CHAPTER I The Problem and the Review of Related Literature and Studies “Belief in television’s influence is like belief in life after death. Most of us would like to be able to prove it, but the evidence is inconclusive.” (Peter Black, former television critic of the Dail Mail! The colonization of the Philippines by the United States during the first part of the twentieth century paved the way for the country to have English as a secondary language. Although independence was given to the country in 19!" the Philippine education syste# continues to show large traces of A#erican influence $%anieso&'oronila" 19(9 as stated by Tupas). *ecause of this" the sy#bolic power of English has re#ained very strong. Sadly" English" has been argued to be a so&called +wedge," dividing the #inority elite and the vast #a-ority of the ilipino #asses according to their #astery of English $%onstantino" 19/0 as stated by Tupas). Unfortunately" local television in our country does not allow #uch growth when the +taling heads+ in it use a trend #ore co##only nown to linguists as +code switching, 2 a process in which switching bac and forth between two or #ore languages in the process of conversing. 3t can also refer to the capacity to switch languages or dialects 4uicly fro# one dialogue to the ne5t depending on the circu#stances or conversation partner $*eth Parent" 6009). Ergo" this poses a proble# for the Philippine #asses" who consu#e a tre#endous a#ount of infor#ation fro# the boob tube daily" idolizing elites in the echelons of society" who actually practice code switching and unconsciously #islead their viewers on what is intelligently accepted as English.
Related Literature 1
7ass #edia plays a crucial role in for#ing and reflecting public opinion" connecting the world to individuals and reproducing the self&i#age of society. According to 7c8uhan and iore $19!)" the #edia have a strong social and cultural i#pact upon society. This is #anifested upon the #edias capability to reach a wide audience with a strong and influential #essage. 7arshall 7c8uhan uses the phrase +the #ediu# is the #essage, to e5plain how the distribution of a #essage can often be #ore i#portant than content of the #essage itself. 3n addition" :;eagan $199<) states that it is through the persuasiveness of #edia such as television" radio and print #edia that #essages reach their target audiences. They are considered as influential because of their power to shape the daily habits and routines of their audiences. Television broadcast ing has a large a#ount of control over the content society watches and the ti#es in which it is viewed. %oncurrently" television has beco#e the #ost i#portant social force today. School" church" fa#ily 2 those facets of our culture and society are now considerably less influential than the #ass #edia" of which television is #ost powerful. Television gives us our nu#ber one source of a#use#ent. 3n the television enterprise" young people are the #ost avid consu#ers" logging on in an average of 1="000 viewing hours in 16 years of schooling co#pared with 11"000 hours spent in classroo#. 'uring these 16 years" they will see several hundred #ovies" and ac4uire over <=0"000 co##ercial #essages. These statistics alone give reason why the #ediu# has been variously dubbed as the +idiot bo5," +chewing gu# for the eyeballs, and the +the first curriculu#, $8ue" 19((). >ighlighting the role of television is the wor of %rissel $600!). %rissel states that the case for studying television as a #ediu# is based on its i#portance as the fore#ost" if not the sole source of infor#ation" entertain#ent and cultural enrich#ent for the great #a-ority of the worlds population. As such" it has also had a powerful i#pact on those who# it observes" whether govern#ents" corporate bodies or private individuals 2 this #aes television worth studying.
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urther" although hu#an co##unication abilities are biologically based and genetically trans#itted" environ#ent ?including television@" is also i#portant to speech develop#ent. 'estructive environ#ents can har# genetically deter#ined behavior" and even though children learn to spea in al#ost any environ#ent" only in supportive teaching environ#ents will they learn to read" write andor spea elo4uently $Bare#ore C >opper" 1990). >ow does television influence learningD *eth Parent $6009)" on her article Fhat is code switchingD states that code switching is a ter# used in linguistics which #eans switching between two or #ore languages in the course of conversation. This also refers to the ability to suddenly switch languages or dialects fro# one conversation to ne5t which could also be dependent on conte5t e.g. situation or conversation partner. The occurence of code switching in a conversation could happen in few various ways. 3t can happen fro# one sentence to the ne5t" within a sentence fro# phrase to phrase" or one word at a ti#e. Although the ter# srcinally referred only to a linguistic pheno#enon a#ong #ultilingual conversationalists" the reality is that al#ost everyone engages in code switching every day. This #ight be rooted to the idea that we all deal with different inds of people with who# we have different levels of relationships in conte5ts of all sorts all the ti#e which re4uires as to code switch in a distinct #anner on each.3t is also i#portant that one #ust now when is the appropriate ti#e to integrate code switching in a certain conversation" when young children learn #ultiple languages si#ultaneously" they also learn to co#part#entalize the# so that they use the appropriate language to any one they tal to considering their relationship with the person" the purpose and the situation. A perfect #anifestation of code switching in Philippine English is the use of Gonyo English and Taglish. Gonyo English is an English&based pidgin which uses an underlying English structure and draws fro# a Tagalog le5icon. ilipino English" which is pri#arily A#erican English spoen with a slight ilipino accent and uses English words that have been indigenized for local ilipino use" is a largely #iddle&class pheno#enon and is used by the educated class. Taglish" on the other hand" is the pidgin that is essentially Tagalog but #erely uses English nouns and verbs" 3
yet retains Tagalog gra##atical function words for the #ost part" and is used by the broadest range of people in the Philippines. or the researchers" the use of discourse analysis was vital to the success of the study. 'iscourse Analysis can be characterized as a way of approaching and thining about a proble#. 3n this sense" 'iscourse Analysis is neither a 4ualitative nor a 4uantitative research #ethod" but a #anner of 4uestioning the basic assu#ptions of 4uantitative and 4ualitative research #ethods. 'iscourse Analysis will not supply absolute answers to a specific proble#" but it will -ust help in the understanding of various circu#stances behind a specific proble# and #ae help with the realization of the i#portance of that proble#" and its resolution" lie in its assu#ptionsH the very assu#ptions that #ae the proble# e5ists. 'iscourse Analysis ai#s at allowing us to view the proble# fro# a higher standpoint and to gain a co#prehensive view of the proble# and people in relation to that proble#. The purpose of 'iscourse Analysis is not to provide definite answers" but to e5pand personal horizons and enables the realization of shortco#ings and unacnowledged agendas#otivations. 3n short" critical analysis reveals what is going beyond nowledge which deter#ines peoples actions.'iscourse or %ritical Analysis always re#ains a #atter of interpretation. As there is no hard data provided through discourse analysis" the reliability and the validity of oneIs researchfindings depends on the force and logic of oneIs argu#ents. Even the best constructed argu#ents are sub-ect to their own deconstructive reading and counter&interpretations. The validity of critical analysis is" therefore" dependent on the 4uality of the rhetoric. 'espite this fact" well&founded argu#ents re#ain authoritative over ti#e and have concrete applications. 'iscourse Analysis and critical thining is applicable to every situation and every sub-ect. The new perspective provided by discourse analysis allows personal growth and a high level of creative fulfill#ent. Bo technology or funds are necessary and authoritative discourse analysis can lead to funda#ental changes in the practices of an institution" the profession" and society as a whole. >owever" 'iscourse Analysis does not provide definite answe rsH it is not a hard science" but an insightnowledge based on continuous debate and argu#entation. 4
