iprkskbti
Eigxi Euaturia Uåh Piuah
I EIGTI ç uji kjprksi pÿfagei frisgakgri quk prgji pkah rkspkgth à mgvkrsgmimk, jibtkbmh ehjgtïs gbtkrbhs kbtrk hs skus kjprkcimhs< rkiagzibmh eijpibdis, prhcrijis k iãûks vhatimhs piri mgsskjgbir gmçgis, ehbdkegjkbths k itgtumks mk rkspkgth k thakræbegi à mgvkrsgmimk mk cïbkrh, riãi, hrgkbtiãåh skxuia k thmis is mkjigs mgnkrkbãis quk eirietkrgzij uji shegkmimk pauria. I EIGTI, uji mis prgbegpigs pitrhegbimhris pitrhegbimhris mi irtk k euaturi frisgakgri, mkstgbi ibuiajkbtk jigs mk V$ >0 jgadûks mk sku hrãijkbth piri pitrheêbgh i prhokths euaturigs kj kspiãhs prõprghs k kspiãhs mk tkrekgrhs, mibmh ïbnisk às kxphsgãûks mk irtks vgsuigs, pkãis mk tkitrh, kspktéeuahs mk mibãi, sdhws jusgeigs, nkstgvigs mk tkitrh k mibãi kj thmh h tkrrgtõrgh bieghbia k irtksibith frisgakgrh. Hs prhokths pitrhegbimhs såh skakeghbimhs vgi kmgtia pÿfageh, uji hpãåh mi EIGTI piri nizkr jigs mkjherétgei k iekssêvka i pirtgegpiãåh mk prhmuthrks k irtgstis mk thmh h piês ehjh tijfçj mir jigs tribspirïbegi à utgagziãåh utgagziãåh mhs rkeurshs mi kjprksi.
Faielfkrry ― Piaivri k Gjickj ― Siatkr Ugavkgri , kxphsgãåh gbçmgti kj Uåh Piuah, triz uj pibhriji mh mkskbvhavgjkbth mh trifiadh mkssk irtgsti quk sk ehbnubmk ehj i kvhauãåh mis irtks vgsuigs bh Frisga k bh jubmh. ^ibcuirmgsti bi utgagziãåh mh vêmkh ehjh suphrtk mksmk i mçeimi mk 30, h irtgsti juatgjêmgi rkvkai bkssi jhstri thmi sui kxpkrgjkbtiãåh ih ahbch mk jigs mk 50 ibhs. H pÿfageh phmkré ehbdkekr uj
phueh jigs mh iumghvgsuia frisgakgrh, rkktgbmh shfrk
is rkaiãûks kbtrk irtk, tkebhahcgi k euaturi mk jissi. Mksti jibkgri, i EIGTI ehbtrgfug piri prhjhvkr k mgnubmgr i euaturi bieghbia k rktrgfug à shegkmimk frisgakgri i ehbibãi k h iphgh rkekfgmhs ih ahbch mk
skus 9;6 ibhs mk ituiãåh bh piês k mk knktgvi pirekgri bh mkskbvhavgjkbth mis bhssis egmimks. Piri i EIGTI i vgmi pkmk jigs quk uj fibeh. Pkmk gbvkstgjkbth k pirtgegpiãåh bh prkskbtk, ehjprhjgssh ehj h nuturh mh piês k ergitgvgmimk piri ehbqugstir hs jkadhrks rksuatimhs piri h phvh frisgakgrh.
Eigxi Kehbýjgei Nkmkria X
I EIGTI ç uji kjprksi pÿfagei frisgakgri quk prgji pkah rkspkgth à mgvkrsgmimk, jibtkbmh ehjgtïs gbtkrbhs kbtrk hs skus kjprkcimhs< rkiagzibmh eijpibdis, prhcrijis k iãûks vhatimhs piri mgsskjgbir gmçgis, ehbdkegjkbths k itgtumks mk rkspkgth k thakræbegi à mgvkrsgmimk mk cïbkrh, riãi, hrgkbtiãåh skxuia k thmis is mkjigs mgnkrkbãis quk eirietkrgzij uji shegkmimk pauria. I EIGTI, uji mis prgbegpigs pitrhegbimhris pitrhegbimhris mi irtk k euaturi frisgakgri, mkstgbi ibuiajkbtk jigs mk V$ >0 jgadûks mk sku hrãijkbth piri pitrheêbgh i prhokths euaturigs kj kspiãhs prõprghs k kspiãhs mk tkrekgrhs, mibmh ïbnisk às kxphsgãûks mk irtks vgsuigs, pkãis mk tkitrh, kspktéeuahs mk mibãi, sdhws jusgeigs, nkstgvigs mk tkitrh k mibãi kj thmh h tkrrgtõrgh bieghbia k irtksibith frisgakgrh. Hs prhokths pitrhegbimhs såh skakeghbimhs vgi kmgtia pÿfageh, uji hpãåh mi EIGTI piri nizkr jigs mkjherétgei k iekssêvka i pirtgegpiãåh mk prhmuthrks k irtgstis mk thmh h piês ehjh tijfçj mir jigs tribspirïbegi à utgagziãåh utgagziãåh mhs rkeurshs mi kjprksi.
Faielfkrry ― Piaivri k Gjickj ― Siatkr Ugavkgri , kxphsgãåh gbçmgti kj Uåh Piuah, triz uj pibhriji mh mkskbvhavgjkbth mh trifiadh mkssk irtgsti quk sk ehbnubmk ehj i kvhauãåh mis irtks vgsuigs bh Frisga k bh jubmh. ^ibcuirmgsti bi utgagziãåh mh vêmkh ehjh suphrtk mksmk i mçeimi mk 30, h irtgsti juatgjêmgi rkvkai bkssi jhstri thmi sui kxpkrgjkbtiãåh ih ahbch mk jigs mk 50 ibhs. H pÿfageh phmkré ehbdkekr uj
phueh jigs mh iumghvgsuia frisgakgrh, rkktgbmh shfrk
is rkaiãûks kbtrk irtk, tkebhahcgi k euaturi mk jissi. Mksti jibkgri, i EIGTI ehbtrgfug piri prhjhvkr k mgnubmgr i euaturi bieghbia k rktrgfug à shegkmimk frisgakgri i ehbibãi k h iphgh rkekfgmhs ih ahbch mk
skus 9;6 ibhs mk ituiãåh bh piês k mk knktgvi pirekgri bh mkskbvhavgjkbth mis bhssis egmimks. Piri i EIGTI i vgmi pkmk jigs quk uj fibeh. Pkmk gbvkstgjkbth k pirtgegpiãåh bh prkskbtk, ehjprhjgssh ehj h nuturh mh piês k ergitgvgmimk piri ehbqugstir hs jkadhrks rksuatimhs piri h phvh frisgakgrh.
Eigxi Kehbýjgei Nkmkria X
tkbtitgviX imksgvh mk rkehrtk bi pirkmk, 9737-6009
Bkxh k Ijirri Bkxh k Ijirri,, mi sçrgk Jkgb Liaag Cripdges, Cripdges, mk 977>. H mksih mk jitkrgiagzir i piaivri k nizkr mkai uj hfokth
Frubi Eiaakcirg k Vinika Fuhsg
X ehbekpãåh mk prhokth k prhmuãåh XUåh Piuah, Jigh mk 6095
s. eurghsgmimk n.< rirgmimk n.< quiagmimk n. kstribdi.9 Dé shjkbtk trïs ibhs shjhs eurghshs phr Siatkr Ugavkgri. Akttrks ( Hs Ehbdkekjhs h sku trifiadh Aks Ïtrks Akttrks ( Ukrks Aktris), Aktris), vgmkhirtk kj pirekgrgi ehj Fktty Akgrbkr, mk 9779, k nhjhs prheuré-ah phrquk qukrêijhs gbeaugr h vêmkh bi rktrhspketgvi mi irtgsti, quk rkiagzijhs bi Egbkjitkei Frisgakgri k Chktdk Gbstgtut Uåh Piuah, kj 6090. Bi ti fktieij fktieij,, mk hbmk eipturijhs Aks Ïtrks, Ïtrks, vgjhs eipturijhsAks hutris gjickbs gbtkrkssibtks kj nistnhwirm. nistnhwirm. Kstivi Kstivi bi
hu sk prknkrgr, mi phksgi, phgs phksgi ç rgseh. Bkssk ohch mk mimhs, mk phkjis piri irjir k aktris piri mkegnrir, kgs h prhvheitgvh Faielfkrry, uj phkti gbkschtévka, e uoh
trifiadh ç, ibtks mk tumh, uji hfri ifkrti, quk rkeaiji jga phssgfgagmimks, quk sk jitkrgiagzi k sk ifstrig h tkjph thmh. Dkbmrgx Jibmrilk Jibmrgx , mk 9734, issujk jÿatgpais nhrjis? pgediãåh, hutmhhr, imksgvh, pkaêeuai, prhokãåh. Kssk iumieghsh k fkj-dujhrimh gmkhcriji pgedimh phr Siatkr bhs jurhs mi egmimk ifrgu uji bhvi pkrspketgvi tibth piri hs phktis, quibth piri phkjis quk vgkrij mkphgs. K tijfçj piri bõs, skus akgthrks. I hfri ksté fkj mheujkbtimi phr Ergstgbi Nhbskei bh agvrh I agvrh I Phksgi mh Ieish? bi ]ribsvkrsia mi Egmimk, mh quia rkprhmuzgjhs i kbtrkvgsti bkstk eitéahch. Siatkr båh ksehbmk is hrgckbs bi pgediãåh k mgz ifkrtijkbtk quk båh ehbsgmkri h sku trifiadh
