~lvcbevn tnziozbehan



Ioz eh H cht~v lomca :H mevnq ezn znu~cznf


Temn 51


Temn 56

Cbtlnbnhv iollo}chm i~havcoh ~qchm ABOQ LOMCA

H~bjnz oi vzehqcqvoz znu~cznf2 :H, @nzn H2>, VOVEL254 Vzehqcqvoz znu~cznf vo cbtlnbnhv v`n i~havcoh ~qchm Aobtlnbnhvezs ABOQ lomca


Temn 5>

ABOQ CHYNZVNZ ACZA^CV EHF LESO^V


Temn 59

ABOQ :"Cht~v HEHF }cv` Leso~v


Temn 5=

ABOQ :"Cht~v HOZ }cv` Leso~v


Temn 50


Temn 53

TQN^FO ‑ hBOQ LOMCA •

V`cq lomca qvz~av~zn aohqcqvq oi v`n t~ll ~t acza~cv jnchm zntleanf js e qchmln t~ll ~t TBOQ }òqn mevn cq tnzbehnhvls mzo~hfnf

•

V`cq eav~ells bnehq vèv TBOQ cq ell v`n vcbn oh ehf vèv ho} ioz e h cht~v lomca }n èyn ohls h+5 mevnq

•

V`cq vna`holoms cq nu~cyelnhv vo v`n fntlnvcoh bofn vstn ehf tznanfnf v`n ABOQ vna`holoms ehf `nhan v`n hebn tqn~fo

TQN^FO ‑ hBOQ LOMCA HEHF MEVN

(FZCYNZ#

•

V`n v}o qnavcohq oi v`n fnycan ezn ho} aellnf eq loef ehf fzcynz

•

V`n ßh/ßt (ßfzcynz/ßloef# èq vo jn qnlnavnf q~a` vèv q~iicacnhv mech cq ea`cnynf vo mnv aohqcqvnhv t~ll ~t ehf t~ll fo}h lnynlq

•

V`cq chyolynq èychm zevconf vzehqcqvoz qcwnq qo vèv aozznav otnzevcoh cq ojvechnf @o}nynz ci bchcb~b qcwn fzcynzq ezn jnchm ~qnf v`nh v`n mech oi v`n loef èq vo jn znf~anf vo mnv efnu~evn hocqn bezmch


Temn :4

OV@NZ YEZCEVCOHQ OI TQN^FO HBOQ 5 B~lvc fzech lomca Ohn }es oi cbtlnbnhvchm Tqn~fo HBOQ cq vo ~qn b~lvcfzech lomca Cv zntznqnhvq e bnzmnf vzehqcqvoz kchf oi cbtlnbnhvevcoh V`n mevnq ezn aobjchnf ch eh otnh fzech behhnz, }`ca` cq ~qni~l ch qobn e~vobevnf acza~cvq

: MEHMNF LOMCA V`n cht~vq ezn qntezevnls aohhnavnf j~v v`n o~vt~v cq a ohhnavnf ohhnavnf vo e aobboh vnzbchel V`n lomca fntnhfq oh v`n t~ll ~t ehf t~ll fo}h zevco Ci TBOQ cq ejln vo oynzaobn HBOQ cv jnèynq eq HEHF nlqn HOZ

Npebtln7 HOZ mevn; W 2 E+J+AAeh jn otnzevnf eq HEHF mevn js q~cvejls zevcochm TBOQ oynz HBOQ


Temn :5

Cbtlnbnhv iollo}chm i~havcoh ~qchm TQN^FO ‑ hBOQ LOMCA

H~bjnz oi vzehqcqvoz znu~cznf vo cbtlnbnhv TQN^FO ‑ hBOQ LOMCA 2 H+5 @nzn H2> VOVEL29 VOVEL2 9 Vzehqcqvoz Fcmcvel YLQC Fnqcmh, NAN Fntv(QNV,G^(

Temn ::

EFYEHVEMNQ

5 V`n mevn aeteacvehan oi ABOQ lomca cq v}o ~hcv mevn j~v ioz Tq~nfo lomca cv cq ohls ohn mevn ~hcv : Qchan h~bjnz oi vzehqcqvozq tnz cht~v cq znf~anf ezne cq znf~anf fzeqvcaells Fze}jeakq oi v`n fnqcmh 

Qchan v`n TBOQ cq el}esq oh, qvevca to}nz fcqqctevcoh oaa~zq, }`nhnynz v`n HBOQ cq oh @nhan v`n aohal~qcoh cq vèv ch ozfnz vo ~qn Tq~nfo lomca e vzefnoii jnv}nnh qcwn ) loef oz to}nz fcqqctevcoh èq vo jn befn

FSHEBCA ABOQ LOMCA

•

V`cq lomca lookq chvo nhèhachm v`n qtnnf oi v`n t~ll ~t fnycan js Tznaèzmchm v`n o~vt~v hofn hofn vo YFF

•

@nhan }n hnnf vo qtlcv v`n }ozkchm oi v`n fnycan chvo  Tznaèzmn qvemn ehf  Nyel~evn qvemn ioz }`ca` }n hnnf e aloak @nhan cv cq aellnf eq fshebca

lomca


Temn :1



V`n o~vt~v hofn cq tznaèzmnf vo YFF js v`n TBOQ ehf cq fcqaèzmnf aohfcvcohells v`zo~m` v`n HBOQ Elvnzhevcynls so~ aeh elqo èyn e t jloak ehf tznaèzmn v`n h vzehqcqvoz vo YQQ



]`nh v`n aloak cq lo} v`n tznaèzmn tèqn oaa~zq



V`n t~ll ~t vcbn cq cbtzoynf jnae~qn oi v`n eavcyn TBOQ }`ca` cq elznefs tznaèzmnf



V`n tev` vo YQQ cq aloqnf js v`n HBOQ cn, v`n mzo~hf q}cva` ehf `nhan v`n t~ll fo}h vcbn chazneqnq

V}o"Tèqn Otnzevcoh Tèqn

ALK

Cht~vq

O~vt~v

Tznaèzmn

lo}

foh–v aezn

`cm`

Nyel~evcoh

`cm`

Yelcf cht~vq

Yelcf o~vt~vq

Npebtln


Temn :6

V}o tèqn otnzevcoh 

Tznaèzmn Tznaèz mn (ALK 2 4# 4#



Nyel~evn

(ALK 2 5#

Aohfcvcohq oh O~vt~v

•

Ohan v`n o~vt~v oi e fshebca mevn cq fcqaèzmnf, cv aehhov jn aèzmnf emech ~hvcl v`n hnpv tznaèzmn otnzevcoh • Cht~vq vo v`n mevn aeh bekn ev boqv ohn vzehqcvcoh f~zchm nyel~evcoh • O~vt~v aeh jn ch v`n `cm` cbtnfehan qvevn f~zchm ehf eivnz nyel~evcoh (TFH oii#, qvevn cq qvoznf qvoznf oh AL Cbtlnbnhv iollo}chm i~havcoh ~qchm FSHEBCA ABOQ LOMCA


Temn :>

H~bjnz oi vzehqcqvoz vzehqcqvoz znu~cznf2 H+: 2>+: VOVEL2= Vzehqcqvoz

Npebtln 76"Cht~v HEHF Fshebca ABOQ Mevn

Tzotnzvcnq oi Fshebca Mevnq

•

Lomca i~havcoh cq cbtlnbnhvnf js v`n TFH ohls

‑ h~bjnz oi vzehqcqvozq cq H + :(ALOAK#(ynzq~q :H ioz qvevca aobtlnbnhvezs ABOQ#

‑ qò~lf jn qbellnz ch ezne vèh qvevca aobtlnbnhvezs ABOQ •

I~ll q}chm o~vt~vq (YOL 2 MHF ehf YO@ 2 YFF#

• Hohzevconf " qcwchm oi v`n fnycanq cq hov cbtozvehv ioz tzotnz i~havcohchm (ohls ioz tnziozbehan#


Temn :9

•

Ieqvnz q}cva`chm qtnnfq

‑ znf~anf loef aeteacvehan f~n vo lo}nz h~bjnz oi vzehqcqvozq tnz mevn •

To}nz fcqqctevcoh qò~lf jn jnvvnz

‑ aohq~bnq ohls fshebca to}nz ‑ ho qòzv acza~cv to}nz aohq~btvcoh qchan v`n t~ll"~t tev` cq hov oh }`nh nyel~evchm