Related Studies A description of Philippine English was conducted by *autista $19//). >er study" +3nvestigating the gra##atical features of Philippine English, ai#ed to validate features already identified with concordance to the progra# on the one #illion word Philippine corpus" the Philippine co#ponent of the 3nternational corpus of English" $3%E&P>3). The essential research issue here was to identify which gra##atical features occur in 3%E&P>3 and to investigate their fre4uency and occurrence. The proble# she focused on was about the fre4uency of a collection of disparate gra##atical ele#ents were investigated. These ele#ents were chosen because they had caught the attention of researchers and observers of Philippine English. The participants of the research were 3%E fro# countries such as Singapore" Jreat *ritain" >ongong and Philippines. The instru#ent used was Forld S#ith tools concordancing progra#. The 3%E 2 P>3 corpus gra##atical ele#ents were carefully analyzed and were co#pared to other corpora. There were observations that proved the distinction of Philippine English a#ong other Englishes. Fe tae for e5a#ple the observation that it appeared criteria in distinguishing Philippine English fro# other new Englishes is a feature that appeared rather pro#inently in Philippine English but not in Singapore or >ongong EnglishK the use of wherein as an all purpose connector e4uivalent not $in other varieties of English) where" when" in which" by which and through which in all genres especially in casual conversations. %orroborating *autistas findings is the wor of Gingsley *olton and Susan *utler $600) and their study +8e5icography and the 'escription of Philippine English Locabulary, which ai#ed to tacle a range of issues relevant to the study of the English vocabulary. *ecause it is such a broad topic" the researchers utilized a historical study to investigate the state of Philippine le5icography. They also did a survey on the vario us approaches to the descr iption of the vocabulary" and then #oved to a discussion of the develop#ent of the Philippine English le5icon. The study concluded that cultural contact with colonizers allowed ilipino words to be borrowed into English. The end result today is a vibrant word stoc that directly reflects the hybridity of life
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in Philippine society. The researchers say that" although this is the case" Febster is still regarded as the authority on English in the Philippines. urther substantiating the studies on the Philippine English is the wor of Tupas $6001)" which is titled" +Forld Englishes or worlds of EnglishD Pitfalls of a Postcolonial 'iscourse in Philippine English, and ai#ed to provide an interrogation of Forld English as a post colonial discourse and e5plain the ideological foundations of a particular paradig# 2 Forld English. Tupas situated the paradig# within theoretic al and political conte5t and concretized his argu#ent through a discussion of the political dyna#ics of Philippine English. *ecause post colonialis# has gained little attention in #ain strea# linguistics" his study yields a re&opening of spaces for discussion for the issues ignored by the field. This was through the use of Philippine English as an e5a#ple.
Conceptual Framewor The study involved the analysis of an episode of Sunday afternoon tal show +The *uzz, as its pri#ary source of infor#ation" wherein there is a prevalence of code switching during the course of the shows seg#ents. The researchers transcribed the dialogues in the progra# for 6
discourse analysis. The analysis co#posed of identifying the occurrence of code switching in the phrasal and clausal levels. They also observed how often code switching occurred in the seg#ents. The researchers discussed the relationships of the participants" $host&guest) along with their socio&econo#ic bacgrounds to answer why they use such language. The output would then be an analysis of the occurrence of code switching in #edia 2 specifically in Philippine television 2 today. The flow of the study is illustrated in the paradig# below. Conceptual Paradi!m
Statement of the Problem Television is a persuasive #ediu# which affects its audienc es in various aspects. 3ts influence to its viewers a#ong all other #edia is unparalleled due to its access ibility and popularity. This reality has enabled personalities fro# television to be idolized and even i#itated by its spectators thereby branding the# as #odern role #odels for children" teens and even 7
adults. Fith this nowledge in #ind" the researchers pri# ary concern is to identify the occurrences of code switching in Philippine Television. This study ai#ed to answer the following proble#sK 1.
>ow does code switching occur in the causal and phrasal levelD
6.
>ow does the discourse relationship a#ong participants affect code switchingD
Si!nificance of the Stud" ;esults of this study will benefit #edia personalities" students" language enthusiasts C future researchers. To 7edia Personalities The study will serve as a #eans for the #edia to tae a loo on what is the present situation of Television today" as they serve as role #odels for viewers as far as their use of language is concerned. To Students Students #ay learn #ore about how code switching actually affects a persons language develop#ent and how watching shows fro# TL #ay have an effect on their language capabilities. 8anguage and 8inguistics Enthusiasts
E5perts in the field of language can use this study as a reference for studying code switching" especially in popular for#s lie television today. To future researchers This study can be used as a #aterial for related studies or for any si#ilar studies such as this for future reference. Scope and #elimitation
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The study involved A*S&%*Bs Sunday afternoon showbiz tal show +The *uzz, and its Manuary <1" 6010 episode. The study focused on the occurrence of code switching in the said show 2 specifically on the phrasal and clausal levels and the code switching pheno#ena occurred within those levels. The study also focused on the hosts and guests present in the episode" along with their relationships with one another and their socio&econo#ic bacgrounds to help deter#ine why they use such language on&air.
CHAPTER II $ethodolo!" Research #esi!n
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This study was conducted with the use of descriptive #ethod under which is the use of discourse analysis for the transcriptions. 7ainly" the study used such analysis in identifying the occurrence of code switching in the tal show +The *uzz,. As 4uoted in the study of Arao" et al" the descriptive #ethod is used to discover facts on which professional -udg#ent could be based. 3t involves the description" recording" analysis and interpretation of what it is $Travers. 19/(). Instrument%s The instru#ent used in the study was an episode of A*S&%*Bs Sunday afternoon tal show +The *uzz," which delves into local showbiz controversies and celebrity news. The show was transcribed by the researchers and later analyzed to identify the occurrence of code switching. Procedure The researchers first recorded an episode of the *uzz $Manuary <1" 6010 episode) via video ca#era. Be5t" they transcribed the show per seg#ent word&for &word and divided the sentences according to their noun phraseverb phrase structure. Afterwards" they created a #aster list where they placed indicators of the parts of speech in the words" phrases or clauses where code switching occurred. inally" they analyzed how and why these code switching occurred. The researchers also did a bacground chec of the participants of the show $guests and host) which will enable a deeper understanding of why they use such language.
