Microcontroladores PIC
Editorial
ISBN N: 987-1116-69-1 ISBN N: 978-987-1116-69-0
1
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2
Sumario
Sumario Arquitectura de un PIC ..........................................................................................4 Ca,a",-%a- !"& PIC ..............................................................................................................................................4 Paa- !"& PIC .............................................................................................................................................................5 R"-'" !"& !%-*-%%............................................................................................................................................6 L +" !"b" -ab", -b," &- PIC-.............................................................................................................................9 Pa&ab,a- !" #%$,a% " %!"%#%a% ..............................................................................................................13 O,$a%a% !" &a '"',%a....................................................................................................................................13 L- ,"$%-,- !"& PIC ...................................................................................................................................................14 P,- I/O......................................................................................................................................................................20 M!& "'*,%a!, %'",0.....................................................................................................................................23 M"',%a !" !a- EEPROM ......................................................................................................................................25 La CPU !"& PIC...........................................................................................................................................................27 C#%$,a%"- !"& -%&a!, ..................................................................................................................................29 E& *",, $a,!% (WDT) .............................................................................................................................................32 I",,*%"- !"& '%,............................................................................................................................................32
Manejo de las instrucciones de un PIC.................................................................36 I,!% ..............................................................................................................................................................37 E& -" !" %-,%"- !"& 16X84..............................................................................................................................39 Pa&ab,a- !" #%$,a% " %!"%#%a% ..............................................................................................................54
Aprendiendo a programar ....................................................................................56 C%,% !" ","a!,.........................................................................................................................................58 E"!%! %",'%"" !" &"! ............................................................................................................................60 S""%a!, !" 4 aa&"- .....................................................................................................................................65 G"",a!, !" -"a&"- !" a!% ..............................................................................................................................69 S""%a!, !" 8 aa&"- .....................................................................................................................................70 C'*%&a% !" *,$,a'a..................................................................................................................................72 Ca,$a !"& *,$,a'a " PIC................................................................................................................................75 3
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E &* (&@- *) ? @ ? ?@ @ ? @ @ 72 (@ ?@?) ?P? DD Q?? . E O@ ? ? @ @ ? ? @ KP? ? ? P?. C@? @ @ @K@ ?@@@, J@N @? ?@ ? ? @ I ?@.
el Pe rrO gUAr dIAn (Wdt) ? @? @ 8 Q @@ @K@ J ? @ @ ? ? @@ ?@ @ @. @? @ @ ??? @@ ? J ? ? C. @KP? ?@? @? @@ &@ L? 18, @ ? K?@ D @ ?, @? , ?@ ? ?@ J@, ?K 2,3 ?@.
32
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
Inte rrUPCIO nes del MICrO ? @? @? ?@ L @ ? @? IP? @@? @@ @? ?@ I @, ?@?K?@ P? @ @? @? ? @ I ?@. ? @? @? ? ? ?? ? @ @? @ @?? ? . &@ @ ? ? K ? @ ? ? P? CA, ? ? @? @?? ? ? ? ? ? ? @ I ?@ @, @ ? ?@ . E &C1684/&C, @ @, @? 4 @ ? ? P?:
1. AL; 9 =; &B0/I# 2. D@? 9 =? ? &0
CAPItUlO 1 - A0/3)2%#230! $% 3, PIC
3. C @ ; ; 9@ 4 =@ @ = @ (&B7:&B4) 9 %$&B 4. F;9 L; 9 @?? ; 9 EE%&$ @. C?@ @ ?@ @ @, @? ? P? ? P?, , @ @? @ @ (&C P C&) ? &, @? @ GE (G@ ? E?), @ @ @ ? P? J &C @? @ 0004H , @P? @ ? P?, J @?K @ ?P? ? P? ?? P?. +? ? P? L @? @ ? @ . +?@ @ Q @@ OK@ @ ? @@ @ ?@ ? P?, J @ ?@? @@ @ @ ?P? ? P? ? N.
