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Di#ec Di #ec%!# %!# de la C!lecci* Cl&b Sabe# Elec%#*ica
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P&blicidad A6+)%: 4301-8804 - M@<': 5839-5277
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S'+ "2"a, "2"a, *'/ *' /+ +/ /a a" "/# /# + a #/"a #/ "a"# "#/a /a @#/# @#/#a a "# a ##/< ## /<+' +'a a a2a, a2a, # # #'a 'a*#+ *#+# # #+ 2# # /# $'# /# $'#/# /# a #2' "# + +2 2- - *, ##/< ##/<+' +'a a #"2a #"2a' 'a a /# /#. . E+ =' ='* * a;, #+ Sa#/ Sa#/ E#/< E#/<+' +'a a # ' 'a a* * # $2+' $2+'+a +a*'#+ *'#+ "# "' $#/#+ $#/#+# # $a*' $a*''a 'a (M (M/ /a, a, Na' Na'+a, +a, M'/ M'/&', &', #) "'# "'#;a ;a* * /- /- # # + '/2' '/ 2' '+# '+#%/a %/a" " $' $'# # "# +# +#%2'/ %2'/ #+ # *#/a *#/ a" " a a + *2 a/. a/. S'%2'#+ S'%2'#+" " #a #a :+#a, :+#a, /#a /#a* * # # #'a 'a a#+'<+ a#+'<+ a PIC "# M'/ M'/&', &', a 2# + ?'# ?' # "# *a+# *a+# a/, @*2 "2/ "2 / a a &/a & /a "# 2 *a+' *a +' 2a 2a'<+ '<+ ('#+#+ ('#+#+ *2&a *2&a /# /#' '+#) +#) a *a *a /:a /:a "# a &#//a &# //a*'#+ *'#+- - a + %/a2' %/a 2'a. a. Ta+a Ta+a a#+'<+ a#+'<+ /#a /#a* * a # # *'/+ *'/+/ /a a" "/#, /#, 2# 2' 2'a a* * &aa &aa a $#&a $#&a 5 '/ '/ "# # # 2# &aa+ &aa+ /# /# #, &a- &a - '#+" '#+ " &'+a &'+a '9 #+ # PIC16F84 / #/ # * +#+ +#+# # * "' $2+"' $2+"'" " #+ I+- I+- #/+#. #/ +#. A&/a A& /a '#+, a/a a/a /aa /aa a/ + PIC "# M'/ M' /&', &', # #/ # / "## "## - - #/ 2+ '/2' '/ 2' a/%a a/%a"/ "/ + 2 //# //# + +"'#+ "'#+# # $a $a/# /# "# %#'<+, %#'<+, "## "## a#/ a #/ *a+# *a+# a/ 2+ #+ #+/ /+ + "# "#a "#a// // 2# + # #+2#+ #+ 2#+/a /a #+ # a a; ; '#+# '# +# 2# a/#+"#/ a/#+"#/ a /%/a /%/a*a/ *a/ #+ a#* a#*#/ #/ (#+%2a (#+%2a # "# '+ '+/2 /2' '+#), +#), 2a *2&a *2&a ## ## 2#"# 2#"# /#2 /#2a/ a/ #+% #+%// //. . Ha# Ha # a/' a/'*a *a"a "a*#+ *#+# # 10 a; "#2 "# 2/: /: 2+ '# '#*a *a *'/ *'/+ +/ /a a"/ "/ + "a "a a #+a #+a a "# M'/ M'/&' &' *2& *2& *, + /# $# $#/' /'* * a PICA PICAXE, XE, 2+ &' @# # #'a 'a 2# $a' $a '''a a a=+ * a a/#a a /#a "# 9+' 9+' /# /#' 'a a a/- a/- *a"/. *a "/. L *'/ *'/+ +/ /a a" "/# /# PICA PICAXE XE + PIC *2 *2+# +# (&#& (&#& / M'- M'- /&') / &') a 2# # # &a %/aa %/a a" " 2+ #2# #2#; ; /%/a /%/a*a *a '+#/ '+#/+, +, "#+ "#+*' *'- - +a" +a " $'/*a $'/* a/# /# ($'/*a ($'/* a/# /# /%/a / %/a*a *a'<+ '<+ #+ $'/*#, $'/ *#, # 2+ 2# 2# "# '+/2 '+ /2' '+# +# "# /%/a /%/a*a *a a/a a/a / < <' ' # # #: : $', $', %/aa %/aa" " #+ 2+a *#- *#- */'a * /'a ' ROM, 2# #a #a# ## # a <%' < %'a a "# * a +'# +' # 2# +/ +/a a '/2' '/ 2' ##/< ##/<+' +' "# 2+ "' ' '' ' "# 2a2'#/ 2a 2'#/ ' ) ) a/a a/a 2# + /#' /# '- - # "# 2+ '/2' '/2' ##/ ##/+ + a/a a/a #/ %/aa %/aa" " a/a a/a 2# # /%/a / %/a*a *a a %/aa/ %/aa/ 2#"a 2# "a #/ #/' # /' #+ BASIC BASIC &aa &aa #+ "'a%/a "'a%/a*a *a "# $2 . Y ' " " # # @a # 2+ 2 , # 2'' 2' 'a a/' /' 2# #/*' #/*'# # &a#/ &a#/ " " #, #, 2# # +# +#a a #+/# #+ /# a aa aa "+"# "+"# #a #a # PICA PICAXE XE a * 2 2a a" "/a /a + 2+ a# a# *2 '* # "# 3 &', &', # # #+ # a a; ; # %/a2' %/a2'. . C* C * a # ' '# # +# +#%2'/ %2'/ PICA PICAXE XE #+ a /'+' /'+ ' a# a# a7a a7a "# A*9/' A*9 /'a a La' La'+a, +a, "#' "#'"' "'* * #"'a/ #"'a/ #a #a /a, 2# +'# + '#+# +# *2&a *2&a '+ $/ $/*a *a- - '<+ =', # ' 'a a " " a a 2# "## "# # a#/ a#/ a/a a/a /aa /aa a/ + PICA PICAXE XE "#a "#a// //a a 2+a #/'# # /'# "# /# /# * # # a/a a/a 2# *+# *+# #2' 2- 2- *a*#+ *a *#+# # ='# ='# 2# "# + #/ / PICA PICAXE, XE, #/:a+ #/:a+ *2 . . C* C * 2#"# 2#"# #/ #/a/, a/, + *2&a *2 &a #+a #+a a *2 a a "##+ "##+a a a ('+# ('+ #/a /a*#+ *#+# # + # *# 2//# 2 //# +'+%2 +'+%2+a), +a), / a+ a+ >Ma+ >Ma+ a a O/a! M# "# ' '" " *#+ *#++ +" "# # 2# # /<' /< '* * +=*# +=*#/ / "# a # #'<+ '<+ C2 Sa#/ Sa #/ E#/< E#/<+' +'a a #a #a/ / "#"' "#"'a a" " a $2+' $2+'+a +a*'#+ *'#+, , *a+# *a+#+' +'*'#+ *'#+ /#- /#- a/a a /a'<+ '<+ "# ## # #' ' /# /# "# ='*a =' *a %#+# %#+#/a /a'<+, '<+, a: 2# @/#9/ @/# 9/# #a a a a 2 a+' a +'' 'a a (#a (#a"/) "/) a*'%. a*'%. >Haa >Ha a # *# /<' /<'*! *! I"BN N: 987-1116-53-5
Ing. Hora Horacio cio D. Valle Valle jo
Editorial
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Editorial
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Editorial
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Editorial
Proyec Pro yect to s
con
micro mi crocon contro trola lado dores res N+ 109
Pic y Pica Picaxe xe
Di#ec Di #ec%!# %!# de la C!lecci* Cl&b Sabe# Elec%#*ica
I+. H6% H6%' ' D. $%) $%)
Jefe de Redacci* J@ M%6% N))
Cl&b Sabe# Elec%#*ica e$ &a "&blicaci* de Sabe# I%e#aci!al SA de CV de M)'ic! ( Edi%!#ial Q&a#k SRL de A#ge%ia Edi%!# Re$"!$able e A#ge%ia ( M)'ic!: I+. H6%' D. $%)
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C!me#ci! E'%e#i!# M)'ic!: M%6+%6% !)6 !)6
Re$"!$able de A%eci* al Lec%!#: A)%(6 A. $%)
C!!#diad!# I%e#aci!al J@ M%6% N))
P&blicidad A6+)%: 4301-8804 - M@<': 5839-5277
A#ea$ de A"!(! $'6 !% !)6 !)6 I%) C)6%) () A(% F)6%( D'%', #)6)% D'%', F)6%( F6) P%% $(% !% !)6 I)6): ;;;.;)&))'6'%.'.%6