CHAPTER III Results and #iscussion This chapter is divided into two parts. Part :ne presents the transcription and the interpretation of the code switched ele#ents in the study. $Bote that +S, refers seg#ent and +8, 10
refers to 8ine. The nu#bers that succeed the# deter#ine seg#ent nu#ber and line nu#ber fro# the corpus respectively. The underlined words indicate a code switched ele#ent. The bacslash represents the sentences division between the noun phrase and verb phrase). Part Two will tacle a discussion on the relationships of the participants $guests and hosts)" and their bacgrounds. PART &'E I(
En!lish )erbs combined with Filipino Affi*es
%onsider the case of verbs in English with ilipino affi5es. An Affi5 is a 7orphe#e added to a word to change its function or #eaning. There are three basic ways to do thisK
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Prefi5 $Unlapi) & by adding a #orphe#e to the beginning of a wordK
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Suffi5 $>ulapi) & by adding &ly to the end of #any ad-ectives" the adverb can be for#edK cheerful& cheerfully
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3nfi5 $Jitlapi) & so#e languages add #orphe#es to the #iddle of the word" but this syste# is rarely used in English" e5cept in e5pressions such as Ian& bloody&tasticI" nown as +t#esis,
S18<6 & 'i o ase ala# na #agguest a#iN S189< 2 Ao pa ang nag&locD S189= 2 Biloc niya yung door tapos nagtago sa closetD S18106 & Bagttwinle&twinle ang #ga #ata niya. 2 verb S181=( & siye#pre ngayon parang narrealize o dapat yata #as #agen-oy #una yung #ga ana na#en" #ada#e pa sila dapat #ae5perience. S181!0 & Tapos" #ada#eng gawin bago sila #agdecide to be with so#eone special. S181!9 2 Bo" di a#e nagaaway. 'i a#e nagdedate. S181/9 & 7artin" sa #ga lalaeng nalin ay pops"N 11
S181(0 & So" lahat ng #ga nalin sa anya. S18600 & 7edyo nashoc ao dun. S18606 & :o anong song idededicate #o ay popsD S68( & Nhindi #o aayaning #agsurvive ng isang araw na hindiN S6816 2 3nangiogra# siya" hindi siya inangioplasty. %hinec ung #ay #ga bara&bara yung puso niya Pina&e5ecutive chec&up o siya at lahatN S!819 & *ut youre gonna regain your sight na#anD :h good. :" sorry ha" ang advantage niya ase ang ganda ng atawan niya" aya feeling o nagpaa&nice sayo" niluwagan nalang yung suot. S/86/K Bandun tayo sa PA8 %ounter" nagchec&in ao. Gasi ang SBB yung #ga interviews na inaair 6 wees ago pa yun. Parang nabobother a na dahil #atagal #o ng gustong sabihin sa ain na nagaalabuan na and then sinabihan ita +eh bait di #o chinange yung contact profile picture #oD, S/81/K Oou now tito dati asi taot ao #ag&e5peri#ent and& S/86(K Ah#" yung nagalabuan its been #onths $adv)" hindi na#an siya yung basta&basta na lang na nagbrea $v) a#i. S/8=
A#ong all other cases of code switching in the corpus $transcription)" the presence of verbs with ilipino affi5es in the phrasal level are the #ost co##on" especially those with ilipino prefi5es or unlapi with the verb. The co##on practice is to add a prefi5 to identify tense and add the verb lie in S6816. >owever" to create verbs for the future tense" a repetition of the first syllable in the verb is practiced" and then" the attach#ent of the affi 5" lie in the words +Bagttwinle&twinle," +#agtatacle, and +nag#a#anipulate., 3t #ay be possible that the above e5a#ples indicate that the speaers thin that using such practice is easier than using the ilipino counterparts of such words. Apparently" speaers would prefer using shorter" English words co#pared to ilipino ones lie +iandado ” instead of +nag&loc, or +#agiging panahuin, for +#ageguest,. The verb is used e5tensively in code switching practice because in both languages" it stands as a focal point in the sentence. 7ore often than not" the sentence revol ves around the verb" thereby #aing it a popular location for the code switching pheno#ena. II(
+se of ,uestion Ta!s Another very noticeable characteristic of code switching is the use of 4uestion tags. A
4uestion tag is a structure in which a declarative or i#perative state#ent is turned into a 4uestion by adding an interrogative frag#ent. They #ay also tae the for# of words. 7ore often than not" 4uestion tags are used to gain the favor of the person being taled to. See the following e5a#ples fro# the corpusK S189/ 2 So" #ay nangyareD S!869 & Nthe last ti#e she was here dibaD S/89K Pero young dibaD S!81/ & Si 7ateo asi diba are you blindD S/8661 & wala na talagang pagasa in the futureD S981 & Baninibago a baD 7abilisan la#ang" did you e5pect to be a part of the *ig =D $4uestion tag) 13
A co##on feature these e5tracts share is the use of +dibaD, which is a contraction of +hindi baD, or" when translated" #eans +rightD, in English $e.g. S!869 and S/89). %oincidentally" these lines were also spoen by one speaer $A4uino). This could possibly be a condition where +diba, is not purely used as a 4uestion tag" but also a habitual e5pression by the speaer. The re#aining 4uestion tags $S!81/" S189/ and S/8661) tae the for# of phrases as 4uestion tags. Apparently" when a 4uestion is raised" code switching would #ost liely occur. 7ost liely" ilipino 4uestion tags are used by code switching speaers because they probably dont now the Engli sh counterpart of the tag or that the practice si#ply beca#e so#ething of a habit. 3t could also be suggested that the popularity of using such tags to add flavor to the conversation is liely. III( Code switchin! in the noun phrase Another co##on occurrence of code switching happens in the noun phrase of a sentence. A noun phrase is a phrase whose head is a noun or a pronoun" optionally acco#panied by a set of #odifiers. *elow is a list of e5a#ples. S18(= & Totoo ba na #ost #e#orable valentines #o#ent nioN S189! & Bo" we -ust" we -ust" yung clothes na gina#it na#en sa concert" we -ust" we -ust uh" e5changed clothes. S18160 & Usap&usapan ang issing scene nio sa #usic video na ipapalabas sa concert. S811 & naghahanap ng #aaasa#a sa anyang trip to %anada. S81! & hindi o po ayang #unang i&give up ang career o S/8owever" code switching can also occur inside the noun 14
phrase $see S18160) which was also a focus in the study of *autista $19//)" The Boun Phrase in Tagalog 2 English %ode Switching. I)( E*pressions and Ad-uncts An ad-unct is used to describe a word" phrase" or clause -oined to another word or phrase" yet not syntactically re4uired by that word or phrase. 7ost of the ti#e" its use is confused with adverbs" which play a #a-or role in sentences as #odifiers. Ad-uncts" however" are unessential to co#plete the thought of the sentence. E5pressions" on the other hand" are popular or fa#ous phrases" nown and used by #ost speaers. These ter#s #ay often be described as clichs" but offer a brief and direct way to address a #essage" rather than looing for alternative frag#ents to use. S181 & first ti#e ever S681/0 & Pero yun lang" 3 thin" asi nga" ta#ang ta#a" bagong taon" S<8! & Thats right" uh" sanay #aging #aligaya sila" two beautiful people" 3 now noh. $e5p) S!819 & *ut youre gonn a regain your sigh t na#anD :h good. :" sorry haD N yung #ay swi##ing&swi##ing effect" parang #ay pandesal&pandesal effect. :" bonggaciousQ S/8!/ & Oun nga ho tito" ittaes two to tango. S/8(= & 7ore than anything gusto o#unang #agpasala#at dun sa #ga taong hindi ao iniwan. S686 & nung ginagawa na#en yung ending na yon" happy&sad S<81 & N#y god" tea #una" di pala ao naririnig eh" salita ao ng salita" wala aong #ic. S<81< & :ay" Jlo be" than you very #uch this phone" nau $e5p)" binigyan ao ng :ny5 na phone ng Jlobe S81 & +:h" 3# going to %anada alone, ded#aN S!811 2 'u#aan a sa #edyo" there was a ti#e naisantabi aN S/8
