Chapter3 Answers

Greenbaum/Nelson, An Introduction to English Grammar 3/e

Answers to Questions in the Book: Chapter 3

Exercise 3.1 The noun phrase (3.2–5) Indicate whether each underlined noun phrase contains a premodifier, a postmodifier, or both. **[Answers in brackets after each sentence]

1. The umbrella umbrella originated originated in esopotam esopotamia ia o!er 3,""" #ears #ears ago. $none% $none% &. It was an emblem emblem of ran' ran' and distinc distinction. tion. $postmod $postmodifier% ifier% 3. It protected protected esopotam esopotamians ians from the harsh harsh sun. $premo $premodifier difier%% (. )or centuries, centuries, umbrellas umbrellas ser!ed ser!ed primaril# primaril# as a protection protection from the sun. $postmodifie $postmodifier% r% *. The Gree's Gree's and +omans +omans regarded regarded the umbrella umbrella as effeminate effeminate and ridiculed ridiculed men who carried umbrellas. $postmodifier% . -n the other hand, hand, Gree' women women of high ran' fa!oured fa!oured umbrella umbrellas. s. $premodifie $premodifierr and postmodifier% . +oman +oman women began to oil their paper umbrellas umbrellas to waterproof waterproof them. them. $premodifier% $premodifier% . In the mid0eighteen mid0eighteenth th centur# a ritish gentleman gentleman made umbrellas umbrellas respectable respectable for men. $premodifier% 2. oach dri!ers dri!ers were were afraid that the umbrella umbrella would would threaten threaten their li!elihoo li!elihood d if it became a respectable means of shelter from the rain. $premodifier $premodifier and postmodifier% 1".E!entuall#, men reali4ed that it was cheaper to carr# an umbrella than to ta'e a coach e!er# time it rained. $postmodifier%

Exercise 3.2 Relative clauses (3.5) ombine the $a% and $b% sentences in each set below b# turning one of the sentences into a relati!e clause. **[Only answers are shown]

l. The drugs drugs used for for chemotherap chemotherap# # ine!itabl# ine!itabl# damage damage a patient5s patient5s health# health# cells cells as well. &. 6uman 6uman infants pass pass through through a critical critical period period which lasts lasts a few #ears. #ears.

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3. It was a m#ster# m#ster# that that the# could not sol!e. sol!e. (. The fundraising fundraising campaig campaign n has recruited recruited a core of graduates, graduates, who in turn turn contact contact more graduates. *. ost of the bannings bannings of boo's boo's which ha!e recentl# recentl# been been sent to the Appeal Appeal oard oard were o!erturned. . I saw a #oung #oung anadian anadian who was being being treated treated for burns. burns. . 6e consulted consulted with the leaders leaders who were released released from prison prison last #ear. #ear. . Those who who prefer intoleran intolerance ce and !iolence !iolence cannot cannot be regarded as democrats. democrats.

Exercise 3.3 Appositive clauses (3.6) Indicate whether each underlined clause is a relati!e clause $3.*% or an appositi!e clause. **[Answers in brackets after each sentence]

1. The manager manager lac'ed lac'ed the e7perience e7perience that would would ha!e helped helped him o!ercome o!ercome the crisis. $relati!e% &. 8ou 8ou ha!e undermined undermined m# con!iction that a nuclear war is ine!itable. $appositi!e% 3. 9he has heard heard the news that all the passengers passengers and crew crew escaped unhurt. unhurt. $appositi!e $appositi!e%% (. I cannot cannot dispute the fact fact that #ou ha!e won the support support of most members. members. $appositi!e $appositi!e%% *. The car hit hit a bus that was full of children children on on a school outing. outing. $relati!e% $relati!e% . I ha!e read read the the report report that I recei!ed recei!ed last last wee'. $relati!e $relati!e%% . The# ha!e ha!e accepted accepted the recommendatio recommendation n that m# daughter be promot promoted ed to the ne7t grade. $appositi!e% . 6ere is the report report that the accusations accusations should should be referred referred to the police. $appositi $appositi!e% !e%

