UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
A PROJECT REPORT ON
“RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY METHODOLOGY WITH REFERENCE TO COLD STORAGE”
SUBMITTED BY UMESH GAIKWAD
M.COM (PART-2) (SEM-III) (BANKING AND INSURANCE) ROLL NO-41
PROJECT GUIDE PROF. DILIP BHANAGADE
V.P.M.’s
K.G. JOSHI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND N.G. BEDEKAR COLLEGE OF COMMERCE, THANE - 400601.
2013-2014 1
VIDYA PRASARAK MANDAL, THANE K.G. JOSHI COLLEGE OF ARTS & N.G. BEDEKAR COLLEGE OF COMMERCE CERTIFICATE
T his hi s is i s to cer cer ti fy that that Mr M r . / M r s. ____ ______ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___ _ Of m.com com ______ ______has has under under tak taken& com complete leted the the pr pr oj ect wo wor k title ti tled d ____ ______ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ __d during uri ng the academi c ye year ___ _____ __un und der the the guid gui dance nce of M r . /M r s.___ s._____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___ _ Subm Submi tted on ____ ______ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___t _to o this colle llege ge on fulfillm fulfi llme ent of the the curricu rriculum of MASTE RS OF CO COMME MME R CE , UNI VE RSI TY OF MUM M UMB B AI . T his hi s is i s a bo bonaf nafi de pr oj ect wor k and inf info or matio ti on pre prese sente nted d is true tr ue and or or i g i nal to the best of of our k nowled nowledgg e and be belie li ef.
SUBJECT
EXTERNAL
GUIDE
EXAMINER
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At the outset I take opportunity to articulate my gratitude and thanks to prof. PROF. DILIP BHANAGADE for his valuable guidance and encouragement that helped to complete my project successfully. He armed with the required knowledge for this project work and guided me all through the way to help me come with a great report regarding the study.
Last but not least I would thank my friends who supported and cooperated with me. I have received an invaluable response from them and I thank them again.
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DECLARATION
I, UMESH GAIKWAD, studying in M.COM PART-2 SEM-III (BANKING AND INSURANCE) of V.P.M.‘s K.G. JOSHI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND N.G. BEDEKAR COLLEGE OF COMMERCE hereby declare that I have completed this project on
“RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY WITH REFERENCE TO COLD STORAGE ”
in the academic year 2013-2014 as per the requirement of the Mumbai university as a part of M.COM PART-2 (BANKING AND INSURANCE) programme. The information presented through this project is true and original to the best of my knowledge.
UMESH GAIKWAD
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1.1 Introduction: India is second largest producers of fruits and vegetables in the world but its share in the world market both in fresh and processed form is less than one percent. Moreover due to inadequacy of infrastructure and processing facilities a large percentage of horticultural produce gets perished before it reaches the consumer. Fruits, grains vegetables and flowers being much more remunerative than the cereal crops, have registered a constant increase in their production in the last few decades. It is estimated that on account of inadequate post harvest infrastructure substantial percentage gets wasted. Several institutions have reported that depending on various type of crops seasons of production and markets the factors like harvesting , post harvest handling storage transportation etc. cause major losses. As per general estimates the total turnover in the food market is approximately Rs. 250,000 crore of which value added food products comprises Rs. 80,000 crore. Since liberalizations in August 1991 and till December 1998 proposals for projects of over Rs. 72,000 crore have been proposed in various segments of the food and agro processing industry.
According to a study by the National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER), the Indian food market in 1995 was Rs. 248,000 crore. According to A CII-Mc Kinsey report on processed foods industry the food market at 1995 prices is estimated at Rs. 225,000 crore. According to the study, the frozen vegetables market has the potential to touch Rs. 350 crore in value terms by 2005. But this
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would be possible only if adequate cold storage facilities are available in different parts of the country. Maintenance of cold chain being essential in this sector, logistics play a very important role. The total cold storage capacity is over 100 million tonnes per annum, resulting in an estimated wastage of Rs. 23,000 crore annually. The food processing industry in India is regarded as a sunrise industry. Companies, big and small are gearing up to grab a slice of the processed food market. According to the National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER) the number of households buying basic food items is likely double to 33.1 million in the next eight years compared to 18.1 million on subsistence diets and 2.5 million premium foods consumers. Creation of storage is the only remedy that could reduce perishability and hence value addition. With adequate storage and modern processing facilities India could emerge as a leading exporter of horticultural produce. The agrarian base of India offers a great potential for processing of fruits and vegetables. Several states and the Central Government have introduced incentive schemes to promote the industry as it is considered to be one that can play a major role in upgrading the standard of life of framers.