!@ @ ;?9 @ ;;?; ; 9 ? @? I#C$# (0B L 8B) 9; ; ?; 9@ ;??=;@. & @ ? ? P? @ ? ? , @@?? ? W1X, ? @ OK@ @ L? ? @ @ $*C$ J EEDA*A (08) ?@? @@ ? P? ?@ M @ @?? W1X. C ? @? M? @@ @@ @@ EE&. E GE (G@ ? E?) P? @ @ ? P?, J @ @L ? ?@ ? ? P?, @? @ @ @K @ ? P? ? L ??@ . C?@ @ @ @? ? P? @? ? ? P? E*FE, GE @?M?@ 1. & @ @ @ ?@ ? P?, ?@ L @ ?@ @, @ @ @ ?P? ? P? K ? @ @@?? ? P? J L, @? @ @ ?P? ? P? 0. D ?@ N, ?@ @L ? ?P? ? P?. E &C @ ? @ ? P? ? P? 0004; @ , ? ? P?, &C @? 0004. &@ @ ? @, @ ?P? ? P? ? @@ @ ?@ @ L ? ? P? J Q? @. ? Q? @@ @ L &C, ?@ ? ? ? P?, @@ @ ?P? ? -
P? ? @ ?@ ? J @ @ ? @, @@ N ? ?. &@ @ @, T& K ?@ @@ @L ? ? @@ ? @ @, @ @@ @?:
1. C; @ ; ;??=L;, 9 9 ??@ =;; @ . ' 9 =? @ ??@ =;; @ ; N1O 9 9L; @ 9@ ;??=;@ (GIE) @ ; N1O, @ =? 9 ;??=L;. 2. %? ? @ =? ? ;??=L; ;?@ @ @ ;; ? ;??, 9 GIE @ =; ; N0O. 3. E9 9? 9 %C @ ? ; 9 %I!A 4. E9 %C @ ? ; 9 9? 0004, @ 9 ? ;??=;@ 5. E9 =? ??, ; ? 9 ?; ;L; 9 ;??=L; ; ; @9 9 = @L; ? ; @ ;;? 9 =? ? ;L; ;??=L;, @ ; @ ?; @ 9@ ? @?@ =; @? @ =? @, 9 @ @; 9@ ?@ J@ ;??=L;, @ ?? 9 9? 9@ 9 =? ?;? 9 @ 9 ;??=L;. 6. ! ?; ;??=L; 99 9 =? ? 9 @?; ??@ =;;. 7. A;@ ??;? 9 =? ? =?; =9 @ ; ?@9? 9@ 9?@ ;J; 9@ ? @?@ ;@ =?? @ 9 ;??=L; @ ; ??? =? @? 9@ 9@ ;; 9@ ;@ 9@ ;??=;@. 8. C; @ 99 9 M9 ;@?L; 9 ?; ;??=L;, &E, @ ? 9 %C ; 9 9? @ ?L ;9; ; 9 %I!A 9 GIE @ =; ; ; N1O. ? ? @? $* ? @ ? ? ? @ I ?@ ? @ . C?@ ? N? B0/$* ? P? ? P?, ? @?, @ @L , $*F @ $*C$ @? ? W1X J GE=1. @ @? ? ?@ ?P? ? P?. #? $*DEG @ &*$, @? ?@ @ B/$*, J @? ? W1 W ?@ @ J ?@ L ? W0X ?@ @ . E @ ?P? ? P? ? @ ? @ $*F, ?@ @@ ?P? ? P? ?@ ? P? @?@ ? P? E*FE.
33
M)#0#,20*!$0% PIC
& ? P? *#0, @ *0E J GE @ $*C$ ? ? W1X; @ @?@? ?@ @K@ *#0 @ FF 00, *F @ $*C$. ?@ ? @ *#0 ?@ @, M @? ?@ 00 FF. E @ @ ? @? @, @ J ? ? ? @ M, ? @ @ @ ? ? ?@?@. C?@ @ *#0 @? ? @ , M ? FF- @ J @ ? @ ? @ @ IP?:
& ? P? @ @ ? ? B4 J B7, @ BE J GE @ $*C$ ? Y1X. C?@ @ N J @ ? @ ? ? @ ? B4 P B7, BF @ $*C$. E @ ? @? L ? ? @? @ ? @ 4 I 4 16 .