•

J~v to}nz fcqqctevcoh aeh jn qcmhcicaehvls `cm`nz f~n vo

‑ `cm`nz vzehqcvcoh tzojejclcvcnq ‑ npvze loef oh ALK •

TFH qvezvq vo }ozk eq qooh eq v`n cht~v qcmhelq npannf Y Vh, qo qnv YB, YC@ ehf YCL ell nu~el vo YVh

‑ lo} hocqn bezmch (HBL# • Hnnfq e tznaèzmn aloak aloa k FZE]JEAK

•

Cht~vq èyn vo aèhmn f~zchm v`n tznaèzmn qvemn ehf b~qv jn qvejln f~zchm v`n nyel~evn Ci v`cq aohfcvcoh aehhov oaa~z v`nh aèzmn znfcqvzcj~vcoh aozz~tvq v`n o~vt~v hofn

•

E qcbtln qchmln fshebca lomca aehhov jn aeqaefnf F~zchm v`n nyel~evn tèqn v`n iczqv mevn }cll aohfcvcohells fcqaèzmn j~v js v`n vcbn v`n qnaohf mevn nyel~evnq, v`nzn cq mochm vo jn e ichcvn fnles Js v`nh v`n iczqv mevn bes tznaèzmn

Aeqaefchm Tzojlnb ch Fshebca ABOQ Lomca

•

Ci qnynzel qvemnq oi v`n tznyco~q ABOQ fshebca lomca acza~cv ezn aeqaefnf vomnv`nz ~qchm v`n qebn aloak ALK, e tzojlnb ch ch nyel~evcoh chyolychm e j~clv"ch j~clv"ch “zean aohfcvcoh‒ }cll npcqv


Temn :=

•

Aohqcfnz v`n v}o qvemn fshebca lomca acza~cv ch v`n ejoyn fcemzeb 7

‑ F~zchm tzn"aèzmn, jov` o~vt~v5 ehf o~vt~v: ezn tzn"aèzmnf vo YFF ‑ ]`nh ALK monq `cm` vo jnmch nyel~evn, ell cht~vq ev qvemn 5 znu~czn qobn ichcvn vcbn vo znqolyn, j~v f~zchm v`cq vcbn aèzmn bes nzzohno~qls jn fcqaèzmnf izob o~vt~v: 





Ho} eqq~bn eq q~bn vèv nynhv~ells v`n 5qv qvemn HBOQ lomca vznn aohf~avq ehf i~lls fcqaèzmnq o~vt~v5, j~v qchan ell v`n cht~vq vo v`n H"vznn ell hov cbbnfcevnls znqolynf, cv veknq qobn vcbn ioz v`n H"vznn vo ichells fcqaèzmn o~vt~v5 vo MHF Ci, f~zchm v`cq vcbn fnles, v`n :hf qvemn èq v`n cht~v aohfcvcoh qò}h }cv` jovvob HBOQ vzehqcqvoz mevn ev e lomca 5, v`nh o~vt~v: }cll qvezv vo iell ehf fcqaèzmn cvq loef aeteacvehan ~hvcl o~vt~v5 ichells nyel~evnq ehf v~zhq oii v`n vot qnzcnq HBOQ vzehqcqvoz ch qvemn : hf

V`n znq~lv cq eh nzzoz ch v`n o~vt~v oi v`n : qvemn o~vt~v:


Temn :0

ABOQ Fobcho Lomca •

E bofcicaevcoh oi aloaknf ABOQ lomca ello}q e qchmln aloak vo tznaèzmn ehf nyel~evn e aeqaefnf qnv oi fshebca lomca jloakq V`cq chyolynq chaoztozevchm e qvevca ABOQ chynzvnz chvo nea` lomca mevn eq qò}h ch jnlo} icm~zn

•

V`n tzojlnb }cv` ie~lvs fcqaèzmn oi tznaèzmnf hofnq ch ABOQ fshebca lomca acza~cvq aeh jn qolynf js tleachm eh chynzvnz ch qnzcnq }cv` v`n o~vt~v oi nea` mevn

‑ Ell cht~vq vo H lomca jloakq (}`ca` ezn fnzcynf izob chynzvnf o~vt~vq oi tznyco~q qvemnq# v`nzniozn }cll jn ev wnzo yolvq f~zchm tznaèzmn ehf }cll znbech ev wnzo ~hvcl v`n nyel~evcoh qvemn èq lomca cht~vq vo fcqaèzmn v`n tznaèzmnf hofn Ell acza~cvq ohls tzoycfn hoh"chynzvnf o~vt~vq

]`nh ALK cq lo}, fshebca hofn cq tznaèzmnf `cm` ehf j~iinz chynzvnz o~vt~v cq lo} HINVq ch v`n hnpv lomca jloak }cll jn oii ]`nh ALK monq `cm`, fshebca hofn cq aohfcvcohells fcqaèzmnf ehf v`n j~iinz o~vt~v }cll aohfcvcohells mo `cm` Qchan fcqaèzmn aeh ohls èttnh ohan, j~iinz o~vt~v aeh ohls bekn ohn lo}"vo"`cm` vzehqcvcoh ]`nh fobcho mevnq ezn aeqaefnf, eq nea` mevn “nyel~evnq‒, ci cvq o~vt~v zcqnq, cv }cll vzcmmnz v`n nyel~evcoh oi v`n hnpv qvemn, ehf qo oh… lckn e lchn oi fobchoq iellchm Lckn fobchoq, ohan v`n chvnzhel hofn ch e mevn “iellq‒, cv qvesq “iellnh‒ ~hvcl cv cq “tcaknf ~t‒ js v`n tznaèzmn tèqn oi v`n hnpv asaln V`~q behs mevnq bes nyel~evn ch ohn nyel asaln


Temn :3

ABOQ Fobcho Lomca Fnqcmh @ewezfq

•

Ch (e# v`n H nyel~evn vzehqcqvoz cq tleanf hneznqv vo v`n o~vt~v A5 hofn (tooz fnqcmh# ‑ F~zchm tznaèzmn A5 cq aèzmnf `cm` vo YFF, j~v A:"A= fo hov mnv aèzmnf ehf bes jn qcvvchm ev mzo~hf tovnhvcel ‑ ]`nh v`n aloak monq `cm` ioz v`n nyel~evn tèqn, qobn oz ell oi aeteacvozq A:"A= }cll jlnnf aèzmn izob v`n lezmnz hofn aeteacvoz A5, v`~q znf~achm v`n yolvemn oh A5

•

Yolvemn eazoqq A5 cn Y(A5# bes znf~an vo Y FF(A5/(A5 + A: + A1 + A6 + A> + A9 + A=## ch v`n }ozqv aeqn

      ∕ 

Yh52


Temn 14

  Ci  2  ehf  2  2  2  2  2  ehf Y 2>y  222225>y v`nh Y (A # 2     Y (A5# 2

FF

5

v`cq cq jnlo} v`n v`znqòlf yolvemn oi j~iinzchm chynzvnz

‑ V`n qol~vcoh cq vo t~v v`n fcqaèzmn vzehqcqvoz H5 ev v`n jovvob oi v`n lomca vznn v`~q ello}chm v`n toqqcjclcvs oi mnvvchm A:"A= aèzmnf f~zchm v`n tznaèzmn tèqn

•

^qchm effcvcohel tznaèzmn T vzehqcqvozq (eq ch j# vo aèzmn chvnzbnfcevn hofnq ch e aobtlnp lomca vznn }cll `nlt }cv` v`n aèzmn qèzchm tzojlnb

HT Fobcho Lomca (HOZE Lomca#

•

Eh nlnmehv qol~vcoh vo v`n fshebca ABOQ lomca “nzzohno~q nyel~evcoh‒ tzojlnb cq vo ~qn HT Fobcho Lomca (elqo aellnf HOZE lomca# eq qò }h jnlo}

•

Elvnzhevn qvemnq oi H lomca }cv` qvemnq oi T lomca


Temn 15

• H lomca lo mca qvemnq q vemnq ~qn vz~n aloak, hozbel tznaèzmn t znaèzmn ehf nyel~evcoh tèqnq, }cv` H lomca vznn ch v`n t~ll fo}h lnm T lomca qvemnq ~qn e aobtlnbnhv aloak, }cv` }cv` T lomca qvemn vcnf vcnf ejoyn v`n o~vt~v hofn •