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S/8=( & Ao" 3 wanted to say otherwise na ang sinasabi o lang" pag bata" now in hindsight" but of course Grissy" what youre trying to say" uh" when youre in a relationship you dont say&&& S/8(= 2 well" #ara#ing sala#at na lang din ho because youre only #aing #e stronger and youre #aing #e even #ore well loved" #aing #e feel even #ore well loved. S(866 & So walang u#ocontrol o nag#a#anipulate sa iyo o sa inyong pa#ilya as far as #oney is concernedD 3t is obvious with the above e5tracts that the use of English e5pressions contributes #uch to the occurrence of code switching $e.g. 3 thin" well" #y god). Although there are also situations lie +naku” and “dedma (dead malice, in "n#lish, but more $ilipino in nature!” which utilize well nown ilipino e5pressions for code switches. Ad-uncts also contribute to the code switching pheno#ena" especially with words lie +nohD, $which is also +rightD, in English). A special case is the use of the word +effect, after repeating a word" to describe so#eone or so#ething $see 819). 3n here" the ter# +swi##ing&swi##ing effect, beco#es an ad-ective" acting as a noun" despite the use of +swi##ing, which is a verb. This occurred twice in the sa#e e5tract with +pandesal&pandesal effect,. Pandesal $salted bread) is a Spanish ter# and a noun" repeated and said with effect to act as an ad-ective in the sentence. The fa#ous practice of ilipinos in coining new ter#s and taing English words and integrating the# in to the ilipino le5icon $#ost liely slang)" could be derived here. Another is the practice of adding the suffi5 +2 cious, to ilipino words and ter#s to #ae the# #ore sophisticated&sounding $S!819 2 +bonggacious,). 8astly" the use of English clichs and popular e5pressions also contribute to the act of code switching $S/8!/ 2 it taes two to tango and S/8=( 2 now in hindsight).
)( Con-unction :ften" the con-unction serves as a transitory tool for code switching as seen in the following e5tracts. A con-unction acts as a lin for two words" phrases or clauses to create co#pound sentences or ideas. %on-unctions #ay be categorized in the followingK
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%oordinating con-unctions" also called coordinators" are con-unctions that -oin two or #ore ite#s of e4ual syntactic i#portance.
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%orrelative con-unctions are pairs of con-unctions that wor together to coordinate two ite#s. English e5a#ples include both%and" &n'either%&n'or" and not &onl'%but &also' " either... or" whether... or.
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Subordinating con-unctions" also called subordinators" are con-unctions that introduce a dependent clause. :ut of all the different types of con-unctions" subordinators and coordinators stand out the
#ost in the corpus" acting as transitions for code switching. S181!. They can call ticet world (91&9999 for their ticets" and para po dun sa naabili po ng L3P ticetsR S<810 & 3" uh" G% %oncepcion po #ga aibigan" uh" 3 got a te5t fro# G%" very careful " dahil #erong naguunwari po na G% sa faceboo 2 and you now whats scary 2 S=86 & :ne of the #ost in de#and young actors sa TL at indie fil# at Star circle national teen 4uest finalist na si Mason Abalos. S!81< & 'o you feel that youre gonna bring #ore to the role ase nga sa life e5periences" #as #ara#i ang pinaghirapan. S81K " 3 dont care na#an ahit alone ao eh. S/89K Pero young dibaD And $con-) yung ano redericos wifewas also youngD S/8=!K + Oou dont go into a relationship asi + Bau ano lang to" for now" lang" so 3 can i#agine na with her type of personality" she had looed at it as a long ter# relationship. S/8(=K 7ara#ing sala# at na lang din ho because youre only #aing #e stronger and youre #aing #e even #ore well loved" #aing #e feel even #ore well loved. S/890K Uh#" siguro hindi natin ito #aayos ngayon" but younow defini tely in the future sana #aayos ito. So" peace of #ind and happiness. :bserving the occurrences of code switching in the lines specified above" it is obvious that when one inserts a con-unction on his sentence the shifting between two languages happens. This thought co#es regardless what ind of clause would succeed the con-unction used. 17
)I( Emphasis E#phasis or repetition of thought is the idea behind the occurrences of code switching on the sited sa#ples below. 3t is evident that the code switched line also carries the sa#e #eaning of the previously declared state#ent. Aside fro# e#phasis" it #ight also e#body the purpose of #aing the state#ent or #eaning clearer. S/811K Bo" 3thin the point also sa sinasabi ni Grissy"#ula" ah" youve been blessed with uh" diversed roles" ibat&ibang laseng roles ang nabibigay sayo. Bgayon si Angel" si Angelica is going se5y sa ;ubi dibaD S!8/ & *isayang tisoy ang cuteQ Baaaaliw" ang cuteQ
)II( Relative Pronoun A relative pronoun is a pronoun that #ars a relative clause within a larger sentence. 3t is called a relative pronoun because it relates to the word that it #odifies and is not specific. Ergo" relative pronouns beca#e ey in identifying code switching in the clausal level. S181( & So" you agree" na sana di sila #ag#ana sayo pagdating saN & dependent clause S/8=
languages" verbs are #odified to encode tense" aspect" #ood and voice. A verb #ay also agree with the person" gender" andor nu#ber of so#e of its argu#ents" such as its sub-ect" or ob-ect. S<81 & Ntalagang oay $ad-) na siya ngayon" getting better na. S<8 & 3 -ust wanna say" Tito Alfi" ung ayoy nanonood po" S<8! & Thats right" uh" sanay #aging #aligaya sila" two beautiful people" 3 now noh. S8 & Gaya na#an tayo" -oin na sa saya at ilig ng #o#ent dito saN S8= & A*S&%*B e5ecutives" hinarap $v) ang #ga tanong ng #ga students and practitioners sa Pinoy 7edia %ongress. S819 & 3naanyayahan po na#ing ayo ni Sarah to visit www.atropa.co#.ph pwedeng #aatulong po sainyo. S!86! & >indi na#an" not big na#an po. 8ean" lean. and uh" sana ripped" uh" hopefully thats #y goal. S!8= & 8alo na asi it starts off sa Sinulog in %ebu so talagang lahat ng ating #ga apa#ilyang %ebuano na napaara#i. 3nvite the#.