Exercise 3.4 Apposition (3.7) In the sentences below, underline the noun phrases that are in apposition. **[Answers underlined in text]

1. The accelerato acceleratorr hurled ions ions of carbon and neon neon at a foil target of bismuth, bismuth, a metal related to lead. &. )ormer )ormer England captain captain :a!id :a!id ec'ham ec'ham has answered answered his his critics. critics. &


3. ;< drug authorities ha!e as'ed for more data on the compan#5s anti0migraine drug, Imigran. (. =ood can suppl# * per cent of our energ# needs, lea!ing 2* per cent that must come from other sources > solar, wind, coal, nuclear, biomass. *. Two ;ni!ersit# of Ne!ada ps#chologists claimed to ha!e taught =ashoe, a chimpan4ee, to communicate in a human language. . ost cells contain man# mitochondria, semi0independent structures that suppl# the cell with readil# usable energ#. . 9cientists ha!e disco!ered two sets of h#drothermal !ents $ocean hot springs%. . The cistern should ha!e a capacit# of &3" litres $*" gallons%.

Exercise 3. !unctions o" noun phrases (3.10) Identif# the function of each underlined noun phrase b# writing the appropriate abbre!iation in the brac'ets after it? S $sub@ect%

oC $ob@ect complement%

dO $direct ob@ect%

cP $prepositional complement%

iO $indirect ob@ect%

pM $premodifier in a noun phrase%

sC $sub@ect complement%

A $ad!erbial%

**[Answers in brackets within each sentence]

1. The great fire of 11( $9% did not affect the na!e, but it gutted the choir $d-%. &. The boo' offers a !i!id picture of oland and its people $d-%. 3. The whole :ic'ens $p% famil# went to sta# with rs +o#lance in Bittle ollege 9treet $c%. (. Bast April $A %, securit# staff $9% spotted an intruder $d-% on the =hite 6ouse lawn $c%. *. The Actors5 ;nion made eter $d-% their spo'esman $o%. . ore and more ritons $9% are li!ing alone, despite the Go!ernment5s emphasis on famil# $p% !alues. . The =ar rimes Tribunal $9% is a model of international @urisprudence $s%. 3


. icrosoft $9% is wor'ing on a re!olutionar# 'e#boardless Tablet , $c% and alread# competing in the games mar'et $c% with its own console $c%. 2. =eb page $p% la#outs can be !astl# impro!ed, once #ou5!e learned the basics of formatting te7t and images $d-%. 1".=ith the in!ention of digital technolog# $c% and the creation of the Internet $c% the end of print $c% was predicted and the death of the boo' $9% was hailed as imminent.

Exercise 3.# $ain ver%s (3.12) Identif# whether the underlined !erb in each sentence is the base form, -s form, past form, -ing participle, or -ed participle. **[Answers in brackets after each sentence]

1. ats were held in high esteem among the ancient Eg#ptians. $0ed participle% &. Eg#ptian law protected cats from in@ur# and death. $past% 3. The Eg#ptians used to embalm the corpses of their cats. $base% (. The# put them in mumm# cases made of precious materials. $past% *. Entire cat cemeteries ha!e been unearthed b# archaeologists. $0 s form% . The Eg#ptians were impressed b# the wa# a cat could sur!i!e numerous high falls. $base% . The# originated the belief that the cat possesses nine li!es. $0 s form% . :read of cats first arose in Europe in the iddle Ages. $past% 2. Alle# cats were often fed b# poor, lonel# old women. $0ed participle% 1".=hen witch h#steria spread through Europe, such women were accused of witchcraft. $past% 11.Their cats, especiall# blac' ones, were also considered guilt#. $0 ed participle% 1&.an# innocent women and their cats were burnt at the sta'e. $0 ed participle% 13.9ome superstitious people thin' that if a blac' cat crosses their path the# will ha!e bad luc'. $0 s form% 1(.I ha!e been thin'ing of bu#ing a blac' cat. $0 ing participle%

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Exercise 3.& $ain ver%s (3.12) 9pecif# the tense $present or past% of the underlined !erbs in the sentences below. =here necessar#, distinguish also the person and number of the !erbs. **[Answers in brackets after each sentence]