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Prospects for Cold Storage
The preservation of perishable food stuffs is a matter of vital importance in this country, especially when there is a problem of food shortage and the loss of food is abnormally high due to the lack of proper storage facilities at many producing and consuming centers. It has been observed that certain important nutritive foods like vegetables, fruits, eggs, etc. are available in abundance in the production season and their prices drop to unremunerative levels, thus causing a serious discouragement to increase production. Due to the lack of facilities for proper preservation the commodity is scarce in the off season and the prices shoot up considerably. The provision of cold storage facilities as has been experienced would 1. Prevent wastage of food stuffs 2. Ensure remunerative prices to the producer which would in itself provide the incentive for increased production 3. Ensure steady supplies over a longer period of time 4. Stabilize prices It is therefore, desirable to set up a chain of cold storage and frozen food storage especially in the major producing and consuming centers, if feasible. There are many kinds of vegetables and fruits and other food stuffs which can be stored in cold stores for periods ranging from two weeks to over eight months. As per the report of NAFED shows that the total capacity available now in Maharashtra is about 200,000 M.T. which is meager, as compared to the capacities available in states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Punjab etc. It is, therefore clear that a good scope exists for establishing additional cold storage facilities in Maharashtra.
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1.2 General Information on Storage of Various Commodities The refrigerated storage which includes the cold storage and frozen storage is one of the best known methods of preservation of food stuffs to retain the food value and flavor. Although, refrigeration is an expensive process, the cold storage unites of properly selected capacities can be economically viable. The economic concept of the cold storage is that the storage cost must be less than the difference in price of the commodity stored, between flush and lean season. In case of fruits and vegetables, the post cold storage period is an important consideration for deciding whether the cold storage could be located at the producing or the consuming items like potatoes, apples, Raisins, Tamarind and some other Dry fruits and spices have a better post cold storage life and therefore storage for those commodities can be set up both at the producing and the consuming centers
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1.3 Incentives and Financial Policy The government of India, ministry of agriculture has approved the capital investment subsidy scheme for construction, expansion, modernizations of cold storages and storages of horticulture produce. The national horticulture board announces the implementation of this scheme. The feature of the scheme is as under: For wider dispersal, projects up to 6000 M. T. capacity would be preferred. The cost of 5000 M.T. capacity now cold storage and expansion of existing capacity should not exceed Rs 2.10 crore @ Rs. 4000 per tonne, for modernization @ Rs. 1000 per tonne. 25% promoter‘s contribution
50% term loan by commercial Co-operative banks at PLR-1% through NABARD refinance. 25% back ended capital investment subsidy National Horticulture Board shall be routed through NABARD/NCDC for opening Borrower rise subsidy Reserve fund account by lending commercial/Co-operative banks. The subsidy is restricted up to Rs. 50 Lacs. Wherever term loan are not raised from institutional sources and the promoters fund projects entirely through internal resources generation, such proposals be submitted to NHB directly for availing subsidy after completion of the project. Emphasis shall be laid on the following Reducing PHM losses with multi chamber and multi product facilities Modern design/technology and energy saving equipment / devices to be adopted to avoid obsolescence of machinery, etc.
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Applications to be submitted to commercial /co-operative banks and NCDC (As thecase may be) on their applications format and National Horticulture Board may be informed accordingly.
1.4 Status of Cold Storage Industries:
Size of food market in India-Rs.8,60,000 Crores. Primarily processed food market – Rs. 2,80,000 crores. Value added processed food market – Rs. 1, 80,000 Crores.
Investment during the 10th plan is estimated at Rs. 62,105 Crores. Industry growth rate during the last five years is estimated at 7.14% against GDP of 6.2%. Investment required during next ten years – Rs. 1, 10,000 Crores. Low level of processing is done mainly. 2% in the case of fruits and vegetables, 14%in milk, 4% in fisheries, 1% in meat and poultry products. India‘s share in world‘s processed food production-1%. Value addition 20% against 45% in Philippines. India‘s share in global agricultural export is 1.6% of $520 billion. Exports have stagnated during the last five years. There is unorganized marketing and distribution of food items. 72% of food consumption in the world is through organized set up whereas it is 1% in India. Fragmented retailing results in high cost due to inefficiency, wastage. Estimated wastage fruits & vegetables in India 35 %.