34
E L EE&# @? 64 J @? ? ? @ ?@ ? @? ? P?. @ EE&# ?@ L ? K@? @ @ @? ?? ? @ @ F J G&. & @ J ? ?@?? @ ?@ @@? @@ J K @ @ EEDA*A, EEAD, EEC$1 J EEC$2, @@ J @ @. @ EEAD, ?? ? @P? @ 09 ?@ 0, ? M ? P? ? EE&# @. 64 @@? ? J @? @? ? @?K ? @P? 00 J ? ? 3F, @ @ @ 2 L @ @ EEAD ? 0. @ D J ?? ? @ . $@ J @?@ 0 P@ 1. @? @L ? ?@ @P? @ @ . E @ EEC$2 ?@ L ? @ N? , @ @ @ @ ( ? ? , @@ @?? 0). @@ @ @ ? @@ EE&#, ? ? ? @ @@. @? ?@ @ @ @? @ 55 J AA. +? @ ? ? @P? EE&# @ ? ? P? 10 , ? @ J ? @ @@.
Mic"!c!$"!la!"e# PIC
Maej! e la# I#$"%cci!e# e % PIC !0$ 05647&&<0 (5 70 &1/$0'1, 2$46( '( 241 *4$/$, 37( 5( ( $2&$ $ PIC 2$4$ 37( 1 06(4 24(6( : ((&76( 57 &7/ 2/(061. L$ 05647&&<0 5( &1/ 210( '( 70$ 5(4( '( %65 24( 5(06$'$ (0 5(&&10(5 1 21 5&10(5 2(4)(&6$/(06( '(/6$'$5, 37( ( 241&( 5$'14 06(4 24(6$ 2$4$ &7/ 24 70$ 14'(0 '( 5($'$, 37('$0'1 (56$%(&'$5 $5 8$4$%(5 37( 5( /1')&$0. D&+1 '( 164$ )14/$, $5 05647&&10(5 21 5((0 70 )14/$61 '( $&7(4'1 $ 70 556(/$ '( &1')&$&<0. E )14/$61 &$/%$ '( $&7(4'1 &10 $ 12(4$&<0 37( 5( 8$ $ 4($ ;$4. 36
CAPITULO 2 - Maej! e la# i#$"%cci!e# e % PIC
InTrO dUCCIOn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
E ?@ ?L P@:
Figura 1
Figura 2
37
Mic"!c!$"!la!"e# PIC
Figura 3
E? P@, @ J@ @ ( 6 11 ? 2) ?? @P? K ? P? @ @ @ @ @@. AN Figura 4 ? ? @? !C ? J @ ? @?@ ?@, J P? Q? @ ?@ @ @ 5 ?@ ? @ ( 0 4 ? 2). E 5 ? P@ @?@? @ ?@ J ? ? M @ @ @P?. V0W ?@ @P? L @ ? @ @ (). VW @ V1W ?@ L @P? @ ?@ @ VW. $@ ?@ ?@ @ ? @ @ ? P? ? ? P? @? L @ @?@ (), L ? @ @ J @ ?
38
?@ P@ @@ @? ? 32 @@? @ @. $ J@N ? @? K? ? ? @ @? @ @ (@ ? P?) I @ ? @? @ ? ? @ @ . ? @ ? P? ?@ @ @ ? @@, ?@?? @ @@? @@ @@ @ ? 3. E , O @ ? @@ I ?@, @? @ @ ? 'C1/C$!& J 'C2/C$' @@? @@, ? @ @, @ ?M?@ N O @ @@ ? ?@ K @@?. D ? K Q J P? ? P?. E @ ? P? @ ? ?@ @ @@? @@ @?@ @ P? ? @?. $@ @ ? ? @ @? @ @ 4, ??@ ? O ?@? 1, 2, 3 J 4. E @ 1 ?? @? @
CAPITULO 2 - Maej! e la# i#$"%cci!e# e % PIC
Figura 5
Figura 6
@, 2 J 3, ?? @P? J P? ? P? J @ Q @, 4 Q ? P?. E P@ ? ? @ ? @?.
EL SET dE InSTrUCCIO nES dEL 16X84 @ P@ ? ? P?, KP? @ @?@ ? ? @?K@ N @ ?@ ? ? @ @? ?P? I@. $@ P@ (?@?@ ?P?@) @K? ? @? ? @ ? @?, ? ? @@? @@ ? K ? ? ?P? @?@. ? ?P?@ J @ ?@ ? ? P?. @ ?K @? ? @ ? @? @?@? *!C, @ ??@ ? ? @ @P? K?, N @Q? ? @ @ @ @, :
E? 4 @ ? @ @? @? ? @? @? @, 5 @@? @? J 6 ?@ @?@ L @? ? @? @? J @? @. @ ?@ @ ? ? , ? ? ? @ ? : A @ ? @ ? / (E/) @? ? @P? @ M @ (@ @ %'F '*B,1), @ K@ ?? ? ? '*B. @ @, ? ? "1" ? @? @@ ? J @? ? @ I @, @ @ L @@ ? "0". ? P? @ %*0 J =1, L @@ @ ? (), L ?@ %*0.