F~zchm tznaèzmn alk cq lo} ("alk cq `cm`# ehf v`n T"lomca o~vt~v tznaèzmnq vo mzo~hf }`cln H"lomca o~vt~vq tznaèzmn vo Yff •

F~zchm nyel~evn alk cq `cm` ("alk ("alk cq lo}# ehf jov` vstn qvemnq mo v`zo~m` nyel~evcoh; H" lomca vznn lomcaells nyel~evnq vo mzo~hf }`cln T"lomca vznn lomcaells nyel~evnq vo Yff

Ci }n v~zh e fshebca mevn “~tqcfn fo}h‒ ehf ~qn TINVq vo j~clf v`n lomca jloak, }n mnv e lomca mevn vèv “tznaèzmnq‒ lo} ehf “fcqaèzmnq‒ `cm` Js ~qchm v`nqn mevnq ch eh elvnzhevchm qnu~nhan }cv` znm~lez HINV fshebca mevnq }n aeh nlcbchevn v`n zean tzojlnb }n èf }cv` HINV"ohls fshebca mevn qnu~nhanq ehf `nhan }n foh–v hnnf v`n j~iinz chynzvnz tznqnhv ch fobcho mevnq Znboychm v`n j~iinz cq e bcpnf jlnqqchm qchan }n bes hnnf cv ioz fzcyn zneqohq ehf vo knnt aobtevcjclcvs }cv` ov`nz fobcho mevnq Cv elqo beknq HOZE lomca ynzs q~qantvcjln vo hocqn qchan f~zchm v`n nyel~evn tèqn ell chiozbevcoh cq qvoznf fshebcaells

HOZE ABOQ Lomca Acza~cv Npebtln

•

Eh npebtln oi HT oz HOZE (Ho Zean# lomca cq qò}h jnlo}7

•

F~zchm ALK lo} (ALK – `cm`#, nea` qvemn tzn"aèzmnq ‑ H lomca qvemnq tzn"aèzmn vo YFF; T lomca qvemnq tzn"aèzmn vo vo MHF


Temn 1:

•

]`nh ALK monq `cm` (ALK– lo}#, nea` qvemn nhvnzq v`n nyel~evcoh tèqn ‑ H lomca nyel~evnq vo MHF; T lomca qvemnq q vemnq nyel~evn vo YFF ‑ Ell HBOQ ehf TBOQ qvemnq nyel~evn ohn eivnz ehov`nz ch q~aanqqcoh, eq ch Fobcho lomca

•

Lomca jnlo}7 ‑ Qvemn 5 cq P 2 (E ½ J#– ‑ Qvemn : cq M 2 P– + S– ‑ Qvemn 1 cq W 2 (I ½ M + @#–


Temn 11

ALOAKNF ABOQ LOMCA

•

Aloaknf ABOQ lomca èq jnnh ~qnf ioz ynzs lo} to}nz ABOQ ehf/oz ioz bchcbcwchm òv nlnavzoh niinav tzojlnbq ch H"INV fnycanq

•

Aloakchm vzehqcqvozq ello} yelcf lomca o~vt~v ohls }`nh ALK cq `cm`

•

Aloakchm vzehqcqvozq bes jn ev o~vt~v nhf oi lomca vznnq (bepcb~b tnziozbehan# oz ev to}nz q~ttls nhf oi o i lomca lomca vznnq (bepcb~b tzovnavcoh izob òv nlnavzohq#


Temn 16

Cbtlnbnhv iollo}chm i~havcoh ~qchm ALOAKNF ABOQ LOMCA

e# HEHF: MEVN j# HOZ: MEVN


Temn 1>

Fciinznhvcel Aeqaofn Yolvemn Q}cva` Lomca •

Cv cq toqqcjln vo aznevn e zevconf lomca qvsln vèv aobtlnvnls nlcbchevnq qvevca a~zznhvq ehf tzoycfnq zecl"vo"zecl zecl"vo"zecl q}chm Q~a` e mevn aobjchnq v}o aohantvq7 fciinznhvcel lomca ehf toqcvcyn innfjeak

•

E fciinznhvcel mevn znu~cznq vèv nea` cht~v cq tzoycfnf ch aobtlnbnhvezs iozbev, ehf tzof~anq aobtlnbnhvezs o~vt~vq o ~vt~vq ch v~zh V`n innfjeak bnaèhcqb nhq~znq nh q~znq vèv v`n loef fnycan cq v~zhnf v~zhnf oii }`nh ho hnnfnf


Temn 19

OII (4# v`cq }cll bekn TFH: OH (5# (Jnae~qn TFH5 ehf AEQN 57 Eqq~bn TFH5 TFH: ezn b~v~ells b~v~ells npal~qcyn# npal~qcyn # Qo TFH: OH (5# }cll bekn O~v }cll fcqaèzmn aobtlnvnls ehf cv }cll jnaobn (O~v ( O~v2 24# v`cq }cll bekn B5 OH v`cq }cll bekn O~v vo aèzmn YFF (O~v25# jnae~qn oi TFH5 oi TFH5 cq OII, O~v qvesq ev 5 v`cq }cll v~zh oii B: OH (5# v`cq }cll bekn TFH: OII (4# (Jnae~qn TFH5 ehf AEQN :7 Eqq~bn TFH5 TFH: ezn b~v~ells b~v~ells npal~qcyn# npal~qcyn # Qo TFH5 OH (5# }cll bekn O~v }cll fcqaèzmn aobtlnvnls ehf cv }cll jnaobn (O~v ( O~v2 24# v`cq }cll bekn B: OH v`cq }cll bekn O~v vo aèzmn YFF (O~v25 O~v25## jnae~qn oi TFH: oi TFH: cq OII O~v qvesq ev 5 ohls, v`cq }cll v~zh oii B5

5 HEHF ehf EHF


Temn 1=

:PHOZ ehf POZ

: PHOZ ehf POZ

Ynzcicaevcoh

OZ


Temn 10

1 Cbtlnbnhv Cbtlnbnhv iollo}chm i~havcoh ~qchm FAYL FA YL LOMCA


Temn 13

EFYEHVEMNQ  V`n FAYQL mevn tzoycfnq fciinznhvcel (oz aobtlnbnhvezs# o~vt~vq

qcmhel (Yo~v5# ehf cvq chynzvnf yel~n (Yo~v:# ezn qcb~lvehno~qls  Jov` v`n o~vt~v qcmhel ( eyeclejln  V`cq cq e fcqvchav efyehvemn, eq cv nlcbchevnq v`n hnnf ioz eh npvze chynzvnz vo tzof~an v`n aobtlnbnhvezs qcmhel  Cv èq jnnh ojqnzynf vèv e fciinznhvcel cbtlnbnhvevcoh oi e aobtlnp i~havcoh bes znf~an v`n h~bjnz oi mevnq znu~cznf js e ieavoz oi v}o

Teqq"Vzehqcqvoz Lomca  E tot~lez ehf }cfnls"~qnf elvnzhevcyn vo aobtlnbnhvezs ABOQ cq teqq"vzehqcqvoz lomca  }`ca` evvnbtvq vo znf~an v`n h~bjnz oi vzehqcqvozq znu~cznf vo cbtlnbnhv lomca js

ello}chm v`n tzcbezs cht~vq vo fzcyn mevn vnzbchelq eq }nll eq qo~zan/fzech vnzbchelq


Temn 64

AOBTLNBNHVEZS TEQQ VZEHQCQVOZ LOMCA

5 EHF/HEHF

: OZ/HOZ


Temn 65

1 POZ/PHOZ

VZEHQBCQQCOH MEVN ‑ QSBJOL ) LESO^V


Temn 6:


Temn 61

5 Cbtlnbnhvevcoh oi B~lvctlnpoz(:75# ~qchm VM


Temn 66

: Cbtlnbnhvevcoh oi POZ ~qchm VM


Temn 6>

1 Cbtlnbnhvevcoh oi F Leva` ~qchm VM


Temn 69

Tzojlnbq 5 Fnqcmh 6 vo 5 b~lvctlnpoz b~lvctlnpoz ~qchm vzehqbcqqcoh"mevnq vzehqbcqqcoh"mevnq : Cbtlnbnhv e i~ll effnz ~qchm vzehqbcqqcoh mevnq 1 Cbtlnbnhv EJ+JA ~qchm Teqq Vzehqcqvoz Lomca Aeqn Qv~fs ehf Qnbchez   

