•
I
•
P lo~~........,\lL
io
th
el
is
lved lved in
en
~~I.-t~
ehav ehav
ti
behaviour.
is
is
is t o
,.".4
Socio-Economic Problems
ar an
_i257
te ic th ur tt ntio ntio al proc proc ss s. t,this t,th is is ot th hole ho le st ry fa rang rangin in fe ts nois no is on th hu hysi hysi logi logi nd ps
in se rc er ha ound ou nd id holo ho logi gi unct un ctio io ing. ing. ro
functioning.
se tion tion
stre stress ss
th
is
di tabi tabili lity ty
nt nsit nsit
ur tion tion
ntro ntroll ll bili bility ty
nd
hr ni it
ls
ta ilit ilit ta in ic ly tt ntio ntio to rd it su de blas blas ra er brup brup no nois is re te fa to lw draw draw ou atte attent ntio ion. n. ot on only ly this this unpr unpred edic icta tabl bl stim stimul ul lead lead to-a to-aut utom omat atic ic arou arousa sal. l. he ou se snak snak (unp (unpre redi dict ctab able le stim stimul uli) i) ou inst instan antl tl beco beco alar alar ed uc ph siol siolog ogic ical al resp respon onse se te xa
le
nd
ngul ng ul
)h
titu titu
foun foun
it
th
ic ltie ltie
th he ring ring
pa it
of
tu orke orkers rs in
rint rintin in
is th
only
in
it
in ease ease
in
lo
pres pressme sme he rt rate rate skin skin on ondu duct ct nc
in
ig
to card cardio iova vasc scul ular ar diso disord rder ers, s, dige digest stiv iv th
titu titu io
diso disord rder er
an
li
alle allerg rgic ic reac reacti tion ons. s.
th
th
(L bo nd
li ha t,
ib
to to it
he is is
inti inti
th
th
th
catc catcho hola larn rnin in
ie
is
it
is
ig
to tw
in
is
th
th
tl
it
it ts in
lo
in
).
th stre stress ssor or Inde Indeed ed th effe effect ct of an envi enviro ronm nmen enta ta stre stress ssor or depe depend nd
on th cogn cognit itiv iv appr apprai aisa sa
of th stre stress ssor or by th indi indivi vidu dual al In th case case of no nois ise, e, th perc percei eive ve cont contro ro ov over er expo exposu sure re to no nois is irri irrita tate te
nd
er ei ed leav leavin in
no ntro ntro
hi so ve th stre stress ss
ti es le is lo
ggre gg ress ssio io
ls
th
nd
th
if
us
re tt nd ndin in
don' do n'
av
nois no is part part
th part part
In th expe experi ri ent, ent, peop people le were were give give th op oppo port rtun unit it th
hi is so be
io
to
lo
tole tole
to cont contro ro no nois is (by, (by, fo inst instan ance ce havi having ng th
th
ppli pplied ed
25Sj_
th
ro
is
in
indi indi id al is expo expose se
to
stre stress ssor or fo
acti active ve Bu afte afte so
ti e, exha exha stio stio
th
ersi ersist sten en
sych sychol olog og
ic erio erio
ap ens, ens, an
ti e, er bo il
resi resist stan ance ce
th in ivid ivid al co in stre stre
ec
es
th decr decrea ease ses. s.
resp resp ns to chro chro ic oise oise also also ap en to be exha exhaus usti tion on Th bo body dy stay stay at an ov over er-a -aro rous used ed till
in rb
tl
re
to
th
to
ff
t.
In th abov abov disc discus ussi sion on we have have alre alread ad no note te some some effe effect ct of no nois ise. e. Now, Now, le us syst system emat atic ical ally ly stud stud
th mu mult ltii-di dime mens nsio iona na
effe effect ct of no nois is po poll llut utio ion: n:
1. Perf Perfon onna nanc nce: e: he effe effect ct of no nois is on perf perfor orma manc nc ha been been rese resear arch ched ed th te tu ll ti is
axim aximum um in Indi Indian an psyc psycho holo logi gica ca rf
exam exampl ple, e, perf perfor orma manc nc ha been been foun foun to incr increa ease se un unde de 10 dB no nois ise, e, rela relati tive ve to qu quie ie cond condit itio io hatt hattac acha hary ry et a1.,19 a1.,19 an ecre ecreas as eyon eyon 11 co diti diti )ob form form th ro no that that perf perf rm rman ance ce ha an in erte erte -U rela relati tion on with with le el of ar ta is ence ence this this rela relati tion on owev owever er ri ra im
tr r, erfo erform rman ance ce di ta
-D sal. sal. In ia rese resear arch ches es av
is
th
no
ific ific it il atte attent ntio io span span al seem seem to adve advers rsel el affe affect cted ed by nois no is Ra to an as 19 3,se ai an Pals Palsan ana, a,
Simple Simple cognit cognitive ive tasks
obviousl obvio usl affect affectthejob thejob perfor performan mance ce of many many worker worker an secu securi rity ty gu guar ar s.