39
Mic"!c!$"!la!"e# PIC
@ C@? @ @ (C P C) @ ? @?P? , ? P? @ @ L?. E ?@ @ @@ ? &'. E? 7 @ P@ ? ? ? @?: C @? 1 @ ? @ J@ @. DC @? 1 ? ? @ 3 4. @? 1 @ @P? @.
@ @? ?@ @ @ @? ?Q@ 10 I@ ? I, ? P? L:
$ ?@ P? S10S ? ?Q@ L I@ ? I. ?@ P? DS10S ? ?Q@ L I@ ? J BS10S ? @? ?Q@ L ? ?@ P? ?. @ ?@ ? @ @: ? ? P? ?N ? @: = 21 (21 ? ?Q@ L I-
@ ? I, @ @ 0010 0001 UI@ ? ?@-) A ? P?, L? @ ?Q@ J @ ? @ , : = 21 + 10 = 31 (? I), P = 0001 0000 + 0001 0000 = 0010 0000 (? ?@) ( 8). C @? 1 @ ? @ J@ @. DC @? 1 ? ? @ 3 4. @? 1 @ @P? @.
@?@ @? ?@ @ @ @? @? ?@ ? @ @ *EG, J @ @ ? @ @, ?@ P? L:
? ? P? = 10 J *EG = 21 , @ L 31 L ? @ @, , @ @? ?@ @ @ L: = 31
*EG = 21
Figura 7
40
CAPITULO 2 - Maej! e la# I#$"%cci!e# e % PIC
Figura 9 Figura 8 K @P?: &@ @? ?@ @ *EG ?@ @P @ @P?. ? P? @:
(0001 0010) A&D (0011 1001) = 0001 0000 $@ ? P?, ? ?@: = 0001 0000 ( 10)
E? @? @ @ ? *EG, @ @ ? @, @ @P? @? ?@ @ @ N:
+6 @?6 2 1 D 6= C6D= E25@ 56 =2 @6C24P? 6D 46C@
= 10 *EG = 31 9. @? 1 @ @P? @.
@?@ ?P? P A&D ? ?Q@ 0001 0010 L ?@ ? @ @ J ?Q@ 0011 1001 . $ ? P? L:
$@, ? ? P? ?N@: = 0001 0010
Figura 10
41
Mic"!c!$"!la!"e# PIC
A ? P?, @ @? @: DEC = 1110 0111 * ?@ ? @ @ J L ? @ 7, , @ @@ ? @ ?? 0 7. 12.
@ @? V1W &T 0 @ DEC, @ ? P? L:
? ? P? @ DEC ?N:
Figura 11
DEC = 1111 0111 A ? P?, @ @? @: DEC = 1111 0110 ( 13)
@ K @P? A&D ? ?Q@ 0001 1110 L ?@ ? @ J ?Q@ 1001 0110 L ?@ ? @ @, ? P? L:
A? ? P? ?@: = 1001 0110
= 0001 1110
B?, N @ ? @@ ? : R!INA ? , @@ ?@ ? ? P? @? @ @
KL @P?: (1001 0110) A&D (0001 1110) = 0001 0110 E ? @ @, @ ? P? ?@: = 1001 0110 (?@ @) = 0001 0110 ( ?@ @). (F. 11)
@ @? V0W &T 5 @ DEC, @ ? P? L:
? ? P? @ DEC ?N: DEC = 1111 0111
42
Figura 12
CAPITULO 2 - Maej! e la# I#$"%cci!e# e % PIC
Figura 14
Figura 13 ? , ? @? L ? P? BFC. REG ? @ J@ N @ @ @? ? @ ? @. DEC : SIM @? , @@ ?@ @? @ @ L ? ?@ N?: G''
DEC
E? @? @ L ?@ N? @? M DEC. ? ? P? @? @ @ (C P C) L ? N? @? ?? *!&A, ? @? L ? P? BFC. A , B! 2 @ *EG @, @? @ @ V LW ? N? L ? P?: G''
!%
@ Q @, ?@ ? ? P? ?@ @? J @ ? , ? ?, @ ? @ ? ? @ ( ? @). E? @? @@? V W, ? ? @? ? P? J ? @? @?@ ? P?. &@? ? @? ?@ (? @ J @) K @ @? ?@ L? ? ? ? @ @@ @ ?@ @? L @ ? ? @ ? ? @ ? ? L? ( @ !C ? ? I @ .I).
