Microcontroller based SMS Micro E-load Vending machine
A Thesis Topic Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Electronics & Communications Engineering College of Engineering, De La Salle University
In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering
By Cu, Joshua C. Uy, Jeckson T. August, 2006
CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.1 1.1.
Back ackgro ground und of of the the Stu Study Presently, there has been a world-wide spread use of cellular phones. Cellular
communication plays an important role in our daily life. It helps us locate and be in touch with with another another person person in a remote remote locati location. on. Since Since the Philip Philippin pines es being being a develop developing ing country 33% of our population is under poverty (Senate Economic Planning Office, 2005). Wireless Telecommunications Company offered prepaid loading option that is highly suitable in the Philippine setting. Subscribers purchase consumable credits for their account in preset denominations. These gave subscribers limited option to choose the amount they will load up. Then in 2003, telecommunication companies addressed that problem by launching a nation-wide auto reloading stations through a retailer SIM card that vendors can use to pass an amount of load as specified by the subscriber starting at an appreciable amount of money with an increment of one peso. This new prepaid loading service was introduced to capture the interest of budget minded Filipinos or blue collared employees that prefers to load up in smaller denomination. It is difficult for these people to purchase prepaid loads amounting to hundreds of pesos in one transaction because of their daily budget. That is why people are in a day-to-day basis of buying prepaid loads and a wide-spread of auto loading services nationwide. Subscribers can reload from a minimum of P25 up to a
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thousand with a P1 denomination. Business people are attracted to this service because it is a low investment business which a person can manage on his/her own.
1.2 1.2.
Stat Stateement ment of the the Pro Proble blem The current process of e-load reloading is typing the password, recipient’s phone
number and the amount of prepaid credit. A mere “0” added to the amount could lead to an enormous loss of income. There will be no means to cancel the transaction once it has been sent. Considering that the earnings are small, any mistakes made are devastating. That’s why it is very important to encode the proper amount and number to the GSM device. device. A prepaid load can also not be delivered properly properly when the vendor themselves themselves commits mistake in encoding the recipient’s number. Telecommunication companies are not liable to the mistakes done by the retailer. That’s why there is a need to eliminate the cause of this error. There is a need to automate the current auto loading system implemented here in the Philippines. As seen in most stores, the prepaid au to reloading services are being done don e manua manuall lly y with with the the vendo vendorr usin using g his/ his/her her cell cellul ular ar phone phone to make make the the tran transa sact ctio ion. n. Considering that the transaction is being processed manually, there is the chance for the seller to commit unwanted mistakes, mistakes which could lead to money loss or the loss of income. To avoid these unnecessary mistakes, there is a need to automate (“interview”, 2006).
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1.3.
Objectives There is a need eliminate the cause of error in the conventional auto reloading services.
1.3.1. 1.3.1. General General Objective Objective(s) (s) To automate the prepaid auto loading services implemented here in the Philippines by constructing a vending machine.
1.3.2. 1.3.2. Specific Specific Objectives Objectives 1.3.2.1. To use a microcontroller. 1.3.2.2. To use GSM device interfaced with microcontroller microcontroller in sending masked SMS. 1.3.2.3 1.3.2.3.. To be able able to to accept accept bill billss and coin coins. s. 1.3.2.4. 1.3.2.4. To be able to give give the the proper proper change change if if necessary necessary.. 1.3.2.5 1.3.2.5.. To provid providee a dot matrix matrix LCD LCD to the syste system. m. 1.3.2.6. 1.3.2.6. To log all all transact transactions ions made made in the the microcontr microcontroller oller’s ’s internal internal memory. 1.3.2.7. 1.3.2.7. To use an external external keypad keypad module module as inputs inputs to the the system. system. 1.3.2.8. 1.3.2.8. It should should be be able to run run 24 hours hours a day, and and 7 days days a week. week. 1.3.2.9. To use a CMOS battery to be the back up battery memory storage. 1.3.2.10. To provide security measures in case of tampering. 1.3.2.11. It should be able to perform self-diagnostics on its components. 1.3.2.12. To provide retrieval means of stored information on memory used.
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1.4 1.4.
Scop Scopee and and Del Delim imiitati tation on 1.4.1
The system system will will be using a Nokia based model model GSM device.