tu
form form
il in
in
ad tw
ra fr fr is rese resear arch cher er comp compar ared ed th stud studen ents ts perf perfor orma manc nc side.
complex task
to
on read readin in
Nois Nois leve leve
assi assign gnme ment nts. s.
_j_259
lowe lowe than than othe othe work work rs
li ud
uenc uenc
of eard eardru rum. m. Ever Ever time time soun soun frequency. This is co litu litude de to bn
ou
uenc uenc
in
wave wave stri strike ke th eard eardru rum, m, th eard eardru ru
unic un icat ated ed to th brai brai by th stre streng ngth th of ib ti oise oise lo ti
leve levels ls
dete dete
co plex plex ss rd
th
nc
vibr vibrat ates es at
echa echani nism sm
ib tion tion
corr corres espo pond ndin in
ou soun sounds ds have have high high
ha he lose lose it .pla .pla ti it th
s,
se nsit nsit vi
physio phys iolo logi gica ca reso resour urce ces. s. Du to this this no nois is beco become me asso associ ciat ated ed with with illill-he heal alth th Expo Exposu sure re to high high nt sity sity nd redi redi ta le is in te lo pr su nd ki nd ta dige digest stiv iv diso disord rder ers, s, an Nois Nois po poll llut utio io xp im nt
alle allerg rgic ic reac reacti tion on (Coh (Cohen en 1973 1973). ).
also also affe affect ct
tu ie
in
th
enta enta acti activi vity ty se
uh
an
hi asso associ ciat ates es have have cond conduc ucte te
Palsan ana, a, 2004 2004).In ).In thes thes expe experi rime ment nts, s, typi typica call ll Jain an Pals
meas measur ures es Th natu nature re of no nois is (fre (frequ quen ency cy pred predic icta tabi bili lity ty cont contro ro etc. etc. is chan change ge
to se th effe effect ct
Noise Noise pol pollut lution ion
work.
-l. Aggression: Aggr Aggres essi sion on is
he
in
ir it io ls in ja he basi basi
domi do mina nant nt resp respon onse se to no nois is
is
ft
in
oy he ou tu echa echani nism sm of ho
an
le
ls
ir it tion tion tr ic nois no is le ds
Physiological Arousal
I ~
Irritation Annoyance Negativ Negativ Affec Affec
the fig figure ure aggr aggres essiv siv
beha behavio viour ur
ppli ppli
260_L
ff th cogn cognit itiv iv !) and YOLl th id le
Psyc Psyc
logy logy
is appr apprai aisa sal. l. traf traffi fic, c,
't enjo enjo th
ise. ise.
an smal smal inci incide de
happ happen en
(say (say
smal smal argu argu en
·T aggressiv aggressiv behaviou behaviour. r. rg turn turn ag ress ressiv iv
ts iole iole t,
sign signif ific ican ant. t. In fact fact so
toxi toxi
rk to
-a-t -a-tim imes es lead leadin in
ollu olluta tant nt even even
ll
id
at
utat utat ou gene genes, s, lead leadin in
to defe defect ctiv iv gene gene stru struct ctur ure. e. "I..
pred predic icta tabi bili lity ty inte intens nsit ity, y, cont contro roll llab abil ilit it is very very inte intens ns in urba urba
an
chro chroni nici city ty
area areas, s, spec specia iall ll in
etro etropo poli lita ta
rega regard rd
inte intens nsit ity, y, po poll llut utio io
as
stre stress ssor or
citi cities es with with hu huge ge po popu pula lati tion on high high vehi vehicu cula la
inef ineffi fici cien en ener ener y. Th expo exposu sure re to po poll llut utio ion, n, ho ever ever vari varies es acro across ss soci social al clas classe ses. s.
he up uppe pe clas clas air
cond condit itio ione ne clim climat ate. e. he also also have have th best best supp supply ly of clea clea wate water. r. On chro chroni nic. c.
he ar espe especi cial ally ly affe affect cted ed by ai po poll llut utio io .. he ar chro chroni nica call ll expo expose se
to an extr extrem emel el
pollu po lluted ted bu built ilt envir environ onme ment. nt. rc li
.e
issi issi an
re ro
re erst erst
ases ases in
lo al
ar in
th loca loca le el co
rs
ll
re refe refers rs to
luti luti
etc. etc. ar
in
it
er ca
ti
tr llab llabil ilit it
rc
eb te ea
trie trie in rder rder to re ch it
ll ti
co tr llin llin
contro rol. l. Wh this cont
la
fo
tech techno nolo logy gy to shie shield ld them themse selv lves es from from po poll llut utio ion. n. re
ll rd
ff
r,
ll lu r.
