CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN "OT AND DR# CLIMATE $ARM AND "UMID CLIMATE
Presented by by:: Vishal
Sustainability Sustainabili ty and Energy E!ien!y
Cli%ate Res&'nsi(e Buildings ) An Intr'du!ti'n Ba!*gr'und+ Buildings, as they are designed and used today, contribute to serious environmental problems such as global warming, ozone layer depletion and shortage of fossil fuels because of excessive consumption of energy and other natural resources. ith the input of su!cient energy almost everything seems possible and too often climatic factors are neglected in construction. "he unrestricted demand by the a#uent for more comfort and living standards, changing life$styles and the unconsidered use of technical means increase these tendencies. %n the other hand, those who cannot a&ord these su&er Cli%ate Res&'nsi(e An Integrated in unhealthy, overheated orDesign, cold shelters. A&&r'a!- , ' possible alternative is the application of (soft measures) and natural means to reduce energy consumption by design, construction and materials which are adapted to a speci*c climate. +limate esponsive design is based on the way a building-s form and structure moderates the climate for human good and well being. "he shapeform of buildings and their orientation, the integration of suitable vegetation and the arrangement of the externalinternal space re/uire +limate responsive design can save careful consideration. "he correct use of building energy, reduce costs, and preserve materials, designs of openings and their shading, natural resources while reducing natural cooling, passive solar heating and the well$ environmental pollution aimed utilization of prevailing winds for ventilation are Cli%ate C'%.'rt+ "he climate of a location is a&ected by its latitude, terrain and importantand supporting elements. "his also has its positive altitude, as well as nearby vegetation, conse/uences in terms of economy, properwater use ofbodies local and their currents. "he most important elements of climate weather parameters that a&ect human thermal comfort resources and reduced energy and consumption. and are relevant to building design are: Solar adiation, 0ong wave adiation,
Cli%ate Res&'nsi(e Design C'nsiderati'ns in "'t Dry Regi'n Cli%ati! data+ "he climate ofand hot$dry zones is in general characterized by high temperatures 234 $ 546+ in summer7, with sharp variations in both diurnal 2day night7 and seasonal 2summer$ winter7 temperatures8 precipitation 2rainfall, snow7 which is scarce, irregular and unreliable. +old winds and dustsandstorms prevail in winter. "he solar radiation intensity is high and enhanced by the radiation re9ected from the ground. "he air humidity is low and the humidity tends to Design 'b/e!ti(es + "heand main goal of climatic design, on a macro 2settlement7 and micro reduce diurnal variations moderate temperatures. 2building7 level, is to reduce uncomfortable conditions created by extremes of heat and dryness. Buildings must be adapted to extreme summerwinter and daynight conditions. ot only cooling is needed8 passive heating may also be needed in winter and during cold nights. ;or humans, a good shelter in arid areas is the one that could protect them from the intense radiation from the sun, groundsurrounding buildings, from dust, sandstorms8 provide them with moisture and ventilation as well.
21 Narr'3 and s-aded streets+ Plan narrow winding alleysstreets, which are shaded and relatively cool and brea= stormy winds, but allow through$ventilation and ade/uate natural lighting. "here are di&erent ways of properly designing an urban form ta=ing into account solar radiation and wind.
indingzigzagging narrow alleys receive minimum radiation, reduce the e&ect of stormy winds, establish shaded spaces
Straight and parallel streets open the city to wind ventilation
41 Orientati'n '. Buildings+ "he larger building dimension should face north and south. >t allows for sun and wind protection and controlled wind channeling 2air9ow7. 51 C'urtyard Planning+ ' compact, inward$loo=ing building with an interior courtyard minimizes the solar radiation impact on the outside walls and provides a cool area within the building. hen the courtyard is provided with water and plants, it acts as a cooling source and modi*es the microclimate accordingly
'rcades $ shading the 'rcades ? shading the streets streets
Proper orientation, to reduce the sun exposure in summer +ourtyard house with covered galleries and an internal pool for evaporation, day and night
61 Air M'(e%ent and Ventilati'n+ @ain walls and windows should face the prevailing 2cool7 wind direction in order to allow maximum cross$ventilation of the rooms. 'ir inta=e openings should be located so that the coolest and most dust$free air is ta=en. "hus the cool conditions existing at dawn can be maintained inside the building for the longest possible period. @oderate the e&ects of undesired winds.
ith openings near the top of stac=s, warm air can escape whereas cooler air enters the building from openings near the ground.