:bserve that the e5tracts above are not nu#erous co#pared to code switching via verbs with ilipino affi5es. 3t could be then derived that speaers who practice code switching prefer the alteration of verbs rather than the direct use of the# in conversations. Lerbs also signify the part of the sentence where the verb phrase is #ost liely located. Therefore" when the verb is code switched" there is a high probability that the verb phrase would also follow suit.
I.( 'ouns Bouns are basically na#es for persons" places" things" events a#ong others which can occur as the #ain word in the sub-ect of a clause" the ob-ect of a verb" or the ob-ect of a preposition. S189= 2 Biloc niya yung door tapos nagtago sa closetD S1861! & Oes" ao na#an" its a regretful desire. *ecause yung desire ailangan #ay" ano" ung #ay desire a tapos yung abila" yung partner #o walang desire" its very regretful $adv phrase)" regretful $ad-) ang results ase" parang its" youre hitting a bric wall or a dead end street. 19
S681 & &ang anilang unang baby sa telebisyon. S6811 & Nsinugod sa ospital ang #anager ni Muday na si tito Alfi 8orenzo. S8 & Gaya na#an tayo" -oin na sa saya at ilig ng #o#ent dito saN S8! & 8ast Manuary 1!" dinalo ang congress sa PUP 7anilaQ S816 & Sa twitter account asi ni Gristine" ayaw daw #agin g alone sa valentines aya naghahanap siya ng asa#a in %anada habang #ay show siya doonD S81! & hindi o po ayang #unang i&give up career o Gung ala# #o yung li#itasyon #o at hindi #o isasaripisyo yung #ga pinagdaanan #ong things noon $np) S!811 2 So sandali" parang ibang iba yung career pathing ninyong dalawa. S!819 & *ut youre gonna regain your sight na#anD :h good. :" sorry ha" ang advantage niya ase ang ganda ng atawan niya" aya feeling o nagpaa&nice sayo" niluwagan nalang yung suot. S!8< & asi sobrang pressure because yung papalitan nioN S/81/K Oou now titoN S/86=K 8ets tal first about nagasabay tayo sa airportN S/86/K Gasi ang Snn yung #ga interviews na inaair 6 wees ago pa yun. Parang nabobother a na dahil #atagal #o ng gustong sabihin sa ain na nagaalabuan na and then sinabihan ita +eh bait di #o chinange yung contact profile picture #oD, S/8<6K Uh# siguro #ga ilang #onths $n) nadin" #ga #ore than < #onths $adv phrase). S/8=
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S/8(=K Talagang dun #o pala #aiita ung sinoyung #ga taong totoo sa iyo. Gung sino yung #ga totoo #ong aibigan at napaalaing factor don ang pa#ilya #o&&& S/890K &&&sana #aging" #aging #asay a a sa birthday #o" sa lahat ng desisyon #o. >uwag #ong aali#utan siguro na #ara#ing tao ang nag#a#ahal sa iyo. All over the corpus are the uses of English nouns" #ost liely because there are no direct translations for the# in ilipino $e.g factor" contact profile picture C #anager). So#e are co##only used English words 2 #ore co##only used than their ilipino counterparts $birthday instead of “kaarawan”, ending instead of “katapusan” etc.! ilipinos refusal in using ilipino counterparts #ay be an indication of choosing the #ore popular ter# fro# a plethora of choices fro# the le5icon. 3t #ay also be an i#plication of peoples tendency to brand straight ilipino speaers as +#aata, $old&fashioned C poetic) or +baduy, $one who does not confor# to the latest trends in society" usually in ter#s of fashion). .( Ad-ectives An ad-ective is a word whose #ain role is to #odify a noun or pronoun" giving #ore infor#ation about the noun or pronouns involved. S181=! & Ao di ao ready. S681 & Jeorge and %ecil" #agwawaas na ang naaainlove na wento. S681 & Ntalagang oay na siya ngayon" getting better na. S8/ & Ang nandoon" 1000 plus students at #edia practictioners fro# all over the PhilippinesN S89 & At all&star cast talagaQ Sina A*S %*B President 7s. %haro Santos $na#es etc.)" plus the business unit headQ S!8< & asi sobrang pressure because yung papalitan nio 1 year top rating talaga" #inahal ng buong #undo si Santino. Balapit tayo ay Mesus %hrist in the person of *ro. S/89K Pero young dibaD S/8=K 3 dont want to have any regrets and #alaing factor din na #ara#ing opportunities na du#arating sa ain ngayon S/8!0 & Uh#" ung gaano po ao a&private $ad-) na tao" u#" sabi o pa sa anila" lie ina tita" na wala ayong definit ely 2 #ay paguulang a#i sa isat&isa" pero trust #e" hindi po ao 21
#agsasalita ng ahit ano against your son. Gasi #ay pinagsa#ahan po a#i at #inahal o rin na#an po yung ana niyo. 7ore than anything" gusto o#unang #agpasala#at dun sa #ga taong hindi ao iniwan. S8( & Ang pinaa&e5citing na pagharap ng #ga topics by A*S&%*BN sa #ga tanong ng #ga studentsN S81 & Totoo na#an talaga eh" #ala#an nila na" para updated silaase na "Nwala aong asa#a" pero wala lang" gusto o lang S/8=! & Sandali ha" oontrahin lang ita ha" lahat na#an tayo pag nag#a#ahal diba whether you are 16"1"1/"1( or 6 feeling niyo yung pag#a#ahal na iyon is foreverN S/8!< & Sana hindi #awala. U#. 3# actually very thanful na sobrang 3# very surrounded with good people andN 3t is apparent that code switching also occurs in the ad-ective present in the sentence or a clause. This idea is visible in S/8= /3 dont want to have any regrets and #alaing $ad-) factor din na #ara#ing $ad-) opportunities na du#arating sa ain ngayon, where the speaer code switched twice in a particular sentence. Ad-ectives are also used also as translations for unpopular ilipino ad-ectives $lie the cases in nouns). E5a#ples of this would be 8<0 2 +1 year top rating, and 81 2 +updated,. Another feature is also the use of ilipino affi5es with ad-ectives" si#ilar with verbs. E5a#ples are 8!0 2 +a&private, and S681 2 +naaainlove,.