PSycllO/Ogy
li
io-E io-E
j_
ic
re
261
ri
-b re rd IQ area area an th
ro
ther ther fr
fr as hi
lo
traf traffi fi
ensi ensity ty rea. rea.
fi
conc concen entr trat atio io
ai
ampl amples es
er co lect lected ed an
te te fo lead lead
re lead lead
owev owever er
in
level! lo
co niti nitive ve
evel evelop op en
(see (see chap chapte te
is xp xpos osur ur
to po poll ll ti n.
Rasto Rastogi, gi, 1991). 1991). ariou ariou type type of po poll llut utio io
seem seem to affe affect ct atte attent ntio ion, n, perc percep epti tion on memo memory ry inte intell llig igen ence ce resp respir irat ator or fo
dext dexter erit it
(Sax (Saxen ena, a, 1992 1992). ).
ri
ro
sych sych logi logist st ar an
ro
(1 86 .'
in
expe experi rien ence ce in
av fo nd that that
ig
te pera peratu ture re
feel feelin in
an
ag ress ressio ion. n.
ey fo nd that that in
is efin efined ed in
psyc psyc
lo ical ical sens sense, e, as
ensi ensity ty refe refers rs to ob obje ject ctiv iv crow crowdi ding ng it is
iven iven pace pace
lead lead to nega negati ti
he ub ubje ject ctiv iv ex erie erie ce of crow crowdi di
sych sych lo ical ical stat stat eman emanat atin in ph sica sica th
from from th fe
ea ur
th nu be
ther ther an
psyc psyc
pers person on
lo ical ical stat state, e,
Appl Applie ie
262_L
in
Psyc Psycho holo logy gy
in
)r whic is resp respon onsi sibl bl fo nega negati tive ve effe effect cts. s. Th dist distin inct ctio io e xp x p er e r ie ie nc n c e o f c ro ro u d in in g whic
behaviour. ee
ti
ro
it
fe
in
er
resea research rchers ers to iden identi tify fy th vari variab able le medi mediat atin in th feeli feeling ng of crow crowdi ding ng (Mis (Misra, ra, 1990 1990,P ,P 267) 267).Hen .Hence ce if
edia ediati ti
fact fact rs resp respon on ible ible fo crow crowdi di
ar of spec specia ia inte intere rest st to ps chol chol gist gists. s.
medi mediat atin in fact factor or refe refe to indi indivi vidu dual al diff differ eren ence ces, s, that that is diff differ eren ence ce in hu huma ma co niti nition ons, s, emot emotio io al resp respon onse se
hese hese
fact factor or like like atte attent ntio ion, n,
ge der, der, ag
in the
experi experienc enc of crowdi crowding. ng.
Experience
of Crow Crowdi ding ng
al 1.
ti
lu
over ov erlo load ad
he verl verloa oa
ee
ty
ro
odel od el ex lai. lai. scro scro di
form format at
ro es
In
in term term of exce exce sive sive stim stimul ulat atio io en
co
it
if
info inform rmat atio io
is
nega negati tive ve affect affect (Sacg (Sacgart art 1978). c,
ar al
cond condit itio ions ns is low. low. th redu reduce ce
free freedo do
es fa
io
al at
ac rs
es
ar at
ac
as crow crowde de
mind mi nd
if th
indi indi id al attr attrib ibut utes es th caus caus of he stre stress ss
he ex erie erienc nces es crow crowdi di g.
ai
it
es
ar
nerv nerves es that that lead lead to arou arousa sa (Eva (Evans ns 1972 1972). ).No Now, w,
ad
if sh
of mo move veme ment nt sh expe experi rien ence ce nega negati tive ve affe affect ct
ro
to th de sity sity
ch
On
re
ri
So yo
expe experi rien ence ce crow crowdi ding ng ag
at
!)
p- chologJJ Applied
4.