1. The price of oil has dropped considerabl# in the past few #ears. $present, third singular% &. rices dropped a few #ears ago because there was an oil glut. $past, third plural% 3. rices continue to drop because oil0producing nations are refining too much crude oil. $present, third plural% (. -E wants prices to rise. $present, third singular% *. 6owe!er, its members disagree about how to raise prices. $present, third plural% . CI am in fa!our of higher prices,5 an -E member was recentl# Duoted as sa#ing. $present, first singular% . C6owe!er, we are not in fa!our of lowering our production because of the man# debts we ha!e.5 $present, first plural% . ;nless -E nations lower their production Duotas, prices will remain low. $present, third plural%

Exercise 3.' Aspect (3.14) Identif# the italici4ed !erbs as present perfect, past perfect, present progressi!e, past progressi!e, present perfect progressi!e, or past perfect progressi!e. **[Answers in brackets after each sentence]

1. eople are realizing that 'eeping fit is not hard wor'. $present progressi!e% &. Ted was celebrating his ("th birthda# last wee'. $past progressi!e% 3. 6is wife had implied that he had become slightl# obese. $past perfect% (. 9he belie!es that she has been enjoying good health b# ta'ing large dail# doses of itamin . $present perfect progressi!e% *. The# had been making regular !isits to an osteopath. $past perfect progressi!e% . Am# has been looking much #ounger latel#. $present perfect progressi!e%

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. The# have given e!idence of the health ad!antages of an acti!e lifest#le. $present perfect% . =e have been jogging se!eral times a wee'. $present perfect progressi!e% 2. 9he has ne!er taken time off to rela7. $present perfect% 1".9ome t#coons are regularl# eating hea!# four0course business lunches. $present progressi!e%

Exercise 3.( )oice (3.15) Identif# whether the sentences below are acti!e or passi!e. **[Answers in brackets after each sentence]

1. 9otheb#5s is auctioning a highl# important collection of antiDuities. $acti!e% &. In the late 12"s a huge copper cauldron was disco!ered in a cellar. $passi!e% 3. Inside the cauldron were hidden a number of !er# beautiful ob@ects. $passi!e% (. The# included sil!er plates two feet across. $acti!e% *. The plates were decorated with scenes from hunting and m#tholog#. $passi!e% . Apparentl# the treasure was made for 9euso, perhaps a high0ran'ing officer in the +oman empire. $passi!e% . The Bebanese authorities issued e7port documents for the treasure in 121. $acti!e% . Nothing has been re!ealed about the disco!erers. $passi!e% 2. The disco!er# site has ne!er been located. $passi!e% 1".Nobod# doubts the importance of the collection. $acti!e% 11.ecause of its strange histor#, se!eral museums ha!e re@ected the collection. $acti!e% 1&.=ith an e7pected price of o!er (" million pounds, who can afford the collectionF $acti!e%

Exercise 3.1* )oice (3.15) Identif# whether the underlined words are passi!e participles or ad@ecti!es. **[Answers in brackets after each sentence]

1. 6er boo' has @ust been published in New 8or'. $passi!e participle% 


&. I was ama4ed at atric'5s indifference. $ad@ecti!e% 3. Their arri!al was certainl# une7pected. $ad@ecti!e% (. 6is face was distorted with rage. $ad@ecti!e% *. an# of these pro@ects should not ha!e been built at all. $passi!e participle% . I was chiefl# interested in modern no!els. $ad@ecti!e% . I cannot understand wh# #ou are so depressed. $ad@ecti!e% . None of these products is manufactured in our countr#. $passi!e participle% 2. ele5s goalscoring record is still unbro'en. $ad@ecti!e% 1".Ton# was disgusted with all of us. $ad@ecti!e%

Exercise 3.11 The or+erin, o" auxiliaries (3.17) Identif# whether the underlined au7iliar# is a modal, perfect have, progressi!e be, or passi!e be. **[Answers in brackets after each sentence]