Web Maage#: Pabl! ,bal!$ C& "% & E' E' '%. '%. F'% F'% & &'% '%': ': 2005. P & P &'% '%' ' % % % %% % = & &'% '%% % E E% % %, H H % % 761 (1295) C% C% % F F %, A+ A+ % % (005411-43018804), ' ' ' "% & "% & I I % %' '% % "A C$, A. M' M'> >% % N 2, C. "%. A+%, A+%, E'% E'%' ' M M , , M@< M@<' ' (005255-58395277), ' C C * *'% '% L' L'- ( ? ?). ). D D &' &' M@< M@ <': ': !EI "A Di$%#i %#ib& b&ci* ci* e A#ge A#ge%i %ia: a: C% C$. Di$ C% % %:: C% C% C%' C%'% %- H "H, G G &+ &+ 3258 - C%. 4301-4942 - I I : : D D & &% % B? B? ".A.C. A. $@> $@> "?* "?* 1950 - C%. U#&g&a(: g&a(: ! D D &' &' U#& ! "A C% C% % % 1416 M M , , 901-1184 L% E E % % % % & &>% >% ' ' % % % *% *%%. %. # # ' ' %'% % '% ' '% % % *' *' % % ' ' % ', ', = % %% % % % & &% % % % %%. E? E? &% &% % ' '' ' % % %'% %'% % %% % ' ' % % %, %, % ' ' % % %>% >%' ' =/ ' ' '% '%>% >%' ' %%% %%% % %% %%' ' ' '% % <, <, &% &% % % %' % ' +% +%, , % % % % % % >% >%' ' ' ' % E E% %. !)7% C9& "%&) E)'2'%, I""N: 1668-6004
S'+ "2"a, "2"a, *'/ *' /+ +/ /a a" "/# /# + a #/"a #/ "a"# "#/a /a @#/# @#/#a a "# a ##/< ## /<+' +'a a a2a, a2a, # # #'a 'a*#+ *#+# # #+ 2# # /# $'# /# $'#/# /# a #2' "# + +2 2- - *, ##/< ##/<+' +'a a #"2a #"2a' 'a a /# /#. . E+ =' ='* * a;, #+ Sa#/ Sa#/ E#/< E#/<+' +'a a # ' 'a a* * # $2+' $2+'+a +a*'#+ *'#+ "# "' $#/#+ $#/#+# # $a*' $a*''a 'a (M (M/ /a, a, Na' Na'+a, +a, M'/ M'/&', &', #) "'# "'#;a ;a* * /- /- # # + '/2' '/ 2' '+# '+#%/a %/a" " $' $'# # "# +# +#%2'/ %2'/ #+ # *#/a *#/ a" " a a + *2 a/. a/. S'%2'#+ S'%2'#+" " #a #a :+#a, :+#a, /#a /#a* * # # #'a 'a a#+'<+ a#+'<+ a PIC "# M'/ M'/&', &', a 2# + ?'# ?' # "# *a+# *a+# a/, @*2 "2/ "2 / a a &/a & /a "# 2 *a+' *a +' 2a 2a'<+ '<+ ('#+#+ ('#+#+ *2&a *2&a /# /#' '+#) +#) a *a *a /:a /:a "# a &#//a &# //a*'#+ *'#+- - a + %/a2' %/a 2'a. a. Ta+a Ta+a a#+'<+ a#+'<+ /#a /#a* * a # # *'/+ *'/+/ /a a" "/#, /#, 2# 2' 2'a a* * &aa &aa a $#&a $#&a 5 '/ '/ "# # # 2# &aa+ &aa+ /# /# #, &a- &a - '#+" '#+ " &'+a &'+a '9 #+ # PIC16F84 / #/ # * +#+ +#+# # * "' $2+"' $2+"'" " #+ I+- I+- #/+#. #/ +#. A&/a A& /a '#+, a/a a/a /aa /aa a/ + PIC "# M'/ M' /&', &', # #/ # / "## "## - - #/ 2+ '/2' '/ 2' a/%a a/%a"/ "/ + 2 //# //# + +"'#+ "'#+# # $a $a/# /# "# %#'<+, %#'<+, "## "## a#/ a #/ *a+# *a+# a/ 2+ #+ #+/ /+ + "# "#a "#a// // 2# + # #+2#+ #+ 2#+/a /a #+ # a a; ; '#+# '# +# 2# a/#+"#/ a/#+"#/ a /%/a /%/a*a/ *a/ #+ a#* a#*#/ #/ (#+%2a (#+%2a # "# '+ '+/2 /2' '+#), +#), 2a *2&a *2&a ## ## 2#"# 2#"# /#2 /#2a/ a/ #+% #+%// //. . Ha# Ha # a/' a/'*a *a"a "a*#+ *#+# # 10 a; "#2 "# 2/: /: 2+ '# '#*a *a *'/ *'/+ +/ /a a"/ "/ + "a "a a #+a #+a a "# M'/ M'/&' &' *2& *2& *, + /# $# $#/' /'* * a PICA PICAXE, XE, 2+ &' @# # #'a 'a 2# $a' $a '''a a a=+ * a a/#a a /#a "# 9+' 9+' /# /#' 'a a a/- a/- *a"/. *a "/. L *'/ *'/+ +/ /a a" "/# /# PICA PICAXE XE + PIC *2 *2+# +# (&#& (&#& / M'- M'- /&') / &') a 2# # # &a %/aa %/a a" " 2+ #2# #2#; ; /%/a /%/a*a *a '+#/ '+#/+, +, "#+ "#+*' *'- - +a" +a " $'/*a $'/* a/# /# ($'/*a ($'/* a/# /# /%/a / %/a*a *a'<+ '<+ #+ $'/*#, $'/ *#, # 2+ 2# 2# "# '+/2 '+ /2' '+# +# "# /%/a /%/a*a *a a/a a/a / < <' ' # # #: : $', $', %/aa %/aa" " #+ 2+a *#- *#- */'a * /'a ' ROM, 2# #a #a# ## # a <%' < %'a a "# * a +'# +' # 2# +/ +/a a '/2' '/ 2' ##/< ##/<+' +' "# 2+ "' ' '' ' "# 2a2'#/ 2a 2'#/ ' ) ) a/a a/a 2# + /#' /# '- - # "# 2+ '/2' '/2' ##/ ##/+ + a/a a/a #/ %/aa %/aa" " a/a a/a 2# # /%/a / %/a*a *a a %/aa/ %/aa/ 2#"a 2# "a #/ #/' # /' #+ BASIC BASIC &aa &aa #+ "'a%/a "'a%/a*a *a "# $2 . Y ' " " # # @a # 2+ 2 , # 2'' 2' 'a a/' /' 2# #/*' #/*'# # &a#/ &a#/ " " #, #, 2# # +# +#a a #+/# #+ /# a aa aa "+"# "+"# #a #a # PICA PICAXE XE a * 2 2a a" "/a /a + 2+ a# a# *2 '* # "# 3 &', &', # # #+ # a a; ; # %/a2' %/a2'. . C* C * a # ' '# # +# +#%2'/ %2'/ PICA PICAXE XE #+ a /'+' /'+ ' a# a# a7a a7a "# A*9/' A*9 /'a a La' La'+a, +a, "#' "#'"' "'* * #"'a/ #"'a/ #a #a /a, 2# +'# + '#+# +# *2&a *2&a '+ $/ $/*a *a- - '<+ =', # ' 'a a " " a a 2# "## "# # a#/ a#/ a/a a/a /aa /aa a/ + PICA PICAXE XE "#a "#a// //a a 2+a #/'# # /'# "# /# /# * # # a/a a/a 2# *+# *+# #2' 2- 2- *a*#+ *a *#+# # ='# ='# 2# "# + #/ / PICA PICAXE, XE, #/:a+ #/:a+ *2 . . C* C * 2#"# 2#"# #/ #/a/, a/, + *2&a *2 &a #+a #+a a *2 a a "##+ "##+a a a ('+# ('+ #/a /a*#+ *#+# # + # *# 2//# 2 //# +'+%2 +'+%2+a), +a), / a+ a+ >Ma+ >Ma+ a a O/a! M# "# ' '" " *#+ *#++ +" "# # 2# # /<' /< '* * +=*# +=*#/ / "# a # #'<+ '<+ C2 Sa#/ Sa #/ E#/< E#/<+' +'a a #a #a/ / "#"' "#"'a a" " a $2+' $2+'+a +a*'#+ *'#+, , *a+# *a+#+' +'*'#+ *'#+ /#- /#- a/a a /a'<+ '<+ "# ## # #' ' /# /# "# ='*a =' *a %#+# %#+#/a /a'<+, '<+, a: 2# @/#9/ @/# 9/# #a a a a 2 a+' a +'' 'a a (#a (#a"/) "/) a*'%. a*'%. >Haa >Ha a # *# /<' /<'*! *! I"BN N: 987-1116-53-5
Ing. Hora Horacio cio D. Valle Valle jo
Proyec Pro yectos tos
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micro mi crocon contro trola lado dores res
Pic y Pica Picaxe xe IndIce de la Obra cOmpleta