1.4.2. There will will be no exploration exploration on the complexi complexity ty of microw microwave ave frequency frequency since GSM bands are in the microwave frequency. 1.4.3. There will will be no exploration exploration in in the complexi complexity ty of the the GSM module. module. 1.4.4. The SMS SMS applic application ation of the the said said GSM GSM will will be used. 1.4.5. Programmi Programming ng of the microcont microcontrolle rollerr will be extensi extensively vely covered covered in the study. 1.4.6. The device device will will only only be limite limited d to cater cater two two networks networks.. 1.4.7. Our study study will will be limit limited ed to the use use of a readil readily y made bill bill feeder feeder and verification device. 1.4.8. The keypad keypad interface interface device device that that will will be used for the the study study will will be a complete module. 1.4.9. The model model of the the vending vending machine machine chassis chassis will will be designed designed by the thesis thesis proponents. 1.4.10. The actual fabrication of the vending machine machine chassis will not be done by thesis proponents. 1.4.11. Testing parameters of the device would be limited to delivery time, and response time 1.4.12. Delivery time performance would not consider an occurrence of a busy network which is beyond the team’s control. 1.4.13. The system can detect and inform about an occurrence of a busy network.
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1.4.14. The efficiency would be based on response time of the system. 1.4.15. The system should be able to check for GSM connection to network to ensure service. 1.4.16. The system will only provide change if there are stored change available. ava ilable. 1.4.17. The system will be able to withdraw from the on-going transaction upon power loss. 1.4.18. To store 70 coins of 1, 5 and 10 peso denomination each. 1.4.20. To store the number of bills as specified in the data sheet of the said bill acceptor. 1.4.21. The logging system should be able to store memories up to 1 week worth of transactions. 1.4.22. An extended memory may be used in case more memory is demanded.
1.5. 1.5.
Sign Signif ific ican ance ce of the the Stud Study y This study will aid people who are engaged in the prepaid reloading industry by
automa automatin ting g the convent convention ional al method method being being practi practiced ced even even as we speak. speak. This This thesis thesis project will help distributors avoid, or even eliminate the tedious task of inputting the mobile phone number and the amount to be reloaded which is, in most cases, where the error cause by negligence occurs. There will be room for franchise expansion since the thesis will then have a corresponding corresponding hardware, hardware, the device made can be placed anywhere. anywhere. Similar Similar to a vending vending machine, this device will be a stand alone prepaid reloading machine. It will further expand the horizon of business entrepreneurs by placing this.
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The study involves integration of the whole system into a smaller device that could take up a small area. The study hopes to open a business opportunity in a form of vending machine investment.
1.6. 1.6.
Desc Descri ript ptio ion n of of the the Proj Projec ectt This thesis project will be composed of a microcontroller, a keypad, an LCD
display, a money feeder, a money changer, a GSM module and a power supply. The microcontroller serves as the brain of the whole project; this is where all the decisions and calculations happen. Initially, the user inputs the amount using the keypad. Then the user will then be asked for the money to be deposited in the coin acceptor or bill acceptor. Then the device will have to ask for the phone number of the said account. Then the device should prompt a question to proceed or not while displaying the amount and the phone number for visual verification.
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INPUT OF AMOUNT
INSERTION OF MONEY
INSTRUCTING & COMMUNICATING GSM DEVICE
Figure 1. System Flow Process
MONEY FEEDER KEYPAD
LCD
MONEY CHANGER
GSM MODULE
LOG (internal memory)
MICROCONTROLLER POWER SUPPLY
Figure 2. Component Structure
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)
1 er u gi f
b d el i at e d(
o n w o d k a er
f
rt a h C w ol F ss
e c or P m et y S . 3 er u gi F
s
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1.7.
Methodology The Methodology that will be applied will be classified into three (3)
different parts; Research, Hardware implementation, and Software implementation
1.7.1. Research The research would compose of statistical study on the usage of e-load in the Philippines. The group will be take advantage of the facilities inside campus. The library for accurate research; Books and journals will be very much used because of its legitimacy and advancements. The internet will also be used due to its accessibility and up-to-date content like online articles, statistics, and product catalogs. Finally, consultation with the adviser will surely be considered.