Aloakchm Qvzevnmcnq C/O Qvz~av~znq Lo} to}nz Fnqcmh


Temn 6=

^HCV"> Fevetev` Q~jqsqvnbq A`ct i~havcohq mnhnzells aeh jn fcycfnf chvo v`n iollo}chm aevnmozcnq7 5 Feve tev` otnzevozq : Bnbozs nlnbnhvq 1 Aohvzol qvz~av~znq 6 Qtnacel"t~ztoqn anllq 

C/O



To}nz fcqvzcj~vcoh



Aloak mnhnzevcoh ehf fcqvzcj~vcoh



Ehelom ehf ZI

Feve tev` otnzevcohq"Effcvcoh/Q~jvzeavcoh otnzevcohq" Effcvcoh/Q~jvzeavcoh

Effcvcoh iozbq v`n jeqcq ioz behs tzoanqqchm otnzevcohq, izob EL^q vo effznqq mnhnzevcoh vo b~lvctlcaevcoh vo iclvnzchm Eq e znq~lv, effnz acza~cvq vèv eff v}o jchezs h~bjnzq ezn oi mznev chvnznqv vo fcmcvel qsqvnb fnqcmhnzq Eh npvnhqcyn, elboqv nhflnqq, eqqozvbnhv oi effnz eza`cvnav~znq qnzynq fciinznhv qtnnf/to}nz/ezne znu~cznbnhvq V`cq qnavcoh jnmchq }cv` èli effnzq ehf i~ll effnzq ioz qchmln"jcv effcvcoh EFFNZ @ELI EFFNZ

V`n èli effnz effq v}o qchmln"jcv cht~vq, E ehf J, V`n znq~lv oi v}o jcvq ezn znu~cznf vo zntznqnhv v`n yel~n; v`ns ezn aellnf v`n q~b Q Q ehf ehf aezzs"o~v A o~v o~v V`n aezzs"o~v cq nu~cyelnhv vo e aezzs"ch vo v`n hnpv bozn qcmhcicaehv aol~bh oi e b~lvcjcv effnz,


Temn 60

I^LL EFFNZ

Ioz e i~ll effnz, cv cq qobnvcbnq ~qni~l vo fnichn Mnhnzevn (M#, #, Tzotemevn #, ehf Kcll ehf Kcll (( K Tzotemevn ( T T #, K # qcmhelq



V`n effnz mnhnzevnq e aezzs }`nh A o~v o~v cq vz~n chfntnhfnhv oi A oi A ch, ch, qo Mnhnzevn M M 2 2 E ½ J J



V`n effnz kcllq e aezzs }`nh A o~v o~v cq ielqn chfntnhfnhv oi A oi A ch, ch, qo K K 2 2 E ½ J 2 E + J



V`n effnz tzotemevnq e aezzs; cn, cv tzof~anq e aezzs"o~v ci ehf ohls ci cv znancynq e aezzs"ch, }`nh npeavls ohn cht~v cq vz~n7

v`n i~ll effnz lomca cq


Temn 63

]zcvn K bet , qcbtlcis ehf mnv v`n nu~evcoh ioz Q ehf Ao~v


Temn >4

: QCBTLCICNF I^LL EFFNZ ch qchmln fnqcmh


Temn >5


Temn >:

Q^JVZEAVOZ

Eh H Eh H "jcv "jcv q~jvzeavoz ~qnq v`n v}o–q aobtlnbnhv znlevcohq`ct

V`cq chyolynq chynzvchm ohn otnzehf vo eh H "jcv "jcv aezzs"tzotemevn effnz ehf effchm 5 yce v`n aezzs cht~v, eq qò}h ch Icm~zn

EFFNZ/Q^JVZEAVOZ

Eh effnz/q~jvzeavoz ~qnq POZ mevnq vo aohfcvcohells chynzv J chynzv J,, eq qò}h ch jnlo} Icm~zn Ch tznicp effnzq, v`n POZ mevnq oh v`n J cht~vq ezn qobnvcbnq bnzmnf chvo v`n jcv}cqn TM acza~cvzs

Npebtln7 Fnqcmh oi 6 jcv Jchezs Effnz/Q~jvzeavoz ]`cln cv cq tnzinavls toqqcjln vo fnqcmh e a~qvob acza~cv ioz v`n q~jvzeavcoh otnzevcoh, cv cq b~a` bozn aobboh vo zn"~qn eh npcqvchm effnz ehf vo zntlean e q~jvzeavcoh js e v}o" aobtlnbnhv-q effcvcoh V`n icm~zn qò}q ò} v`cq cq fohn 

]`nh v`n Q^J/EFF cht~v cq lo} (4#, v`n POZ"mevnq eav eq hoh"chynzvchm j~iinzq ehf v`n aezzs"cht~v vo v`n effnz cq 4 V`nzniozn, v`n effnz aela~levnq e io~z"jcv q~b tl~q aezzs"o~v7 (Ao~v, Q1, Q:, Q5, Q4# 2 (E1, E:, E5, E4# + (J1, J:, J5, J4#


Temn >1



Ci v`n Q^J/EFF cht~v cq `cm` (5#, v`n POZ"mevnq eav eq chynzvchm j~iinzq, ehf v`n aezzs" cht~v vo v`n effnz cq 5 (Ao~v, Q1, Q:, Q5, Q4# 2 (E1, E:, E5, E4# " (J1, J:, J5, J4#

: EFF

E+J

E J Q^B2

5554 5555 5545 AEZ25

: Q^JVZEAV

E"J

E J

5554 5555

5‐q Aobtlcbnhv oi J 4444 :–q Aobtlcbnhv oi J25‐q Aobtlcbnhv oi J+52 44 44+52 4445 Q2E"J2E+J+52E+:–q Aobtlcbnhv oi J


Temn >6

Q25554+4445 Q25555 JOZ25

B^LVCTLCAEVCOH

B~lvctlcaevcoh aeh jn aohqcfnznf eq e qnzcnq oi zntnevnf effcvcohq V`n h~bjnz vo jn effnf cq v`n b~lvctlcaehf, v`n h~bjnz oi vcbnq vèv cv cq effnf cq v`n b~lvctlcnz, ehf v`n znq~lv cq v`n tzof~av Nea` qvnt o i v`n v` n effcvcoh mnhnzevnq e tezvcel tzof~av Ch boqv aobt~vnzq, v`n ot nzehfq ~q~ells aohvech v`n qebn h~bjnz oi jcvq ]`nh v`n otnzehfq ezn chvnztznvnf eq chvnmnzq, v`n tzof~av cq mnhnzells v}can v`n lnhmv` lnhm v` oi v`n otnzehfq ch ozfnz vo tznqnzyn v`n chiozbevcoh aohvnhv V`cq zntnevnf effcvcoh bnvòf vèv cq q~mmnqvnf js v`n ezcv`bnvca fnichcvcoh cq qlo} vèv cv cq elboqv el}esq zntleanf js eh elmozcv`b vèv beknq ~qn oi toqcvcohel h~bjnz zntznqnhvevcoh Cv cq toqqcjln vo fnaobtoqn b~lvctlcnzq ch v}o tezvq V`n iczqv tezv cq fnfcaevnf vo v`n mnhnzevcoh oi tezvcel tzof~avq, ehf v`n qnaohf ohn aollnavq ehf effq v`nb 

5 Tezellnl B~lvctlcnz Fcmcvel YLQC Fnqcmh, NAN Fntv(QNV,G^(

Temn >>

: Qnzcel B~lvctlcnz 1 Qnzcel Tezellnl B~lvctlcnz 6 Joov` B~lvctlcnz

5 Tezellnl B~lvctlcnz

B Ý B Ý H "jcv "jcv b~lvctlcaevcoh T b~lvctlcaevcoh T 2 2 S S Ý Ý P P aeh aeh jn ycn}nf eq iozbchm H iozbchm H tezvcel tezvcel tzof~avq oi B B jcvq jcvq nea`, n ea`, ehf v`nh q~bbchm v`n ettzotzcevnls q`civnf tezvcel tzof~avq vo tzof~an eh B + H "jcv "jcv znq~lv T  Jchezs b~lvctlcaevcoh cq nu~cyelnhv vo e lomcael EHF otnzevcoh V`nzniozn, mnhnzevchm tezvcel tzof~avq aohqcqvq oi v`n lomcael EHFchm oi v`n ettzotzcevn jcvq oi v`n b~lvctlcnz ehf b~lvctlcaehf Nea` aol~bh oi tezvcel tzof~avq b~qv v`nh jn effnf ehf, ci hnanqqezs, ehs aezzs yel~nq teqqnf vo v`n hnpv aol~bh ]n fnhovn v`n b~lvctlcaehf eq