PIC(: Diag'a"a e# B!$&*e(, B!$&*e(, Ca'ga + P'$g'a"aci-# P'$g'a"aci-# ................................3 I*;/..................................................................................................3 D+// *+ ; /+...............................................................................3 O'/@'/ *+ ' +/' ........................................... ..............................4 L' +/' EEP!OM +/' *+ ''...........................................4 L' +/' !AM.........................................................................................4 !+/ /+..........................................................................................5 P+...; + ; PIC? .................................................................................7 D/''' + ;+ *+ PIC16F84 ....................................... ......................8 P''/ '' *+ PIC....................................................................13 H'//'/ *+ ++ ..................................................................................15 C/;/ *+
C + ++ ' +'*' ''/'.........................................................50 P''/ '/'' */''' *+ ; ...............................51 D/;'* '/''.............................................................................52 #/+* ;+ .........................................................................................53 "/;'/ *+ '''................................................................................53 C
L$( Mic'$c$#)'$!ad$'e( Mic'$c$#)'$!ad$'e( PICAXE: *# (i()e"a "*+ "*+ fci! de %'$g'a"a' &*e &*e #$ %'eci(a de c$()$($( ca'gad$'e( + e# !$( &*e e! %'$g'a"a %*ede hace'(e e# BASIC $ e# diag'a"a diag'a"a de f!*$ ....................................... ...........................21 I*;/ ...............................................................................................21 $+'' *+ /+' PICA&E.....................................................................22 E /+' PICA&E.....................................................................................24 E +*/ *+ ''................................................................................24 C+@'* ' ''' PICA&E ............................................ .............27 E+'* '' PICA&E-18......................................................................30 P/+' /' PICA&E.................................................................33 # ;+' *+ +*: /+ '' + BA"IC ...............................33 # ;+' *+ /+ @;'*+......................................................35 P;+' ; *+ ++ *//'+..............................................................37 P;+' ; *+ +/+/'................................................................38
P'$+ec)$( C$"%!e)$( c$# Mic'$c$#)'$!ad$ Mic'$c$#)'$!ad$'e( 'e( PICAXE..........................59 PICAXE......... .................59 A'* ''/ *+ ;' ''
T'abaa#d$ c$# Mic'$c$#)'$!ad$'e( PICAXE de 18 %i#e(......................41 T'abaa#d$ M + + /+' PICA&E....................................................................41 E+'* PICA&E-18..............................................................................43 P+''* + '+ ;/'......................................................................43 E ='+ ';/ '' ''' PICA&E .........................................44 E+;'* ; '' *+ ;+'...........................................................44 I;/+ '' ; + %/*=............................................................44 A+*/+* ' '+ '' + BA"IC................................................45 #//@'* + '* "...................................................................45 E /;/ *+ ++'* PICA&E-18 ...................................................46 #//@'* B;+ F...N+>.......................................................................47 C'* ' <+/*'* *+ ; ........................................................47 # *+ /+ @;'*+ ++/ + + /+' PICA&E............48 # *+ +'*' ++ *//'+.......................................................49 # *+ +'*' ++ ''/ ...................................................50
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Figura 1
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
Figura 34
<<@, >@? @@< ? < U@V ? @<@@ ? N< <@ >@@, ? @< < <M< >@@
? <@. E < @ %ICAE > @ >@@, G ? @, >@ ? < @@ ? < K < >< @ < @ 32, < G < >@@< 2 <<, < < M ? @< G <@ @<@@, << >@ < >@ <@@ < @ 33. @@ @ ? << << ?J < < < < 1 M, <@ ? ? >@< @ @, << >M< L <@ @<@@, < <<@< < >M< <@@ < ? <@ <<@ < 0 M, G < < >M< >@@ <@ <<@ < 1 M. %@ @ >@ J< @ ?, ><< M< <<@ >M< , <@ < @ @ K< ? < @< ? ? < >@ @> M <@, G <@ > @ ?J ? < < <@ >@@. < ? <@ >@@ G @ ? << @ -
>< (<<@ < < < < 1 M < <@ G >@ < < < 0 M < <@), G >@ @ < >, ? <@@ @ <@< BA'IC, >@ < @@ @@< < J >M< UC<@@ $@<@ BV ( <@ @> > >@<@ F5). A@ ? < ? @ <@ < >@ @ %C @< @<@@ ? << < @ @ 26 >@ >@@@ %ICAE, G >@> <@ < M <@@ >@@M< < < < @< ? < >@. %@ @@ >@@ @<@@ @@ @M< @@ @@< G <@ J <@M< UE@V ( <@ @> F5), @ < @ 34. E< << >@@ < << << ? < >@@M< @<@@ %ICAE. C< <<@ < >@@M<, < @@ ? @ @< < @ < M ? < @ @<@@. C< @< @@ @<@@ >@@ < << ? < < <M< >@ >@@M<, @ 35. A@ > @@ < @<@@ ? >@@ ? L <<@ >@< <, >@ ? < ? >@@ > - < G M< <<@ , G < > - < >@.
e/53'/#&3 1#3# Pica e-08
Figura 35
E< >@< L@ <@ >@@ @ <@<< <@ >@ >@@@ @<@@ %ICAE, G < < @ < >@ < G >?L, , @<@@ 8 @< << %ICAE T 08. E< >@@ << @@ <@M< < %ICAET08, >@ < <M< @ < < < <@ G < > @ < G >@@ . E< @ 36 < @ < U<@<@V >@ <@ @ @ < @<@@.