"he location of openings for ventilation determined by prevalent wind %ass+ "hermal mass direction
71 T-er%al is the ability of a material to absorb heat energy, store it, and at a later time, release it in support of maintaining uniform temperature pro*les. "he comfort of people inside the buildings depends largely on the thermal properties of the outer and inner walls and the roof. "hermal mass acts as a Athermal batteryA. uring summer, it absorbs heat, =eeping the house relatively cool. >n winter, the same thermal mass can store the heat from the sun to release it at night, helping the home stay warm. 1igher the density of
ind$catchers are ventilation 9ues carried above the roof to catch cool and clean air. >t creates a pressure gradient which allows less dense hot air to travel upwards and escape out the top and cold air is suc=ed
"hermal mass stores
1eat 9ow in
81 R''.s+ 's the roof is the most critical part, high solar re9ectivity and emissivity for long$wave radiation are essential, as well as thermal insulation andor ade/uate time lag. "he vault, the dome ' vaulted roof provides a larger surface area for heat loss and the 9at roof are the traditional roof compared to a 9at roof . :1 ;enestrati'ns and S-ading shapes. de(i!es+ %f all the elements in the building envelope, windows and other glazed areas are most vulnerable to heat gain or losses. Proper location, sizing, and detailing of windows and shading form an important part of bioclimatic "he openings should be protected by the design as they help to =eep the sun and shading devices wind out of a building or landscaping allow them 91 Lands!a&ing+ . Proper when needed. reduces direct sun from stri=ing and heating up of building surfaces. >t prevents re9ected light carrying heat into "rees act as barriers a building from the ground or other against hot and dusty surfaces. 0andscaping creates di&erent winds1 air9ow patterns can be used to direct or divert the wind advantageously by causing a pressure di&erence. 'dditionally, the shade created by trees and the e&ect of grass and shrubs reduce +hannelizing breeze 0andscaping for creating cool air temperatures adCoining the building.
Cli%ate Res&'nsi(e Design C'nsiderati'ns in $ar% and "u%id Cli%ati! data+ Places that are close to sea or Regi'n oceans have a humid climate as there is large amount of water vapour in the air. >t is characterized by high rainfall and high humidity. "he temperature range is relatively high at around D4 $ D56+ and is fairly even during the day and throughout the year. ue to minimal temperature di&erences, winds are light or even non$ existent for longer periods. 1owever, heavy precipitation and Design 'b/e!ti(es + "he solar radiation is intense and to a great extent di&use due to storms occur fre/uently. haze. "he haze may cause s=y glare which can also be reduced by large shading devices. Vegetation is rich and provides an excellent means of improving the climatic conditions. >ts surface does not heat up and it provides e!cient shading at low cost. 1owever, it has to be arranged in a way that does not impede air circulation. Since the temperature di&erence between day and night is minimal, underta=e measures which avoid heat absorption and heat storage. "he use of low thermal mass, high re9ective outer surfaces or double$s=in structures are the result. "he indoor temperature can hardly be =ept much below the outdoor temperature. 1owever, by e!cient design the indoor temperature can avoid exceeding the outdoor temperature and inner surfaces can remain relatively cool. "ogether with proper ventilation, comfortable conditions can be achieved in most cases. Design +
21 O&en street Net3'r*+ "he settlement pattern should allow for a loose open street networ=. S/uares and passages should be covered, but cross$ventilation should not be impeded.