B ‑5 , s B B ‑: , …, s 5, s 4r ehf v`n b~lvctlcnz eq P ]n fnhovn v`n b~lvctlcaehf eq S {s B eq P { p p H …, p 5, p 4r( H ‑5 , p H H ‑: , …, p 



Ioz ~hqcmhnf b~lvctlcaevcoh, v`n tzof~av cq mcynh ch Nu~evcoh

Ioz npebtln, v`n b~lvctlcaevcoh oi v}o toqcvcyn 9"jcv jchezs chvnmnzq, :>54 ehf 1354, tzoannfq eq qò}h ch Icm~zn


Temn >9

6 Jcv ezzes B~lvctlcaevcoh


Temn >=

AOBTEZEVOZ Fcmcvel oz Jchezs Aobtezevozq ezn befn ~t izob qvehfezf EHF, HOZ ehf HOV mevnq vèv aobtezn v`n fcmcvel qcmhelq tznqnhv ev v`ncz cht~v vnzbchelq ehf tzof~an eh o~vt~v fntnhfchm ~toh v`n aohfcvcoh oi vòqn cht~vq Ioz npebtln, elohm }cv` jnchm ejln vo eff ehf q~jvzeav jchezs h~bjnzq }n hnnf vo jn ejln vo aobtezn v`nb ehf fnvnzbchn }`nv`nz v`n yel~n oi cht~v E cq mznevnz vèh, qbellnz vèh oz nu~el vo v`n yel~n ev cht~v J nva V`n fcmcvel aobtezevoz eaaobtlcq`nq v`cq ~qchm qnynzel lomca mevnq vèv otnzevn oh v`n tzchactlnq oi Joolneh elmnjze V`nzn ezn v}o bech vstnq oi fcmcvel aobtezevoz eyeclejln ehf v`nqn ezn 5

Cfnhvcvs Aobtezevoz " eh Cfnhvcvs Aobtezevoz cq e fcmcvel aobtezevoz vèv èq ohls ohn o~vt~v vnzbchel ioz ioz }`nh E 2 J ncv`nz *@CM@* E 2 J 2 5 oz *LO]* *LO]* E 2 J 2 4

:

Bemhcv~fn Aobtezevoz " e Bemhcv~fn Aobtezevoz cq e vstn oi fcmcvel aobtezevoz vèv èq v`znn o~vt~v vnzbchelq, ohn nea` ioz nu~elcvs, E 2 J mznevnz vèh, E 8 J ehf lnqq vèh E < J V`n t~ztoqn oi e Fcmcvel Aobtezevoz cq vo aobtezn e qnv oi yezcejlnq oz ~hkho}h

h~bjnzq, ioz npebtln E (E5, E:, E1,  Eh, nva# emechqv vèv oi e aohqvehv oz ~hkho}h yel~n q~a` eq J (J5, J:, J1,  Jh, nva# ehf tzof~an eh o~vt~v aohfcvcoh oz ilem fntnhfchm ~toh v`n znq~lv oi v`n aobtezcqoh Ioz npebtln, e bemhcv~fn aobtezevoz oi v}o 5"jcvq, (E ehf J# cht~vq }o~lf tzof~an v`n iollo}chm v`znn o~vt~v aohfcvcohq }`nh aobteznf vo nea` ov`nz

]`ca` bnehq7 E cq mznevnz vèh J, E cq nu~el nu~ el vo J, ehf E cq lnqq vèh vèh J V`cq cq ~qni~l ci }n }ehv vo aobtezn v}o yezcejlnq ehf }ehv vo tzof~an eh o~vt~v }`nh ehs oi v`n ejoyn v`znn aohfcvcohq ezn ea`cnynf Ioz npebtln, tzof~an eh o~vt~v izob e ao~hvnz }`nh e anzvech ao~hv h~bjnz cq znea`nf So~ bes hovcan v}o fcqvchav inev~znq ejo~v v`n aobtezevoz izob v`n ejoyn vz~v` vejln Iczqvls, v`n acza~cv fonq hov fcqvchm~cq` jnv}nnh ncv`nz v}o *4* oz v}o *5*-q eq eh o~vt~v E 2 J cq tzof~anf }`nh v`ns ezn jov` nu~el, ncv`nz E 2 J 2 *4* oz E 2 J 2 *5* Qnaohfls, v`n o~vt~v aohfcvcoh ioz E 2 J znqnbjlnq vèv oi e aobbohls eyeclejln lomca mevn, v`n Npal~qcyn"HOZ oz Np"HOZ i~havcoh (nu~cyelnhan# oh nea` oi v`n h"jcvq mcychm7 U2E J

⊞

Fcmcvel aobtezevozq eav~ells ~qn Npal~qcyn"HOZ mevnq }cv`ch v`ncz fnqcmh ioz aobtezchm v`ncz znqtnavcyn teczq oi jcvq ]`nh }n ezn aobtezchm v}o jchezs oz JAF yel~nq oz yezcejlnq emechqv Fcmcvel YLQC Fnqcmh, NAN Fntv(QNV,G^(

Temn >0

nea` ov`nz, }n ezn aobtezchm v`n *bemhcv~fn* oi v`nqn yel~nq, e lomca *4* emechqv e lomca *5* }`ca` cq }`nzn v`n vnzb Bemhcv~fn Aobtezevoz aobnq izob 5"jcv Aobtezevoz

V`nh v`n otnzevcoh oi e 5"jcv fcmcvel aobtezevoz cq mcynh ch v`n iollo}chm Vz~v` Vejln Vz~v` Vejln

ABOQ LOMCA QVZÂV^ZN OI 5"JCV AOBTEZEVOZ

PHOZ


Temn >3

TEZCVS MNHNZEVOZQ

E tezcvs jcv aeh jn effnf vo eh H "jcv "jcv }ozf vo chfcaevn }`nv`nz v`n h~bjnz oi 5q ch v`n }ozf cq nynh oz off Ch nynh tezcvs, tezcvs, v`n npvze jcv cq v`n POZ oi v`n ov`nz H H jcvq, jcvq, }`ca` nhq~znq v`n ( H + H + 5#"jcv aofnf }ozf èq eh nynh h~bjnz oi 5q7

Tezcvs mnhnzevoz `nltq ch chfcaevchm v`n tezcvs oi e jchezs h~bjnz oz e }ozf Lnv ~q aohqcfnz

Ohn/Wnzo Fnvnavozq Fnvnavchm ell ohnq oz wnzoq oh }cfn H }cfn H "jcv "jcv }ozfq znu~cznq lezmn ieh"ch EHF oz HOZ mevnq Znaell vèv js FnBozmeh–q le}, EHF, OZ, HEHF, ehf HOZ ezn i~hfebnhvells v`n qebn otnzevcoh npantv ioz toqqcjln chynzqcohq oi v`n cht~vq ehf/oz o~vt~vq So~ aeh j~clf e vznn oi EHF mevnq, eq qò}h ch Icm~zn @nzn, elvnzhevn HEHF ehf HOZ mevnq èyn jnnh ~qnf


Temn 94

Foh–v mo ch fnvecl oi Ao~hvnzq ehf Q`civnzq( hov znu~cznf#

Ao~hvnzq V}o aobbohls ~qnf vstnq oi ao~hvnzq ezn jchezs ao~hvnz q ehf lchnez"innfjeak q`civ H

znmcqvnzq Eh H znmcqvnzq Eh H "jcv "jcv jchezs ao~hvnz qnu~nhanq v`zo~m` : o~vt~vq ch jchezs ozfnz Qcbtln fnqcmhq èyn e bchcb~b asaln vcbn vèv chazneqnq }cv` H }cv` H , j~v ieqvnz fnqcmhq otnzevn ch aohqvehv vcbn Eh H "jcv "jcv lchnez"innfjeak q`civ znmcqvnzq qnu~nhanq v`zo~m` ~t vo : H ‑ 5 o~vt~vq ch tqn~fo"zehfob ozfnz Cv èq e qòzv bchcb~b asaln vcbn chfntnhfnhv oi H oi H , qo cv cq ~qni~l ioz npvznbnls ieqv ao~hvnzq eq }nll eq tqn~fo"zehfob h~bjnz mnhnzevcoh Qobn oi v`n aobboh inev~znq oi ao~hvnzq chal~fn v`n iollo}chm7 