.I( Adverbs An adverb is a part of speech which can #odify verbs" ad-ectives $including nu#bers)" clauses" sentences and other adverbs. Adverbs typically answer 4uestions such as +howD," +in what wayD," +whenD," +whereD," and +to what e5tentD,. S189/ 2 So" $adv)" #ay nangyareD S/86(K Ah#" yung nagalabuan its been #onths" hindi na#an siya yung basta&basta na lang na nagbrea a#i.
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S1861! & Nyung partner #o walang desire" its very regretfulN S/8!0 & Uh#" ung gaano po ao a&private na tao" u#" sabi o pa sa anila" lie ina tita" na wala ayong definitely2 #ay paguulang a#i sa isat&isa"N S18191 2 So #eron" onteng chis#is lang S!811 2 So" sandali" parang ibang iba yung career pathing $n 2 gerund) ninyong dalawa. S!8<< 2 So" sa %hicago" wala ang natipuhanD S/86K 3 lie what you said. And it taes a while bago natin nailala ang ating sarili. S/8=! & Bau ano lang to" for now" langN. S/890K Uh#. 7ara#i eh" asi honestly di o pa nasasabi lahat ng gusto ong sabihin sa anya. 3n the e5tracts above" notice S189/" S18191" S!811 and S!8<<" upon the presence of +so, as an adverb for code switching. This also indicates that +so, acts as an e5pression to introduce a new topic. 7eanwhile" the other e5tracts beco#e indicators of code switching" #uch lie ad-ectives in the previous discussion" especially with adverbs of ti#e $8=!" 86 and 86(). .II( Prepositional phrase A preposition lins nouns" pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. A prepositional phrase" on the other hand" is a phrase #ade up of a preposition and followed by a noun or a pronoun. S18661 & wala na talagang pagasa in the futureD S!8<. Balapit tayo ay Mesus %hrist in the person of *ro. S/8!0 & Ntrust #e" hindi po ao #agsasalita ng ahit ano against your son $prep phrase). Gasi #ay pinagsa#ahan po a#i at #inahal o rin na#an po yung ana niyo. S/8(=K U#" ala# o na#an ho iyon fro# the very beginning" eto yung pinaso ong trabaho u#. S/811K Bo" 3thin the point also sa sinasabi ni Grissy" #ula" ah" youve been blessed with uh" diverse rolesN S/8=
the relationship a#ong other words in the sentence. They tend to be #ore co#fortable doing the act in relating thoughts or words in the sentence. PART T0& 3.
The *uzz Tough Ten uestions
ParticipantsK ;uffa Jutierrez & >ost ;uffa Jutierrez is a ilipino actress" for#er beauty 4ueen" and #odel who won the title of Binibinin# Pilipinas orld in 199< and was the Second Princess in 7iss Forld 199<. She was born as Shar#aine ;uffa ;a#a Jutierrez on Mune 6" 19/" in 7anila" Philippines" to Eddie Jutierrez" a very popular #estizo actor in the 19!0s" and for#er actress" Annabelle ;a#a. She is the oldest a#ong three children" others being identical twin brothers" ;ay#ond and ;ichard" who are both actors as well. Upon achieving success in the world of beauty pageants" she started off in her career as an actress. She has starred in over =0 different fil#s in the Philippines and has done countless appearances on television. 7artin Bievera 2 Juest 7artin Bievera" dubbed the +%oncert Ging, of the Philippines" clai#s recorded collections to his credit. 3n addition" he has fil#s in his list of acco#plish#ents" as well as television shows" and soundtracs that he has both sung and co#posed. >e has several platinu# albu#s" as well as awards for his co#positions and perfor#ances. 7artin ;a#on Bievera was born in 7anila" Philippines" on ebruary =" 19!6. >e is the son of singer *ert Bievera" whose perfor#ing career pro#pted 7artins own 4uest for a #usical career. Although 7artin grew up in >awaii" he returned to the Philippines to begin his singing career in 19(6Rhe released his first albu# in Mune of that year. Pops ernandez 2 >ost 24
*orn 'ece#ber 16" 19!! 2 'aughter of popular /0Is action star Eddie ernadez $deceased) and singer 'ulce 8uban" Pops ernandez -oined show business when she was 1!. >er di#pled and heart shaped face captured the hearts of ilipino audiences. 7aria %ielito 8uban ernandez in real life" PopsI fledgling singing career started to soar when she was partnered to an English speaing ilipino balladeer 7artin Bievera. Seg#ent 1 & Analysis As one #ay have noticed" our participants in the first seg#ent have already #ade their #ar in the Philippine showbiz industry and are considered very popular. So#e #ay even brand the# as household na#es. The researchers can also safely assu#e that the afore#entioned are well&off in ter#s of their socio&econo#ic bacgrounds. Another is the fact that they are bonded by friendship and their dialogue shows that clearly. This bond #aes clearly connotes that they need not to gauge what ind of conversation style they would use for the situation. Jutierrez and Bievera continuously use a #i5 of ilipino and English for the duration of the seg#ent. Jutierrez even said +Please answer in Tagalog ah" coz youre both inglisero eh," which connotes the heavy use of English by these participants" and" as seen with the corpus" the practice of code switching. 33.
The *uzz >idden Truths
ParticipantsK Mudy Ann Santos & 3nterviewee 3t would have been difficult to have i#agined that a tiny little girl with chubby chees" all of ! yrs" singing VSa#pung 7ga 'aliri" Ga#ay at Paa.. in a popular toothpaste co##ercial would beco#e of the #ost celebrated and recognized faces of the Philippine entertain#ent industry. 7oreover" at the young age of 6( years" she would be celebrating 6 decades of being in the business of entertain#ent. Mudy Ann Santos is a V'iva with e5ceptional talents and i##ense e5perience.