miqukai çphei. Nhrjimi phr Siatkr Ugavkgri, ]imku Oubcak, Bky Jirehbmks k Piuah Prghaag, i ]^MH prhmuzgu vgmkheagpks, vgmkhirtk, vgmkhphkjis, vgmkhgbstiaiãûks. ]krgij sgmh kaks hs prgjkgrhs i phssugr uji gadi mk kmgãåh ^DU, phssgfgagtibmh i rkiagziãåh mk gbÿjkrhs trifiadhs gbmkpkbmkbtks. I jighrgi mk suis jistkrs ksté kj nhrjith [-Jitge, nhrij kspkegiajkbtk rkeupkrimis piri i heisgåh mkssi kxphsgãåh. Nhrij jigs mk 90 dhris mgcgtiagzimis mi ]^MH, k hutris ;6 dhris mk jitkrgigs mgvkrshs mi prhmuãåh
ç tijfçj uj mhs mksmhfrijkbths mi irtk mk Siatkr, hbmk i piaivri ç gjprgjêvka, ehaévka, mhfrévka, irjévka, jhamévka. I piaivri ç h quk kak qukr quk kai skoi, ksté kj pipka, critk, nkrrh, tribspirïbegi, vêmkh, kj tkai
hu auz. Às vkzks, kai båh ksté, ehjh bi ijfgviakbtk eiagcrii Srhbc, Srhbc, quk quk rgseimi, rkekfk h têtuah mk Ehrrket , mk 600=. Piri rkiagzir i kxphsgãåh, båh kseipijhs tijfçj mk uji fkai mhr bis ehstis, ih pissirjhs oubths trïs mgis kj sui eisi, kj Frisêagi, ifrgbmh eigxis k civktis piri nhthcrinir h sku iekrvh kj pipka. Kssk ksnhrãh, quk rksuathu kj jigs mk jga rkprhmuãûks nhthcréeis,
mk Siatkr Ugavkgri, thtiagzibmh 3; tis kbtrk [-Jitges,
phssgfgagthu-bhs kxphr egbeh agvrhs mk irtgsti bubei
FK]IEIJs, ^DU k Dg-4. Iaçj mh rhah Uupkr 4jj mk Dkbmrgx , tkakegbimh kspkegiajkbtk piri i heisgåh. Bh jkgh mkssk jitkrgia, kbehbtrijhs iacubs nricjkbths fruths k tijfçj gbçmgths. Ekbis bh
ibtks siêmhs mis civktis mk Faielfkrry piri h cribmk
jkadhr kstgah vêmkh dhjk, hu tis mk cirickj, quk h irtgsti mkbgu ehjh ‑vêmkhs mk phråh . Kj uj mkaks,
Nrgkmjib, Siatkr quk ipkagmijhs Faielfkrry k h prhn¿ F. Nrgkmjib, gbtkrprkti uj iprkskbtimhr mk ]^, gjprhvgsibmh piri i eæjkri i pirtgr mhs ksergths mh prhnksshr ijkrgeibh shfrk i tkakvgsåh frisgakgri. Bh vêmkh, uj tialsdhw thtiajkbtk ifsurmh, ehj i pirtgegpiãåh mk Piuah Prghaag k mk uj titu (!), Siatkr jiseirimh, hu
Fifuagbi,, mk 9740, kj quk ehbstrõg pÿfageh. [j mkaks, Fifuagbi uj fiaç mk aktris bubei kbekbimh. K h agvrh I ^gmi Ukerkti mhs Mkusks, hfri riri ekmgmi phr Hjir Ldhurg piri rkprhmuãåh bh eitéahch. ^iak tijfçj jkbeghbir hs hfokths phçtgehs quk nizkj pirtk mi kxphsgãåh, ckbtgajkbtk ekmgmhs pkah ehakeghbimhr Piuah Jgribmi? uji rçcui thrti kj ierêageh ehj hs mgzkrks Uk ku qugskssk nirgi phksgi k
uj mhs bhsshs vêmkhs prknkrgmhs, ehj h dgpbhtgzibtk
bis jêmgis kaktrýbgeis, i kxkjpah mk sku vêmkh ^] Prkpirimh (IE/OE ) ),, ehbsgmkrimh phr Iragbmh Jiedimh uji kxpkrgïbegi agjêtrhnk mi agbcuickj 6. H vêmkh ç uj kxkreêegh mk jktiagbcuickj, kj quk hs dhjkbickimhs, Iucusth mk Eijphs k Ohbd Eick, ehj pirtgegpiãåh mk Siay Uiahjåh, Mçegh Pgcbitirg k Irrgch Firbifç, såh kbtrkehrtimhs phr tkais mk purh fribeh k gbtkrnkrïbegis shbhris. H skbtgmh ç ergimh bi pkrekpãåh mk pissickj mh vêmkh, bi phssgfgagmimk mk sui gbtkagcgfgagmimk,
eiedhrrh quk aimri ehbtri i eæjkri. Iqukai kri i ti mk
ehbstibtkjkbtk mksiimi pkah ruêmh. Vkiagzimh kj
jistkrs mh Siatkr, quk sõ issgstgrêijhs bhvijkbtk piri jistkrs i rkiagziãåh mi sui kxphsgãåh Faielfkrry ― Piaivri k Gjickj . Mksmk kbtåh, jugtis mksehfkrtis tkjhs nkgth shfrk prkpirimh, h Siatkr. H sku fiaç mis aktris, sku vêmkh fkj prkpirimh, h sku rgseh, bubei rkstrgth i shjkbtk uj kstimh mi gmkgi,
pirekrgi ehj Pkmrh ^gkgri, ç uj mhs vêmkhs dgstõrgehs mi ]^MH, vkbekmhr mh cribmk prïjgh [-Jitge mh Nkstgvia ^gmkhfrisga mk 974>. I ]^MH nhg uji prhmuthri gbmkpkbmkbtk, siêmi mi KEI-[UP, quk ituhu itgvijkbtk bhs ibhs 9740 ehjh uji mis prgbegpigs prhmuthris mk vêmkh k tkakvgsåh
i gbusgtimi hrkadi mh prõprgh irtgsti kj frhbzk, kbvhati phr uj akbãh ehj h fhrmimh Jy Bijk gs Bht ^gbekbt . ]ijfçj kxphsth ksté h gjprhvévka Mimh mk 3 Phbths, Phbths, jkadhr, Faielfkrry, (mks)ehbstrõg thmi i ahshi mi pirekrgi sui ehj h nhthcrénh Nkrbibmh Aiszah. ehjubgeiãåh vgckbtk, ibirqugzibmh thtiajkbtk ehj hs Ifrgr is civktis mk Siatkr piri mksehfrgr sku nhrjiths k prhthehahs mi jêmgi tkakvgsgvi, mkeairibmh- trifiadh nhg ipkbis uj pkqukbh pissh bh kbtkbmgjkbth sk uji gbmÿstrgi kj erksegjkbth, skj kqugpijkbth, mh cribmk phkti quk kak ç. Uui irtk båh sk kschti kj skj mgbdkgrh k skj trimgãåh. ipkbis uji jhstri, uji kxphsgãåh hu uj tkxth. Ç uj Ibérqugeh k prhvheitgvh, ehjh mkbk Hjir Ldhurg eijph mk gbÿjkris phssgfgagmimks k mksmhfrijkbths. kj sku tkxth ksergth kspkegiajkbtk piri kstk eitéahch, Uhjkbtk fuseijhs ehj kstk prhokth ehbtrgfugr h trifiadh mk Siatkr tijfçj ehbtçj uj gjphrtibtk ehj i bhssi ckriãåh, trizkbmh Siatkr Ugavkgri piri ehjphbkbtk mk dujhr quk i thmhs mgvkrtk. Ç h eish mh h mgéahch mgrkth ehj bhssh tkjph k shfrktumh, hfokth Ugcbh mi Ifkrturi (piri Ifkrturi (piri hs êbtgjhs, Fuekti Fuekti)) hu rkeupkribmh, ituiagzibmh k mgvuacibmh mgvuacibmh sui hfri piri mh phkji Fibdkgrh Pÿfaylh? Bõs båh shjhs ehjh hs ckriãûks nuturis. hutrhs såhs. Kbquibth ubs våhs, hutrhs beij , thmhs Icrimkekjhs i thmhs pkai ehaifhriã ehaifhriãåh åh k, shfrktumh, ih prõprgh Siatkr pkai ehbibãi k ckbkrhsgmimk kj kxphsths. Uui phçtgei ç tijfçj jugth nubmijkbtimi bhs tribsjgtgr sui irtk. crieijkbtk, ehjh bh phkji ^ýh ^ýh,, mk 9746, kj quk
Eirgjfh mk Siatkr Ugavkgri i pirtgr mk Kzri Phubm vgi Iucusth mk Eijphs.
JIEDIMH, Iragbmh (hrc.). Jimk gb Frisga? trïs mçeimis mh vêmkh frisgakgrh. Uåh Piuah? Gaujgburis? Gtiÿ Euaturia, 6003. p.6;.