Znqnvvejln77 ao~hvnz yel~n cq znqnv vo 4 }`nh ZNQNV Znqnvvejln }`nh ZNQNV cq cq eqqnzvnf (nqqnhvcel ioz vnqvchm#



Loefejln77 ao~hvnz yel~n cq loefnf }cv` H Loefejln }cv` H "jcv "jcv yel~n }`nh LOEF }`nh LOEF cq eqqnzvnf



Nhejlnf 7 ao~hvnz ao~hvq ohls oh aloak asalnq }`nh NH }`nh NH cq cq eqqnzvnf



Znynzqcjln77 ao~hvnz chaznbnhvq oz fnaznbnhvq jeqnf oh ^T/FO]H Znynzqcjln ^T/FO]H cht~v cht~v



Vnzbchel Ao~hv7 VA o~vt~v VA o~vt~v eqqnzvnf }`nh ao~hvnz oynzilo}q (}`nh ao~hvchm ~t# oz ~hfnzilo}q (}`nh ao~hvchm fo}h#

5 Jchezs Ao~hvnzq V`n qcbtlnqv jchezs ao~hvnz cq v`n eqsha`zoho~q zcttln"aezzs ao~hvnz , eq qò}h ch Icm~zn Cv cq aobtoqnf oi H H znmcqvnzq aohhnavnf ch vommln aohicm~zevcoh, }`nzn v`n iellchm vzehqcvcoh oi nea` znmcqvnz aloakq v`n q~jqnu~nhv znmcqvnz V`nzniozn, v`n fnles aeh jn u~cvn lohm Cv èq ho znqnv qcmhel, bekchm cv fciica~lv vo vnqv Ch mnhnzel, eqsha`zoho~q acza~cvq chvzof~an e }òln Fcmcvel YLQC Fnqcmh, NAN Fntv(QNV,G^(

Temn 95

eqqozvbnhv oi tzojlnbq, qo v`n zcttln"aezzs ao~hvnz cq qò}h bechls ioz `cqvozcael chvnznqv ehf cq hov znaobbnhfnf ioz aobbnzacel fnqcmhq

: Zchm Ao~hvnzq E zchm ao~hvnz aohqcqvq oi eh B "jcv "jcv q`civ znmcqvnz }cv` v`n o~vt~v inf jeak vo v`n cht~v, eq qò}h ch Icm~zn Oh znqnv, v`n iczqv jcv cq chcvcelcwnf vo 5 ehf v`n ov`nzq ezn chcvcelcwnf vo 4 VA vommlnq ohan nynzs B asalnq Zchm ao~hvnzq ezn e aohynhcnhv }es vo j~clf npvznbnls ieqv tznqaelezq jnae~qn v`nzn cq ho lo mca jnv}nnh ilct"ilotq, ilct"ilotq, j~v v`ns v`n s jnaobn aoqvls ioz lezmnz B 

1 Go`hqoh Ao~hvnzq Go`hqoh oz Bojc~q Bojc~q ao~hvnz cq ao~hvnz cq qcbclez vo e zchm ao~hvnz, j~v chynzvq v`n o~vt~v jniozn cv cq inf jeak vo v`n cht~v, eq qò}h ch Icm~zn V`n V `n ilct"ilotq ezn znqnv vo ell wnzoq ehf ao~hv ao~h v v`zo~m` v`zo~ m` : B qvevnq jniozn zntnevchm Vejln qò}q v`n qnu~nhan ioz e 1"jcv Go`hqoh ao~hvnz


Temn 9:

6 Lchnez"Innfjeak Q`civ Znmcqvnzq E lchnez"innfjeak q`civ znmcqvnz (LIQZ# aohqcqvq oi H znmcqvnzq H znmcqvnzq aohicm~znf eq e q`civ znmcqvnz V`n cht~v vo v`n q`civ znmcqvnz aobnq izob v`n POZ oi tezvca~lez jcvq oi v`n znmcqvnz, eq qò}h ch Icm~zn ioz e 1"jcv LIQZ Oh znqnv, v`n znmcqvnzq b~qv jn chcvcelcwnf vo e hohwnzo yel~n (nm, ell 5q# V`n tevvnzh oi o~vt~vq ioz v`n LIQZ cq qò}h ch Vejln


Temn 91

Q`civnzq Q`civq aeh ncv`nz jn tnziozbnf js e aohqvehv oz yezcejln ebo~hv Aohqvehv q`civq ezn vzcycel ch èzf}ezn, znu~czchm ohls }cznq V`ns ezn elqo eh niicacnhv }es vo tnziozb b~lvctlcaevcoh oz fcycqcoh js to}nzq oi v}o E yezcejln q`civnz veknq eh H "jcv "jcv cht~v, E E,, e q`civ ebo~hv, k , ehf aohvzol qcmhelq chfcaevchm v`n q`civ vstn ehf fcznavcoh Cv tzof~anq eh H "jcv "jcv o~vt~v, S  V`nzn ezn v`znn aobboh vstnq oi yezcejln q`civq, nea` oi }`ca` aeh jn vo v`n lniv oz zcm`v7 

Zovevn77 Zovevn h~bjnzq ch e aczaln q~a` vèv nbtvs qtovq ezn icllnf }cv` jcvq q`civnf oii v`n Zovevn ov`nz nhf  Npebtln7 5455 ZOZ 5 2 5545; 5455 ZOL 5 2 4555



Lomcael q`civ 7 Q`civ v`n h~bjnz vo v`n lniv oz zcm`v ehf icllq nbtvs qtovq }cv` wnzoq 5455 LQZ 5 2 4545; 5455 LQL 5 2 4554  Npebtln7 5455



Ezcv`bnvca q`civ q` civ 7 Qebn eq lomcael q`civnz, j~v oh zcm`v q`civq icllq v`n boqv qcmhcicaehv jcvq }cv` aotcnq oi v`n qcmh jcv (vo tzotnzls qcmh, npvnhf v}o–q aobtlnbnhv h~bjnzq }`nh ~qchm zcm`v q`civ js k k ioz ioz fcycqcoh js :k :k # # 5455 EQZ 5 2 5545; 5455 EQL 5 2 4554  Npebtln7 5455

E I~hhnl Q`civnz

J Jezznl Q`civnz I~hhnl Q`civnz Tnziozb 9 fciinznhv otnzevcohq Lomca Q`civ Zcm`v Lomca Q`civ Lniv Ezcv`bnvca Q`civ Zcm`v Ezcv`bnvca Q`civ Lniv Jezznl Q`civ Zcm`v Jezznl Q`civ Lniv      

Lomca Q`civnz ‑ Eivnz q`civ icllq yeaevnf toqcvcohq }cv` 4–q np Lomca Q`civ Zcm`v : 554554 ↚ 5545 ↚ _ _ 5545 445545 44 5545 np Lomca Q`civ Lniv : 554554 ↚ 4554 _ _ ↚ 455444 4554 44


Temn 96

Ezcv`bca q`civnz"Ioz Zcm`v q`civ icllq yeaevnf toqcvcohq }cv` e yel~n oi Boqv Qcmhcicaehv Jcv np Ezcv`bca Q`civ Zcm`v : 554554 ↚ 554554 ↚ _ _5545 ↚ 555545 55 5545 Ioz Lniv q`civ, qebn eq Lomca Q`civnz

Jezznl q`civnz " T~q`nf o~v jcvq icll yeaevnf jcv toqcvcohq np Jezznl Q`civ Zcm`v : 554554 ↚ 554554 _ _ 5545 5545 ↚ 545545 54 5545

np Jezznl Q`civ Lniv : 554554 55 4554 ↚ 4554 _ _ ↚4554 455455 55 Znlevcohq jnv}nnh v`n I~havcohq Lomca Q`civ Lniv 2 Ezcv`bca Q`civ Lniv 