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Introduction to Sarveshwari Village Industries (Nafed Cold Storage) History:
Sarveshwari village industry was established in the year October, 2001. The objective of the company was to promote product of village industries & agriculture products. The company has first set up a unit in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh for manufacturing handmade paper & handmade woolen carpet. The product were export oriented therefore it has been exported to various countries like Germany & European country. The companies diversify and entered into the warehousing business. It has acquired a cold storage owned by NAFED on lease basis & managing successfully with effect from November 2004. It is a partnership organization. Its chief executive is Mr. Sailesh Singh, having vital experience in the field of business as per objective of the company & good command in managing cold storage business. The other partner Mr. Jaipal is also having tremendous experience in the international business & finance. It is one of the main players in the cold storage industry at APMC market. It is spread over the area of 3000 sq meter. The cold storage is situated in the heart of APMC market, Navi Mumbai from where fruits, vegetables, dry fruits, spices & pulses are available in sizeable quantity. Therefore, huge store of commodity are available in to cold storage. There are excellent facilities available for the loading & unloading of vehicles. There is ample open space available which is an additional facility available for clients for grading, packing of the products.
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Manpower and Organizational Structure The personnel requirement of the cold storage unit is as under: Manager (1): The Manager is in charge of cold storage for efficient and continuous running of the plant. He is also responsible for procurement, preservation and marketing & booking of material for storage as well as general administration. Plant Operators (4): They are incharge & responsible for maintaining proper temperature & humidity and for carrying out the actual repair and maintenance of the equipment. Accounts Clerk (1): The role of clerk is to keep necessary accounting records, handling of cash and other matters relating to the accounts section. Others: Helpers (4), Security Guard (3), Peon (1)
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Objective of the study Every business is wired today, marketers and academicians in this increasingly networked business environment is writing the new rule of marketing. These new laws of marketplace are playing on important role in developing marketing strategies.
Branding Lost its Meaning! The marketing function disappears into a network of relationships and responsibilities between man and machine throughout the value chain. For marketers, the end goal changes from creating brand awareness to satisfying customers. In today‘s network economy, brand itself becomes a ‗persistent presence‘ which sustains the customer dialogue whenever the customer chooses.
Branding is all about customer loyalty. It is always seen as a result of customer Producer relationship. In the era of total access, this relationship is becoming more Transactional than personal. In total access environment, many consumers will choose a brand for pragmatic reasons rather than emotional. The ever changing market place and shifting consumer loyalty is creating challenges for producers. Few of the challenges for producers are:
Changing Symbol: Technology has changed the way people perceive things, which in turn, has changed business practices. Today, ATM has emerged as a symbol of trust in consumers‘ conscious mind replacing old economy bank infrastructure. Impact of Technology: Building brand in technology business is building alliances and relationship. It is seen that in technology market, developing brand is all about 13
developing industry standard. Hidden Choices: The component of the end product is mostly unknown to the end consumer. Consumers often do not know with which producer they are dealing with. Intel and Visa are the diffusion distributors of Dell, Compaq, and Bank of America. The erosion of brands has evolved from technology, social and cultural influences. An easy access to information and power of choice has converted onetime ―brand loyal‖ to ―brand switcher‖. Today, consumers have choice to select from wide variety of offerings; hence user preferences vary from situation to situation. In the last two decades, consumer preferences have changed. Few people confuse preferences with values. Preferences change with time and vary widely with the changing social and economic context of a particular market. It changes with changing technology, but values do not. These changing preferences give marketing a new dimension of mass customization and self service. The business is looking for lasting market presence and sustaining brand. There are two keys to it: Point of access and marketing architecture network. Persistent presence Market is changing its dimension at the speed of thought. This dynamic change is changing consumer‘s preferences and perceptions. Today, every business has