Kbtibth,, mk 9733, ksergth shfrk h tkjph rkvhimi, k kj Kbtibth ehj knkgth mk kspkadijkbth. Piri i kxphsgãåh, muis pkãis gbçmgtis nhrij prhmuzgmis? kseuaturis kj nkrrh mkrgvimis mhs phkjis
ti, phr kxkjpah, h vêmkh shfrk Sksaky Mulk Akk, ehj i
ifkrturi mk rktriths kj répgmi skquïbegi, k ^ýh Phailh, Phailh, kbsigh i pirtgr mk eirtis mh phkti Piuah Akjgbslg,
9
agjpgbdh ? ç uj trifiadh prhphsgtimijkbtk rugmhsh, nkgth mk gbtkrnkrïbegis, tibth bis irtks créeis quibth
6
eiagcrii nhrji i piaivri bi vgsuiagziãåh mk uji
Bkxh k Ijirri Bkxh k Ijirri,, mi sçrgk Jkgb Liaag Cripdges, Cripdges, mk 977>. H mksih mk jitkrgiagzir i piaivri k nizkr mkai uj hfokth
Frubi Eiaakcirg k Vinika Fuhsg
X ehbekpãåh mk prhokth k prhmuãåh XUåh Piuah, Jigh mk 6095
s. eurghsgmimk n.< rirgmimk n.< quiagmimk n. kstribdi.9 Dé shjkbtk trïs ibhs shjhs eurghshs phr Siatkr Ugavkgri. Akttrks ( Hs Ehbdkekjhs h sku trifiadh Aks Ïtrks Akttrks ( Ukrks Aktris), Aktris), vgmkhirtk kj pirekgrgi ehj Fktty Akgrbkr, mk 9779, k nhjhs prheuré-ah phrquk qukrêijhs gbeaugr h vêmkh bi rktrhspketgvi mi irtgsti, quk rkiagzijhs bi Egbkjitkei Frisgakgri k Chktdk Gbstgtut Uåh Piuah, kj 6090. Bi ti fktieij fktieij,, mk hbmk eipturijhs Aks Ïtrks, Ïtrks, vgjhs eipturijhsAks hutris gjickbs gbtkrkssibtks kj nistnhwirm. nistnhwirm. Kstivi Kstivi bi
hu sk prknkrgr, mi phksgi, phgs phksgi ç rgseh. Bkssk ohch mk mimhs, mk phkjis piri irjir k aktris piri mkegnrir, kgs h prhvheitgvh Faielfkrry, uj phkti gbkschtévka, e uoh
trifiadh ç, ibtks mk tumh, uji hfri ifkrti, quk rkeaiji jga phssgfgagmimks, quk sk jitkrgiagzi k sk ifstrig h tkjph thmh. Dkbmrgx Jibmrilk Jibmrgx , mk 9734, issujk jÿatgpais nhrjis? pgediãåh, hutmhhr, imksgvh, pkaêeuai, prhokãåh. Kssk iumieghsh k fkj-dujhrimh gmkhcriji pgedimh phr Siatkr bhs jurhs mi egmimk ifrgu uji bhvi pkrspketgvi tibth piri hs phktis, quibth piri phkjis quk vgkrij mkphgs. K tijfçj piri bõs, skus akgthrks. I hfri ksté fkj mheujkbtimi phr Ergstgbi Nhbskei bh agvrh I agvrh I Phksgi mh Ieish? bi ]ribsvkrsia mi Egmimk, mh quia rkprhmuzgjhs i kbtrkvgsti bkstk eitéahch. Siatkr båh ksehbmk is hrgckbs bi pgediãåh k mgz ifkrtijkbtk quk båh ehbsgmkri h sku trifiadh
miqukai çphei. Nhrjimi phr Siatkr Ugavkgri, ]imku Oubcak, Bky Jirehbmks k Piuah Prghaag, i ]^MH prhmuzgu vgmkheagpks, vgmkhirtk, vgmkhphkjis, vgmkhgbstiaiãûks. ]krgij sgmh kaks hs prgjkgrhs i phssugr uji gadi mk kmgãåh ^DU, phssgfgagtibmh i rkiagziãåh mk gbÿjkrhs trifiadhs gbmkpkbmkbtks. I jighrgi mk suis jistkrs ksté kj nhrjith [-Jitge, nhrij kspkegiajkbtk rkeupkrimis piri i heisgåh mkssi kxphsgãåh. Nhrij jigs mk 90 dhris mgcgtiagzimis mi ]^MH, k hutris ;6 dhris mk jitkrgigs mgvkrshs mi prhmuãåh
ç tijfçj uj mhs mksmhfrijkbths mi irtk mk Siatkr, hbmk i piaivri ç gjprgjêvka, ehaévka, mhfrévka, irjévka, jhamévka. I piaivri ç h quk kak qukr quk kai skoi, ksté kj pipka, critk, nkrrh, tribspirïbegi, vêmkh, kj tkai
hu auz. Às vkzks, kai båh ksté, ehjh bi ijfgviakbtk eiagcrii Srhbc, Srhbc, quk quk rgseimi, rkekfk h têtuah mk Ehrrket , mk 600=. Piri rkiagzir i kxphsgãåh, båh kseipijhs tijfçj mk uji fkai mhr bis ehstis, ih pissirjhs oubths trïs mgis kj sui eisi, kj Frisêagi, ifrgbmh eigxis k civktis piri nhthcrinir h sku iekrvh kj pipka. Kssk ksnhrãh, quk rksuathu kj jigs mk jga rkprhmuãûks nhthcréeis,
mk Siatkr Ugavkgri, thtiagzibmh 3; tis kbtrk [-Jitges,
phssgfgagthu-bhs kxphr egbeh agvrhs mk irtgsti bubei
FK]IEIJs, ^DU k Dg-4. Iaçj mh rhah Uupkr 4jj mk Dkbmrgx , tkakegbimh kspkegiajkbtk piri i heisgåh. Bh jkgh mkssk jitkrgia, kbehbtrijhs iacubs nricjkbths fruths k tijfçj gbçmgths. Ekbis bh
ibtks siêmhs mis civktis mk Faielfkrry piri h cribmk
jkadhr kstgah vêmkh dhjk, hu tis mk cirickj, quk h irtgsti mkbgu ehjh ‑vêmkhs mk phråh . Kj uj mkaks,
Nrgkmjib, Siatkr quk ipkagmijhs Faielfkrry k h prhn¿ F. Nrgkmjib, gbtkrprkti uj iprkskbtimhr mk ]^, gjprhvgsibmh piri i eæjkri i pirtgr mhs ksergths mh prhnksshr ijkrgeibh shfrk i tkakvgsåh frisgakgri. Bh vêmkh, uj tialsdhw thtiajkbtk ifsurmh, ehj i pirtgegpiãåh mk Piuah Prghaag k mk uj titu (!), Siatkr jiseirimh, hu
Fifuagbi,, mk 9740, kj quk ehbstrõg pÿfageh. [j mkaks, Fifuagbi uj fiaç mk aktris bubei kbekbimh. K h agvrh I ^gmi Ukerkti mhs Mkusks, hfri riri ekmgmi phr Hjir Ldhurg piri rkprhmuãåh bh eitéahch. ^iak tijfçj jkbeghbir hs hfokths phçtgehs quk nizkj pirtk mi kxphsgãåh, ckbtgajkbtk ekmgmhs pkah ehakeghbimhr Piuah Jgribmi? uji rçcui thrti kj ierêageh ehj hs mgzkrks Uk ku qugskssk nirgi phksgi k
uj mhs bhsshs vêmkhs prknkrgmhs, ehj h dgpbhtgzibtk
bis jêmgis kaktrýbgeis, i kxkjpah mk sku vêmkh ^] Prkpirimh (IE/OE ) ),, ehbsgmkrimh phr Iragbmh Jiedimh uji kxpkrgïbegi agjêtrhnk mi agbcuickj 6. H vêmkh ç uj kxkreêegh mk jktiagbcuickj, kj quk hs dhjkbickimhs, Iucusth mk Eijphs k Ohbd Eick, ehj pirtgegpiãåh mk Siay Uiahjåh, Mçegh Pgcbitirg k Irrgch Firbifç, såh kbtrkehrtimhs phr tkais mk purh fribeh k gbtkrnkrïbegis shbhris. H skbtgmh ç ergimh bi pkrekpãåh mk pissickj mh vêmkh, bi phssgfgagmimk mk sui gbtkagcgfgagmimk,
eiedhrrh quk aimri ehbtri i eæjkri. Iqukai kri i ti mk
ehbstibtkjkbtk mksiimi pkah ruêmh. Vkiagzimh kj
jistkrs mh Siatkr, quk sõ issgstgrêijhs bhvijkbtk piri jistkrs i rkiagziãåh mi sui kxphsgãåh Faielfkrry ― Piaivri k Gjickj . Mksmk kbtåh, jugtis mksehfkrtis tkjhs nkgth shfrk prkpirimh, h Siatkr. H sku fiaç mis aktris, sku vêmkh fkj prkpirimh, h sku rgseh, bubei rkstrgth i shjkbtk uj kstimh mi gmkgi,
pirekrgi ehj Pkmrh ^gkgri, ç uj mhs vêmkhs dgstõrgehs mi ]^MH, vkbekmhr mh cribmk prïjgh [-Jitge mh Nkstgvia ^gmkhfrisga mk 974>. I ]^MH nhg uji prhmuthri gbmkpkbmkbtk, siêmi mi KEI-[UP, quk ituhu itgvijkbtk bhs ibhs 9740 ehjh uji mis prgbegpigs prhmuthris mk vêmkh k tkakvgsåh
i gbusgtimi hrkadi mh prõprgh irtgsti kj frhbzk, kbvhati phr uj akbãh ehj h fhrmimh Jy Bijk gs Bht ^gbekbt . ]ijfçj kxphsth ksté h gjprhvévka Mimh mk 3 Phbths, Phbths, jkadhr, Faielfkrry, (mks)ehbstrõg thmi i ahshi mi pirekrgi sui ehj h nhthcrénh Nkrbibmh Aiszah. ehjubgeiãåh vgckbtk, ibirqugzibmh thtiajkbtk ehj hs Ifrgr is civktis mk Siatkr piri mksehfrgr sku nhrjiths k prhthehahs mi jêmgi tkakvgsgvi, mkeairibmh- trifiadh nhg ipkbis uj pkqukbh pissh bh kbtkbmgjkbth sk uji gbmÿstrgi kj erksegjkbth, skj kqugpijkbth, mh cribmk phkti quk kak ç. Uui irtk båh sk kschti kj skj mgbdkgrh k skj trimgãåh. ipkbis uji jhstri, uji kxphsgãåh hu uj tkxth. Ç uj Ibérqugeh k prhvheitgvh, ehjh mkbk Hjir Ldhurg eijph mk gbÿjkris phssgfgagmimks k mksmhfrijkbths. kj sku tkxth ksergth kspkegiajkbtk piri kstk eitéahch, Uhjkbtk fuseijhs ehj kstk prhokth ehbtrgfugr h trifiadh mk Siatkr tijfçj ehbtçj uj gjphrtibtk ehj i bhssi ckriãåh, trizkbmh Siatkr Ugavkgri piri ehjphbkbtk mk dujhr quk i thmhs mgvkrtk. Ç h eish mh h mgéahch mgrkth ehj bhssh tkjph k shfrktumh, hfokth Ugcbh mi Ifkrturi (piri Ifkrturi (piri hs êbtgjhs, Fuekti Fuekti)) hu rkeupkribmh, ituiagzibmh k mgvuacibmh mgvuacibmh sui hfri piri mh phkji Fibdkgrh Pÿfaylh? Bõs båh shjhs ehjh hs ckriãûks nuturis. hutrhs såhs. Kbquibth ubs våhs, hutrhs beij , thmhs Icrimkekjhs i thmhs pkai ehaifhriã ehaifhriãåh åh k, shfrktumh, ih prõprgh Siatkr pkai ehbibãi k ckbkrhsgmimk kj kxphsths. Uui phçtgei ç tijfçj jugth nubmijkbtimi bhs tribsjgtgr sui irtk. crieijkbtk, ehjh bh phkji ^ýh ^ýh,, mk 9746, kj quk
Eirgjfh mk Siatkr Ugavkgri i pirtgr mk Kzri Phubm vgi Iucusth mk Eijphs.