Figura 36
<;= =>=@< >=<@ < = 4 E/' (4 <@ 4 ), >@= <= <= =<<;=, ;;= U<=V, ? < 8 @;< < @ 4 <@, 4 ; 2 @;< ;<M< 2 >@ >@=@;@=. E>K;< >@ = %ICAET08 @;< 3, 5, 6 7 ;>< =< < = <M<, >=@ = ? ;= <@ = <= = >@=@;;=, >=@? >=@ ;>= @;< 3 > =;>=@@ =;= < @;< <@ = < @;< , == >< M;= =<;>;= <= @;=
Fig. 37A
Figura 37 B
>@=@; %ICAET08. ! @ <@<=@ ? >@=>=<;= < >= F>=@ ;F;= >@=> %ICAET08, @ >=@ ;= ;>@ =;= >=@ =<@@ @@K, <= >@ >@=@;@ =;= >@ @ <@ = = ( <;< @= @ 36). A =<<M< @@;= >@ @ <@<=@ >@ ? >=;= @ ;F;= >@==. E< >@;@ J@;<= <@;= M< =< <@ ;@==<@==@ %ICAET08, <=<@@ < < =;= IC1 @><= <M< @;< ( > @= ;>@= >@ <@<=@ < @ 37). != =<=@ <= =;= E'1, E'2 E'4 << 3 @;<, , ;= <= =
E< =<=@ <= =;= U'V <@ =@@>=<< @;< ;@==<@==@ %ICAE, 2 @;< @< <@ @ = 4 ? >= =<=@ (E'1, E'2 E'4), < =? ;@==<@==@ %ICAET08, >< <= >@ =<@ <@ =, - @ @ @= F@<= < =< @ < @ =? @;< - ;@==<@==@, = >< @ H =. % <, >@ =<@ @;< = 2 @= =< ? <<@< < @ ;@==<@==@ @ =<@ =;= = F>@;<=, = @= ;@< < @ <@, @ @J < ;>@ ?, ><<= 23. %@ H@ = @= = ? < ? @ M;= =<, <@ @;< ;= =<@ =@< =@@>=<< '1 = '2 =<=@ E'1 M E'2 M E'4, =< =? ?@ @;< ? =< '0 M @;< <@ = =? @;< '1 M '2 M '3 =<=@ U'V. E >= <= =;= %&$G&A <<, =@; ?@ =<@ @@K ;@==<@==@ %ICAE >@ ? J - @ =>= >=@ < =<=@ = J@= >= ;< = @@ >@=@; =< @ @ ;@=- , > <@ =@; @<. E =<=@ = J@= < M= < 3 @;<, ;; =<@==@. E =<=@ <= =;= %&$G/'A!0 >= ? @< H >@ =;<@ ;@==<@=3 @;< ;= @ =@ =< < %C @J >@= @ ( < @;< 7 ;@==<@==@ %ICAE, @- ;< < @ 10 >K= @; ;< ;> =< = <M< <= >@=@;@ M;= < <@ @;< <= < @ ;@==<@==@, =;= <@ =;= @;< <@<;<= =;= < =<=@ DB9 ? = K @?@, M< - =< >@= @ < %C). ! @;< = ;< =<FM< < ;>@ =<=@ = @H@< < : M< ? @?@. C<= >@=@;@ < ;@==<@==@ %I L! +<%! )$%) &)#!$! # %+ ,% 1 )5% !! CAET08, <@= ? ;>@ J = - 5%) &)#! 4% %+ ,)##+!$ PICA XE % %#4% >=M< U%@=V < =<=@ %&$G/'A!0, ! #%#!$ !+ 4% %)% $% +! PC. >=@? =@ ;<@ >@=@;M< @ ;>= L! +<%! )$%) &)#!$! # %+ ,% 2 )5% !! ? <= <@ =;<M< <@ %C ;- '!,! !+ ,)##+!$ PICA XE. @==<@==@. L! +<%! )$%) &)#!$! # %+ ,% 3 % +! % &%%C<= ;>@ <<@ = >=- #)! GND !,"); ##)$! #, )%! %+;#)#!. M< U'0V < ;;= =<=@ %&$G/'A!0, <@ =<@ @;< ;@==<@==@ %=@ N;=, @ <@<=@ < <=@>=@= =;= . < @=@ = <= =;= IC2 ? >=E >@=;<= >@ @ ;>@ =<- ;@K !"7805, ;M< ;<=@ %&$G/'A!0 @ @= = <: <@ < = 5 *CD >@ <@H@ ;@==<@==@ %ICAE = @@K, >=@ = <= >=1 !.- U")#! %+ *4, % (!#)! +! )#)> ;= <@H@ <@ @ <@<;<= =< P'F % %+ #%# PROG /SAL0 !! '!,! !+ < > 9 *CD. ,)##+!$ PICA XE08. 2 !.- C!,")! %+ *4, % (!#)! +! )#)> S!+0 L+45# &' %010/'/5'4 1#3# #3#3 -# % %+ #%# PROG /SAL0 ) % 5! ! 4)+) 9! %! %5#3 ,'5# %0/530-#&03#. IC1 ........B 8 @;< ,)!+ $%+ ,)##+!$ PICA XE08 #, !+)$!. IC2............................!"7805 E< =<=@ <= =;= UE<@V D1, D ..................! *@ < >= @ @ ;@==<@==@ D3 ............................! &= = %ICAET08, = M= 4 @< <@ '1, '2 I<@@>=@ % ==< , >< @ <@ ;< @&1, &3, &4......10W 1/4 + = F@<= = < H@ ?@ = 2 @&2 ...................22W 1/4 + = =< >-==< ? << < @ F>&5, &6, &7 .....390W 1/4 + @;<=, = @= ;@< < @ 25 = N<= ? < ? @ =<@ =@< =V!): @@>=<< E1 M E2 ?@ @;C=<=@ ;< =, =<=@ ;< > < <@ ? =< E<1 M E<2 M E<3 M E<4 =, ;@ =<FM< (), @= (=<=<=@ UE<@V. =@) >@ > 9 *CD @= ;>@=.