1. The emplo#ment agenc# should be contacting #ou soon about the @ob. $modal% &. # insurance compan# has been informed about the damage to m# roof. $passi!e be% 3. The band has been hea!il# influenced b# The eatles. $perfect have% (. I can be reached at m# office number. $modal% *. The committee is holding its ne7t meeting later this month. $progressi!e be% . The remains were accidentall# disco!ered b# a team of palaeontologists. $passi!e be% . =ho has been disturbing m# papersF $progressi!e be% . The dot com boom had finall# collapsed. $perfect have% 2. 8ou can5t ha!e forgotten it alread#. $modal% 1".I am rel#ing on #ou. $progressi!e be%

Exercise 3.12 !inite an+ non-"inite ver% phrases (3.18) 9pecif# whether the underlined !erbs are finite or non0finite. **[Answers in brackets after each underlined verb]

1. The 0& ballistic missile was $ F % a big step towards a !iable spacecraft.

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&. It could reach $ NF % space. 3. ut there was still a ma@or brea'through to be made $ NF %? reaching orbit. (. The main obstacle to this was $ F % the amount of fuel reDuired $ NF %. *. ost of the thrust from the engine was used to accelerate $ NF % the 0& to high speed. . To reach orbit an ob@ect must $ F % accelerate to a speed of about 1,*"" miles per hour $called $ NF % satellite speed or orbital !elocit#%. . It is $ F % far easier to launch a spacecraft to reach $ NF % satellite height than satellite speed. . If #ou threw $ F % a ball upwards from the ground at (,""" miles per hour, it would reach a ma7imum height of 1"" miles before falling $ NF % bac' to Earth about si7 minutes later. 2. This is less than a Duarter of the speed needed $ NF % to sustain a satellite in orbit. 1".It reDuires $ F % less than one0si7teenth of the energ# $which is proportional to the speed sDuared $ NF %%. 11.In order to reach orbit a 0& would $ F % ha!e to be filled $ NF %with propellant up to as much as 2 per cent of its ta'e0off weight. 1&.To build $ NF % a !ehicle that could achie!e $ NF % the speed reDuired to put a satellite in orbit, it would therefore be necessar# to build a series of !ehicles mounted $ NF % on top of each other.

Exercise 3.13 $oo+ (3.19) 9pecif# whether the underlined !erb is indicati!e, imperati!e, mandati!e sub@uncti!e, or were sub@uncti!e. **[Answers in brackets after each sentence]

1. If I were #ou, I would sa# nothing. $were sub@uncti!e% &. After that there were no more disturbances. $indicati!e% 3. 6ea!en forbid that we should interfere in the dispute. $mandati!e sub@uncti!e% (. If it5s not raining, ta'e the dog for a wal'. $imperati!e% *. I as'ed that references be sent to the manager. $mandati!e sub@uncti!e%

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. No warships were in the !icinit# at that time. $indicati!e% . If #ou happen to meet them, be more discreet than #ou were last time. $imperati!e% . It is essential that she return immediatel#. $mandati!e sub@uncti!e%

Exercise 3.14 $oo+ (3.19) Each sentence contains an e7pression of reDuesting or recommending followed b# a thatclause. )ill the blan' in each subordinate clause with an appropriate !erb in the mandati!e sub@uncti!e $the base form of the !erb%. **[o answers provided for this exercise]

1. I demand that he  at once. &. 9he is adamant that the#  dismissed. 3. It is essential that she  e!er# da#. (. =e suggested that #our brother  our home this e!ening. *. I mo!e that the motion  accepted. . The# re@ected our recommendation that the student grant  raised. . The# proposed that :a!id  on our behalf. . I suggest that she  the offer.