JIEDIMH, Iragbmh (hrc.). Jimk gb Frisga? trïs mçeimis mh vêmkh frisgakgrh. Uåh Piuah? Gaujgburis? Gtiÿ Euaturia, 6003. p.6;.
Kbtibth,, mk 9733, ksergth shfrk h tkjph rkvhimi, k kj Kbtibth ehj knkgth mk kspkadijkbth. Piri i kxphsgãåh, muis pkãis gbçmgtis nhrij prhmuzgmis? kseuaturis kj nkrrh mkrgvimis mhs phkjis
ti, phr kxkjpah, h vêmkh shfrk Sksaky Mulk Akk, ehj i
ifkrturi mk rktriths kj répgmi skquïbegi, k ^ýh Phailh, Phailh, kbsigh i pirtgr mk eirtis mh phkti Piuah Akjgbslg,
9
agjpgbdh ? ç uj trifiadh prhphsgtimijkbtk rugmhsh, nkgth mk gbtkrnkrïbegis, tibth bis irtks créeis quibth
6
eiagcrii nhrji i piaivri bi vgsuiagziãåh mk uji
Faielfkrry ― Piaivri k Gjickj ç i prgjkgri kxphsgãåh gbmgvgmuia mk Siatkr Ugavkgri. Crimuimh kj Vémgh k ]^ pkai KEI-[UP, Siatkr gbgeghu sui trioktõrgi irtêstgei kj 9733 k trïs ibhs mkphgs issgbhu skus prgjkgrhs trifiadhs ehjh Siat F.
Faielfkrry.. Gbukbegimh shfrktumh pkah ehberktgsjh Faielfkrry
piuagsti k pkah egbkji bhvh figibh, vkj mksmk kbtåh rkiagzibmh vêmkhs, phkjis, pufageiãûks, pkrnhrjibeks, gbstiaiãûks, hfokths, mkskbdhs k eiagcriis phçtgeis.
I mkbsgmimk phçtgei mk Ugavkgri båh ksté bkekssirgijkbtk rkaieghbimi à ehjpakxgmimk mi nhrji hu ih rkfuseijkbth agbcuêstgeh, jis oustijkbtk à eipiegmimk mk rkngbijkbth mi sgjpagegmimk. Ehjh bi jÿsgei mk Eick hu bi hfri paéstgei mk Siatkregh Eiamis, kak fusei h jéxgjh mh jêbgjh bhs skus trifiadhs. Hfris quk phssukj sku sgcbgngeimh ijpagngeimh phr jkgh mi iãåh mh irtgsti. Ukoi bis pkrnhrjibeks phçtgeis, bi eiagcringi sufagjk hu bi ksehadi mh suphrtk mk iprkskbtiãåh mk eimi trifiadh. Faielfkrry ― Piaivri k Gjickj rkÿbk ekrei mk 5; mkaks, mk mgnkrkbtks pkrêhmhs k suphrtks. Ehbtumh, båh sk triti mk uji jhstri rktrhspketgvi. Mkbtrk hs phkjis, ipkbis phksgis eurtis, ehj phueis hu ipkbis uji piaivri. Hfris fgmgjkbsghbigs k trgmgjkbsghbigs quk kståh mgstrgfuêmis oubtijkbtk ehj hs vêmkhs mk irtk ergibmh uji pigsickj juatgjêmgi k pauria bh kspiãh kxphsgtgvh. Ehbtumh, skcugbmh h jksjh ehbekgth ― jgbgjiagsti ijpagimh mk vibcuirmi ehaktgvh ― prkskbtk kj thmi i jhstri, uj ÿbgeh trifiadh ç eipiz mk rksujgr i jkbsickj mh irtgsti? uj vêmkh-phkji, pirtk mh vêmkh Dkrõgs mi mkeimkbsgi, mkeimkbsgi, mgrgcgmh phr ]imku Oubcak, kj quk
piaivri k gjickj mk wsX Ehbdkegmh shfrktumh pkai ituiãåh bi érki iumghvgsuia, ehbekfku k mgrgcgu prhcrijis mk ]^ quk dhok såh rknkrïbegis k nizkj pirtk mi dgstõrgi mi tkakvgsåh frisgakgri. Siatkr ç uj mhs pghbkgrhs mh vêmkh bh piês, tkbmh sgmh ehnubmimhr mi rkvhaueghbérgi prhmuthri ]^MH, mgrkthr mi ]^ Euaturi mk Uåh Piuah, mi ]^ Kmueimhri mi Fidgi k skbmh ituiajkbtk mgrkthr bi ]^ Frisga. I skakãåh mis hfris fusei, ehbtumh, rkvkair i prhmuãåh jigs êbtgji mh jÿatgpah Siatkr Ugavkgri. ]rifiadhs quk mgiahcij ehj ehbekgths rkaieghbimhs ih ubgvkrsh kxpibmgmh mis irtks vgsuigs. Ukrgcriis,
vêmkhs, hfokths, kseuaturis, gbstiaiãûks, pgbturis k ehaickbs quk phssukj i phksgi ehjh kgxh ehbmuthr. Ukus phkjis vgsuigs oé pirtgegpirij mk jhstris k pufageiãûks ehaktgvis, prgbegpiajkbtk rkaieghbimis ih jhvgjkbth mi phksgi ehberkti. [ji prhmuãåh quk ç i ehbtgbugmimk mhs grjåhs Iucusth k Dirhamh mk Eijphs, Mçegh Pgcbitirg k Piuah Akjgbslg.
Bituriajkbtk dêfrgmh, Siatkr jgsturi agbcuickbs k ehbekgths phr jkgh mk uj riegheêbgh répgmh, quk ç fiskimh kj rknkrïbegis ieimïjgeis k vgvïbegis phpuairks. Uui agbcuickj ç php, phpuair, mgvkrtgmi k skbsuia, quisk uj digeig frisgakgrh ehj rknkrïbegis ijkrgeibis k shtiquk nribeïs, phvkri nribeïs, phvkri k k rhel b‗rhaa .
h prõprgh Siatkr, kbeirbibmh h pkrnhrjétgeh Faielfkrry, rkegti? ‑H phkji igbmi kxgstk. Vksgstk... Ksergth,
niaimh... H phkji igbmi kxgstk...‚. ‚. Mibgka Vibcka
Xeurimhr mi jhstri
Faielfkrry ― Piaivri k Gjickj ç i prgjkgri kxphsgãåh gbmgvgmuia mk Siatkr Ugavkgri. Crimuimh kj Vémgh k ]^ pkai KEI-[UP, Siatkr gbgeghu sui trioktõrgi irtêstgei kj 9733 k trïs ibhs mkphgs issgbhu skus prgjkgrhs trifiadhs ehjh Siat F.
Faielfkrry.. Gbukbegimh shfrktumh pkah ehberktgsjh Faielfkrry
piuagsti k pkah egbkji bhvh figibh, vkj mksmk kbtåh rkiagzibmh vêmkhs, phkjis, pufageiãûks, pkrnhrjibeks, gbstiaiãûks, hfokths, mkskbdhs k eiagcriis phçtgeis.