to Socio-Economic
iv
Problems
_j_263
ty
in
ecol ecolog ogic ical al mo mode de (Wic (Wiche he an il
is
is
irme irmeye yer, r, 1977 1977),pe ),perc rcei eive ve it
ts
scar scarci city ty of reso resour urce ce lead lead to nega negati tive ve
to ti
th
ti
it it
to
ly
crowding.
th
know kn ow th fa to
io
that that le
to ro
in
(hig (hig
nsit nsit
ollo ollo
ny
iati iati
it ia
lo
to
ty
expe experi rien ence ce in crow crowdi ding ng
fe
crow crowde de to
helplessness.
be be
istu istu is ss
the'fe the'feel elin in of bein bein
ffec ffec
it iate iate
se ou it
it
li it
diSt diStur urbe bed. d. In hi
pe ie
ll or
th
bo
ling lings. s.
it
gati gative ve
th
free free om
li it
ensi ensity ty situ situat atio io
ve
t.
dist distur urba ba
onge on gest stio io
nera nerall ll
in
is th
ur
elin elin
ue to no nois is
of Crow Crowdi ding ng
ai
nd
of ig
is
pula pu lati tion on
upon up on th la
oder od erat atin in id
ha ensi ensity ty
forw forw rd iate iate
th ph si
reti reti reso reso rc
effe effect ct of thes thes vari variab able le peop people le ir
de of th nd op opin in
Mediating Factors
Consequences
onse on sequ qu
ha is s.
ce
pe ding ding
ay expe experi rien ence ce diff differ eren en degr degree ee of crow crowdi ding ng
th
High Density
ha io ra
ty
Coping
Appl Applie ie
264l_
soci societ etal al
he
odel od el of
da Jain Jain an th
Psuc Psucho holo logi gi
ls in l, te isra isra also also spec specif ifie ie so of th cons conseq eque uenc nces es
iris iriswa wa
hese hese
Conse Consequ quenc ences es of Crow Crowdin din Interpersonal Stresses
Competition
Aggression
attraction
Anxiety
Helping
Pa tici tici atio atio in soci social al activ activit itie ie
Withdrawl
st ss
in
li it
ph siol siolog ogic ical al chan change ge like like incr increa ease se )p th
ra us bloo bloo
sy
th ti
2.
of th
to
ic
vo
chan change ge in card cardio io-v -vas ascu cula la syst system em In ll ts la io te in
pres pressu sure re an iv in
it
ne
lo
io it ha
it te us re si so th ro di indu indu gati gati iv in io lo om ou it ti ling ling le to gg ssio ssion. n. Jain Jain isra isra serv serv th fe ling ling in uc ow in pe le id us ptib ptible le to re lsio lsio rath rath ttra ttra ti ocia ocia te si th re sion sion th roso roso ia io ). so rc
le
la
to fr stra strati ti n;
is th ti chro chroni ni arou arousa sal, l, an anxi anxiet et in te or th se ta in in to ia as
ithd ithd
le rust rust ti
is io to gg ssio ssio
le
hose ho se stay stayin in in crow crowde de ro de oste ostels ls re in
tive tive th
io
tr to cond condit itio ions ns like like slum slum-d -d elle ellers rs or pris prison on re ln le to nx nxie iety ty re po se
l:
it in stra strate tegy gy it itse itself lf beco beco es an illill-ef effe fect ct of crow crowdi ding ng in ).Iro ).Iro ic ll
li
so ia su
or is
im
rt
od
tr asic asical ally ly thos thos ly to
tr ss
ho shar shar
smal smal hous house" e" th ic
th se tion tion
tr ss (s
Psyc11010gy Psyc11010gy Applied to Soci Socioo-Ec Econ onom omic ic
Prob Proble lems ms
265
Hi
ensi ensity ty Homes
"q,'"
Crow Crowdi ding ng as chro chro ic
tres tresso so
Coping
uptu upturi ring ng of social social bon bonds ds
Sod'! wlth wlthdn dnw.! w.!
ig 4.
as
icio icio
cycl cycl
cr
ding ding an
ocia ocia
it
ra al
erfo erform rman ance ce an empi empiri rica ca stud studie ie cond conduc ucte te in rece recent nt time time have have de on onst stra rate te
perf perf rm rman ance ce re
co
itiv itivel el co
le
as s.