Exercise 3.1 $ulti-wor+ ver%s (3.20) 9pecif# whether the !erbs in each sentence are phrasal !erbs, prepositional !erbs, or phrasal0prepositional !erbs. **[Answers in brackets after each sentence]

1. I will not put up with #our insolence an# longer. $phrasal0prepositional !erb% &. ichael opened up the shop before his emplo#ees arri!ed. $phrasal !erb% 3. 8ou must concentrate on #our studies if #ou want a good result. $prepositional !erb% (. ar# came down with the flu last wee'. $phrasal0prepositional !erb% *. # law#er has drawn up the contract. $phrasal !erb% . Tom is looking after his #ounger brother and sister. $prepositional !erb% . All the students handed in their essa#s on time. $phrasal !erb% . I don5t approve of #our beha!iour in this matter. $prepositional !erb%

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2. Their car broke down on the wa# to the airport. $phrasal !erb% 1".an I put away the dishes nowF $phrasal !erb%

Exercise 3.1# $ulti-wor+ ver%s (3.20) 9pecif# whether the prepositional !erbs in the sentences below contain a prepositional ob@ect, a direct ob@ect and a prepositional ob@ect, or an indirect ob@ect and a prepositional ob@ect. **[Answers in brackets after each sentence]

1. 6as she told #ou about her e7periences in +omaniaF $indirect ob@ect and prepositional ob@ect% &. The# are taking ad!antage of an ine7perienced teacher. $direct ob@ect and prepositional ob@ect% 3. :on5t listen to what he sa#s. $prepositional ob@ect% (. The waiter thanked us for the generous tip. $indirect ob@ect and prepositional ob@ect% *. I congratulate #ou on #our promotion. $indirect ob@ect and prepositional ob@ect% . 6e cannot cope with the @ibes of his colleagues. $prepositional ob@ect% . I forgive #ou for being so rude. $indirect ob@ect and prepositional ob@ect% . =e ha!e received man# donations from listeners to this programme. $direct ob@ect and prepositional ob@ect%

Exercise 3.1& The a+ective phrase (3.21) ;nderline each ad@ecti!e phrase. **[Answers underlined]

1. )ragrant homemade bread is becoming common in man# American homes. &. In a recent sample, 3" per cent of the subscribers to a woman5s maga4ine said that the# ba'ed bread. 3. The first bread was patted b# hand. (. The earl# Eg#ptians added #east and made conical, triangular, or spiral loa!es as well as large, flat, open0centred dis's. *. a'ers later de!ised tools to produce more highl# refined flour. 1"


. =hite bread was mi7ed with mil', oil, and salt. . eople used to eat blac' bread because the# were poor. . read lo!ers now bu# blac' bread b# choice.

Exercise 3.1' The a+ective phrase (3.21) omplete the sentences below b# adding a postmodifier to the ad@ecti!es at the ends of the sentences. **[o answers provided for this exercise]

1. No doubt #ou are aware  &. # children are alwa#s happ#  3. It is sometimes possible  (. The# are sure  *. I am sorr#  . =e are conscious  . 9he is fond  . 6e was not a!erse 

Exercise 3.1( !unctions o" a+ective phrases (3.22) Identif# the function of each underlined ad@ecti!e phrase b# writing the appropriate abbre!iation in the brac'ets after it? PrM $premodifier in a noun phrase% PM $postmodifier in a noun phrase% sC $sub@ect complement% oC $ob@ect complement%

**[Answers in brackets after each underlined phrase]

1. The former champion is now !er# ill $s%. &. 6e has a rare $r% form of cancer. 3. The drugs he ta'es ma'e him sic' $o%. (. 6is bod# loo's no different than it loo'ed before $s%.

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*. 6is doctor has arranged preliminar# $r% tests to be carried out. . 6is general $r% health is good $s%, but surger# is alwa#s somewhat ris'# $s%. . B#mphatic $r% cancer is no longer considered fatal $o%, if it is treated earl# enough. . an# #ounger $r% patients ma'e a full $r% reco!er#, and go on to lead !er# acti!e $r% li!es.

Exercise 3.2* The a+ver% phrase (3.23) ;nderline each ad!erb phrase. **[Answers underlined]

1. :isposing of nuclear waste is a problem that has recentl# gained much attention. &. Authorities are ha!ing difficulties finding locations where nuclear waste can be disposed of safel#. 3. There is alwa#s the danger of the waste lea'ing !er# graduall# from the containers in which it is stored. (. ecause of this danger, man# people ha!e protested Duite !ehementl# against the dumping of an# waste in their communities. *. In the past, authorities ha!e not responded Duic'l# enough to problems at nuclear waste sites. . As a result, people react somewhat suspiciousl# to claims that nuclear waste sites are safe. . The problem of nuclear waste has caused man# nuclear power plants to remain closed indefinitel#. . Authorities fear that this situation will !er# soon result in a power shortage.