I mkbsgmimk phçtgei mk Ugavkgri båh ksté bkekssirgijkbtk rkaieghbimi à ehjpakxgmimk mi nhrji hu ih rkfuseijkbth agbcuêstgeh, jis oustijkbtk à eipiegmimk mk rkngbijkbth mi sgjpagegmimk. Ehjh bi jÿsgei mk Eick hu bi hfri paéstgei mk Siatkregh Eiamis, kak fusei h jéxgjh mh jêbgjh bhs skus trifiadhs. Hfris quk phssukj sku sgcbgngeimh ijpagngeimh phr jkgh mi iãåh mh irtgsti. Ukoi bis pkrnhrjibeks phçtgeis, bi eiagcringi sufagjk hu bi ksehadi mh suphrtk mk iprkskbtiãåh mk eimi trifiadh. Faielfkrry ― Piaivri k Gjickj rkÿbk ekrei mk 5; mkaks, mk mgnkrkbtks pkrêhmhs k suphrtks. Ehbtumh, båh sk triti mk uji jhstri rktrhspketgvi. Mkbtrk hs phkjis, ipkbis phksgis eurtis, ehj phueis hu ipkbis uji piaivri. Hfris fgmgjkbsghbigs k trgmgjkbsghbigs quk kståh mgstrgfuêmis oubtijkbtk ehj hs vêmkhs mk irtk ergibmh uji pigsickj juatgjêmgi k pauria bh kspiãh kxphsgtgvh. Ehbtumh, skcugbmh h jksjh ehbekgth ― jgbgjiagsti ijpagimh mk vibcuirmi ehaktgvh ― prkskbtk kj thmi i jhstri, uj ÿbgeh trifiadh ç eipiz mk rksujgr i jkbsickj mh irtgsti? uj vêmkh-phkji, pirtk mh vêmkh Dkrõgs mi mkeimkbsgi, mkeimkbsgi, mgrgcgmh phr ]imku Oubcak, kj quk
piaivri k gjickj mk wsX Ehbdkegmh shfrktumh pkai ituiãåh bi érki iumghvgsuia, ehbekfku k mgrgcgu prhcrijis mk ]^ quk dhok såh rknkrïbegis k nizkj pirtk mi dgstõrgi mi tkakvgsåh frisgakgri. Siatkr ç uj mhs pghbkgrhs mh vêmkh bh piês, tkbmh sgmh ehnubmimhr mi rkvhaueghbérgi prhmuthri ]^MH, mgrkthr mi ]^ Euaturi mk Uåh Piuah, mi ]^ Kmueimhri mi Fidgi k skbmh ituiajkbtk mgrkthr bi ]^ Frisga. I skakãåh mis hfris fusei, ehbtumh, rkvkair i prhmuãåh jigs êbtgji mh jÿatgpah Siatkr Ugavkgri. ]rifiadhs quk mgiahcij ehj ehbekgths rkaieghbimhs ih ubgvkrsh kxpibmgmh mis irtks vgsuigs. Ukrgcriis,
vêmkhs, hfokths, kseuaturis, gbstiaiãûks, pgbturis k ehaickbs quk phssukj i phksgi ehjh kgxh ehbmuthr. Ukus phkjis vgsuigs oé pirtgegpirij mk jhstris k pufageiãûks ehaktgvis, prgbegpiajkbtk rkaieghbimis ih jhvgjkbth mi phksgi ehberkti. [ji prhmuãåh quk ç i ehbtgbugmimk mhs grjåhs Iucusth k Dirhamh mk Eijphs, Mçegh Pgcbitirg k Piuah Akjgbslg.
Bituriajkbtk dêfrgmh, Siatkr jgsturi agbcuickbs k ehbekgths phr jkgh mk uj riegheêbgh répgmh, quk ç fiskimh kj rknkrïbegis ieimïjgeis k vgvïbegis phpuairks. Uui agbcuickj ç php, phpuair, mgvkrtgmi k skbsuia, quisk uj digeig frisgakgrh ehj rknkrïbegis ijkrgeibis k shtiquk nribeïs, phvkri nribeïs, phvkri k k rhel b‗rhaa . tkbtitgvi X 9737 - 6009, hnnskt shfrk pipka 50
h prõprgh Siatkr, kbeirbibmh h pkrnhrjétgeh Faielfkrry, rkegti? ‑H phkji igbmi kxgstk. Vksgstk... Ksergth,
niaimh... H phkji igbmi kxgstk...‚. ‚. Mibgka Vibcka
Xeurimhr mi jhstri
x =6 ej, gb Phstkrfhhl
airvi X 9737 ― 6009, hnnskt shfrk pipka 50 x
Hjir Ldhurg
XUåh Piuah, Ifrga mk 6095 ehjpirkegmh bhs nizkrks k inizkrks mk Siatkr Ugavkgri ehj fistibtk nrkquïbegi, cribmk mkskbdgsti mk aktris quk ç, phrçj, trizkbmh eisimis vkrmimkgris Ehbdkeg Siatkr Ugavkgri kj 973>, i prhpõsgth mk oõgis vkrfigs? skquïbegis kurrêtjgeh-kunýbgeis, quk IV]ÇVGI 6, rkvgsti quk, biqukak jhjkbth, oé kstivi h iprhxgjij mhs jkadhrks phktis mk sui çphei, nkedimi piri bhvhs ehaifhrimhrks k ehj mgeuamimks shjibmh-sk i gsth uji nhrtk pgtimi mk dujhr, ehjh piri i sui ehbeausåh. Nhg aijkbtévka piri i pufageiãåh quk rkgvgbmgeibmh Hswiam mk Ibmrimk, mk qukj ç i iusïbegi mh phkji quk Siatkr, mkphgs, ieifhu cribmk imjgrimhr. Phssh irjir quk, buji trimgãåh kbvgibmh piri i kxphsgãåh Phçtgeis ^gsuigs, bh JIE- eiagcréei k itç eiehcréei frisêagei quk ehjprkkbmk, [UP, oubtijkbtk ehj hutrhs mi jksji nisk, skbmh kbtrk hutrhs phuehs, Kmcirm Frici, Sksaky Mulk Akk, quk thmhs tgvkrij k igbmi tïj cribmk træbsgth quibmh [fgrioiri Vgfkgrh, Jgri Uedkbmka (k phmkrgi gbeaugr, sk jkbeghbij pkãis bhtõrgis k bhtévkgs mh ubgvkrsh jis båh gbeauh bkstk eish kspkeêeh, Irtdur Fgsph gbtkrskjgõtgeh. Mkssk bhssh prgjkgrh ehbtith itç mh Vhsérgh), Siatkr Ugavkgri sk iprkskbti ehjh cribmk dhok, tkbdh phmgmh hfskrvir thmh h sku pkreursh ehjh phkti-eiaêcrinh ― ituiajkbtk kj pakbh kxkreêegh ― prhmuthr jÿatgpah mk agbcuickj, ituibmh ehjh phkti hpkribmh bi nrhbtkgri jksji kbtrk h phçtgeh ksergth prhprgijkbtk, ehjh vgmkhjilkr, irtgsti paéstgeh, (hriagzévka) k is irtks mi vgsuiagmimk. Ç cribmk, gjkbsi pkrnhrjkr k kaifhrimhr mk uj vgvh k ehbtumkbtk jksjh, i prhmuãåh eiagcréngeh-phçtgei mk Siatkr mgseursh jktiagbcuêstgeh, quk sk rkeusi i sk kxprkssir Ugavkgri quk, às vkzks, ipirkek ehjh h ibérqugeh Siat ieimkjgeijkbtk phr ksergth piri nizkr pirtk mkssis F. Faielfkrry (sku iatkrkch), phrçj, suis pufageiãûks, pufageiãûks quk, ipksir mh viahr quk phssij trizkr, quibmh båh kj rkvgstis hu ibthahcgis, såh riris, phuehs akkj ― kak ç prõmgch k frgadibtk bi kxphsgãåh mimh h sku pkrnkeeghbgsjh kxtrkjimh, quk fkgri h mk gmkgis. I Fkaksergti, hu dkakbgeijkbtk mgzkbmh, i gbierkmgtévka. [ji ÿbgei piaivri, piri båh mgzkr uj Eiagcrii, ehj sui vgsuiagmimk prkphbmkribtk, tkj crinkji, ç rkpktgmi muis, mkz, 50 vkzks, itç quk kak
wiatkr sgavkgri?
jugtis vkzks phktiX
=6 ej, gb Phstkrfhhl
i ehbsgmkrk iekgtévka. Jksjh issgj, dhuvk trifiadh rkeusimh mkphgs mk gjprkssh, ehjh nhg h eish Ngssuris kj hnnskt, euoh rksuatimh ehbsgmkrhu mis Ngssuris gbsitgsnitõrgh k båh pkrjgtgu i sui mgstrgfugãåh. Jugths trifiadhs ehbtgbuirij hfokths ÿbgehs kj phssk mk ijgchs ― SU hs nhg mgstrgfugbmh, ckbkrhsijkbtk. Mi eiagcrii ckstuia kai jksji, pissibmh pkah xkrhx, spriy, skrgcrii, righ-aiskr, tgphcrii k hnnskt, k h
mksnizgjkbth (ehjh nhg i sui niãibdi bi kxphsgãåh Irtk bi Vui GG), h phkti båh nkz rkstrgãûks i tçebgeis k prheksshs mk gjprkssåh/rkprhmuãåh, issgj ehjh i jêmgis, skjprk quk pkrjgtgu i juatgpageiãåh/ mgvuaciãåh mk iacubs mk skus phkjis. ]ribsgtibmh phr vérghs eõmgchs-agbcuickbs k jugtis jêmgis, SU mkskbdhu (k mkskbdi) uj pkreursh jÿatgpah k mk uji ehkrïbegi phueis vkzks hfskrvimi kbtrk bõs, shjibmh
mkstgbimh i mkgxir i sui jirei phr hbmk vgkssk i ituir. K imkbtrhu h jubmh mhs hfokths, prhmuzgbmh agvrhs mk irtgsti quk sk thrbirij akbmis, ehjh h Fiaç Fifuagbi Mkusks.. Pufagehu mk rirh kj rirh k I ^gmi Ukerkti mhs Mkusks Cripdyes k Phstkrfhhl . Ukus éafubs, ehjh Jkgb Liaag Cripdyes k phkjis ehjpirkekrij ehj jighr nrkquïbegi kj MkUgcbhs,, Jumi Jumi,, Eispi Eispi,, rkvgstis-ibthahcgis, tigs ehjh MkUgcbhs kxpkrïbegis jga. I critickj (oubtijkbtk ehj iacujis Irtçrgi (ehj pkrnhrjibeks créeis k shbhris), Itais Itais k k hutris pkrnhrjibeks crinh-erhjétgeis) sk ehbstgtugu kxphsgãûks? mis Phçtgeis ^gsuigs à Phksgi, pissibmh buji mk suis jigs mkstieimis iãûks bi Piuagekgi? phr Juatgjkmgi Gbtkrbieghbia (mi quia nhg eheurimhr), nhg, Siatkr Ugavkgri, oubtijkbtk ehj ]imku Oubcak, uj ]ribsnutur, Frizgagib ^gsuia Phktry, Pirivkr, I Phksgi mhs prgjkgrhs phktis-critimhrks mh Frisga ― gsth kj Frisgakgri mi Kri Põs-^krsh. Ksti jhstri, ichri, vkj bs mhs ibhs 9730, gbêeghs mhs 40 ― mkgxibmh mgssh uj kj jhjkbth hphrtubh, phgs mgvuaciré piri uj pÿfageh ristrh aujgbhsh, ehjpaktimh phr rkiagziãûks kj pipçgs jighr uj trifiadh mk kakvimh bêvka, quk dhbrirgi thmi (jugtis), pkrnhrjibeks, vêmkhs k vêmkh-gbstiaiãûks. k quiaqukr trimgãåh phçtgei. Siatkr Ugavkgri? jugths Nubmimhr k irtgsti ituibtk mi ]^MH, ehj trifiadhs nizkmhrks kj uj shjkbtk. Mhs phktis kxekpeghbigs jkjhrévkgs k oé dgstõrgehs, pkrtkbekbmh à skcubmi quk surcgrij k sk mkskbvhavkrij i pirtgr mhs ibhs ckriãåh mk vgmkhjilkrs mh piês, ckriãåh ksti quk, 9730, Siatkr Ugavkgri sk mkstiei ehjh uj mhs viahrks mhjgbibmh i agbcuickj prhpgegimi pkah vêmkh, rkiagzhu jighrks, prhjktkbmh akvir igbmi jigs imgibtk sku cribmks ehgsis, mk husimgi ieiedipibtk, jksjh, SU hnêegh mk prhmuthr mk agbcuickj/kxpkrgjkbtimhr. gbhvhu. Mhtimh mk ehrickj irtêstgei k gbtkaketuia, kstivi TIGPK!