effe effect ct of cr ro
in
that that crow crowdi ding ng im impe pede de
si
le ta ks th rm
't
in
fe 5. Comp Compet etit itio ion: n:
adeq adequa uate te an scar scarce ce reso resour urce ces. s. he 'fee 'feeli ling ng of crow crowdi ding ng an 'pre 'prefe ferr rred ed inte interp rper erso sona na dist distan ance ce of subjec subjects tswer wer measu measured red wa foun foun that that subj subjec ectsexp tsexper erie ienc nced ed grea greate te crow crowdi ding ng un unde de scar scarce ce reso resour urce ce cond condit itio io than than adeq adequa uate te resource- condition. Comp Compet etit itio io itse itself lf lead lead to othe othe un unde desi sira rabl bl cons conseq eque uenc nces es like like frust frustrat ratio ion, n, anxi anxiet et etc. etc. On th ther ther an co etit etitio io oler oleran ance ce oder od erat ates es th effe effect ct hi ensi ensity ty tres tres
b ys ys ta ta nd nd e to el th erso erson. n. that that he/s he/she he is
hi is beca becaus us of
a pa p a th th y
diff diffus usio io of resp respon onsi sibi bili lity ty in crow crowd. d. Ever Ever pers person on thin thinks ks
ther ther than than this this effe effect ct gene genera ra help helpin in tend tenden ency cy also also
ay decr decrea ease se in crow crowde de
envi enviro ronm nmen ents ts
Appl Applie ie
266j_
Psyc Psycho holo logy gy
7. De-in De-indiv dividu iduati ation: on: Deindividuation is
psych psycholo ologic gicalsta alstate te that that peopl peopl ma expe experie rienc nc in crow crowds. ds. Deind Deindivi ividu duate ate
reas reason on etc. etc. 8. Inte Interp rper erso sona na
attr attrac acti tion on
ong-te ongterm rm dens densit it conf confin inem emen en ha been been corr correl elat ated ed with with lo attr attrac acti tion on Fo exam exampl ple, e, Baro Baro nd el (197 (197 )con )condu duct cted ed expe experi ri en in ho host stel el wher wher thre thre stud studen ents ts er ac om od te do le rese rese se stud stud nt it th stud stud nt ho iv tw each each in do doub uble le room rooms. s. Th They ey foun foun that that form former er stud studen ents ts were were less less-s -sat atis isfi fiedwi edwith th thei thei room room-m -mat ates es is fi di nd
ld im
ig ific ific ow
In ia
te t, gi
Enviro,,"?ental Degration
th
is ns
st ls
Pollution Stress
Population Explosion
Competition
Frustration Aggression Conflict Grou Grou conf confli lict ct
Slums Territoriality
Crowding Deindividuation
Phys Physic ical al Heal Health th Fig: Fig: Effe Effect ct of po popu pula lati tion on expl explos osio io
unsust unsu stai aina nabl bl acut acut in urba urba
expl exploi oita tati tion on of reso resour urce ces, s, whic whic ls lead lead to po poll llut utio ion. n. he situ situ tion tion is espe especi cial ally ly envi enviro ronm nmen ents ts ere, ere, th po popu pula lati tion on dens densit it is unus unusua uall ll high high atur atur nvir nv iron on nt
such such lo i]
plie plie
to So io-E io-Eco co
mi
ro lems lems
_j_267
slu settl settlem emen ents. ts. In this section we will explore explore som imp import ortant ant psycho psychologi logical cal ti lo io ig io it is ll ll th odel od el gi en in figu figure re
neig neighb hbou ourh rhoo oods ds an
th
ompeti ompe titi tion on ov over er limi limite te reso resour urce ce is dire direct ct fall fallou ou of high high po popu pula lati tion on opul op ul tion tion is hi h, er capi capita ta reso resour urce ce vail vail bl is lo Jobs Jobs vail vail bl re li it d; cono cono ic op oppo port rtun unit itie ie ar in nd G.
frus frustr tr ti an anxi anxiet et io ic pros prospe pero rous us than than anot anothe her. r. iv ti
ts
.O imit im it tu it iffe iffere rent ntia ia pros prospe peri rity ty fuel fuel feel feelin ings gs of rela relati tive ve depr depriv ivat atio ion. n.