persistent presence. In fact, in this competitive market, it is a must for the very survival of any business. Persistent presence is consumers, consistent and reliable experience with the producer or retailers. A logistical system that focuses on operational system and communicational system of any company is the backbone of the persistent presence. Natures of business, market condition, companies competitive position are few of the factors which help any company in achieving persistent presence. It is possible in many ways:
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• Presence through digital network e.g., ATM, e -broking • Physical presence: Location, Access e.g., Starbucks has more than 3,000 points
all over the world. • Embedded presence e.g., Intel • Presence through services e.g., E*TRADE, Yahoo!, Citibank
Company can establish persistent presence in many ways. It all depends on the nature of the business and environment the company is operating in. McKenna suggests a few key points to establish persistent presence: • Market Architecture Approach to Total Access e.g., Dell, Wal-Mart • Beef up your customer‘s support infrastructure e.g., Coca -Cola • Think Total Access e.g., AOL as a total Internet venture to AOL as an
entertainment and media company which provides total access option. • Invest in Time, Money are customer Relationship e.g., CRM initiatives
The Market Architecture Market architecture is the functional relation of inbound and outbound functions. In transactional working environment with shortened product life cycle, changing technology and shifting channels, and increased competition, marketing architecture has become dynamic. Apart from technological innovations, human interactions also play the key role in defining marketing architecture. Shared Creativity: In the B2B market place, to gain market share, companies work closely with their customers to know their needs and demands better. Few of the innovations driven by customer needs are Apple II personal computer, Microsoft MS-DOS. Keeping Customer Trust: To build or sustain customer trust, marketing architecture must perform as per acceptation of the customer and respond
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consistently to their queries and problems. Business earning customer trust can retain it either by meeting or exceeding expectations.
Nurturing Change: The Organic Factor- Marketing architecture is dynamic. The ability to respond to the new customer information and changing business and social need is yet another important aspect of marketing architecture. IT is playing an important role in the development of dynamic marketing architecture, and also in the relationship development between the producer and consumer. In a situation, when information related service has shifted from retailers or distributors to producers enterprise architecture approach in marketing becomes important. Marketing architecture by learning how to better interact with itself in response to the environment and in connection with the customers‘ needs and wants. The
important factors for successful marketing architecture are: Customer satisfaction, developing different channels for different needs, identifying value of connected partners, and developing the strategic framework. Total Global Access Internet has changed the definition of the market infrastructure. Effective communication and transport methods have narrowed down the gap between the supply and demand time giving a new dimension to the global marketing. Growth in market economies, deregulation, privatization, and new global consumers has all created a new global market. The focus in this wired world is changing from ‗think globally but act locally‘ to ‗act globally connect locally‘. World Wide Web helps business in connecting all
channels. It also connects people across border and helps them come closure to market and increase their interaction. Internet has helped developing total global access environment. With total global access, it is felt that the world has become
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more culturally diverse. In this changed business circumstances, marketing executives need to take a comprehensive world market view to respond to increasingly competitive environment where customers have access to all possible information and are looking for local source and solutions. This global connectivity has increased with mobile commerce giving birth to a new set of consumers, ‗mobile global consumer‘. The global e -commerce is focusing more on establishing global persistent presence and developing global brands.
Roles and Responsibilities
The rise of Internet and total access has created a self service model for marketing known as ‗production by masses‘. This model works by providing customer with
information database and allowing them to design their expectations consistently and reliably. The rise of Internet and total access has made marketing as everyone‘s job. It is the matrix of responsibilities shared by— CEO who is seen as chief strategist, who also work as a chief marketing executive of the organization. He integrates all the resources that enterprises need to invest and design to build a global infrastructure strategy. • CIO is seen as chief total access architect. He possesses required skills, to be the interface between the customers‘ needs and company‘s response. • Director of R&D is seen as the chief novelty officer. Customer preferences
change fast in total access era and it is the duty of the Director, R&D to come up with innovative products. • Vice president of operations and logistics helps meet customer delivery
expectations.