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*orn on 11 7ay 19/(" Mudy Anne 8u#agui Santos or Mudy Ann Santos is one of the #ost co##ercially successful actors belonging to the A*S&%*B ca#p. Muday" as shes referred by the entertain#ent industry" received her very first brea as one of the ids in the J7A tear-erer VGa#ing 7ga Ulila" directed by Argel Moseph in 19(!. >owever" Muday #ade headlines with her role in the 3*%&1<s soap opera Ula" Ang *atang Jubat" at the age of 10. Seg#ent 33 2 Analysis This seg#ent features an interview with Mudy Ann Santos" and 4uestions fro# The *uzz host *oy Abunda. Bote that they are not in a roo# together as the seg#ent is -ust done via video inserts of Santos interview and Abundas scripted and voiced over 4uestions. irst" the researchers considered Santos status 4uo 2 so#eone whos really adored by the ilipino #asses and not really considered by others as an +elite, in the showbiz industry $co#pared to the lies of Jutierrez" ernandez and Bievera). Fith that in #ind" what the researchers noticed about Santos language during the interview was her li#ited use of code switching" #ostly -ust using verbs with ilipino affi5es and rando# nouns here and there. This is probably because she was si#ply being interviewed by so#e unnown reporter andor this is si#ply the way we now +Muday, 2 the lady cla#ored by the #asses and her very +pinay, personality. 333.
Jutierrez and Abunda at the Studio
ParticipantsK ;uffa Jutierrez and *oy Abunda 2 >osts *oy Abunda" a #odern&day #edia icon and respected -ournalist" was born in *orongan" Eastern Sa#ar. >is father death at an early age #eant that *oy had to drop out of school in order to survive. So" he tried odd -obs to earn a living for hi#self and his fa#ily. Fhen *oy landed a -ob in the 7etropolitan Theatre as an assistant stage #anager" he also got the opportunity to assist %onching Sunico" the ad#inistrator of 7etropolitan Theatre. Sunico was ind enough to teach hi# about public relations. And within two years" *oy had started his own P; co#pany called
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*acroo#" 3nc. >e was also one of the core tea# #e#bers and strength behind Probes early years. 3t was while Abunda was on a P; consulting assign#ents for J7A Betwor" a networ e5ecutive in J7A" suggested that Abunda try television. Abunda seriously consider ed this suggestion and soon" he beca#e one of the hosts of VStartal" an entertain#ent tal show. 3n 1999" Abunda changed ca#ps and -oined the rival A*S&%*B. As of today" he hosts < showsK The *uzz" Private %onversations and Gontrobersyal. Seg#ent 333 2 Analysis >ere" the hosts do a conversation style of presentation" revealing so#e showbiz news along the way. Fhat we can notice their easy going" al#ost lie story sharing #anner. Fe can safely assu#e that these hosts probably spend a lot of ti#e with each other" thus" #aing the# rela5ed. The short seg#ent did not yield #uch code switching to occur" but at this early point" one can identify the ind of language Abunda uses. >is ilipino is" in a sense" #uch #ore +dignified, as he does not shy away fro# +deep, words fro# the language $using e5pressions lie +#ga aibigan, and +si#ple lang ang la#an ng aing puso, ?considered very old fashioned@). 3L.
*uzz E5press
Seg#ent 3L 2 Analysis *uzz e5press is a seg#ent si#ilar to The >idd en Truth" which uses voiced over state#ents and 4uestions for recorded interviews fro# other celebrities. >owever" the voice&over talents used here use gay language and onyo English as their #eans of co##unication. Upon checing the corpus" one will see occurrences lie 8&16 Sa twitter account asi ni Gristine" ayaw daw #agin g alone $ad-) sa valentines aya naghahanap siya ng asa#a in %anada $prep phrase) habang #ay show $n) siya doonD 81< & >ow true ba ito #areng GristineD
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3n the first line" the ad-ective +#aging alone, could easily be changed with #ag&isa. 3n the second line" +how true," is a 4uestion tag and an e5pression $which sounds 4uite effe#inate) could be easily translated with +totoo,. The talents also say these code switched phrases and words with an air of confidence" unlie our previous participants who often code switch because of various factors lie difficulty or habit. 3t #ay lead to the conclusion that what we have here is intentional code switching. This #ay tell us that television tries to introduce a language trend which is considered as cool or +in, 2 #uch lie onyo English. L.
Seg#ent L3 2 Gris A4uinos 3nterview with Agua *enditas 8eading 7en
ParticipantsK Gris A4uino & >ost Gris A4uino was born ebruary 1" 19/1" the youngest of the five children of %orazon and *enigno A4uino" Mr. She earned #ost of her education in the United States during the fa#ilys e5ile fro# the Philippines" but returned after her father was assassinated in 19(<. After the Philippine revolution in 19(! that drew the end of erdinand 7arcos power" she turned to fil# with her debut in +Pido 'ida", a hit co#edy. After her talents were recognized by A*S&%*B" A4uino was hired to star in television shows" as well as host ga#e and tal shows. 7atteo Juidicelli & Juest Jian#atteo Littorio ernan 7atteo Juidicelli $born 7arch 6!" 1990) is a ilipino&3talian actor" #odel" racer and singer. >is clai# to fa#e started with his career with art racing. >e was a three ti#e Philippine Garter of the year along with winning other #ultiple awards. >e started arting at the age of 11 in his ho#etown of %ebu in the Philippines. >e then #oved to the city of 7anila when he was 1 to further pursue and e5pand on his racing career. Mason Abalos & Juest
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Mason Abalos $born Manuary 1" 19(!) is a ilipino actor. >e was also a graduate of *achelor of Science in %ivil Engineering *atch 600< at Bueva Eci-a University of Science and Technology. Abalos is a #e#ber of A*S&%*BIs circle of ho#egrown talents na#ed Star 7agic. >e was discovered after -oining Star %ircle uest" a reality show in search of new actors. Abalos" won nu#erous awards" a#ong these" the *est Perfor#ance by 7ale or e#ale" Adult or %hild" 3ndividual or Ense#ble in 8eading or Supporting ;ole award in the Ooung %ritics %ircle Annual %itation held at the aculty %enter %onference $Pulungang ;ecto" *ulwagang ;izal) >all of the University of the Philippines 'ili#an" uezon %ity. 'irector Adolf Ali5" Mr. handled hi# in the indie fil# +Adela", played by Anita 8inda $in the 600( %ine#alaya 3ndependent il# estival).
The #ost recent award given to hi# was on :ctober 1" 600(" Abalos won the *est Actor in the 600( Jawad Urian Awards for +Endo. Seg#ent L3 2 Analysis This seg#ent was an interview of the leading #en of A*S&%*Bs then upco#ing show" Agua *endita. The host" A4uino" has no relationships whatsoever with the two guests. *ut" possibly out of habit" she consistently code switches" especially with ad-uncts" e5pressions and 4uestion tags. Juidicelli code switches" pri#arily because of his 3talian descent" while Abalos code switched the least. L3.