P3+.'3#4 P3<%5+%#4 %0/ Pica e C=< = K= ?K, <@ < = ? < ;@==<@==@ %ICAE M;= U@V P30 )3#.# &' e&+%+=/ = = @@ < >@=@; >@ @@ < ;;=@ %ICAE. ' < ; < ;= F>@ M;= < @; =, =<<M< @;= =@; H@ <= =;>=<< = M;= = > >@=@ < <@<=@ ? ;= < @ 36 = @H@ @ >@=@; ; <=. *@;= M;= > @@ <=<;<= < !ED >=@ ;= >@=@; @= < BA'IC, ;J< >@=@;= <@@>=@, H;=@, <@@>=@ ==@@<. E >@;@ F>@< @< =@ @H@ >@<M< = > 18 @;< >@ ? = > @;@ <= >@== =;= @;, = , ;= @M<, =, .
U4 P36'$# &' L'&4: P3+'34 P3 3##4 '/ Basic
%@ ? < @<@@ @@ < @ < M< >@@ ? < @ < @, >@ ? J < G > ><< @< ? >@< <<<. #@< >< @<, @ , >@, @ >J@ (@), <@@>@, .
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Figura 38
@ G >@ < < <@ > ? @?@< @@< @. @K < >@ << < @ , G >@ < < N<< < @ >@, @, . $@ > @K < @K @@, >< @@@ < <. E < , <, : #< @-@ < @< < > < @K. @K < G @@ >< <@@ @@< G @<, G >< <@ < ? >< @ U>@V @@@ @. '>@ N@ <@ @K < < @@ (@ > (+) G <@ < -0 M @@-). ' @K << @J, @<@@ @@ >@ <@ G L@. >? @K << <, @ <@ < < <@ . AN@ >@ ? @ G <@ J< < < @M< @@. J< >@ @K @J @ @ < @ < @ ( >@@ < <M< @ @ < >@>< @). #< < @K %%3 9 >@ <@ @< < @<@@, G ? M @ < <@ 3 G 6. A< >@ @K >?L @?@< @ < < . E< @ G < @<@ < . ' < << , @@@< > ? @ G Figura 40 >@ < @<. < < <@ >@<@ , >@ < ? < < < < >< >?L. >< @< < >@ @ G G@< @ ? > @@. BQ; % LED? < D E@ (ED) < ><< @M< ? < @@< > @J J. < ED < > >.
Figura 39
< < ><< ? M >@ @@< < < @M<. %@ < @ < , @ < < @M< @@. > > (<) < ED @ ? > < (@ >@ < @@ < K). > < J< > < @ >< < @ > ED. E< @ 39 > @@ > G K-
< . BP!! ; % + 9! + LED? ED < >@<>< <@. ED @ G @ < N<<, < @ @M< @ >@ @@ @ << < <-G (< >@). ED < >< < < @ @ @<, <G< @ , @, @ G . E< J< ED @-@<, < < @ <@< < . ED <@@@ >@< < <@@@ ? < <, >@ ? > @ < > < < ?> . BC> % ! + LED? ED M << < >?L < @@< >@ >@@, < ? >@ J@ ( <, >@ >, ? @ < <M< >@ @K < ED @@K >@ > ? < J@). ' > @@< >@ < ED > L@, >@ ? ED <@< < < < < @< < @, >@ >@@ @@< . E @ @< @?@ >< @K . %@ < @K 4.5 > @ < @< 330W 330& ? (. 40), G >@ < @K 3 >@> < @< 120W. BC> % #%#! LED ! ##+!$? D ? ED M @?@ < >?L < @@< >@ >@@, > <@ @< <@ < >< -
@<@@ G 0 (< @ <@ @< < @ >@ >@M<). BC> % /%"! %+ LED # %+ ##+!$? D>J <@ ED, > >@@ < < > >@@ <: M#+/: H+* #+ L #+ G
0 1 0 1 #+/
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t#$-# 1: P30 )3## #3# '/%'/&'3 ## )#3 6/ -'& 15 7'%'4 E >@@ <<@ G >@ ED (< >< 0) < >@ <. %@ @@ >@@ >@, @ UE@ %@@V N< @ (@>) < >K, , @ >@@ <@@, < > <@<@ < %ICAE , N@ ? >@ @@><< J < >@@M<, < < > < U0V, @ >@@ (N@ ? <@<@ J < < >@ >@ @ %C), @@ >@ >M< G < <<< . ' ED < << @?: 1. % %+ LED %; #%#!$ % +! !+$! 0F (/ %$ $% /+% #!"+%#). 2. % % %; + 9!$ +! %%#! #%#! % +! /+!#! %%!$! 8 % %+ LED %; % %+ %$ #%#.
M#+/: F3 $1 = 1 15 ; +/+%+ &' 6/ $6%-' H+)* 0 ; 4' /' '/ #- -# 4#-+&# 0< P#64' 500 ; 4' *#%' 6/# #64# &' .'&+ 4')6/& L7 0 ; 4' /' '/ '4#& $# , -# 4#-+&# 0< P#64' 500 ; 4' *#%' 6/# #64# &' .'&+ 4')6/& N'8 $1 ; 4' %/+/9# %/ '- $6%-' *#4# 26' '3.+/' E/& ; (+/ &'- 3)3#.# """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
E @, < < @ > %ICAE < < U@V 1 ( %ICAE < 14 @ <@ 0 13). < @ < U@@ << @ >@ <@ @@ . < ? @> <@@ <<, ? I<@< >@@ >@ @Figura 41 @ < %ICAE G >@? < @ ? @ G < ? :
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< @@ @ (S @< ? < < !). E< < < > ? @ < @. E< @ < >@< (<) < < @. A @ >@< <@ <@ < <<@ (>@ > < >@ @K 10PF) @ @<@@ >@ @ @ L >. &@ ?, ? @, >@< M >@< @@< < < < < U <V. D>J <@ @, > >@@ < < > >@@ <: Figura 43
Figura 42
> @ @< L @M< <@ >@ @<@@. BP!! ; % + 9! + 9"!$%? @ < < < @< @ @< >@ >@ @ U@@<M < ?< ><@, < < ? >@< < M< >@ @ < @@ >@ @. E < @@<M< @ >@ <@ ? @M L M< >@<. $@ > @ < < < @ >L, >@ @ < K < @ @ . BC+ % +! $ &%%#! %% 9"!$ 8 "% ? E @ ( @<) << < >?L @ @M<, <@ L @M< <@ >@ @ < <. %@ <, < @ < < @K >@ @ <. E @ < < @ G >@ < < < L @<. E L > <@@ < >< @<@@. E @ J< @?@ < @@< >@ >@@ G >@ < @@ < @ < >@ @K.
RC> % U! + "!$%? <M< @ < %ICAE G <. '>< < @ >< @<@@ G <@ 0 (@@), @ 42. < < ? @ @@. E< <@ <@ @ @ < M< @ >@ (< < <) >@ @@ < < ? > @. E @ >@ N < U <V () G > < >@ @. AN@ >@
M#+/: S/& 2, (65,100) S/& 2, (78,100) S/& 2, (88, 100) S/& 2, (119, 100) G #+/
E >@@ @ ? @ (< >< 2) 4 < @< (@ 65, 78, 88, 119), < @ @ 43. V%! ; %#++ % /'!! ;#+/< ( <J U>@<>), < ? ? ? >@ >@ >@@. ;4/& 2< < <@M< ? ? %ICAE <@ < < G >@ 2, G @< ><@ >@@ @J< < <@M< G @ > @ ?@ <@ 0 G 127. D @ ? <, > >@@ >@@, < <@<@ >@> < >K G << @ < 2. E @ UE@ %@@V , @ >@@ <@@, < > <@<@ < %ICAE , N@ ? >@ @@><< J < >@@M<, < @ < U2V, @ >@@ (N@ ? <@<@ J < < >@ >@ @
%C), @@ >@ >M< G < <<< . ' @ < << @?: 1. Q% %+ 5!+ $%+ $ (/% % % %+ /!;%) %; %% 0 8 127. 2. Q% % %; + 9!$ %+ % $% / #%# $% $%+ /'!!. 3. Q% $! +! #% % %; "% +$!$!.