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• Vice president of marketing takes care of demand and supply factors and other
traditional marketing functions. Corporate Creativity Market impatience, competitive intensity, volatile market reaction and high expectations from customers and investors are few of the factors which have created competitive environment. In this competitive environment, to gain edge over other players, companies have to work on corporate creativity. More creative the company is throughout its entire enterprise; the more successful the company will be in sustaining the growth
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Scope of the Study Every research study has some scope which can be constructive and accommodating for the industry and as well as for the people. So in this study the researcher has found some significance of the study. With the study researcher gains knowledge about the various aspects of food processing industry. The various products that are produce in the Indian agriculture market are fruits, vegetables and dry fruits. It highlights on the plight of the Indian food processing industry. It‘s
contribution to Indian economy. It brings out role of food processing industry in saving the food wastage. Through this report researcher has commence with the cold storage industry in India. It also highlights the economy policy and the requirement for cold storage industry. It points out the prospect of the cold storage industry. It gives an idea about the number of the cold storage operating in Mumbai, Thane and Navi Mumbai region. The various products stored in cold storage and other details. It also highlights on the topic of marketing. The role of marketing in a business. The need of marketing in cold storage industry. Moreover this study provides information and can be of a great help for an individual if he looking out to start a new cold storage unit. The information about the capital needed and from which other institute the fund can be raised is mentioned in this study. Here the researcher has made use of the observation method in determining the factor that can contribute to the growth of the business. The need of a SLA (Service Level Agreement) with a brief overview of SLA has been discussed in the study over here. Advertising which plays as important in a success of a business has been mentioned in the study. The medium for advertisement selected has been 19
newspaper. The merits and demerits of advertising in newspaper have been discussed here. Advertisement can be effective in a business for its growth
Research Methodology : Research can be defined as a scientific and systematic research for pertinent information on a specific topic. In fact, research is an art of specific investigation. Research is an activity and as such the term be used in a technical sense. Research can be stated as the manipulation of things concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to extend, correct or verify knowledge whether that knowledge aids in construction of theory or in the practice of an art. Research has its special significance in solving various operational and planning problems of business and industry. Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. Thus, when we talk about research methodology we not only talk of the research methods but also consider the logic behind the methods we use in the contexts of our research study and explain why we are using a particular method or technique. The steps involve in the research methodology are 1. Defining the Problem: In defining the problem, the researcher should take into account the purpose of the study, the relevant background information, the information needed and how it will be used in decision making. Problem definition involves discussion with the decision makers, interviews with the industry experts, analysis of the data 2. Research Design: The research design tells about the mode through which the entire project is prepared. The research design put down the foundation of conducting the project. A good research design will ensure that the research project is conducted effectively and efficiently 3. Formative the data source: It means from where the researcher collect the data.
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It can be primary data or the secondary data as both sources are necessary in order to get the proper result
4. Analyzing the data: After the data collection is over the researcher analyzed the data and edited them and turned them in the useful tabulations. So, it became useful in report study
5. Interpretation of the data: With the help of analyzed data researcher managed to prepare project report. The analyzing of data will help the researcher to reach towards its objectives. The interpretation of the data is required so that for others it is easy to understand study in simple manner.
6. Report writing: The entire project should be documented in a written report. This is the final step in preparing the project report. The objective of the report writing is to report the findings of the study to the respective authorities
The purpose of research
1. Discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures. 2. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet. 3. Research helps us to gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it. 4. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group. 5. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is
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associated with something else. 6. To test hypothesis of a casual relationship between variables.
The research method used was
1. conclusion oriented research method where after working with the cold storage unit it was found that how marketing can be a tool to increase the business and revenue of the firm. 2. The problem was identified, redesigns the enquiry as preceded and was prepared to conceptualize. 3. Qualitative approach was there for the research purpose as during the summer internship there was a function of intern‘s insights and impressions.
4. The result that would be generated will be either in non-quantitative form or in the form which are not subject to rigorous quantitative analysis.
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Limitation of the Study: As far as it goes to the limitation of the study, it can said that marketing is more of practical and less of theoretical aspects. The nature of the market is very volatile. It keeps on changing and fluctuating. As a marketer what would seem right and appropriate for me may or may not fit and seem to be appropriate for few. So the conclusion and the suggestion may or may not be accepted by the end user. Apart from this, the practice and policy of every organization is different. So, any conclusion or suggestion may not be accepted in general for other cold storage industries. The government policy also differs from state to state. All this does account for the research work, the observation and other.eg: the marketing mix which is ideally 4p‘s at times can be more then 4 or less than four
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Analysis & Interpretation After reviewing the scenario, working of cold storage industry at Sarveshwari Village Industries (A Nafed Cold Storage), the following were analyzed and interpreted.