Jezznl Q`civ Zcm`v 2 Hv ‑ Jezznl Q`civ lniv; }`nzn Hv 2 Vovel h~bjnz oi Jcvq

Np Ioz e 6 Jcv q`civnz

6 " Jezznl Q`civ Lniv 5 2 Jezznl Q`civ Zcm`v 1



Lomca Q`civ Zcm`v 2 Hv ‑ Lomca Q`civ lniv; }`nzn Hv 2 Vovel h~bjnz oi Jcvq

Q`civ ehf zovevn npebtlnq ioz E 2 e=e9e>e6e1e:e5e4 ehf J 2 1


Temn 9>

^HCV"9 Fevetev` Aohvzol Qo iez }n èyn velknf ejo~v }èv monq chvo v`n fevetev` V`nqn i~havcoh ~hcvq / leva`nq / b~pnq behct~levn v`n feve cvqnli J~v v`cq lomca cq ohls tezv oi v`n }òln a`ct Qobnv`chm hnnfq vo vnll v`n fevetev` nlnbnhvq }èv vo fo Ehf v`cq cq v`n i~havcoh oi v`n aohvzol

Aohvzol

Cv cq ~q~ells eh IQB qchan qobn otnzevcohq vèv v`n a`ct tnziozbq vekn b~lvctln aloak asalnq, ehf v`n aohvzollnz b~qv kho} }`nzn cv cq ch v`n chqvz~avcoh Ch tctnlchnf bcazotzoanqqozq, nea` chqvz~avcoh bes vekn h asalnq vo aobtlnvn, j~v v`n hnpv chqvz~avcohq ezn qvezvnf jniozn tznyco~q ohnq èyn ichcq`nf V`n aohvzollnz b~qv vzeak }`ca` chqvz~avcoh cq ev nea` i~havcoh ch nea` asaln

IQB Ichcvn Qvevn Bea`chnq (eq e qnu~nhvcel hnv}ozk# òlf v`n tznqnhv qvevn ch bnbozs ehf aobt~vn v`n hnpv qvevn ehf o~vt~v ~qchm o~vt~v ~qchm aobjchevcohel lomca V`n cht~v vo v`n hnpv qvevn aobt~vevcoh cq v`n tznqnhv qvevn ehf ehs cht~vq E bof~l~q ao~hvnz zntznqnhvq v`n qcbtlnqv IQB qchan cv èq ho


Temn 99

cht~vq, v`n hnpv qvevn fntnhfq aobtlnvnls oh v`n tznqnhv qvevn Ioz npebtln, e Bof"> ao~hvnz IQB ao~hvq 4, 5, :, 1, 6, 4, 5,  V`n mnhnzel eza`cvnav~zn oi eh IQB cq v`n iollo}chm7 v`n eza`cvnav~zn aohqcqvq oi Aobt~vn Hnpv Qvevn vèv ~qnq v`n Tznqnhv Qvevn vo fnvnzbchn }`ca` }cll jn v`n hnpv qvevn hnpv qvevn vo nhvnz V`n Aloak cht~v Aloak cht~v qnzynq vo qsha`zohcwn v`n IQB otnzevcoh chvo fcqaznvn tochvq oi qvevn aèhmn Cv cq cbtozvehv vo ~hfnzqvehf v`n zoln oi v`n aloak ch aloak ch aoozfchevchm v`n otnzevcoh oi v`n IQB Eq v`n iollo}chm fcemzeb cll~qvzevnq, v`n Hnpv Qvevn aobt~vevcoh cq (b~qv jn# aobtlnvnf }`nh v`n aloak t~lqn oaa~zq V`n aloak cq eavcyn oh v`n zcqchm nfmn ch v`cq npebtln bnehchm vèv ell aèhmnq vo v`n bnbozs oaa~z oh v`n zcqchm aloak nfmn V`n Hnpv V`n Hnpv Qvevn jnaobnq v`n Tznqnhv v`n Tznqnhv Qvevn oh v`n eavcyn aloak nfmn, bnehchm v`n ao~hv aèhmnq IQB Fnqcmh

•

V`cq tznqnhvevcoh fnelq }cv` izohv vo nhf fnqcmh oi ichcvn qvevn bea`chnq, jov` Bnels ehf Boozn vstnq

IQB Cbtlnbnhvevcoh Cbtlnbnhvevcoh •

Aohynzvchm e tzojlnb vo nu~cyelnhv qvevn vejln ehf qvevn fcemzeb cq g~qv v`n iczqv qvnt ch v`n fnqcmh tzoanqq

•

V`n hnpv qvnt cq vo fnqcmh v`n qsqvnb èzf}ezn vèv cbtlnbnhvq v`n qvevn bea`chn

•

V`cq qnavcoh fnelq }cv` v`n tzoanqq chyolynf vo fnqcmh v`n fcmcvel lomca vo cbtlnbnhv e ichcvn qvevn bea`chn

•

Iczqv qvnt cq vo eqqcmh e ~hcu~nls jchezs yel~n vo nea` oi v`n qvevn vèv v`n bea`chn aeh jn ch V`n qvevn b~qv jn nhaofnf ch jchezs

•

Hnpv }n fnqcmh v`n èzf}ezn vo mo izob v`n a~zznhv qvevn vo v`n aozznav hnpv qvevn V`cq lomca aohynzvq v`n a~zznhv qvevn ehf v`n a~zznhv cht~v yel~nq vo v`n hnpv qvevn yel~nq ehf qvoznq vèv yel~n

•

V`n ichel qvemn }o~lf jn vo mnhnzevn v`n o~vt~vq oi v`n qvevn bea`chn V`cq cq fohn ~qchm aobjchevozcel lomca

Eqqcmhchm Qvevn Yel~nq Yel~nq Fcmcvel YLQC Fnqcmh, NAN Fntv(QNV,G^(

Temn 9=

•

Nea` qvevn b~qv jn eqqcmhnf vo e ~hcu~n jchezs yel~n; ioz e bea`chn }cv` h qvevnq }n èyn [lom:hR jcvq;

•

Ehs yel~nq aeh jn eqqcmhnf vo v`n qvevnq, qobn yel~nq aeh jn jnvvnz vèh ov`nzq (ch vnzbq oi bchcbcwchm v`n lomca vo aznevn v`n o~vt~v ehf v`n hnpv qvevn yel~nq#

•

V`cq cq eav~ells eh cvnzevcyn tzoanqq7 iczqv v`n fnqcmhnz aznevnq e tznlcbchezs fnqcmh vo mnhnzevn v`n o~vt~vq ehf v`n hnpv qvevnq, v`nh bofcicnq v`n qvevn yel~nq ehf zntnevq v`n tzoanqq V`nzn cq e z~ln oi v`~bj, vèv qcbtlcicnq v`n tzoanqq7 }`nhnynz toqqcjln, toqqcjln, v`n qvevn qò~lf jn eqqcmhnf v`n qebn }cv` v`n o~vt~v yel~nq eqqoacevnf }cv` vèv qvevn Ch v`cq aeqn, qebn lomca aeh jn ~qnf vo mnhnzevn v`n hnpv qvevn ehf v`n o~vt~v

Bnels ehf Boozn Bea`chn Cbtlnbnhvevcohq

•

V`n a~zznhv qvevn yel~n cq qvoznf chvo v`n znmcqvnz

•

V`n qvevn yel~n vomnv`nz }cv` v`n bea`chn cht~vq, ezn cht~v vo e lomca jloak (ALA# vèv mnhnzevnq v`n hnpv qvevn yel~n ehf bea`chn o~vt~vq •

V`n hnpv qvevn cq loefnf chvo v`n znmcqvnz oh v`n zcqchm nfmn oi v`n aloak qcmhel


Temn 90

NPEBTLN7 Bof~lo 9 Ao~hvnz Qtnacicaevcoh7 •

E bof~ln 9 ao~hvnz cq e 1"jcv 1 "jcv ao~hvnz vèv ao~hvq v`zo~m` v`n iollo}chm qnu~nhan7

‑ 444"8445"8454"8455"8544"8545"8444"8… ‑ 4 "8 5 "8 : "8 1 "8 6 "8 > "8 4 … •

Cv fonqh–v ~qn yel~n 9 (554# hoz = (555#

•

Cv èq eh cht~v C vèv aohvzolq v`n ao~hvnz7 a o~hvnz7

‑ ]`nh C25 v`n ao~hvnz chaznbnhvq cvq yel~n oh v`n zcqchm nfmn oi v`n aloak a loak ‑ ]`nh C24 v`n ao~hvnz znvechq cvq yel~n oh v`n zcqchm nfmn oi v`n aloak a loak •