1.7.2. Hardware Implementation This This would would invo involv lvee the the fami famili liar ariz izat atio ion n of micr microc ocon ontr trol olle lers rs that that are are available in the market. For the selection of the microcontroller the group will be consid consideri ering ng the price price and specif specifica icatio tions ns that that would would fit our applica applicatio tion. n. The hardware in the money collection module will be a coin feeder. The display will be be an LCD LCD disp displa lay y matr matrix ix with with backl backlig ight ht.. A keyp keypad ad will will acce accept pt the the input input parameters parameters to operate operate the vending machine. The housing housing will be a stainless stainless steel specially specially fabrica fabricated ted to the dimensi dimensions ons that will will contain contain the whole whole system. system.
The
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memory would likely have 60K x 4 pages, jumper selectable memory. If more memory is needed then an extended memory module would be used.
1.7.3. Software Implementation The software would entail the programming language that depends on the microcontroller chosen. Preferably C language would be explored by the group. Other forms of programming language will be based on Nokia GSM device and the bill & coin validation section.
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1.9. 1.9.
Esti Estima mate ted d Budg Budget et of of the the Proj Projec ectt
Part List
(Php)
Microcontroller
1200
GSM Unit
4000
Coin Coin Feeder Feeder Package Package
xxxx
Bill Acceptor
xxxx
Power Supply Module
2000
Chassis
5000
Shipment
1200
Miscellaneous
Total
500
16,700 Php ++
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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1.
Filipino prefers to load up in small small denominations denominations in a day to day basis The greater majority of Filipinos still prefers to buy things in a “patingi-tingi”
basis just enough for a day of use. Examples of these things are shampoo, food, cooking oil, sugar, toothpaste, etc most of which are in sachets and tetra packs. Repacking these things and considering the accumulative profit in terms of bulk sales is larger than selling it originally as is, making it an interesting strategy for many corporations today. Since majority of the people have no choice but to buy only what they need for a day because of budget constraint. Having to split what they earn in one day into many expenses that they need everyday, the majority resort in buying small but cheaper things so that their bud budge gett woul would d fit fit and and they they woul would d get get thro throug ugh h the the day. day. This This led led to the the idea idea of Telecommunications Company in proving micro-loads and retailing as a form of a small busine business. ss. Telecom Telecommun munica icati tions ons Compan Company y repacke repacked d packet packetss of airtim airtimee into into small smaller er denomination that people can choose for their own convenience (Goloy, 2004).
2.2.
A higher profit in retailing E-loads It has always been the use scratch card to load up a prepaid account. The profit of
selling such card is quite small considering the base cost of the card itself. Discounted denominations of prepaid cards were an issue brought about by numerous competitive dealers which resulted to a measly profit margin. The percentage of commission that the
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telecommunication company can no longer be increased because of the cost in terms of service and every aspect involved up to the point it was delivered to the distributor. The development of the E-load solution brings forth reduction of cost from the production cost of scratch cards to the cost of security that handles & transports the cards. Selling airtime entirely over the airwaves via text-messaging removed the security risks and the conside considerab rable le associ associate ated d costs. costs. Becaus Becausee of this this reduct reduction ion of cost, cost, a larger larger merchan merchantt discount can be given to also please the distributor. Commissions of between 6 and 7 percent were improved to between 13 and 15 percent of the transaction cost (GFG group). In addition, the option for micro-entrepreneurship can also be set in a larger investment wherein a dealer can invest and mange multiple retailer to sell load. This form of load are referred to as micro E-load, commonly known in the street as simply E-load (Rimando, 2004).
2.3.
Majority of the telecommunication subscriber are still prepaid users In the recent statistical study of a telecommunication company for their investor’s
briefing, 80% of the wireless subscribers are still prepaid account. The statistics of subscribers per year to year basis clearly show that prepaid subscribers dominate the postpaid users (Globe, 2003).
2.4.
Interfacing serial cable using data cable for communication in GSM devices with PC
or Microcontroller
Interf Interfaci acing ng GSM devices devices to upload upload certai certain n instru instructi ctions ons like like HyperT HyperTerm ermina inall messaging, operator logo manager, ring tones and picture messages is achievable with the use of data data cables cables and progra programs. ms. It is also also possib possible le to downlo download ad inform informati ation on like like
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information stored in SIM card and phone memory. Embedded microcontroller design interfaced with a GSM has already been done (Lagura et el, 2004).
2.5.