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P36'$# U4 &' s'/43'4 d+ +5#'4 BQ; + %/% $'!+%? < <@ >< < ><< > ;+/'<, M > @ < ><: << M >. ' @ < @ L <<-> <@@>@ ? >@, @K @ < @ 44. <@@>@ < ><< @M< ? < <. E < @< @ <@@>@ @<, >@ >:
S/& 2, (65,100, 78, 100, 88, 100, 119, 100)
E >@@ BA'IC @ < 2 < .../' >@ @ 120 < @<, < @ 1 >@ <@ @ (<) < 4/&. E @ <, @ @ 1 < >M< <, < < . E >@@ 3 @ @ >@ < @< <@ (<< < < < @@). Tabla 2
Main: Fo b1 = 1 "o 120 !"ep-1 ,inicia #n b#cle fo & ne%" So#nd 2, (b1, 50) ,emi"a #n !onido con el "ono b1 Ne%" b1 , !ig#ien"e b1 End ,fin del pogama ______________________________________________________________ Tabla 3
Main: Fo b1 = 120 "o 1 !"ep-1 ,inicia #n b#cle fo & ne%" So#nd 2, (b1, 50) ,emi"a #n !onido con el "ono b1 Ne%" b1 ,!ig#ien"e b1 End ,fin del pogama < ? I<@< >@@ >@ @ @ < %ICAE G @ >@>
Figura 44
1) %/% $% "> $% /%> % $%%#! #!$ %+ "> ! $ /$ 2) #-%/% # /!+!! +!'! % $%%#! /%%= 5% 3) %/% $% 5%+ % $%%#! !#$$! 4) %/% $% +%'@%! (%%$ 6#%) % $%%#! %+ 5% $% BP!! ; % + 9! + I%/%? <@@>@ M< >@M< < N<< < > . @-<@@>@ < < @ <@ @, >@ @ ? @ @. <@@>@ <O (@ ) < >@ @ >@@ >@ G <<, G <@@>@ < < < >@ @ < < > , @ G @. K >@ < <@@>@ < G >@ < <@@>@ >@Figura 45 M<, @< < @ 45.
<@@>@ << < @ < < @< @ < @ @ 46. E @ @< < >@<, >@ < < @< 10W. C< <@@>@ U@V, Figura 46 @< 10W < >< <@ @<@@ 0, < L > (< M 0) >< <@ @<@@. C< <@@>@ , >< <@ < @< > @K (+). E < L << (< M 1) @<@@. E <@@>@ > >@@ < < > >@@ @ < 4. E >@@ <<@ >@ < ><< <@@>@ >@< <. E< >@@ @ >@@ K< <G< < <<. "<@ <@ J >, >@@ @ @<< < G @ . ' <@ <<, >@@ ? ;#4*<. E >@@ << >@ 2 < 0 < @@@ >@<>. # < @@K K<: U+...*'/ +/3V (<@ 3) < >@ (< > < <). E >@ @ < +/3 +/3, << . # J< ? >J < *'/, N<< ? ;; < >< < >@ <<< @ >@ >@ ?. %@ @@ >@ <@@>@ < >@@, @ <@ <@@>@ < <@ 3 <@<@ G < @ <@ < , < @ >@@ < >@< ? > >@ @ >, ? >@< >@ G Tabla 4
<< >@<, <<@ < < U0V @< 2 <. &@ ? >@ >@@@ >@ > 7 @ >@@M< G U0V >@ ? @ @ N< >@@.
P36'$# U4 &' f533'4+45'/%+#4 BQ; % ! &%%#!? < @@< < > > @< @< < < . @< @@< ? @K < ? < @ U<<V >. E >@ @ @M< @ < < . < >K @@><< >M< <<< %ICAE-18 @ @> G @ @< @ @@<. BP!! ; % + 9! +! &%%#!? @@< < < >@ @ >@ <<@ @< < G >@ @< K. J< < < @ G >@ @ < . @@< < <@ > <M. < <@ <M < L << , >@@ >M< (< < L <</> < <@@>@). E <@ <M >@ L < @. E L > @>@<@ < < : G @ = 0, @< = 255). @@< >< @ < <@. <@ > @ < @@< < > <@@>@ <</> () T < < >@ @@ @ @ ( @ U@V), @@< <@ < L <<; < < @ <, @@< <@ < L >. E< , @@< < < <@M< @ < < @< <@. E @ @< <@
Figura 47
Figura 48
< U@ @V. %@ @@< <@ @ 1W, >@ @@< @< > $&%12 < @< 10W . ' @< > @>@ >@ < @< @ <@ ? @ @ > @ >@ @< @ < (@ 46). < <@ @ @ @@< < < @ < @ >@ < < < < < @ . < @ < < < @ U<MV. %@ @ @ <M @<@@ <@ < <@@ <M/ G @ @ > >@@ <@@. G@K @<@@ M << <@@ - < < >< <@, >@ < >< <@ <@ <. e/
Figura 49
' +%3%/53#&3 &' 8 1#5#4 4= 6/ &' 4 1+/'4 16'&' 65++ ;#34'. E @ @M< >@ @ <@@ - < @ @ J< @ < @ 47. U<V <M @< <@ @<@@ . %@ @@ < >@, < @@<, > >@@ < <@@>@ < < > >@@ < @ 48 (? J< @ @ ? @< >@@). E >@@ <<@ G >@ ?4#+&# 0@ @ < . %@ >@@ @@< @< ? >@ >@ @ ><<, > >@@ < <@ <M < < > >@@, < @ 49. E < ;'#&#&%< >@ @ @ <M (< >@@ >@ @ G@ ? 100 M G@ ? 50. ' G@ ? 100 4 <<, <@ 50 G 100 << 0, G <@ 50 ><. D <@ < >K U>@<M
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Figura 3
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K @ ( J?@ L), @@ K @ @ @ @ @ ? N P ("35), 4. 3) e /5 Pica %e + 9'+4 ++9D/4: E ?@ CAE ? @ ??. *@ ?, , ?@ @ @ Q@ H @ @JQ@ ?@. E Q@ P @ @ ?, @ @ @ , ? K @H@@, L Q@ @. @ @ 4 ? @ 5, @ H ?@ ?@ CAE-18 (18 @) ?@ @ Q@ . A ? ?, K @ @@ @ Q@ ?@ CAE, ? @@Q@ ?@ ? @ ?:
@@ @, @, @ @ K @J@ H ( 4). 2) '+4 *+ P4 +94 e9@*': E @ K H 8 (@@ / Q @/) ?@ @ @ D@@ ( 5).