$ ? P? ? @ @ @N@ ? ?:
$ @? ?@ L ? ? ? @ L ?@
! ? @ ? @ @ ? @@ ? : R!INA ? , @@ ?@ ? ? P? @? @ @ ? , ? @? L ? P? BF. REG ? @ J@ N @ @ @? ? @ ? @. DEC : SIM @? , @@ ?@ @? @ @ L ? ?@ N?: G''
DEC
E? @? @ L ?@ N? @? M DEC. ? ? P? @? @ @ C L ? N? @? ?? *!&A, ? @? L ? P? BF. A , B! 0 @ *EG ?@, @? @ @ V LW ? N? L 43
Mic"!c!$"!la!"e# PIC
Figura 16 Figura 15 ? P?: G''
!% ( 15)
:
? ? P?: = 0011 1111 A :
E? N? D! ?? ? P? CA$$. C?@ C ? N?, @L ? ? @ ?? ? N? @ *!&. C?@ ? ?, @ ? N? ? D! ( D!+1). ( 16).
= 00 = 1 E? ? , ? ? P? K ?@ @ ?@ @? ?@
+6 @?6 2 1 D 6= C6D= E25@ 56 =2 @6C24P? 6D 46C@.
? ? P?: *EG = 5A A : *EG = 00 = 1
( 17)
@? 1 @ @P? @. 44
Figura 17
CAPITULO 2 - Maej! e la# I#$"%cci!e# e % PIC
Figura 18
Figura 19
@ @ V0W. ' 18. C?@ C?@ ? ?? @ @? ? C$*D @ $EE, 0# @? @ ? 1. @? @? 0 @ @ K K@ @ @ @ @ @. .
D! = 0011 1110 = 0000 0000
D# @? @? 1 ?@ ?@ ? P? P? C$*D @ $EE.
D! = 0011 1110 = 1100 0001 = 0
A : :
20. ? ? P?: P?: @? @? 1 @ @ @ @P? P? D = 0000 0100
@.
A : : D = 0000 0000 D = 0 @ @ 0 = 1 @ @ D = 1 19. @? @? 1 @ @ @ @P? P? @.
* *K K @ @? ? @ ?Q ?Q@ @ ? ?@ @ ? @ D! J @ @ ? @ . ? ? P?: P?:
Figura 20
45
Mic"!c!$"!la!"e# Mic"!c!$"!la!"e# PIC
Figura 21 Figura 22
C?@ C N?, N?, ? ? @? ? ?@ @ @ !& J ? @ @ @ @. @. E @ @ ?@ ? ? ?. ?. ? ? P?: P?: !& = 0011 0111 =0 A : :
E%, @? @ @ @ L L ? ? @? ? ?@ @ @ DE$ @ @ ?L ?L @ @ ?Q ?Q@ @ 48. E @ @ @? ? ? ? ? @ DE$ ?? ?? ?Q ?Q@ @ 00 ? J@ @ C L L ? N? N? J L L ? ? ?? P? P? ? @ @ C$*F *EG. 22.
!& = 0011 0110 =0 21.
A ? P?, P?, @? @ @ @@ P? P? @? @? ?? ?? E%. E%. 23. @? @? 1 @ @ @ @P? P? @ @ @ ? ? @.