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Exercise 3.21 !unctions o" a+ver% phrases (3.24) Identif# the function of each underlined ad!erb phrase b# writing the appropriate abbre!iation in the brac'ets after it? A $ad!erbial% M Ad! $modifier of an ad@ecti!e% M Adv $modifier of an ad!erb%


1. 9mall for's first $A% appeared in ele!enth0centur# Tuscan#. &. The# were widel# $A% condemned at the time. 3. It was in late eighteenth0centur# )rance that for's suddenl# $A% became fashionable. (. 9poons are thousands of #ears older than for's and began as thin, slightl# $ Ad@% conca!e pieces of wood. *.
Exercise 3.22 The prepositional phrase (3.25) ;nderline each prepositional phrase and circle each preposition. If a prepositional phrase is embedded within another prepositional phrase, underline it twice. **[Phrases underlined" prepositions in brackets]

1. It ma# come Has a surprise Hto #ou that massage is mentioned Hin ancient 6indu hinese writings.

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&. It is a natural therap# Hfor aches and pains Hin the muscles. 3. The 9wedish techniDue Hof massage emphasi4es impro!ing circulation Hb# manipulation. (. Its !alue is recogni4ed Hb# man# doctors. *. 9ome doctors refer Hto massage Has manipulati!e medicine. . Non0professionals can learn to gi!e a massage, but the# should be careful Habout appl#ing massage Hto se!ere muscle spasms. . The general rule is that what feels good Hto #ou will feel good Hto others. . A warm room, a comfortable table, and a bottle Hof oil are the main reDuirements. 2. The amount Hof pressure #ou can appl# depends Hon the pain threshold Hof the person Hon the table. 1".8ou can become addicted Hto massages.

Exercise 3.23 The prepositional phrase (3.25) +ewrite the sentences below, mo!ing prepositions to alternati!e positions in which the# can occur. 8ou ma# need to ma'e some other changes. **[o answers provided for this exercise]

1. The secretar# is the person who #ou should send #our application to. &. +elati!it# is a theor# on which man# modern theories in ph#sics are based. 3. =ho are #ou writing toF (. This article is one that researchers in economics often ma'e reference to. *. )or whom does John plan to do the wor'F . oth of the wor'ers are people I ha!e a lot of trust in. . =hat platform are we supposed to be onF . The women are authors whose boo's we ha!e obtained much !aluable information from.

1(


Exercise 3.24 !unctions o" prepositional phrases (3.26) Identif# the function of each underlined prepositional phrase b# writing the appropriate abbre!iation in the brac'ets after it? A $ad!erbial% p $postmodifier of a noun% pAd! $postmodifier of an ad@ecti!e%


1. oliticians in the ;nited 9tates must raise large sums of mone# $pN% if the# want to get elected. &. A candidate can no longer win with little campaign mone# $A%. 3. andidates are 'eenl# aware of the need for huge financial contributions $pAd@%. (. The# need the mone# to emplo# staff and for the freDuent ad!ertisements the# run on tele!ision $A%. *. In recent campaigns $A%, tele!ision ad!ertisements ha!e been Duite belligerent. . The# freDuentl# distort the policies of opposing candidates $pN%. . The# often resemble e7tra!agant 6oll#wood films in their la!ish production $A%. . The ad!ertisements are ma'ing man# Americans c#nical of politicians $pAd@%. 2. To them $A%, a politician is simpl# a person who will sa# an#thing to get elected. 1".an# people want elections to be conducted in a more dignified and honest manner $A%.