airvi X 9737 ― 6009, hnnskt shfrk pipka 50 x
Hjir Ldhurg
XUåh Piuah, Ifrga mk 6095 ehjpirkegmh bhs nizkrks k inizkrks mk Siatkr Ugavkgri ehj fistibtk nrkquïbegi, cribmk mkskbdgsti mk aktris quk ç, phrçj, trizkbmh eisimis vkrmimkgris Ehbdkeg Siatkr Ugavkgri kj 973>, i prhpõsgth mk oõgis vkrfigs? skquïbegis kurrêtjgeh-kunýbgeis, quk IV]ÇVGI 6, rkvgsti quk, biqukak jhjkbth, oé kstivi h iprhxgjij mhs jkadhrks phktis mk sui çphei, nkedimi piri bhvhs ehaifhrimhrks k ehj mgeuamimks shjibmh-sk i gsth uji nhrtk pgtimi mk dujhr, ehjh piri i sui ehbeausåh. Nhg aijkbtévka piri i pufageiãåh quk rkgvgbmgeibmh Hswiam mk Ibmrimk, mk qukj ç i iusïbegi mh phkji quk Siatkr, mkphgs, ieifhu cribmk imjgrimhr. Phssh irjir quk, buji trimgãåh kbvgibmh piri i kxphsgãåh Phçtgeis ^gsuigs, bh JIE- eiagcréei k itç eiehcréei frisêagei quk ehjprkkbmk, [UP, oubtijkbtk ehj hutrhs mi jksji nisk, skbmh kbtrk hutrhs phuehs, Kmcirm Frici, Sksaky Mulk Akk, quk thmhs tgvkrij k igbmi tïj cribmk træbsgth quibmh [fgrioiri Vgfkgrh, Jgri Uedkbmka (k phmkrgi gbeaugr, sk jkbeghbij pkãis bhtõrgis k bhtévkgs mh ubgvkrsh jis båh gbeauh bkstk eish kspkeêeh, Irtdur Fgsph gbtkrskjgõtgeh. Mkssk bhssh prgjkgrh ehbtith itç mh Vhsérgh), Siatkr Ugavkgri sk iprkskbti ehjh cribmk dhok, tkbdh phmgmh hfskrvir thmh h sku pkreursh ehjh phkti-eiaêcrinh ― ituiajkbtk kj pakbh kxkreêegh ― prhmuthr jÿatgpah mk agbcuickj, ituibmh ehjh phkti hpkribmh bi nrhbtkgri jksji kbtrk h phçtgeh ksergth prhprgijkbtk, ehjh vgmkhjilkr, irtgsti paéstgeh, (hriagzévka) k is irtks mi vgsuiagmimk. Ç cribmk, gjkbsi pkrnhrjkr k kaifhrimhr mk uj vgvh k ehbtumkbtk jksjh, i prhmuãåh eiagcréngeh-phçtgei mk Siatkr mgseursh jktiagbcuêstgeh, quk sk rkeusi i sk kxprkssir Ugavkgri quk, às vkzks, ipirkek ehjh h ibérqugeh Siat ieimkjgeijkbtk phr ksergth piri nizkr pirtk mkssis F. Faielfkrry (sku iatkrkch), phrçj, suis pufageiãûks, pufageiãûks quk, ipksir mh viahr quk phssij trizkr, quibmh båh kj rkvgstis hu ibthahcgis, såh riris, phuehs akkj ― kak ç prõmgch k frgadibtk bi kxphsgãåh mimh h sku pkrnkeeghbgsjh kxtrkjimh, quk fkgri h mk gmkgis. I Fkaksergti, hu dkakbgeijkbtk mgzkbmh, i gbierkmgtévka. [ji ÿbgei piaivri, piri båh mgzkr uj Eiagcrii, ehj sui vgsuiagmimk prkphbmkribtk, tkj crinkji, ç rkpktgmi muis, mkz, 50 vkzks, itç quk kak
wiatkr sgavkgri?
jugtis vkzks phktiX
=6 ej, gb Phstkrfhhl
i ehbsgmkrk iekgtévka. Jksjh issgj, dhuvk trifiadh rkeusimh mkphgs mk gjprkssh, ehjh nhg h eish Ngssuris kj hnnskt, euoh rksuatimh ehbsgmkrhu mis Ngssuris gbsitgsnitõrgh k båh pkrjgtgu i sui mgstrgfugãåh. Jugths trifiadhs ehbtgbuirij hfokths ÿbgehs kj phssk mk ijgchs ― SU hs nhg mgstrgfugbmh, ckbkrhsijkbtk. Mi eiagcrii ckstuia kai jksji, pissibmh pkah xkrhx, spriy, skrgcrii, righ-aiskr, tgphcrii k hnnskt, k h
mksnizgjkbth (ehjh nhg i sui niãibdi bi kxphsgãåh Irtk bi Vui GG), h phkti båh nkz rkstrgãûks i tçebgeis k prheksshs mk gjprkssåh/rkprhmuãåh, issgj ehjh i jêmgis, skjprk quk pkrjgtgu i juatgpageiãåh/ mgvuaciãåh mk iacubs mk skus phkjis. ]ribsgtibmh phr vérghs eõmgchs-agbcuickbs k jugtis jêmgis, SU mkskbdhu (k mkskbdi) uj pkreursh jÿatgpah k mk uji ehkrïbegi phueis vkzks hfskrvimi kbtrk bõs, shjibmh
mkstgbimh i mkgxir i sui jirei phr hbmk vgkssk i ituir. K imkbtrhu h jubmh mhs hfokths, prhmuzgbmh agvrhs mk irtgsti quk sk thrbirij akbmis, ehjh h Fiaç Fifuagbi Mkusks.. Pufagehu mk rirh kj rirh k I ^gmi Ukerkti mhs Mkusks Cripdyes k Phstkrfhhl . Ukus éafubs, ehjh Jkgb Liaag Cripdyes k phkjis ehjpirkekrij ehj jighr nrkquïbegi kj MkUgcbhs,, Jumi Jumi,, Eispi Eispi,, rkvgstis-ibthahcgis, tigs ehjh MkUgcbhs kxpkrïbegis jga. I critickj (oubtijkbtk ehj iacujis Irtçrgi (ehj pkrnhrjibeks créeis k shbhris), Itais Itais k k hutris pkrnhrjibeks crinh-erhjétgeis) sk ehbstgtugu kxphsgãûks? mis Phçtgeis ^gsuigs à Phksgi, pissibmh buji mk suis jigs mkstieimis iãûks bi Piuagekgi? phr Juatgjkmgi Gbtkrbieghbia (mi quia nhg eheurimhr), nhg, Siatkr Ugavkgri, oubtijkbtk ehj ]imku Oubcak, uj ]ribsnutur, Frizgagib ^gsuia Phktry, Pirivkr, I Phksgi mhs prgjkgrhs phktis-critimhrks mh Frisga ― gsth kj Frisgakgri mi Kri Põs-^krsh. Ksti jhstri, ichri, vkj bs mhs ibhs 9730, gbêeghs mhs 40 ― mkgxibmh mgssh uj kj jhjkbth hphrtubh, phgs mgvuaciré piri uj pÿfageh ristrh aujgbhsh, ehjpaktimh phr rkiagziãûks kj pipçgs jighr uj trifiadh mk kakvimh bêvka, quk dhbrirgi thmi (jugtis), pkrnhrjibeks, vêmkhs k vêmkh-gbstiaiãûks. k quiaqukr trimgãåh phçtgei. Siatkr Ugavkgri? jugths Nubmimhr k irtgsti ituibtk mi ]^MH, ehj trifiadhs nizkmhrks kj uj shjkbtk. Mhs phktis kxekpeghbigs jkjhrévkgs k oé dgstõrgehs, pkrtkbekbmh à skcubmi quk surcgrij k sk mkskbvhavkrij i pirtgr mhs ibhs ckriãåh mk vgmkhjilkrs mh piês, ckriãåh ksti quk, 9730, Siatkr Ugavkgri sk mkstiei ehjh uj mhs viahrks mhjgbibmh i agbcuickj prhpgegimi pkah vêmkh, rkiagzhu jighrks, prhjktkbmh akvir igbmi jigs imgibtk sku cribmks ehgsis, mk husimgi ieiedipibtk, jksjh, SU hnêegh mk prhmuthr mk agbcuickj/kxpkrgjkbtimhr. gbhvhu. Mhtimh mk ehrickj irtêstgei k gbtkaketuia, kstivi TIGPK!