C@? N? N? @ @ @ @ K? K?@ @ ? V@ V@ K KP?W, P?W, @? @?? ?@ @ @ @ @. @. C?@ C?@ C ? N? N? E%, ? ?- @? ? ?@ @ @ DE$. @? @? @ @ @ DE$ @ @ @? ?Q ?Q @ @ 50 I I-@ @ ? ?@ P? P? , , ? P?, @ @ @? ? ?@ @ @ @ @ L L 49 ( ? @ @) @) @ @ ? @ C L L ? ? N? N? (G'' (G'' E%). C?@ C?@ @ @, @, ? P? P? L ? ?@ ?@ C ? ? ? -
46
C?@ C?@ C ? P? P? ? ?? ?- @? ? ?@ @ @ *EG J @ @ ? @ @ @, ? @ @ @ @ ?@ ? ? ? ?. ?. ? ? ? P?: P?: *EG = FF = 0
CAPITULO 2 - Maej! e la# I#$"%cci!e# e % PIC
? ? ? P@ P@ ? ?? ? @ @ ? ?Q ?Q@ @ ? Q? Q? @? @? @ M @, @, J ?@ ?@ LL I I ? @, P I P I@ @ ? ?? ? @ L L M @@ @@ ? @ @ (? @@ @@ ) @ @ M? M?-@ @ ? @ @. . @ DE& ?N ?N ?Q ?Q@: @: DE& = 0111 0001 A ? P? P? !&CF: DE& = 0111 0010 ( ? ?? ? P ? ? ?) ?)
Figura 23 A : :
E? @? @? C P? P? G'' G'' ABA @ ? ?? ? ? ? ? @? @?- ? ?@ @ DE&. E @ @ @? ? ?@ @ DE& @ @ ? J@ @ @ C ? ? P? P? J L L N? N? G'' G'' !GA !GA (!GA (!GA ?@ ?@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @). 25. +6 @?6 @?6 2 1 D 6= C6D= C6 D= E25@ E25@ 56 =2 @6C2 @6C24P? 4P? 6D 46C@ 46C@ EE%$': EE%$':
*EG = 00 (FF +1 = 00 ) = 1 24.
' K K @ @P? P? '* ? @?@? ? ?@ @ @ @ J ?Q ?Q@ @ 32 I I -@ ? I I , , @: @: 32 = 0011 0010 ? L ? ?@ @ ?Q ?Q@: @:
/ = 0001 1110 3, F68@ F6 8@ 56 2 ?D CF44P?, CF4 4P?, 6? 6 C68D C68D C@ 56 C232 C2 32 ;@ D6 2>2 2 >246 46?2 ?2CL CL 6 C6DF C6 DF 2 2 5@ 6D 564C: 56 4C:
Figura 24
Figura 25
47
Mic"!c!$"!la!"e# Mic"!c!$"!la!"e# PIC
Figura 28
Figura 26 A ? P?: P?: = 0010 1100
*E = 0001 0011 '* 1001 0001 = 1001 0011 = 93
26. @? @? 1 @ @ @ @P? P? -
E @? ? ?@ @ @ @ ?@ . .
@. 27.
? ? P?: P?: A ? P?, P?, ? @ @ ? ?@: @:
*E = 13 = 0001 0011 = 91 = 1001 0001
= 50 $ ? P? P? %'$ ? @? P? P? ?@ ?@ ? ? VW VW @? J? ? ? @ @ P? P? ?Q ?Q@. @. E? @ @ ? ? ? @ @ ?Q ?Q@ @ ? ? @ @ L L @? ? ? ? ? @ @ ( @) ? ?- ? ? P? P? @ @. @. 28. @? @? 1 @ @ @ @P? P? @.
@?? ?@ @ @ E* : E* = 12
Figura 27 $@ $@ ? P? P? ?L: ? L:
48
CAPITULO 2 - Maej! e la# I#$"%cci!e# e % PIC
Figura 29
Figura 30
= 12 E* = 12 &@ ? @ @?@ @ E*,1, ? @? @@ @? ?@ @ @ ? @ @, @ @@@ ? @P? @ ? @ @. 29.
A ? P? @? @ @ P? ? @P? L J G!E @? 1 @? @ @ ? ? @ ? P?. 32.
:
E? @ @ D!* @? @? ?@ @ @ (). ? ? P?: = 4C A : D!* = 4C = 4C
C@@ P@, ? P? L @? ?, @ ?@ ? M ?@ J @?@ ? @ @? ? @ @ ? ?Q@ L I@ ? ? @? ? P?. AL C @? @ ? ?P
%'/F 6D ?2 56 =2D ?D EC44@?6D >LD 6>=6252D 2C2 =2 4@?D EC44P? 56 C@8C2>2D 525@ B6 D6=6 D6C 6= >65@ 6>=625@ 2C2 42C82C 52 E@D 6? @D4@?6D 56 >6>@C2 *A%. (2C2 B6 E6?82 ?2 562, 6D >J 4@>Q? 6?4@? EC2C =2 D86? E6 D 646?42:
AN @ @ @ D!* @? ?Q@ 22 I@ ? . 30.