6.1 Service Level Agreement A Service Level Agreement (SLA) defines the relationship between service provider and the business customer and/or external customer. An SLA clarifies the responsibilities between the service provider and the customer and it provides a framework and a common understanding for both parties. An SLA is most effective when the service provider and the business customer collaborate on what should be included. Any SLA needs to be agreed upon by both parties. This becomes a guideline for managing the relationship between the customer and the Service Provider. Because a SLA can be used to describe a variety of cold storage services; the particular elements that are included in an SLA will depend on the circumstances. A good SLA addresses: What service(s) are being made available to what customers? What level of service or quality of service should the customer expect? What are the costs to provide this level of service? How will the service be delivered? How will the service provider monitor or track and report on performance?
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When will the SLA be reviewed? This document describes what must be included in a Service Level Agreement Who prepares the SLA? The service provider develops the SLA in collaboration with the business customer How To write a SLA? An SLA is not a technical document and should be written in business terms. Everyone needs to be able to understand it. Use clear and concise wording and avoid ambiguity. Avoid legal and technical jargon . Avoid unnecessary technical terminology. Provide a glossary of terms if necessary. Have someone independent from the process review the SLA.
Service Level Agreement Contents
What is included in a Service Level Agreement will change depending on the circumstances and the business. The most important thing to note when creating an SLA is to keep it simple, measurable and realistic. It is important to understand that SLAs cannot cover every possible situation that may arise. Listed below are key sections that should be included in any agreement. General Overview Description of Services Service Performance Level Service Provider and Customer Responsibilities Problem Management and Disaster Recovery Process Periodic Review Process
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Termination of Agreement Process Signatures General Overview This is a Service Level Agreement (SLA) between Cold Storage service provider &Business Customer name. The purpose of this Service Level Agreement (SLA) is to identify the basic services, and any agreed upon optional services, to be provided by Cold Storage service provider for Business Customer Name. This SLA covers the period from Date to Date and will be reviewed and revised at the end of this period. Include a brief description of what the service or application does. Description of Services Describe the service that the provider is promising to the customer. What systems are supported? What services are included? What services are NOT included? How will service be delivered? What are the hours of operation (regular business hours and after hours support)? When will regularly scheduled maintenance be performed?
Service Performance This section describes how the service provider will monitor or track and report on performance. The service provider must perform according to predefined and measurable metrics. Choose metrics that are easily collected. Balance the importance of a desired metric against its ease of collection. Avoid including an excessive number of metrics in the SLA that can‘t be analyzed in a timely manner. Any metrics included in a SLA should be capable of being measured on a regular
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basis and the SLA should indicate who will provide this information. Some of the most commonly used metrics include:
SERVICE COSTS What are the costs to the business customer for the service? Service Provider and Customer Responsibilities Both the Service Provider and the Customer have responsibilities in support of the service delivery process. It is important to distinguish between these relationships. Describe the service provider duties and responsibilities. Examples are: Meeting response times associated with service related incidents. Generating service level reports for customer. Training required staff on appropriate service support tools. Notifying customers about all scheduled maintenance. Developing and maintaining system related documentation (this could also be a customer responsibility). Managing user accounts. Describe the customer‘s duties and responsibilities. Examples ar e:
Adhering to any related policies, processes and procedures. Reporting problems using the problem reporting procedures described in the SLA. Scheduling in advance all service related requests and other special services with the Service Provider. Developing and maintaining system related documentation (this could also be a service provider responsibility). Making customer representative(s) available when resolving a service related incident or request. Communicating when system testing and/or maintenance may cause problems that could interfere with standard business functions
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Periodic Review Process When an SLA is first initiated and the service is just beginning, the SLA should be reviewed on a monthly basis. These reviews can then be done quarterly, semiannually or annually after this initial startup period is over. An SLA should be viewed as a dynamic document and should be periodically reviewed and changed when the following events occur: The environment has changed The client's expectations and/or needs have changed Workloads have changed Better metrics, measurement tools and processes have evolved. An SLA should be reviewed at a minimum once per fiscal year. List who is the ―document owner‖ and who will facilitate regular reviews of this document. Contents of this document may be amended as required, provided mutual agreement is obtained and communicated to all affected parties. The ―document owner‖ will incorporate all subsequent
revisions and obtain mutual agreements / approvals as required. Document Owner: Document Owner Name Review Period: Review Period (e.g. annually or Quarterly) Next Review Date: Next Review Date
Signatures The final SLA should contain signatures of appropriate representatives from the Service Provider and the Customer. The Service Provider representatives would typically be a CEO or the Proprietor
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Advertisements in Newspaper Paid-circulation newspapers are a popular advertising medium for most local businesses. They are the oldest forms of mass media, and they continue to be one of the largest, as measured by volume of advertising dollars. Industry giants, as well as the local convenience stores, use newspapers to advertise. Every community has its own newspaper. There are over 1,600 paid-circulation daily newspapers in America and several thousand additional local weekly papers as well. Every advertising medium has characteristics that give it natural advantages and limitations. As you scan your local newspaper(s), you will notice a number of businesses that advertise on a regular basis. Observe who they are, and how they advertise their products and services. More than likely, if the advertisements are repeated, the ads are working. Consider this media if you are selling to a general market, because newspapers are generally bought by all segments of the population. Even though the newspaper no longer enjoys its former role as the almost exclusive source of news, they still remain a strong factor in their specific sphere of influence.