Figura 5
3) '+4 5'' P4 +94 *+ a9' P49+/': E @ H 4 (?@ @ FE) K ? H ( 6). Figura 6
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Figura 8
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Figura 9
? . $ ?? L @??@ ?@ ? ??M ?@ ?@ M @. E ?? WHMX, @ @ @ O @ @, @?Q@ ?@ @ ?? . K 14 K ?? ? @ K ?? @ @?@ 0 13 @ ?.
e c//94 *+ e9+'*4I Pica %e-18 $ G 9 ?GF GF M !CAE-18. E F 47 (4700Z), @F @ @ 4, G ? F@ WG-GX GF ? F F. * G@ F? F, @F G@ @FGF G @F @ 4 K ? (F, @) ? G @ GL F F ?. 4+ + +9' 6+ + /4494'*4 Pica %e 4 + /4494'*4 + '4... ' 9/++ 54 '' /9+4 5'' 6+ 5+*' + '*4 4 + 9//9'/4 P4 '/ e*/94!
E ?@ CAE M ? @ @ ?I ? ? @ ?@ Q ?@. $ ?@ C ?@ @ @@ ? K @ @ @ ? ?@ ? CAE. E ?@ CAE-18A N@ ?@ CAE-18 M@, ?@ ?M K @ -
?? ?? (J (J-TABLA 2 ? ??@ ?@ 80 O@ O@ ? ?Q@ Q@ BA*C BA*C @ HL K?A AG@F = 0 Y;@; H; WAG@FX A?A 0 40) K @Q @Q K?A B = 7 Y;@ B;@ 7 A@ WBX Q@ Q@ (@ HL ?;@: ?;@: A AG@F AG@F = 1 FA 15 Y;@;; Y;@;; G@ G G A... A.....@ ..@JF JF Q@). Q@). ; B Y @ @ B ; @ 7 E ? ? CA CAE E L L BG 500 YB 0,5 G@A @ @ @ @JF AG@F Y;G;@F AG@F ( (0) ? ? ?K ? ? ( @ Y;@ BA? @ ). ). A@ A@ @ @ @ L L H H-Figura 10 H H *232, *232, ?K K @ @ @ ? ?P P @ @ @ ? ? ? ?@. @. @ 10 Q? Q? @ @ @ @ @@ @. . E ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ L L @ @ , , K HL ? ? @ ? H H Q Q ? ?, , Q Q @ @ @@- ? ?@ @, , @ @ H H 0 ( CA CAE E @ @ K ? ? , , ? ? ? H 1 K K @ @, , @? @? WE WE ??@X ??@X K -- 14 H 0 13), @ ?? ?? A CA CAE. E. @@ @ @... ... T ?! ?! E H H @ @ @? @? @ @ N*a: N*a: $ ?K ?K ? ? ??- E ?@ .4(b*' ?M M M .4(b*' @ @ @ @ @@ @@ , , @? @??@ ?@ @ @-- ?@ . . ?@ ?@ C'1 K C'2. E I I WE WE & & @H @H?@ ?@ Q? Q? @ @ @ ? ?Q@ Q@ ( (??@ ??@ E)X E)X @@ L L ? ? ?@ ?@ @ ? ?@ @ - @ ?@ @ @@ @ @ @ ?@ ?@ "*- K )!. M @ @ , , , @ ?@R ?@R - ?@ @ @ #+ -> o5/4 o5/4+ + -> P+94 P+94 +/+ +/+, @ @@ @ @ ? ? -. c494 c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b+ b+ F4n+=9 F4n+=9 L L @ @ ?@ ?@ @ ? ? -@, ?, ?, @ @ H H C@ @ @, , R @ @ @, K @ @ N N. . ? ? H H H, H, ? ? @@ @@ / / -- @@ @ ?@ ?@ @ @ ? ? H H?@ ?@ @ $ED ($ E?@ E?@ @ . . $ ? ? O ? ? M@ M@ D, D, D D ? ? L). E@ @ - P P ? ? W WX X K @ "*-6)! "*-6)! L L. . @@@ @@ ?@ ?@ L@ L@ ? ? ? ? E ? ? 2 @@ @@ K 15 HH- @ . . @ @JQ@ JQ@ ? ? @ $ED @ @ @ 7. E @R@R-
@ @ @ @@ @, , H 11. E ? ? ? ? @ 3. @@ @@ ? ? H ?@ ?@, , @ .... .... @ , , N@ N@ ? ? ? ?L@ L@-.
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K?A ?1 = 6 K?A B1 = 7 K?A ?2 = 8 K?A B2 = 9
Y@A? H;
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YB ?1/B1 A@ ;Q@ 2:10 (1:5)
F ?2 = 20 F B2 = 10
YB ?2/B2 A@ ;Q@ 20:10 (2:1)
?;@: A A 2 2 = 1 FA 200 200 ; 0 BG ?1 AI 0 BG B1 @JF 2 BG 2000 A A 2 2 = 1 FA FA 200 200 ; 0 BG ?2 AI 0 BG B 2 @JF 2 BG 2000 AFA ?;@
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Y;@; Y;@;; ; G@ G G A A...@ ...@J JFF Y@@ ?AFA YB F;F;?BA ;@;A BA ?1 YB ?AFA YB F;?BA ;@;A BA B1 Y;G;@F 2 YF@ ?AFA BA 2 G@A Y;@; Y;@;; ; G@ G G A A.. .... ...@ .@J JFF Y@@ ?AFA YB F;F;?BA ;@;A BA ?2 YB ?AFA YB F;F;?BA ;@;A BA B B1 Y;G;@F 2 YF@ ?AFA BA 2 G@A
Figura 11
Figura 12
TABLA 4
Y7?;F;D G@ EA@;A 7@ E3>;3 6 A@ 8D7G7@;3 50 K >A@9;FG 100 Y?;F; Y?;F; G@ G@ A@; A@;A A @ ; ; 6 Y?;F; Y?;F; G@ G@ A@; A@;A A @ ; ; 6 YB 1 G@A YF ;@;;A BA? (?;@)
Figura 13
TABLA 5
?3;@: 8AD 40 = 1 FA 120 120 Y;@;;3D Y;@;;3D G@ 4G>7 4G>7 8AD....@7 8AD....@7JF JF EAG@ 6, 6, (40,50) Y7?;F;D EA@;A EA@;A 7@ E3>;3 6 A@ 8D7G7@;3 8D7G7@;3 40 K >A@9;FG >A@9;FG 50 &7JF 40
YE;9G;7@F7 40
7@ TABLA 6
?3;@: 8AD 40 = 120 FA 1 EF7B -1 Y;@;;3D G@ 4G>7 8AD.....@7JF (7@ G7@F3 D79D7E;H3) Y7?;F;D EA@;A 7@ E3>;3 6 A@ 8D7. 40 K >A@9;FG 50 EAG@ 6, (40, 50) @7JF 40 YE;9G;7@F7 40 7@
120 @ @ @ @. . E @R? @R? ? ?@ @ @ H H 0 ?@ ?@ 1 @ @ @ (1-2-3, .). @ @@ @, , L L H H 0 TABLA 7 @ @ @, @, ?? ?? ?;@: ? ? @ . . AG AG@ 6, (0 (0,, 50) 50) Y?; Y?;F; F; A A@; @;A @ @ ;; 6 E@ 6 H ? ? F 0 = 0 + 1 YG YG? 1 HA H; 0 L L ?? ?? @Q@ @Q@ ?@ ?@-AFA ?;@ Y; ;@;;A BA? (?;@) @ @ @ @ @ @ @@ @, , 120 1. TABLA 8 E@ 7 H? H? ? ? ?;@: Y F;CGF ? W?;@X ? ? 256 @ @ . . ;8 ;@BGF6 ;E A@ F7@ 8>3E Y; @F 6 (!@BGF 6) FM @@; ; E@ R R? ? ? ? Y WX ;@A ; W?;@X @ @ @ @ ?@ ?@. . *@ ? ?-AFA ?;@ , ? ?@ @ ?@ ?@ Q? Q? : Y F;CGF ? WX CA CAE E @ @ ? ?-; 7 Y@@ ; 7 (AGFBGF 7) ?M ?M. . BG 2000 YB 2 G@A E CA CAE E Q Q @ @ @R? @R? AI 7 YB ;7 @ WKX, WKX, @R? @R? @ @ 0 AFA ?;@ Y; W?;@X 255. & @ @ @, @, Q@ Q@ Q@ Q@ @ @ @@@ @R? @R? @ @ H, H, @ @R? @R? ?K ?K 255. 6 K 7 ( ( 14). A A@ @?@ ?@ @ @ AO, ? ? 1 255, CA CAE E M M @ @ @ @ @ 0 K 1. @H @H 0. @ @@ @, , @ ? ? @ @-- @ E@ 8 H? H? ? ? @ @ , H H H H 0 ? ? M M CAE CAE Q? Q? @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ? ? : : Q@ Q@ Q@ Q@ @ @ @. . E@ ? ? @ 7 ? ?@ @ HL @ @ U252-253-254-255-0-1-2U252-253-254-255-0-1-2- . Q@ Q@ @ @ 6 @ @. . E@ ? ? ? ? O@ O@ ?@ ?@ @ @ @@. @. * @ @ M M "4 *+ e9' e9'*' *' 4 +4 +4+ + d/ /9' /9'+ + ? ? @ @ M M @ K HL. @ @ @ @ ? ? @ @ W@W@ X X Q Q @ @: @: Figura 14 @@ @@ Q . . A A@ @ ? ? @ @ ? ?@ @ @: P ? ?@; @;? ? P ? ?@; @;? ? ?J ?J ;J ;J ? ?@; @;? ?- ? ? P ? ?@; @;? ? ? ?