Figura 31
49
Mic"!c!$"!la!"e# PIC
Figura 32 ? !$A (AC). E ? P? @ @ ? P?. @? ? ( @). % Q ? P?, ? ?@ @ @ ? @? Q? @ @ ?@ ?. 33. E ? P? ?@ @ ?@, @ ?@ M , @ ? ? P? L ? ? AC. 34.
Figura 33 50
Figura 34 ? ? P?: *EG = 1110 0110 C = 0 C@@ = 0 @ L ? . A ? P?: *EG = 1110 0110 = 1100 1100 C = 1 35
Figura 35
CAPITULO 2 - Maej! e la# I#$"%cci!e# e % PIC
C@@ = 0 @ L ? . A ? P?: *EG = 1110 0110 = 0111 0011 C = 0 36 ' @? 1 ? P? $EE @ C$*D. D @? 0 ? P? $EE. E ? ? P? J ? @ ?@ ? @ @@@ @ ? @? @ @ @. &@? @ L ? @@ $EE ? ?@ P? ? , @ ?@ ?@ J ??? @?, @. 37. @? 1 @ @P? @.
Figura 36
DC @? 1 ? ? @ 3 @ 4 @. C @? 1 ? ? @ J@ @.
? ? P?:
) ? ? P?:
*EG1 = 1110 0110 C = 1
= 01 A ? P?: = (05 U 01) = 04 C = 1 ; @ @ @ ) ? ? P?: = 05 A ? P?: = (05 U 05) = 00 C = 1 ; @ @ = 1 ) ? ? P?. = 07 A : = (05 U 07) = FE C = 0 ; @ ? @. 38.
Figura 37
+6 @?6 2 1 D 6= C6D= E25@ 56 =2 @6C24P? 6D 46C@. DC @? 1 ? ? @ 3 @ 4 @.
51
Mic"!c!$"!la!"e# PIC
A ? P?: *EG = (04 U 04) = 00 = 04 C = 1 ; @ @ = 1 ; @ @ ) ? ? P?:
Figura 38 C @? 1 ? ? @ J@ @. ? ? @? @ 2 ? @ ( ?@), @ @ 256 (255+1). @ @ @ @@ @ (??@), ??@ ( @ @ ), J@ @ ?@ ( @ @ 256), @ L J@ 255 J @ ? @L ? @ @@H @? @ C="1". E @ C=1 ? @? @ @ @. @ , DC @@L ? "1" ?@ @ ? ?@ ? @ ( 0 3) @ , ?@ ? ?@ ? @ @ *EG ( @ ? ).
) ? ? P?: *EG = 04 = 02 A ? P?: *EG = (04 U 02) = 02 = 02 C = 1 ; @ @ @ ) ? ? P?: *EG = 04 = 04
52
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
CAPITULO 2 - Maej! e la# I#$"%cci!e# e % PIC
Figura 39
Figura 41 = 0101 1010 40
? ? P?:
@? 1 @ Q @P? @.
!&D! = 1010 0101 C@@ =0 @ ?L ? , @ P? ? P? ?@: !&D! = 1010 0101
? ? P?: = 1011 0101 A ? P?: = 1011 0101 ⊕ 0011 1000 = 1000 1101 41.
? ? P?: *EG = 0011 1000 = 1011 0101 C@@ =1, @ ? ? *EG A ? P?:
Figura 40
*EG = 1011 0101 ⊕ 0011 1000 = 1000 1101 = 1011 0101
53
Mic"!c!$"!la!"e# PIC
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54
1: D @ 0: D @
11: '@ *C 10: '@ ( 8 - 20%K) 01: '@ ( 100 K- 4%K) 00: '@ $ (B @ @?@ 32200K)
CAPITULO 3 - A(*e&d#e&d' a (*'!*a%a*
A(*e&#e&' a P*'!*a%a* Hace -&'+ c-a&'+ a5'+, c'%e&a%'+ a %'+*a* c%' +e ebe& e+c*#b#* (*'!*a%a+ e& &-e+*a )-e*#a *e#+a Sabe* E$ec*ca; -e a+ )-e a&' Fee*#c' P*a', e$ I&!. A$be*' P#ce*&' 0 e+e a-'* "e%'+ e+c*#' a*c-$'+ c'& $a e/($#cac#& e (*'!*a%a+ +e&c#$$'+ )-e $e (e*%##*2& a(*e&e* a -#$#a* $a+ #&+*-cc#'&e+ e$ PIC 16X84. E& e+e ca(-$' -#$#a*e%'+ $a %#+%a 3cca c'%e&a&' e+e e$ (*#&c#(#', ba+2&'&'+ e& (*''#('+ *ea$e+.