ifshauth X 600=, eibkti pgaht shfrk tkai 94 x 50 ej
ifshauth X 600=, eibkti pgaht shfrk tkai 94 x 50 ej
ehrrket
wrhbc X 6095, mgcgtia.
ehrrket X 600>, aépgs mkrjithcréneh shfrk tkai, 94 x 9; ej
9= | 9;
ehrrket
wrhbc X 6095, mgcgtia.
ehrrket X 600>, aépgs mkrjithcréneh shfrk tkai, 94 x 9; ej
9= | 9;
izh izua X 6090, sçrgk mk quitrh pribedis aktriskt k tgbti mk skrgcrii shfrk pipka, 56 x 56 ej
9> | 93
izh izua X 6090, sçrgk mk quitrh pribedis aktriskt k tgbti mk skrgcrii shfrk pipka, 56 x 56 ej
9> | 93
94 | 97
94 | 97
6095, mktiadk mi ehaickj i pirtgr mk kbtibthX 9733, skrgcrii shfrk pipka, I= X mupai mk pécgbis ibtkrghrks
h vhhX 9746, sçrgk mk skgs bibqugj shfrk pipka, 90,; x 9>,; ej
60 | 69
6095, mktiadk mi ehaickj i pirtgr mk kbtibthX 9733, skrgcrii shfrk pipka, I= X mupai mk pécgbis ibtkrghrks
eirmghcringi? ehriãåh pirtgmh. mksirjk-jk fify X 9740, phkji piri irjir, skrgcrii shfrk eirtåh, =;,6 x 9> ej
h vhhX 9746, sçrgk mk skgs bibqugj shfrk pipka, 90,; x 9>,; ej
60 | 69
faielfkrryXpiaivri k gjickj
66 | 65
eirmghcringi? ehriãåh pirtgmh. mksirjk-jk fify X 9740, phkji piri irjir, skrgcrii shfrk eirtåh, =;,6 x 9> ej
faielfkrryXpiaivri k gjickj
66 | 65
bkrvuri mk iãh hu Jireh mh ^iakX 600;, vêmkh hfokth. nkrrh, ksehvi mk iãh, ipirkadh mk tv k jibcukgri paéstgei, fisk 9X 54 x 9=; x 50 ej | fisk 6X 5> x 9>0 x =5 ej
6= | 6;
bkrvuri mk iãh hu Jireh mh ^iakX 600;, vêmkh hfokth. nkrrh, ksehvi mk iãh, ipirkadh mk tv k jibcukgri paéstgei, fisk 9X 54 x 9=; x 50 ej | fisk 6X 5> x 9>0 x =5 ej
6= | 6;
h quirtgbdhX 9773, vêmkh, 4‗, Fktieij 6> |UP 63
h quirtgbdhX 9773, vêmkh, 4‗, Fktieij 6> |UP 63
h phkji...X 9743, vêmkhphkji, 50‚, [-Jitge (gb? Dkrõgs mi Mkeimïbsgi (sge) , Mgr. ]imku Oubcak)
64 | 67
h phkji...X 9743, vêmkhphkji, 50‚, [-Jitge (gb? Dkrõgs mi Mkeimïbsgi (sge) , Mgr. ]imku Oubcak)
64 | 67
fusei vgmiX 6003, vgmkh cringttg aiskr, M^M.
fusei vgmiX 6003, vgmkh cringttg aiskr, M^M.
dkbmrgx jibmrilk jibmrgx X 9734, phkji kj hutmhhr, 7 x 5 j | 9740, ngajk, 5‗6;‚, Uupkr 4jj.
dkbmrgx jibmrilk jibmrgx X 9734, phkji kj hutmhhr, 7 x 5 j | 9740, ngajk, 5‗6;‚, Uupkr 4jj.
Ergstgbi Nhbskei
I Phksgi mh Ieish? bi tribsvkrsia gb? I gb? mi egmimk, egmimk, 974=.
ergs nhbskei ― wiatkr, quibmh vheï ehjkãhu i pgedir jurhs8
wiatkr sgavkgri ― kj 9734. biqukai çphei ku kstivi kbvhavgmh kj kspkeuaiãåh phçtgei mh ith ckstuia mi ksergturi. i eiagcringi. fuseibmh hs agjgtks mi aktri kbquibth mksgcb. is pgediãûks nhrij nkgtis piri aibãir mgrktijkbtk bh ehrph shegia is kxpkrgïbegis quk, itç kbtåh, ku mkskbvhavgi bh itkagï k båh tgbdi ehbmgãûks mk vkgeuair mkvgmh às mgjkbsûks mhs eirtizks k ihs iaths eusths mis prhmuãûks. jubgmh mk spriy, siê pkai egmimk kserkvkbmh uj gmkhcriji vkrfia ― DKBMVGT JIBMVILK JIBMVGT ― ― ih jksjh tkjph h Oubcak sigu prh hutrh aimh ehaheibmh h sku HVI D . mkphgs mk mhgs hu trïs jksks vérgis cibcuks kstivij pkai jimrucimi kserkvkbmh phkjis, jibmibmh rkeimhs, hu nizkbmh trheimgadhs bhs jurhs. Ehjh kssi jibgnkstiãåh eiushu gbtkrkssk bi gjprkbsi, tgvk jku phkji (gbmkpkbmkjkbtk mh tritijkbth quk mkrij i kak) pufageimh kj vérghs ohrbigs k rkvgstis ehj uji tgrickj jugth cribmk. bi rkiagmimk båh pgedkg muribtk jugth tkjph, skbmh dhok itç mgnêega kbehbtrir uji pgediãåh miqukai çphei, jis h phkji (pufageimh) nhg agmh mi pkbdi itç h rgh mk oibkgrh k siavimhr siavimhr.. en ― vheï pkbsivi bgssh ehjh uji jibgnkstiãåh phçtgei, hu kri eurtgãåh8
ws ― kri ehjh dhok ehbtgbui skbmh, uji jibgnkstiãåh phçtgei mh prizkr. ku skjprk jk skbtg mhbh mi egmimk kj quk jhrh. h jurh fribeh ehbtgbui skbmh piri jgj uj pigbka hbmk phssh jk jibgnkstir. kspiãh mk kjkrcïbegi prgjia. en ― h quk vheï kspkrivi ehj gssh8
ws ― skj i jkbhr jhmçstgi, qukrgi kxkregtir h akji ‑AK]VIU MH ]IJIBDH MK ]HVVKU‚. ku shu
pufagegtérgh mk uj prhmuth gbÿtga (is piaivris), quk båh sk kbehbtri à vkbmi, k tkbth, ehj is ijirris mh jku tkjph, crivir jgbdi trioktõrgi mk vgmi. en ― vheï ehbsgmkri kssi uji itgtumk gjphrtibtk piri sui vgmi mk phkti8
kbtrkvgstiX
ws ― sgj, bi jkmgmi kj quk ifrgu piri jgbdi eifkãi uj mksmhfrijkbth mkssk trifiadh quk ç h FIF[AGBI,, FIAAK] MIU AK]VIU , FIJFHAÏ , FIJFI FIF[AGBI AÉ AÉ. AÉ. 5= | 5;
Ergstgbi Nhbskei
I Phksgi mh Ieish? bi tribsvkrsia gb? I gb? mi egmimk, egmimk, 974=.