ir
li
of econ econom omic ic pros prospe peri rity ty li ts th reso resour urce ce base base
ti it
erta ertain in sect sectio ions ns of
sp inor inorit it
te ti
st
grou groups ps (See (See page page ti io
ts lati lati itie itie th re dens dens ly po popu pula late te than than th
hile hile th
). heri herif' f' re list listic ic
la
la io
si ir ts s. to ig ti vera verage ge po popu pula lati tion on dens densit it of tile tile ount ountry ry or stat stat
ll
su ll ue to hi
amen amenit itie ie like like clea clea drin drinki king ng wate water. r. 'Una 'Unabl bl to ee th stag stagge geri ring ng dema demand nd fo basi basi amen amenit itie ies, s, itie itie in ls ir is s, li io lu io io iv in lu ie fr to is stim stimat ated ed that that 0slum 0slum lust luster er ot th spra spra ling ling egol egolop opol olis is th lh ha beco beco e....T e....The hese se sett settle leme ment nt ar depr depriv ived ed of th basi basi amen amenit itie ie of wate wate supp supply ly sewa sewage ge an (Sid (Sid iqui iqui an
ndey nd ey
xa ple, ple, lnut lnutri riti tion on an nt he lth. lth. an stud studie ie have have conf confir ir th th have have infe inferi rior or cogn cogniti itive ve deve develop lopme ment nt an mala malada dapti ptive ve perso persona nalit lit traits traits Th Thei ei mo motiv tivat atio io patte pattern rn is do domi mina nate te groups).
is ls
th
tu it
is ta devi devian an acts acts
li in to
tr ti
th
ls le
to le
in
to
iz li in
ls te
ld th
Appl Applie ie
26S_L
Psyc Psycho holo logy gy
Smal Sm al Fami Family ly Norm Norm
Fami Family ly Plan Plannin nin
Environmental ariables
Acce Accept ptan ance ce
Person Variables
~.
Change
Social
Mode Modern rnity ity valu valu
Variables Role Role of
Demographic
omen om en
Alte Altern rnati ative ve
orie orienta ntatio tio
Personality
to child childre re
Devel Developm opment ental al effect effect Figu Figure re Fact Factor or affe affect ctin in th acce accept ptan ance ce of fami family ly plan planni ning ng
ft n, subsub- ultu ulture re deve develo lops ps in lo er soci socioo-ec econ onom omic ic stat status us SE lo alit alitie ies. s. ultu ulture re of deli deliqu qu nc that that al es ri e, br akin akin la s, nd king king easy easy on oney ey ny hild hildre re
beha beha iour iour
il also also in re se
ti
ti
lo
sp tial tial co cept cept rele releva vant nt to ps chol cholog ogic ical al stud studie ie erri errito tori rial alit it is th visi visibl bl spac spac occu occupi pied ed by pe so se th tr th in th
ig le
t.
inui inuisi sibl bl
is
boun bounda dary ry on
ti lo in strangers.
have have an
inti inti
re terr territ itor oria iali lity ty an pers person on spac space. e. to th th so s' sp le se te
inta intain in
sp th so
terr territo itoria rialit lity. y.
lf ie
t-le t-le
will will
hile hile inte intera ra ti it othe others rs in th in id l' ls
hi is
Socio-Economic
Problems
__i269
5. Crow Crowdi ding ng mean meanin ings gs of dens densit ity: y: changes; if density. Density
re
if
er
eo le
--------
Space Sp ace occupi occupied ed
Socia So cia Densi Density ty
Spat Sp atia ia Dens Densit it
Nu be of peop people le kl
Nu be of peop people le
constants ri
ro
lann lanner er an ch lars lars Indi Indi ad real realiz ized ed th re si ro le popu po pula lati tion on ex losi losi even even ef re inde inde ende ende ce ence ence fa il lann lannin in pr gram gram as inco incorp rpor orat ated ed in th firs firs five five year year fa ri im ress ress ve ajor ajorit it In ia fa ilie ilie on't on 't foll foll th smal smal fa il rm er re ho host st ocia ocia ec no ic an de grap graphi hi fa tors tors invo involv lved ed in fert fertil ilit it ehav ehav ou our. r. hese hese fact factor or are, are, ho howe weve ver, r, edia ediate te by psyc psycho holo logi gica ca fact factor or like like atti attitu tude de valu values es an pers person onal alit it th sban sban an ife, ife, he co icat icatio io et ee th coup couple le etc. etc. ti at eo le to ards ards rm well well as medi mediat atin in psyc psycho holo logi gica ca fact factor ors. s.
1.
2. is negati negative. ve. re behaviour. se ho av po posi siti tive ve atti attitu tu to ar smal smal fa il no norm rm nd sh corr corres es nd ndin in fert fertil ilit it ehav ehavio iour ur uc as ha in safe safe se urin urin risk risk peri peri of nstr nstr al cycl cycle, e, si co trac tracep epti ti es etc. fa
rk
pl
270
wareness
yc
og
tc
but to
fertility behavio individual vari variab able le
affe affect ctin in
sorn 1.