Microcontroller Microcontroller is a computer-on-a-chip used to control electronic devices. It is a
type type
of
micr microp opro roce cess ssor or
emph emphas asiz izin ing g
self self-s -suf uffi fici cien ency cy
and and
cost cost-e -eff ffec ecti tive vene ness ss
(“Microcontroller”, 2006). It is a highly integrated chip that contains all the components comprising a controller. Typically, this includes a CPU, RAM, some form of ROM, I/O ports, and timers. Unlike a general-purpose computer, which also includes all of these components, a microcontroller is designed for a very specific task – to control a particular syst system em.. As a resu result lt,, the the part partss can can be simp simpli lifi fied ed and redu reduced ced,, which which cuts cuts down down on production costs.
2.5.1. CPU (Central ( Central Processing unit) It is a component in computers which interprets instructions and processes data contained in computer programs. The CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply as the processor or central processor, the CPU is where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.
2.5.2. Input/output I nput/output Interface It is the collec collectio tion n of interf interfaces aces that that differ different ent functi functional onal units units (sub(subsystems) of an information processing system use to communicate with each other, or the signals (information) sent through those interfaces. Inputs are the
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signals received by the unit, and outputs are the signals sent from it. I/O devices are used by a person (or other system) to communicate with a computer. For instance, keyboards and mice are considered input devices of a computer and monit monitors ors and printe printers rs are conside considered red output output devices devices of a comput computer. er. Typica Typicall devices for communication between computers are for both input and output, such as modems and network cards (“Input/output”, 2004).
2.5.3. Peripheral Devices It is a type of computer hardware that is added to a host computer in order to expand its capabilities. More specifically the term is used to describe those devi device cess that that are are optio optional nal in natur nature, e, as oppos opposed ed to hard hardwar waree that that is eith either er demanded, or always required in principle (“Peripheral”, 2006). A peripheral is any computer device that is not part of the essential computer but is situated relatively close by. Some peripherals are mounted in the same case with the main part of the computer, as are the hard disk drive, CDROM drive, and NIC. Other peripherals are outside the computer case, such as the printer and image scanner, attached by a wired or wireless connection.
2.5.4. 2.5.4. RAM (Random (Random Access Access Memory) Memory) The most common computer memory which can be used by programs to perform necessary tasks while the computer is on; an integrated circuit memory chip allows information to be stored or accessed in any order and all storage locations are equally accessible
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2.5.5. 2.5.5. ROM (Read (Read Only Only Memory) Memory) A class of storage media used in computers and other electronic devices. Because it cannot be written to, its main uses lie in the distribution of firmware (“Read-only memory”, 2006). It is a memory whose contents can be accessed and read but cannot be changed.
2.5.6. 2.5.6. Clock generator generator It is a circuit that produces a timing signal (known as a clock signal and behaves as such) for use in synchronizing a circuit's operation. It can range from a simple symmetrical square wave to more complex arrangements. The basic parts that all clock generators share are a resonant circuit and an amplifier (“Clock generator”, 2006).
2.6. 2.6.
Bill Bill Acce Accept ptor or / Val Valid idat ator or A bill acceptor validates paper currency and then sends a corresponding I/O signal
to its output connector. It doesn't give change, validate coins or scan magnetic cards. Bill acceptors are found in vending and gaming machines, amusements, gasoline pumps, drop safes, automated payment systems and Internet kiosks. A bill acceptor typically contains between five to 20 optical sensors such as LEDs and/or magnetic sensors. These sensors read data points off the bill, which are then digitized and compared with internal currency recognition software for validation. It is a component of electronic vending machines and other devices that accept paper currency. They were introduced in the U.S. in the early 1980s. While in the past, these these devices devices were were extrem extremely ely suscept susceptibl iblee to failur failuree and jammin jamming g due to folded folded or
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damaged notes, they have improved remarkably in recent years and now include such features as automatic jam ejection and automatically calibrating sensors. Cleaning cards are available to remove contaminants co ntaminants from the machines (“Bill validator”, 2006).
2.7.
Coin Acceptor Coin acceptors are also known as a coin mechanism, it is a device that recognizes
coins. It is built into vending machines, arcade cabinets, etc. It performs its function by evaluating the coin based on its weight, size, and/or magnetism, and then sends an appropriate electrical signal via its output connection (“Coin acceptor”, 2006). It doesn’t give change; that is the function of a coin changer. Coin acceptors are found in vending and gaming machines, amusements and Internet kiosks.
2.8.