%pen streets and Building spacing promote air 9ow
$ind 'rientati'n+ here a predominant wind direction can clearly be identi*ed, long$shaped buildings should be arranged across this direction. 'cceptable wind directions for the orientation that is best for sun %ptimization of the
"he intense di&use solar radiation calls for buildings that have large overhanging roofs and wide shaded verandahs. ow houses elongated along the east$ west axis provide the best
51 S-a&e and V'lu%e+ ;orms with large surface areas are preferred to compact buildings. "his favors ventilation and heat emission at nighttime. 61 S-a&e and V'lu%e+ "he main goal is the reduction of direct heat gain by radiation through openings and of the internal surface temperature. "he building should therefore be designed not only with protected openings, but also with protected walls. "his tas= will be much easier if the building is =ept low. >n addition, the roof should 0ow building with wide extend far beyond the line of walls, with broad overhanging eaves overhanging roof 71 Arrange%ents+ andR''% other means of shading. "he arrangement of rooms depends on their function. Since the thermal load is related to the orientation, rooms on the east side are warm in the morning and, if not built with much thermal mass, cool down in the afternoon. ooms on the west side are cooler in the morning and heat up in the afternoon. ooms facing north and south remain relatively cool if provided with 81 "eat st'rage ade/uate shading. and ti%e lag+ +onstructions with a high thermal storage capacity and a long time lag are to be avoided. ue to the relatively narrow diurnal temperature 9uctuation it is not possible to achieve much cooling by utilization of the thermodynamic properties oom arrangement of building components. "he main goal is, on the one hand to store according to climatic preferences as little heat as possible in the structure in order to obtain the maximum bene*t of the cooler night temperatures. ' relatively short :1 T-er%al insulati'n+ "hermal insulation has very little e&ectiveness. ue to the free time lag of some 5 hours may be ade/uate.. 9ow of air, the ambient air temperatures inside and outside the building are very much the same. >nsulation may be Custi*ed only in places where sun radiation is received, e.g. for roofs and sun$exposed walls. 1igh re9ectivity and high emissivity are re/uired properties for =eeping the indoor temperature and the inner surface temperature low. "he same e&ect
91 Cr'ss,(entilati'n+ "he high humidity and warm temperatures re/uire maximum ventilation, which leads to very open buildings. ;ree passage of air for cross$ventilation through the interior is important. "his can be achieved by large openings, not only in the outer walls but also in the internal partitions. 'n even more e!cient solution is that of single$ban=ed rooms with access from open verandahs or galleries. "he 9oor is preferably elevated above the ground to allow for a better ventilation. 1ouses are best built 0<1 $alls , both and internal, should be as on stilts or at leastexternal on raised platforms. light as possible with a minimal heat storage capacity. "hese should obstruct the air9ow as little as possible and should re9ect radiation, at least in places where solar radiation stri=es the surfaces. "he outer surface should be re9ective, light colored. alls should be shaded as much as possible. >f, however, exposed to the sun, they should be built in the form of a ventilated double leaf construction, the inner leaf having a re9ective surface on its outer side and perhaps with thermal insulation. 001 R''.s , >n warm$humid areas the roof is preferably pitched to allow heavy rains to run o&. 0arge overhangs protect the walls and openings from radiation and precipitation. "he roof should be made
"he main elements: Shading trees, wide overhanging roof, raised 9oor, free 9ow of air through the building
+onstruction details showing enhanced ventilation of the
021 $ind'3s and O&enings+ >n warm humid areas openings are important elements for the regulation of the indoor climate. "hey should be large and fully openable, with inlets of a similar size on both sides of the room allowing a proper cross$ventilation. indows are preferably e/uipped with 9exible louvres allowing a regulation of ventilation. "o avoid direct solar radiation and glare, openings should be shaded by an overhanging roof, screens, lattices, grills etc. 'll these measures have to be designed to give minimal resistance to the air9ow. %penings should be placed according to the prevailing breezes, so as to permit a natural air9ow through the internal space. "his air9ow is most e&ective if concentrated at body level. 041 Lands!a&ing+ 1igh trees with wide, shading crowns provide signi*cant protection from solar radiation and should be incorporated as much as possible into any landscape planning.. 'n unshaded pavement exposed to the sun heats up, hence a vegetal cover of the ground, =eeps it comparatively cool and contributes much to a cooler outdoor microclimate. 'nother e!cient solution is to grow a green cover over roofs and walls. "his cover functions as a second s=in which provides protection against solar radiant heat, reduction of glare, noise, dust, protection of the wall and roof surfaces from wind and a regulating e&ect on humidity
(+annopy e&ect) by trees
0arge openings and screened$in porches.
indow with glass louvres
"he proper arrangement of vegetation, mainly of shade$providing trees, within
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