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YO;FA 0
F B;@ = %00000110 AFA ?;@
YO;FA 1
F B;@ = %01011011 AFA ?;@
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F B;@ = %01001111 AFA ?;@
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F B;@ = %01100110 AFA ?;@
YO;FA 4
F B;@ = %01101101 AFA ?;@
YO;FA 5
F B;@ = %01111101 AFA ?;@
YO;FA 6
F B;@ = %00000111 AFA ?;@
YO;FA 7
F B;@ = %01111111 AFA ?;@
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F B;@ = %01101111 AFA ?;@
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TABLA 11
AI2: ?;@: F B;@ = %00111111 BG 250 F B;@ = %00000110 BG 250 F B;@ = %01011011 BG 250 F B;@ = %01001111 BG 250 F B;@ = %01100110 BG 250 F B;@ = %01101101 BG 250 F B;@ = %01111101 BG 250 F B;@ = %00000111 BG 250 F B;@ = %01111111 BG 250 F B;@ = %01101111 BG 250 AFA ?;@
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Figura 23
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F B;@ = %00001010 BG K F B;@ = %00001001 BG K F B;@ = %00000101 BG K F B;@ = %00000110 BG K AFA ?;@
TABLA 15
K?A B = 7Y@A? ;7 WBX K?A GLL = 6 Y@A? ;6 WGLLX K?A AG@F = 0 Y;@; H; WAG@FX A?A 0 ?;@: AG AG @A; AFA ?;@ @
Y F;CGF ? W?;@X Y; G-BA;?;@FA WX Y; G-BA;?;@FA W@A;X Y; W?;@X Y;@ BA? B;@;B
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Y G@ F;CGF ? W?;@X YB 2 A@ @R?A 5 Y; G-BA;?;@FA WX YB 0,5 G@A YB 2 A@ @R?A 5 Y; G-BA;?;@FA WX YB 0,5 G@A Y; W?;@X
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Figura 24
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T , >> > @> >> < @!
P *$$ 1 E ?>< ?? ? > ED < < . ' >> J >, > ED J ?J <L<> . 0 &B?7B= 1 / ***** ;4 ;4=C> ***** : ./-. 0 / 4=4=34A EDB ./-. 1 ./-. 2 / 4B?4AA 0.5 B46=3>B '9+ 500 / B8 4; ;>A 34 ;I 4B 9> (;>F) 4=C>=4B 8A BC /, /3 = 0 8.+ ,'8 0 1 2 '9+ 500
/ ?6A EDB
/ 4B?4AA 0.5 B46=3>B
/ B8 4; ;>A 34 ;I 4B 9> (;>F) 4=C>=4B 8A BC /, /3 = 0 8.+ ,'8 -8
/ ***** ;4 AJ?83> ***** ,'8: / 4=4=34A EDB ./-. 0 ./-. 1 ./-. 2 '9+ 100 / 4B?4AA 0.1 B46=3>B / B8 4; ;>A 34 ;I 4B ;C> (7867) 4=C>=4B 8A B;>F /, /3 = 1 8.+ 0 1 2 '9+ 100
/ ?6A EDB
/ 4B?4AA 0.1 B46=3>B
/ B8 4; ;>A 34 ;I 4B ;C> (7867) 4=C>=4B 8A B;>F /, /3 = 1 8.+ -8 ,'8
P *$$ 2 E ?>< <> . ... ? ?> > >.
0 &B?7B= 2 8'68: / >=4AC8A 4= B;83B ;>B ?8=4B 0, 1 H 2 0 1 2 '/: / C>3>B 4=4=383>B - C>3>B ?63>B 20 44B ,6 (1 = 1 8 20 +8 / = 7 '9+ 100 +8 / = 0 '9+ 100 +;8 (1
/ 4=4=383> 4= LA;>B 20 44B ,6 (1 = 1 8 20 +8 / = 1 '9+ 100 +8 / = 2
'9+ 100 +8 / = 4 '9+ 100 +;8 (1
/ 34BC4;;=3> 4= LA;>B 20 44B ,6 (1 = 1 8 20 +8 / = 1 '9+ 100 +8 / = 0 '9+ 100 +8 / = 2 '9+ 100 +8 / = 0 '9+ 100 +8 / = 4 '9+ 100 +8 / = 0 '9+ 100 +8 / = 2 '9+ 100 +8 / = 0 '9+ 100 +;8 (1 / A46A4BA ; 8=88> -8 '/
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Figura 28
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Figura 29
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< > L. C> L L ?> > > <>>>> $ICAE. ' >< > L << @ O ?><, > @ ? > > L K >> > >. ' 4 D+'9+ 9 '' '' ' + LED 0 C> >> >> $ICAE $CB. AO @ >> @ > >> $CB. D @ > K <>> $ICAE-08 @ > ?> >>. $ ?> ><> ED, ? > >< 31 > N> BA'IC Figura 31
E ED < @ ?><. A < ED J ? >. ' ED > > @ @ K >> >< @ 330T K ?>N > $CB. ' ?>< > @ @ 22T, 10T >> IC K >> ><. >L<> ? 4.5 ? ?> (1 8) <>>>>. @ @ K << >> >> @ > > > ?> >>. ' 5 9++ + LED &? ?>< ?> 4, ?> / 1 1 / 0 0. > ?L> 2, 3 4. E> ?>J ED.
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Figura 32
LED0: / 0 '/ ' 7 - 9+' *+ ++ E ED ? > ? > J ?><N > @ <><> 32. ' ?N > ? > K>, > @ >> <> >< > N>. J >> -
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TH < @O!