2. 3. 4. are:
study
SOI1
3. Pers Person onal alit ity: y:
fa il
PsycllO PsycllOlog logtJ tJ Applied Applied
Socioo-Ec Econ onom omic ic to Soci
poss po sses es rati ration onal al thin thinki king ng an
otiv otiv s: se
ri
Prob Proble lems ms
271
have have high high subj subjec ecti tive ve effi effica cacy cy (Kha (Kha an
980) 980)
stud stud
hild hild in
illa illage ge
otcl aliw aliw
,fo inst inst
naly naly
th
ti
iv
Soci Social al
Pras Prasad ad
or
siri siring ng ld
thir thir ty
vs.
ccor ccordi ding ng to ishb ishbei ei an zfen zfen's 's heor heor of easo easone ne ctio ctio (T ),tw fact factor or (att (attit itud ud an su je ti norm no rm th ro p) infl influe ue ha io r. rh ps this this xp xpla lain in osit ositiv iv ttit ttit to rd sm ll il is no ollo ollo rr sp nd ndin in be iour iour tr itio itio ligi ligi us norm no rm op oppo pose se fami family ly plan planni ning ng easu easure re like like us of cont contra race cept ptiv ives es abor abortio tio etc. etc. Cath Cathol olic ic chri christi stian an st nc ly inst inst bo bort rtio io be us th beli beli ve th fo tu is livi living ng il od im imil il rl ,sh im te erta ertain inin in to ttit ttitud ud
stio stions ns
il tota tota trib trib to rd fa il
la
ing. ing.
ly
is ou if
ll im to th resp resp nd nt
ad
th atti attitu tude de is osit ositiv iv
il no hi fa il
have have just just disc discus usse se fact factor or that that ar cond conduc uciv iv to or resi resist stiv iv to fert fertil ilit it beha behavi viou our. r. ec ssar ssar in rd to ou fe th no norm rmit it th hall hall otiv otiv ti or ll or st th ve nm poli po li ie se foll foll in tr te ies: ies: ness ness ge
rati rati
thro thro gh
ve tise tise-m -m nts, nts, so ia
ssag ssag
et
es st at
ie help help to
norm. rd in 3.
nd to in
nish nish th
nt
fo show showin in fe tili tility ty be ll ie li ly
vi ur
ny ince ince ti
re iv ts
to pe pl te
so poin po int, t, espe especi cial ally ly du duri ring ng th emer emerge genc nc peri period od co puls pulsor or ster steril iliz izat atio io as prac practi tise sed. d. only on ly it np npop op la ulso ulsory ry ster steril iliz iz tion tion id 't ha long long te im t. deed, it di harm harm th fa il plan planni ning ng prog progra ra e. eopl eopl beca beca alie aliena nate te from from fa il plan planni ning ng an te io ly ll to it ttit ttit to ly lo
ly is no th si pl In th ro u or otiv otivat ated ed by g ro
io ll ly in th ilit ilit it this this th rn stud studie ies, s, lton lton bser bserve ve th lo s' be viou viou n or or m than than re ards ards (bon (bonus us pa etc. etc. give give by anag anager ers. s. si ilar ilar line lines, s,
Applied
272l_
PSyc1lOlogtj
s oc o c ia ia l n o rm rm s (1980). They
variance.
1. Se
Educ Educat atio ion: n:
-
if you if if you don't
500 1976). Approximately
(M.L. Sinha,
techniques, How
31
if 31 (1976) lS
la
Not al
100
in
li io th
prom promot ot
Socio-Economic
Problems
tu
lite lite tu
sc
in
smal smal fa il
_i273
th
il
ly
or
(1975) subc subcul ultu ture re in
hich hich th
re used used be ause ause ever ever soci societ et ha it ow syst system em
le of
od
trib trib
itie itie
hese hese peop people le will will ob obvi viou ousl sl find find
need need to inno innova vati tive vely ly pr se
ou
co
unic un ic tion tion
ic
in
essa essage ge to prev preven en preg pregna nanc nc
as sacr sacril ileg egio ious us So Soyo yo
essa essage ge
ls Rolemo Rolemode dels ls ar
expect expectanc anc fro hose ho se
very very po pote tent nt sour source ce of
otiv otivat atio ion. n. Peop People le vica vicari riou ousl sl expe experi rien ence ce th succ succes es
daught daughters ers
embe embers rs
th
om
nity nity
ho have have ha
less less nu be of hild hildre re
nd ha
su ceed ceed one
tr
il
iz
il
norm.