Seg#ent L33 2 3nterview with Shaina 7agdayao
ParticipantsK >osts *oy Abunda" Gris A4uino C Juest Shaina 7agdayao Shaina Jarcia 7agdayao was born to Enri4ue and 'eanne 7agdayao on Bove#ber !" 19(9. >er birthplace is uezon %ity" Philippines. At si5" she starred in the series +8yra", and was discovered soon after by the networ A*S&%*B and won roles in other series. Soon she was cast
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alongside other child stars and her career too off. She is the sister of fa#ous celebrity Lina 7orales $Sharon 7agdayao). Seg#ent L33 2 Analysis To deter#ine their relationships with one another" the researchers consulted the corpus and found 7agdayaos habit of calling Abunda +tito, and A4uino +ate,. Fe could therefore assu#e that the relationship they have is possibly a friendly one and that they have been together or at least in the co#pany of each other for a duration of ti#e. Although 7agdayao also ca#e fro# a well&off bacground" she has li#ited her code switching to the co##on ele#ents lie verbs with affi5es and e5pressions. Another noticeable feature about her code switching is the way it occurs when she tries to avoid a 4uestion with respect. Fhile Abunda and A4uino fire self&ad#ittedly +politically&wrong, 4uestions at her $S/8!!)" she would reply with S/8!/ & Oun nga ho tito" ittaes two to tango $e5p) or S/8/= & Fell" itis nor#al siguro $con-) na apag nala#an na natapos na ang isang relasyonR . 3t could be derived fro# this that she was doing it out of respect and trying to #aintain a dignified stance during the sensitive interview $their topic was about her recently failed relationship with co&worer Mohn Pratts). L33.
Seg#ent L333 2 The *uzz >idden Truth <
ParticipantsK ;a4uel Pe#pengco" Tess ;ellibo" %harisse Pe#pengco and Mobert Sucaldito Analysis This is another >idden Truth seg#ent" with scripted voice over 4uestions and recorded interviews. >ere" the relationship of the participants fa#ilial" and focuses on a #other $;ellibo) and daughters $;. Pe#pengco) differences. There is not #uch code switching done here. ;ellibo" as seen in the interview" probably belongs to the lower class while ;. Pe#pengco" because of her daughters stellar success" gained status. 7ost of the code switching done in this seg#ent was by ;. Pe#pengco" but was only li#ited to the use of verbs with affi5es. ;ellibo barely had one which was +pina&under,. %. Pe#pengco had one line and the code switches she
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practiced were also verbs with affi5es. Sucaldito also had one line which had verbs and affi5es and a 4uestion tag.
CHAPTER I) Conclusions and Recommendations The study ai#ed to give a description on code switching in Philippine Television. The researchers did this by ac4uiring an episode of A*S&%*Bs Sunday afternoon showbiz tal show The *uzz" transcribing its dialogue and analyzing the occurrences of code switching within. The analysis of the corpus has highlighted the following facts and observations about code switching in Philippine Television in both phrasal and clausal levelsK
•
The presence of verbs with ilipino affi5es in the phrasal level are the #ost co##on occurrences of code switching" especially those with ilipino prefi5es or unlapi with the
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verb. Lerbs also beco#e transitory tools for code switching" especially in the phrasal level of a sentence.
•
Speaers prefer shorter and #ore popular English ter#s" than their longer" unpopular and unfa#iliar ilipino counterparts.
•
Speaing habits could also lead to code switching. :ften" these speaing habits contribute to code switching" especially with 4uestion tags $e.g. co##only used ter# +diba,)" e5pressions" and ad-uncts. +%lichs" +#ga asabihan, and other co##on sayings in either language also contribute to the practice of code switching.
•
%ode switching does not occur that often in the noun phrase than in the verb phrase of a sentence.
•
:ut of all the types of con-unctions" subordinators and coordinators are used the #ost" especially as code switching transition tools.
•
%ode switching is effective when one is trying to e#phasize a thought.
•
3n the clausal level" relative pronoun +na, is used as a transition tool for code switching. +Ba, introduces a new clause or thought in the sentence. 3t could be interchangeably used with English counterpart +that,.
•
So#eti#es" people code switch because there are si#ply no translations for so#e words. This was evident in nouns lie factor C contact profile picture a#ong others. 3t was also evident in ad-ectives.
•
Adverbs of ti#e co##only suggest code switching pheno#ena" as well as the adverb +so, used in the beginning of the sentence. >owever" because of this" it beco#es #ore of an e5pression rather than an adverb.
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•
Speaers tend to code switch every ti#e they would try to show the relationship a#ong other words in the sentence. They see# to be #ore co#fortable doing the act in relating thoughts or words in the sentence.
3n tacling discourse relationships" the researchers have found the followingK
•
The relationship of one speaer to another can help deter#ine the occurrence of code switching. 3n the discussion" the fa#ilial relationship $Seg#ent L333) had lesser occurrences of code switching than seg#ents with platonic relationships $3 C L33).
•
Socio&econo#ic bacground can deter#ine the presence of code switching. Speaing habits can also deter#ine this.
•
The intentional use of code switching could lead to languages lie Gonyo English and Taglish. 7ost liely" #edia persons intentionally code switch to give off an aura of status and authority. Unfortunately" their #isuse is seen by viewers as what is right.
•
%ode switching can also be used to gauge an individuals stance in a conversation. 7ost liely" a person practices code switching if the situation suddenly changes $e.g. fro# a serious to an awward situation).
Recommendations Television and its influence is truly an undeniable force that could #anipulate people aged 9 to 90. So#eti#es" households cannot control what the younger #e#bers of the fa#ily watch. The researchers therefore reco##end the followingK
•
%ontinued supervision as one stays glued on the boob tube. Fhile it #ay be reco##ended to watch television shows in English" one #ust #onitor if the ind of English used in the show is educated English. 7ore often than not" English in Philippine Television reinforces Gonyo English or Taglish rather than the correct English used in professional fields. 33
•
7edia personalities on the other hand" should act as role #odels for their avid fans and viewers" who beco#e totally clueless about the right path to follow.
•
3t is highly reco##ended for English to be learned in proper educational environ#ent and not fro# tal show hosts in Philippine television. Parents should be able to deter#ine what the right ind of English is #anifested.
•
The #onitoring should not stop at ho#e but continue at school" where teachers #ust reinforce learning strategies when dealing with the dyna#ic structure of the English language.
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