1*


Exercise 3.2 The structures o" phrases (Chapter 3) Identif# each underlined phrase b# writing the appropriate abbre!iation in the brac'ets after it? P $noun phrase% #P $!erb phrase% Ad!P $ad@ecti!e phrase% AdvP $ad!erb phrase% PP $prepositional phrase%


1. The attac's of 2/11 $N% had far0reaching political $Ad@% conseDuences. &. The 9a!o# theatre was opened $% in 11 b# +ichard :5-#l# arte $% for the purpose of showing Gilbert and 9ulli!an operas $%. 3. The top pri4e at ruft5s :og 9how $N% went to a little =est 6ighland $N% terrier. (. =e stopped $% in front of the sentr# bo7 beside a barrier o!er the road $%. *. The# sta#ed true to their old belief in the uddhist religion $Ad@%. . eople are much less $Ad!% prosperous than in our own countr#. . Global warming $N% has finall# been gi!en the attention it $N% deser!es. . 6e $N% posed as a world0wear# and cultured $Ad@% aristocrat.

A/)A0CE/ EERCE

Exercise 3.2# The noun phrase (3.2–5) rac'et the noun phrases in each sentence below. 9ome sentences ma# ha!e more than one noun phrase. If a noun phrase contains another noun phrase within it, brac'et the embedded noun phrase a further time. )or e7ample? H-ne airline e!en as's Hpassengers to bu# Ha second tic'et if Hthe si4e of Htheir waistline pre!ents Hthe armrest from lowering.

1. Imagine Htwo weighing scales at Hthe airline Htic'et counter. 1


&. H-ne is for H#our bags, Hthe other is for H#ou. 3. HThe price of H#our tic'et depends upon Hthe weight of Hboth. (. =ith Hthe cost of Hfuel almost tripling since H&""", Hairlines are cutting Hcosts in Hwa#s Hthat were once unthin'able. *. H-ne airline is charging HK&* for Hreser!ations b# Htelephone. . HJapan Airlines is using Hcroc'er# Hthat is &"L lighter, in Han attempt to cut Hfuel costs . HE!en a glass of Hwater ma# be harder to come b# on Hboard, if Hthe airlines ha!e Htheir wa#. . In Hthe boardrooms of Hairlines all o!er Hthe world, He!er# gram of Hweight is being considered. 2. If H#ou loo' at Hthe air0freight business, Hthat5s Hthe wa# Hthe# ha!e alwa#s done Hit. 1".Hassengers are now being treated li'e Hitems of Hfreight. 11.er# soon, Hwe5ll see Hportl# businessmen tra!elling HC-bese lass 5 instead of Husiness lass. 1&.HThe# will ha!e to wear Ha stic'er Hthat shows Htheir Hweight and Hbod#mass. 13.Heople abo!e Ha certain weight will ha!e to tra!el in Hcargo planes. 1(.H9ome ;9 airlines ha!e installed Hwider seats, to accommodate HHthe nation5s Hbulging waistlines. 1*.HJo'es aside, Hairlines around Hthe world are in Ha desperate situation.

Exercise 3.2& Coor+ination o" noun phrases (3.8) The noun phrases below are ambiguous. +ewrite the phrases unambiguousl# to show their different meanings. **[o answers provided for this exercise]

1. cheese and tomato sandwiches &. ham and mushroom pi44as 3. bottles of oil and !inegar

1


(. agriculture and trade ministers *. some bread and butter . Babour and Biberal :emocrat councillors

Exercise 3.2' 0oun phrase coplexit5 (3.2, 3.9) :escribe the structure of the comple7 noun phrases below in terms of the noun phrase structure outlined in 3.&?

$determiners%

$premodifiers%

noun

$postmodifiers%

**[answers in brackets]

1.

the important wor' that the agenc# carries out in Africa Hdet0pre0N0post

&.

the old man beside #ou in the gre# suit Hdet0pre0N0post0post

3.

significant ad!ances in the fight against AI:9 Hpre0N0post

(.

an o!erwhelming response to the nationwide appeal for funds Hdet0pre0N0post *. the team5s poor performance at the wee'end against helsea at 9tamford ridge Hdet0 det0pre0N0post0post0post

.

new but untested treatments for cancer Hpre0N0post

.

man# de!eloping countries with huge energ# needs Hdet0pre0N0post

.

his bra!e attempt to rescue the children Hdet0pre0N0post 2. the unprecedented humanitarian response throughout Asia to the 9ichuan earthDua'e Hdet0pre0pre0N0post0post 1".the carefull# rehearsed opening ceremon# in ei@ing of the &"" -l#mpics Hdet0pre0 N0post0post