ha
ay th im impa pa
of scie scienc nc
nd tech techno nolo logy gy be on nv nvir iron on enta enta degr degr dati dati n?
application o f
e c l llll o o gJ gJ J
hnol hn olog og
11ll11laJlS
envir environ onme ment ntal al degr degrad adat atio ion. n. Henc Hence, e, th tm tmpa pact ct of scie scienti ntific fican an tech techno nolog logic ical al grow growth th on envi enviro ronm nmen en is
lutntan factors. If th te hn hnol olog ogic ic
di te
to nv nvir iron on enta enta
eg ad tion tion
cien cien
is
prog progre ress ss
er ju judi dici ciou ousl sl
Eodyof Eodyof kn know owle ledg dge. e.
sed, sed, it
ould ou ld 't le
chno chnolo logy gy is th
ppli pp lica cati tion on of
th with. th xplo xp loit it th
imit im itiv iv nvir nv iron on in
1.
te
if si
nt
th .i is
If
te
ll
lo
li it d.' tria tria th si
ic
th ir chno chnolo logy gy kept kept chan chan in ti
ic to th is th
ti it ti
in
an
land land
rk chan chan
te te
in tu
te
ir
ib lity lity
ou se th im impa pact ct stil stil yo enga engage ge in envi enviro ronm nmen entt-de degr grad adin in
beha behavi viou our. r.
ajor ajor reas reason on fo
collective personal to cons conser erve ve ener energy gy by swit switch chin in
ne
or ex
pl
re pr
pted pted
ligh when when no nott-in in use. use. Th adva advant ntag ages es of cons conser ervi ving ng ener energy gy of ligh
Appl Applie ie
274
Psyc Psycho holo logy gy
is
re
2.
(ii) the
!ess !ess poll pollut utin ing. g.
than
thermal
human,
o. with
affe affect ct your your
PSycllOLogJJApplied
1.
Problems
to Socio-Economic
275
ollu olluti tion on
2. Disasters 3. 4.
le io
etc.
r e g io io u
n or or m s
conserve.
ntoratin). cons conser erva vati tion on
beha behavi vi ur
a c o f a wa w a re re ne ne s
ir
enta enta
egra egra
ti
s oc oc ia ia l d ilil em em m a . decisions cnlculations
subiectioe ta
Appl Applie ie
276
deci decisi sion on betw betwee ee
acti acting ng fo pers person onal al inte intere rest st an
acti acting ng fo long long-t -ter er
co
unit un it
sycl sycllO lOlo logJ gJ
inte intere rest sts. s.
ak
th exam exampl pl of taxa taxatio tion. n. ta
ll
te is se
or om un unit it
se vi
like like
lt
ic imil im il
il
is
cons conser erva vatio tio
usin usin
pe so
be
it
in
beha behavi viou ou (say (say bu CFL) CFL),yo ,yo wond wonder er or th
tc
la le
if
th
is
poli po li
fits fits
if
you think tha the colle collecti ctiveben vebenefi efi
the benef benefit it ar greate greater. r.
ot bu in
L(sav L(sav
ne ), th
ou ecid ecid to bu
beha behavi viou our) r)
envi enviro ronm nmen en degr degrad adin in
ic
in fluo fluore resc scen en la ps
Interventions sy ho holo lo ic sugg sugg stio stions ns to prom prom te 1. Awareness generation Incr Increa ease se rewards fo cons conser erva vatio tio
nl
ol gi
acti action on agai agains ns envi enviro ronm nmen enta ta
th
nser nser atio atio ra
incl includ udin in
lati lati
ship ship
rdin rdin
to
da Jain Jain
degr degrad adat atio ion. n. or inst inst
.N
lsan lsan
(2
ware warene ness ss of envi enviro ronm nmen enta ta
e, ig
le
ls
),the ),the irst irst st prob proble le
fo
fost foster er po posi siti tive ve
ness ness to ehic ehicul ul
llut llutio io
ha
).
us th leve leve of tron tron
th dela dela betw betwee ee beha behavi viou ou an
la
ness ness is
to ards ards
vi ur
beha behavi viou our. r.
fo anti anti-e -env nvir iron on en beha behavi viou ou shou should ld be prom prompt pt an lo
ttit ttitud ud
ns vati vation on be
en ss de it
colo colo ic
envi enviro ronm nmen entt-re rela late te
nd
on
rson rson
ness ness
lu s. al
ra sh ul
issu issues es in th curr curric icul ulum um
0 0 0 0 0
sh
in
be prom promot ot
(1
)ha
in scho scho ls
fo nd il