Short Message Service (SMS) It is a service available on most digital mobile phones that permits the sending of
short short messag messages es betwee between n mobil mobilee phones, phones, other other handhel handheld d device devicess and even landli landline ne telephones. Other uses of text messaging can be for ordering ringtones, wallpapers and entering competitions. There are also many free services available on the internet that allows users to send text messages for free. You can also find more information on the many forums available on the Internet (“Short message service”, 2006). Process: Abbreviated as SMS, the transmission of short text messages to and from a mobile phone, fax machine and/or IP address. Messages must be no longer than 160 alpha-numeric characters and contain no images or graphics.
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Once a message is sent, it is received by a Short Message Service Center (SMSC), which must then get it to the appropriate mobile device. To do this, the SMSC sends a SMS Request to the home location register (HLR) to find the roaming customer. Once the HLR receives the request, it will respond to the SMSC with the subscriber's status: 1) inactive or active 2) where subscriber is roaming. If the response is "inactive", then the SMSC will hold onto the message for a period of time. When the subscriber accesses his device, the HLR sends a SMS Notification to the SMSC, and the SMSC will attempt delivery. The SMSC transfers the message in a Short Message Delivery Point to Poin Pointt form format at to the the serv servin ing g syst system em.. The The syst system em pages pages the the devi device ce,, and and if it responds, the message gets delivered. The SMSC receives verification that the message was received by the end user, then categorizes the message as "sent" and will not attempt to send again (“Short message service, n.d.”).
2.9. 2.9.
SIM SIM Tool Tool Kit Kit Appl Applic icat atio ion n The SIM Application Toolkit is a set of commands which defines how the card
should interact with the outside world and extends the communication protocol between the card and the handset. handset. With SIM Applicatio Application n Toolkit, Toolkit, the card has a proactive proactive role in the handset (Gemplus, 2003). SIM Toolkit programmed into the special GSM SIM card essent essential ially ly enables enables the SIM SIM card card to drive drive the GSM handset handset interfac interface, e, build build up an interactive exchange between a network application and the end user and access or control control access to the network. For the first time the SIM card has a proactive role in the
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handset. This means that the SIM initiates commands independently of the handset and the network. SIM service menu are menu driven SMS preset format. It can be related to automatic form filler where a basic structure in SMS form in order to request a certain service from the telecom company the number of the destination is already prepared. This can prove to be helpful for the subscriber because he/she would no longer have to remember keywords, format, and number to request a special service from the telecoms company. As the Short Message Service (SMS) becomes mature and with the application of SIM Tool Kit Application, menu driven service becomes the dominant in designing the service menu. User feels much comfortable by making selection from the menu rather than listening to the voice instruction through phone and presses the appropriate button (Chanson, 2001).
2.9.1. Mobile Banking It is a provision and an ailment of banking and financial services with the help of mobile telecommunication devices. The scope of offered services may include facilities to conduct bank and stock market transactions, to administer accounts and to access customized information (“Mobile Banking”, 2006). Areas under Mobile Banking: •
Mobile Accounting
•
Mobile Brokerage
•
Mobile Financial Information Services
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2.9.2. Information service This service gives subscribers the benefit of gather information in a particular area of interest (e.g. Stock price, movie schedu le, sporting news, weather, CNN News).
2.9.3. Mobile data & fax The Mobile Data / Fax feature allows you to make wireless data and fax calls. With this feature, you can send and receive fax messages, connect to and surf the Internet, send and receive company mail, and do other data applications (“Smart”, 2005).
2.9.4. WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) It is an open open intern internati ational onal standa standard rd for applica applicati tions ons that that use wirele wireless ss communication (for example, Internet access from a mobile phone). WAP was designed to provide services equivalent to a web browser with some mobilespecific additions, being specifically designed to address the limitations of very small portable devices. It is now the protocol used for the majority of the world's mobil mobilee Intern Internet et sites, sites, otherw otherwise ise known known as wap-si wap-sites tes (“Wire (“Wireles lesss Applica Applicati tion on Protocol”, 2006).
2.9.5. Mobile chatting room This is where fellow subscribers meet. People meet in a certain room where they will be able to get to know one another by chatting. This service provides the subscriber the benefit to chat with other subscribers.