Exercise 3.2( Aspect (3.14) a'e up a sentence using each !erb below in the specified tense and aspect $or aspects%. **[o answers provided for this exercise]

1. enjoy > present perfect &. find > past perfect

1


3. refuse > present progressi!e (. convince > past progressi!e *. go > present perfect progressi!e . win > past perfect progressi!e

Exercise 3.3* )oice (3.15) :iscuss the problems of deciding whether the underlined words are passi!e participles or ad@ecti!es. **[o answers provided for this exercise]

1.

Norman felt appreciated b# his parents.

&.

Jane was !er# offended b# #our remar's.

3.

Tom was !er# well educated in aris.

(.

I5m not reall# con!inced b# his argument.

*.

I was relie!ed.

Exercise 3.31 )oice (3.14, 3.15) =e ma# raise Duestions about -ing forms that are similar to those for -ed forms $see E7ercises 3.1" and 3.3"%. :iscuss whether the underlined words below are participles, ad@ecti!es, or ambiguous between the two. **[o answers provided for this exercise]

1. A few of the lectures were interesting. &. 9ome teenagers ha!e been terrif#ing the neighbourhood. 3. 8our offer is certainl# tempting. (. Timoth# is alwa#s calculating. *. =h# are #ou embarrassing meF . The miners are stri'ing.

Exercise 3.32 The or+erin, o" auxiliaries (3.17) onstruct sentences containing the combinations of au7iliaries specified below. **[o answers provided for this exercise] 12


1. modal + progressi!e be &. dumm# operator do 3. modal M semi0au7iliar# (. modal + passi!e be *. perfect have + progressi!e be . perfect have + passi!e be . modal + perfect have . modal + perfect have + passi!e be

Exercise 3.33 The or+erin, o" auxiliaries (3.17) onstruct !erb phrases as specified below. **[o answers provided for this exercise]

1. present perfect passi!e of eat &. present modal passi!e of capture 3. past perfect progressi!e of destroy (. past progressi!e passi!e of see *. past perfect passi!e of tell . past modal perfect progressi!e of hope . present modal progressi!e passi!e of discuss . past perfect progressi!e passi!e of erode

Exercise 3.34 !unctions o" a+ver% phrases (3.24) In the following sentences the underlined ad!erbs are modifiers, but the# are not modifiers of ad@ecti!es or ad!erbs. ircle the e7pression that the# modif# and identif# the class of that e7pression. **[Modified expression in brackets$ with class label]

1. 6is hand went right HPP through the glass door. &. =e sta#ed there almost Hu%eral three wee's. 3. I was dead HPP against his promotion. &"


(. irtuall# HPronoun all m# friends were at the part#. *. Nearl# HPronoun e!er#bod# agreed with me. . 9he finished well HPP before the deadline. . The# left Duite HP a mess. . HPronoun =ho else told #ou about m# accidentF

Exercise 3.3 !unctions o" a+ver% phrases (3.24) =hat is the function of the underlined ad!erb in the following phrasesF **[answers in brackets]

1.before now [prepositional co%ple%ent]

(.the then president [P pre%odifier]

&.that man there [P post%odifier]

*.the day after [P post%odifier]

3.until recently [prepositional co%ple%ent]

.the above photograph [P pre%odifier]

Exercise 3.3# The structures o" phrases (Chapter 3) onstruct sentences containing the seDuences of phrases gi!en below. **[o answers provided for this exercise]

1. prepositional phrase + noun phrase + !erb phrase + ad!erb phrase &. ad!erb phrase + noun phrase + !erb phrase + ad@ecti!e phrase 3. noun phrase + !erb phrase + noun phrase + prepositional phrase + prepositional phrase (. prepositional phrase + noun phrase + !erb phrase + prepositional phrase. *. noun phrase + !erb phrase + ad!erb phrase . ad!erb phrase + prepositional phrase + noun phrase + !erb phrase + ad@ecti!e phrase ad!erb phrase

+

&1

Chapter3 Answers

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