Advantages of Newspaper Advertising There are a number of characteristics of paid-circulation newspapers that make them especially appealing to advertisers: · Most paid-circulation papers, both daily and weekly, reach the majority of homes in their primary city or town.
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· Almost every home in the United States receives a newspaper, either at the newsstand or by home delivery. · Newspapers permit an advertiser to reach a large number of people within a specified geographical area. · The printed advertising message has both permanence and desired obsolescence. A reader can refer back to, or even clip and save, a particular ad, yet tomorrow‘s
edition is new and fresh and as eagerly sought by the same reader. · The newspaper offers a predictable frequency of publication: once, twice or up to seven times a week. · Newspapers have immediacy. You can place an ad on Monday and be getting results before the week is over. Short deadlines permit quick responses to changing market conditions. · People expect to find advertising in their newspapers. In fact, many people buy newspapers just to read the ads from the restaurants, movies and discount stores. · Reading the newspaper has become a habit for most families. It has something for everyone. · You can reach certain segments of your market by placing your ads in different sections of the paper such as: sports, comics, crosswords, news, classifieds, etc. · An advertiser has flexibility in terms of ad size and placement. Production changes can be made quickly, if necessary, a new insert can be added on short notice. · Advertisements can be examined at leisure. Exposure is not limited, so readers can take their time reading the messages. · It offers a great variety of ad sizes. If you don‘t have a large budget, you can still
run a series of small ads. · Many options are available. Copy alone; copy with graphics; black and white; or
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full color. · Newspaper supplements often feature certain subjects that readers pull out and save.
Disadvantages of Newspaper Advertising Advertising in the newspaper is not without a few inherent disadvantages, such as: · Any given advertising message must compete for the reader‘s attention. The
paper may contain hundreds of ads, as well as dozens of articles and features for the reader to wade through. If the total time spent scanning a newspaper is only 20 minutes, your ad may not be noticed by a significant number of people. · You have no assurance that every person who receives the newspaper will read your ad. They may not read the section you advertised in, or they may simply have skipped the page because it contained little or nothing else of interest. · It has a relatively short life span (newspapers are typically read once, then discarded), thus requiring multiple insertions.
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Conclusion & Suggestions
In this last chapter the following are conclusions and suggestions. Conclusion: Marketing aims at meetings the needs of the customers. It helps in strengthening the business. With proper marketing a business can reach at the pinnacle. Here in this summer internship project it can be concluded that marketing is more of the practical aspects coupled with the theoretical knowledge. Cold storage industry is indeed a sunrise industry with tremendous potential. It will further contribute to the Indian economy and will play a vital role in prevention of food wastage and spoilage. There are times when India needs to import food grains in spite of good production. This can be prevented only after setting up adequate cold storage unit. Both Government and Private entrepreneurs should work towards this. The revenue of the Sarveshwari Village Industries (Nafed Cold Storage) can be increase by improving few facilities like continuous supply of electricity. Proper care and maintenance of the machinery needs to be taken. The supervision of the temperature for the products stored is also important. Service Level Agreement can help in getting revenues from the clients. The service standard of the firm should be at its best as it is the key to success. In order to create awareness about the industry in the market advertisement can be done.
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