V`n yel~n oi v`n ao~hv cq zntznqnhvnf eq v`znn jcv yel~n (A:A5A4#

•

V`nzn cq eh effcvcohel o~vt~v O (Aezzs# (Aezzs# vèv cq 5 }`nh mochm izob > vo 4 ehf 4 ov`nz}cqn (v`n O o~vt~v znbechq 5 ~hvcl v`n ao~hvnz monq izob 4 vo 5#

Bof~lo 9 Ao~hvnz ‑ Qvevn vejln Tznqnhv

C

Qvevn

Hnpv

4

A:A5A4

Qvevn

Q4

4

Q4

5

444

Q4

5

Q5

4

445

Q5

4

Q5

4

445

Q5

5

Q:

4

454

Q:

4

Q:

4

454

Q:

5

Q1

4

455

Q1

4

Q1

4

455

Q1

5

Q6

4

544

Q6

4

Q6

4

544


Temn 93

•

Q6

5

Q>

4

545

Q>

4

Q>

4

545

Q>

5

Q4

5

444

Ioz nea` qvevn npebchn }èv èttnhq ioz ell toqqcjln toq qcjln yel~nq oi v`n cht~vq ch t~vq

‑ Ch qvevn Q4 cht~v ‐C– aeh jn ncv`nz 4 oz 5 ‑ Ci C24 v`n qvevn bea`chn znbechq ch qvevn Q4 ehf o~vt~vq ‐O–25 ehf A:A5A42444 ‑ Ci C25 v`n qvevn bea`chn monq ch qvevn Q5, o~vt~vq O24 ehf A:A5A42445 •

Ch v`n qebn behhnz, nea` qvevn monq vo v`n hnpv qvevn ci C25 ehf znbechq ch v`n qebn qvevn ci C24

Mnhnzevchm v`n Hnpv Qvevn •

Qchan v`n Bnels ehf Boozn bea`chnq b~qv vzeynzqn v`n qebn qvevnq ~hfnz v`n qebn aohfcvcohq, v`ncz hnpv qvevn lomca cq cfnhvcael cfn hvcael

•

]n }cll tznqnhv v`znn bnvòfq vo mnhnzevn v`n hnpv qvevn lomca7

‑ (c# Aobjchevozcel lomca mevnq ‑ (cc# ^qchm b~lvctlnpnzq ‑ (ccc# ^qchm look~t ZOB •

Vo jnmch }cv`, }n hnnf vo qnv~t v`n vz~v` vejln ioz v`n hnpv hn pv qvevn lomca

Bof~lo 9 Ao~hvnz " Hnpv Qvevn Lomca (c# Tznqnhv Qvevn

C

T:T5T4

Hnpv Qvevn H:H5H4

444

4

444

444

5

445


Temn =4

445

4

445

445

5

454

454

4

454

454

5

455

455

4

455

455

5

544

544

4

544

544

5

545

545

4

545

545

5

444

•

V`n qsqvnb cht~vq ehf v`n tznqnhv qvevnq ezn v`n cht~vq oi v`n vz~v` vejln

•

Hnpv qvevn jcvq ezn v`n o~vt~vq

•

]n èyn vo aohqvz~av e Kezhe~m` bet ioz nea` o~vt~v jcv ehf ojvech cvq n u~evcoh

•

Eivnz vèv }n fnqcmh v`n lomca lom ca vo beva` v`n nu~evcohq

• •

H: 2 T:T4 + T:C +T5T 4C H5 2 T5T 4 + T5C + T:T5T4C •


H4 2 T 4C + T4C

Temn =5

•

Bof~lo 9 Ao~hvnz ‑ Hnpv Qvevn Q vevn cbtlnbnhvevcoh ~qchm lomca mevnq (c#

Mnhnzevchm Qsqvnb O~vt~vq •

Jov` ioz Bnels ehf Boozn bea`chnq }n iollo} v`n qebn fnqcmh tzoanf~zn vo fnynlot v`ncz o~vt~v lomca

•

V`nzn ezn v}o ettzoea`nq vo mnhnzevn v`n o~vt~v (qcbclez vo mnhnzevn v`n hnpv qvevn lomca#7

‑ ^qchm aobjchevozcel lomca mevnq ‑ ^qchm look~t ZOB •

]n ezn jnmchhchm js aznevchm v`n vz~v` vejln7

‑ Ioz Bnels bea`chn, v`n vz~v` vejln cht~vq }cll jn v`n tznqnhv qvevn ehf v`n qsqvnb cht~vq, ehf v`n vejln o~vt~vq ezn v`n qsqvnb o~vt~vq

‑ Ioz Boozn bea`chn, ohls v`n qvevn jcvq ezn cht~vq oi v`n vz~v` vejln, qchan ohls v`nqn jcvq ezn ~qnf vo mnhnzevn v`n qsqvnb o~vt~vq; v`n vejln o~vt~vq ezn v`n qsqvnb o~vt~vq


Temn =:

Boozn Bof~lo 9 Ao~hvnz ‑ Boozn qvevn fcemzeb

• •

V`n o~vt~vq ezn zntznqnhvnf efgeanhv vo v`n qvevn

V`n cht~vq ezn zntznqnhvnf oh v`n ezaq T:T5T4

O

A:A5A4

444

5

444

445

4

445

454

4

454

455

4

455

544

4

544

545

4

545


Temn =1

Bof 9 Ao~hvnz ‑ Boozn Cbtlnbnhvevcoh

•

V`n o~vt~vq fntnhf ohls oh v`n tznqnhv t znqnhv qvevn ehf hov oh cvq cht~vq

•

Cvq aohicm~zevcoh cq fciinznhv vèh v`n Bnels bea`chn

‑ V`n qsqvnb o~vt~v fntnhfq ohls oh v`n tznqnhv qvevn, qo v`n cbtlnbnhvevcoh oi v`n o~vt~v lomca cq fohn qntezevnls qn tezevnls

‑ V`n hnpv qvevn cq ojvechnf izob v`n cht~v ehf v`n tznqnhv qvevn (qebn eq ioz v`n Bnels bea`chn#

•

O~vt~vq " Boozn bea`chn7 ‑ A: 2 T: ‑ A5 2 T5 ‑ A4 2 T4 ‑ O 2 T:–T5–T 4– 2 (T:+T5+T4#–


Temn =6

•

Bof~lo 9 Ao~hvnz A o~hvnz ‑ Boozn Cbtlnbnhvevcoh

Bnels Bof~lo 9 Ao~hvnz " Bnels qvevn fcemzeb

•

V`n o~vt~vq ezn zntznqnhvnf oh v`n ezaq eq C/OA:A5A4


Temn =>

T:T5T4

C

O

A:A5A4

444

4

5

444

444

5

4

445

445

4

4

445

445

5

4

454

454

4

4

454

454

5

4

455

455

4

4

455

455

5

4

544

544

4

4

544

544

5

4

545

545

4

4

545

545

5

5

444


Temn =9

Bof 9 Ao~hvnz ‑ Bnels Cbtlnbnhvevcoh

•

V`n lomca jloak (ALA# cq qtnacica vo nynzs qsqvnb ehf bes aohqcqv oi aobjchevozcel lomca mevnq, b~lvctlnpnzq, look~t ZOBq ehf ov`nz lomca aobtohnhvq

•

V`n lomca jloak aeh–v chal~fn ehs qnu~nhvcel aobtohnhvq, qchan cv b~qv mnhnzevn cvq yel~n ch ohn aloak asaln

•

V`n lomca jloak aohvechq v}o tezvq7

‑ Ohn vèv mnhnzevnq v`n o~vt~vq (i i~havcoh, ALA5# ‑ Ohn vèv mnhnzevnq v`n hnpv qvevn (m i~havcoh, ALA:#


Temn ==

O~vt~vq " Bnels (c#

•

Bnels bea`chn (hovn vèv v`n nu~evcohq ioz A:, A 5, A4 ezn npeavls v`n qebn eq ioz v`n H:, H5, H4 V`cq cq v`n znq~lv oi otvcbells eqqcmhevcoh oi v`n qvevn yel~nq Qebn aobjchevozcel lomca aeh jn ~qn vo ojvech v`n o~vt~vq#7 ‑ A: 2 T:T4–+T:C–+T 5T4C ‑ A5 2 T5T4–+T5C–+T :T5–T4C ‑ A4 2 T4–C+T4C– ‑ O 2 T:–T5–T4–C–+T:T4C


Temn =0

Bof~lo 9 Ao~hvnz A o~hvnz ‑ Bnels Cbtlnbnhvevcoh


Temn =3

Complete Vlsi Notes

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