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Programa 1
Figra 1
58
CAPITULO 3 - A(*e&d#e&d' a (*'!*a%a*
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Fig. 2
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59
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Fig. 3
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60
CAPITULO 3 - A(*e&d#e&d' a (*'!*a%a*
Fig. 4
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63
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Fig. 5
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64
Fig. 6
CAPITULO 3 - A(*e&d#e&d' a (*'!*a%a*
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66
CAPITULO 3 - A(*e&d#e&d' a (*'!*a%a*
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Programa 5
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67
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Fig. 10
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68
"" > > > ">" ">" "" H > L "" "?>", > > H L < , @ > . E <>< >, > N @ > 1, <>< > @ > > "", > > ?? H ><I . > I<> >< , > O> @ ?>< ? > > > > 00000001; 00000010; 00000100; 00001000 H I <> > ?> << . <> @ < < <> ? @ > <> I <> < H>, @ @ 8 4, H ?> O <> > <> > ? > > . > O> @ <> > @ > < >, @ < >> . < < H>, <> > 10.
CAPITULO 3 - A(*e&d#e&d' a (*'!*a%a*
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24 H 1. N << . O <>N @ @ ?>< <>N > ? @ N 12P. (8 > 8 125 = 1000P = 1<). ?<> N <> L> > <> @ N <> 1 P H @ >>? > > "F!$" 3 F!$ P. E > >, <> O<> < H> @ N> 125. > , DB> 7 <B @D < >; B> @D 7 < 10 >B?> N> 16, ?><>B D @D N> 20 >B?> 32, 30 48 H BL BDB < , 7 < 1,6. 3 F!$% = 125 P @D F!$% = 125/3 = 41,6 N>, @D > ?> 1,6 B 26. A?> <<>B 7 < 30, H @D > KB <>B @D >>? "F!$%" <>J 3 30 = 3 48 = 144P. D > BJ F = 1/(144 8) = 868I @D B ?> < DB. B < H> ?BN 9DB "F!$%". ?>< B 7> @D 30 H B <>B DB 00.
Fig. 11
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69
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Fig. 13
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Programa 6
I 16C84, ><> > <> >, I<> 16F84. <> ?> <<> I. E 16F84 > <<> EE# FA @ ? <N . E << > ><N J I> ?> ?> ?> < H> 40 M> > ?> > < N. E 16C84 > < <, ?> > <<> EE# > H > <> L < < > ><N . <K ? I 16F83 < 16F84 ?> > < ? <<> H ?> > > . C@ > > ? < > > 4 6. E > L ? , > 3 @ I ?><, < ?>, H . A@L ? > @ ?>N <<> ? <>>. E ?< N N> <> 06. C> > >> O<> >, >> , ? @ O<> <. E @ ?>< <> ( #A#)
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71
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1E <>> <> ? @ > > > > > > @ >> > ><>. ?< ? , < . E ><> ?> >>; > ?> > (1 50 > >), > > ?>< @ >> H L > > ?>< ? . C> > >, L > > ?> > , > > . E ? @ > > ?<> > ? < O<> 50 > H ><> 1P, H @ <> > 4#I, ?><> @ ?>< 100P. E < "", <<> <>> @ > "" ?> > ? ">" ? > 100P. E > < ? @ > > N 100 100P, : 10.000P > 10< (> 500, 1000P H ?> > 1.000.000 P > 1). > > > > ? @ ? ">" @ >> > > @ L > > ? "<>". K <>< > ?> > N ?>, ? ?< H ?> >> ?> > 1. E ?>< J <> > <> ? > B, >J 1 I@ @ > H ?> .
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72
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CAPITULO 3 - A(*e&d#e&d' a (*'!*a%a*
Programa 7
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Fig. 15
73
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Fig. 16
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2# de forros.q!d:clb 18/09/13 12:08 P"gina 2#Fo1
3! de forros.qxd:sumario 223 18/09/13 12:11 Pgina 3!Fo1