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2.10. RS232 Standard RS-232 is a standard for serial binary data interconnection between a DTE (Data terminal equipment) and a DCE (Data communication equipment). It is commonly used in computer serial ports. The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) standard RS-232-C as of 1969 defines: Electr Electrica icall signal signal charac character terist istics ics such such as voltag voltagee levels levels,, signal signaling ing rate, rate,
•
timing and slew-rate of signals, voltage withstand level, short-circuit behavior, maximum stray capacitance and cable length Inte Interf rfac acee mech mechan anic ical al chara charact cter eris isti tics cs,, plug pluggab gable le conne connect ctor orss and pin pin
•
identification •
Functions of each circuit in the interface connector
•
Standard subsets of interface circuits for selected telecom applications
The standard does not define such elements as character encoding (for example, ASCII, Baudot or EBCDIC), or the framing of characters in the data stream (bits per character, start/stop bits, parity). The standard does not define bit rates for transmission, although the standard says it is intended for bit rates less than 20,000 bits per second. Many modern devices can exceed this speed (38,400 and 57,600 bit/s being common, and 115,200 115,200 and 230,400 230,400 bit/s bit/s making making occasio occasional nal appear appearanc ances) es) while while still still using using RS-232 RS-232 compatible signal levels (“RS-232”, 2006).
2.11 2.11.. Pers Person onal al Erro Error r Personal Errors may arise from a personal bias of the observer in reading an instrument, in recording an observation, or his particular method of taking data, As well
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as mistakes in mathematical calculations. Example of this error is the taking of incorrect value valuess from from the the meas measur urin ing g inst instru rume ment ntss caus caused ed by not look lookin ing g at the the scre screen en at a perpendicular angle. This may also be called Parallax called Parallax Error (Fontanilla, Error (Fontanilla, 2002).
2.1 2.12. SMS SMS bit bit strin tring g can can be enc encode oded and and deco decod ded usin sing comp comput uteer application. Standard SMS message can be up to 160 characters long and up, where each character is 7 bits according to the 7 bit default alphabet. The conventional eight-bit messag messages es wherei wherein n a maximu maximum m of 140 charac character terss can be compos composed ed are usually usually not viewable by the phones as text messages, instead they are used for data for example smart messaging and OTA provisioning of WAP settings, while 16-bit messages are used for Unicode text messages. There are two ways of sending and receiving SMS messages: by text mode and by protocol description unit (PDU) mode. Text mode is all about encoding the bit stream represented in PDU mode. Alphabets are encoded in different modes when displaying SMS message. The most common options are "PPCP437", "PCDN", "8859-1", "IRA" and "GSM". These are set on the phone itself when you will choose what proper encoding is for the telecoms company is using. So an application capable of reading incoming SMS messages can thus use text mode or PDU mode. Receiving a message or string of information(hexadecimal digits) in PDU mode, entails getting the message and a lot of meta-information about the sender like SMS servic servicee center center,, time time stamp, stamp, addres addresss length length,, type type of address address,, protoc protocol ol identi identifie fier, r, data data encoding scheme, sender's number etc. All of which can be translated into 8-bit octets while the message octet represent 7-bit data (Petterson, n.d.).
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2.13. History History of vending vending machine machine:: Its success success and and innovatio innovations ns A vending machine is a machine that dispenses merchandise when a customer deposits sufficient money in order to purchase the desired item, where the presence of personnel personnel is no longer required required for every purchase. Moneys in a form of bill or coin are validated by a currency detector. Vending machines were believed to be invented long ago in the year 215 B.C. where a contraption that accepts coins in exchange for holy water used for ritual cleansing. Since the day it was invented till now almost anything were sold in a vending machine to the early post stamps, candies, gumballs, cigarettes and tobaccos to the present day snacks, drinks, and digital photo printing . Particularly in Japan, the time vending machine was first introduced, struck the interest of the Japanese. The popularity and demand for vending machines was mainly attributed to the high popu popula lati tion on dens densit ity, y, limi limite ted d spac space, e, a pref prefer eren ence ce of shop shoppi ping ng on foot foot,, low low rate ratess of vandalism and petty crimes. Innovations made in vending machine offered products and services like hot and cold beverages, heated snacks, burgers, candy bars, cigarettes, photo printing, printing, mini sticker sticker photo printing, printing,
toiletrie toiletries, s, toilet rentals, rentals, mobile phone charging
depot, depot, gambli gambling ng depots, depots, arcade arcade games, games, prepai prepaid d cards, cards, music music CD burnin burning, g, karaok karaoke, e, videoke and many more (“VENDING”, wikipedia.org).
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Reference: Armand, Romie, & Foneworcz Marketing (2006). Impromptu Interview on July, 3 2006.
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