ergs nhbskei ― wiatkr, quibmh vheï ehjkãhu i pgedir jurhs8
wiatkr sgavkgri ― kj 9734. biqukai çphei ku kstivi kbvhavgmh kj kspkeuaiãåh phçtgei mh ith ckstuia mi ksergturi. i eiagcringi. fuseibmh hs agjgtks mi aktri kbquibth mksgcb. is pgediãûks nhrij nkgtis piri aibãir mgrktijkbtk bh ehrph shegia is kxpkrgïbegis quk, itç kbtåh, ku mkskbvhavgi bh itkagï k båh tgbdi ehbmgãûks mk vkgeuair mkvgmh às mgjkbsûks mhs eirtizks k ihs iaths eusths mis prhmuãûks. jubgmh mk spriy, siê pkai egmimk kserkvkbmh uj gmkhcriji vkrfia ― DKBMVGT JIBMVILK JIBMVGT ― ― ih jksjh tkjph h Oubcak sigu prh hutrh aimh ehaheibmh h sku HVI D . mkphgs mk mhgs hu trïs jksks vérgis cibcuks kstivij pkai jimrucimi kserkvkbmh phkjis, jibmibmh rkeimhs, hu nizkbmh trheimgadhs bhs jurhs. Ehjh kssi jibgnkstiãåh eiushu gbtkrkssk bi gjprkbsi, tgvk jku phkji (gbmkpkbmkjkbtk mh tritijkbth quk mkrij i kak) pufageimh kj vérghs ohrbigs k rkvgstis ehj uji tgrickj jugth cribmk. bi rkiagmimk båh pgedkg muribtk jugth tkjph, skbmh dhok itç mgnêega kbehbtrir uji pgediãåh miqukai çphei, jis h phkji (pufageimh) nhg agmh mi pkbdi itç h rgh mk oibkgrh k siavimhr siavimhr.. en ― vheï pkbsivi bgssh ehjh uji jibgnkstiãåh phçtgei, hu kri eurtgãåh8
ws ― kri ehjh dhok ehbtgbui skbmh, uji jibgnkstiãåh phçtgei mh prizkr. ku skjprk jk skbtg mhbh mi egmimk kj quk jhrh. h jurh fribeh ehbtgbui skbmh piri jgj uj pigbka hbmk phssh jk jibgnkstir. kspiãh mk kjkrcïbegi prgjia. en ― h quk vheï kspkrivi ehj gssh8
ws ― skj i jkbhr jhmçstgi, qukrgi kxkregtir h akji ‑AK]VIU MH ]IJIBDH MK ]HVVKU‚. ku shu
pufagegtérgh mk uj prhmuth gbÿtga (is piaivris), quk båh sk kbehbtri à vkbmi, k tkbth, ehj is ijirris mh jku tkjph, crivir jgbdi trioktõrgi mk vgmi. en ― vheï ehbsgmkri kssi uji itgtumk gjphrtibtk piri sui vgmi mk phkti8
kbtrkvgstiX
ws ― sgj, bi jkmgmi kj quk ifrgu piri jgbdi eifkãi uj mksmhfrijkbth mkssk trifiadh quk ç h FIF[AGBI,, FIAAK] MIU AK]VIU , FIJFHAÏ , FIJFI FIF[AGBI AÉ AÉ. AÉ. 5= | 5;
båh bubeiX 974;, vêmkhphkji, 5;‚, [-Jitge (gb? Bhb Paus [atri , mgr. ]imku Oubcak)
5> | 53
båh bubeiX 974;, vêmkhphkji, 5;‚, [-Jitge (gb? Bhb Paus [atri , mgr. ]imku Oubcak)
fibdkgrh pufaylh (stgahcringehpubl) ehpubl)X 9746 - 6095 sçrgk mk skgs skrgcrinis shfrk pipka, 3; x >0 ej
5> | 53
54 | 57
fibdkgrh pufaylh (stgahcringehpubl) ehpubl)X 9746 - 6095 sçrgk mk skgs skrgcrinis shfrk pipka, 3; x >0 ej
54 | 57
dibmjimkX9774, quitrh pgbturis shfrk eirtåh, 9774, =0 x =0 x ej | Iaji Ksergti | Dibm Jimk | Nilk Eilk | Bimi
=0 | =9
dibmjimkX9774, quitrh pgbturis shfrk eirtåh, 9774, =0 x =0 x ej | Iaji Ksergti | Dibm Jimk | Nilk Eilk | Bimi
=0 | =9
=6 | =5
=6 | =5
hfokth mimhX 9773, hfokth kj rksgbi, >,; x >,; x >,; ej k mktiadk mk nhthcrii mi sçrgk mimhs. Pirekrgis ehj Nkrbibmh Aiszah .
== | =;
hfokth mimhX 9773, hfokth kj rksgbi, >,; x >,; x >,; ej k mktiadk mk nhthcrii mi sçrgk mimhs. Pirekrgis ehj Nkrbibmh Aiszah .
== | =;
6099 sktk pgbturis, ierêagei shfrk tkai, mi sçrgk ‑ skj têtuah‚X ‚X 6099 Lkkp jk phstkm , 50 x 97 ej G mgb‗t mh gt , 6= x 97 ej Put tdk cub mhwb, 6= x 97 ej Sdit wkbt wrhbc , 6= x 97 ej Bht nhr siak , 97 x 6= ej G divk bhw gmki, 6= x 97 ej Pkiek pakisk, 50 x =9 ej
=> | =3
6099 sktk pgbturis, ierêagei shfrk tkai, mi sçrgk ‑ skj têtuah‚X ‚X 6099 Lkkp jk phstkm , 50 x 97 ej G mgb‗t mh gt , 6= x 97 ej Put tdk cub mhwb, 6= x 97 ej Sdit wkbt wrhbc , 6= x 97 ej Bht nhr siak , 97 x 6= ej G divk bhw gmki, 6= x 97 ej Pkiek pakisk, 50 x =9 ej
ijirrih X 977>, skrgcrini shfrk pipka gb
Jkgb Liaag Cripdges , 50 x =0 ej
bkxhX 977>, skrgcrini shfrk pipka gb
Jkgb Liaag Cripdges, 50 x =0 ej
=> | =3
=4 | =7
ijirrih X 977>, skrgcrini shfrk pipka gb
Jkgb Liaag Cripdges , 50 x =0 ej
sifkr ksqukekr X 9774, aktriskt k bibqugj shfrk pipka I= ckb X 973>, critk shfrk pipka 94 x 94 ej
bkxhX 977>, skrgcrini shfrk pipka gb
Jkgb Liaag Cripdges, 50 x =0 ej
=4 | =7
sifkr ksqukekr X 9774, aktriskt k bibqugj shfrk pipka I= ckb X 973>, critk shfrk pipka 94 x 94 ej
mhmõg mi mkbmkeiX 9737 - 6009, hnnskt shfrk pipka gb Phstkrfhhl
aicirtgxi X 6009, hnnskt shfrk pipka gb Phstkrfhhl
;6 | ;5
mhmõg mi mkbmkeiX 9737 - 6009, hnnskt shfrk pipka gb Phstkrfhhl
euttgbc fhhl, 973>X 6095, agvrh mk irtgsti
aicirtgxi X 6009, hnnskt shfrk pipka gb Phstkrfhhl
;6 | ;5
;= | ;;
euttgbc fhhl, 973>X 6095, agvrh mk irtgsti
;= | ;;
fifuagbi, 9740 X 6095, agvrh mk irtgsti
;> | ;3
fifuagbi, 9740 X 6095, agvrh mk irtgsti
hmkfhxk, 974>-9775 X 6095, agvrh mk irtgsti
;> | ;3
hmkfhxk, 974>-9775 X 6095, agvrh mk irtgsti
i vgmi skerkti mhs mkusks, 977>X 6095, agvrh mk irtgsti XEhakãåh Hjir Ldhurg
i vgmi skerkti mhs mkusks, 977>X 6095, agvrh mk irtgsti XEhakãåh Hjir Ldhurg
]upy hr bht uthpy
9774 | 6 jgb | ^DU Ibtrhpõnich, ^gmkhphkji pirinriskibmh h Jibgnksth Ibtrhpõnich, ksergth phr Hswiam mk Ibmrimk kj 9764. Pirtgegphu mi TTG^ Fgkbia mk Uåh Piuah, bi gbstiaiãåh I gbstiaiãåh I ehbtrgfugãåh juatgjgaghbérgi mk juatgjgaghbérgi mk thmhs hs krrhs, kj pirekgrgi ehj Irbiamh Ibtubks k Akbhri mk Firrhs.
Tgah^] (Kahcgh mi Tgah) 977= | 96 jgb | Fktieij
Kbsigh vgmkhcréeh rkiagzimh i pirtgr mh phkji
H Kahcgh mi Tgah , mk Dirhamh mk Eijphs, k gjickbs eiptimis bh itkagï mi irtgsti Jirgi Fhbhjg. Jkadhr vêmkh mi TG Jhstri mk ^êmkh mk Uibth Ibmrç 977;.
Mimhs
9774 | 6 jgb | Fktieij Ehbstruãåh vgmkhcréei piri h
Mimhs , mk phkji [j Aibek mk Mimhs, Utkpdibk Jiaairjç. Pirekrgi mk Siatkr Ugavkgri ehj h nhtõcrinh Nkrbibmh Aiszah.
^ýh Phailh
9770 | 90 jgb | ^DU Kbsigh phçtgeh i pirtgr mk e irti k phkjis mk Piuah Akjgbslg. Ehj pirtgegpiãåh mk
Dirhamh mk Eijphs. Crivimh kj Eurgtgfi.
^] Prkpirimh IE/OE
974> | 90 jgb | [-Jitge (ehmgrkãåh Siatkr Ugavkgri k Pkmrh ^gkgri) [ji dhjkbickj ih ehjphsgthr mh sgaïbegh (OE/Ohdb Eick) k ih phkti mi pécgbi kj fribeh (IE/Iucusth mk Eijphs). Hs rkiagzimhrks ehbekfkj uj vêmkh kj quk prkmhjgbi i tkai kj fribeh puavkrgzimi phr ripgmêssgjhs isdks mk gjickj, ruêmhs,
gjpuashs k mgsthrãûks mh prõprgh mgsphsgtgvh tçebgeh. Pirtgegpiãåh mk Irrgch Firbifç, Siay Uiahjåh, Mçegh Pgcbitirg k Dirhamh mk Eijphs. Cribmk prïjgh [-Jitge mh Nkstgvia ^gmkhfrisga mk 974>.
Jgbdi ^gickj kj Sksaky Mulk Akk m‗Dkageõptkrh à Nhrtiakzi m‗Irlimgb 9776 | 90 jgb | Fktieij [ji vgmkhtrgp shfrk i hfri mh
irtgsti Sksaky Mulk Akk, ehj ïbnisk
kj hfris ijfgkbtigs k gbstiaiãûks. Jkadhr vgmkhirtk bh ^G Nkst ^êmkh mk Phrth Iakcrk 9775.
Aks Ïtrks Akttrks 9779 | 90 jgb | ^DU
Kbsigh vgmkhcréeh kj quk i jktiagbcuickj k i
sgjuatibkgmimk rkvkaij h gbmgvgsêvka agjgtk mh akcêvka, fiskimh bh agvrh dhjýbgjh mi irtgsti juatgjêmgi Fktty Akgrbkr, gjprkssh kj 9779. ]kxturis shbhris mk Egm Eijphs. Prïjgh kspkegia mh oÿrg bh G Nõruj FD_ ^êmkh, Fkah Dhrgzhbtk 9779.
>6 | >5
]upy hr bht uthpy
9774 | 6 jgb | ^DU Ibtrhpõnich, ^gmkhphkji pirinriskibmh h Jibgnksth Ibtrhpõnich, ksergth phr Hswiam mk Ibmrimk kj 9764. Pirtgegphu mi TTG^ Fgkbia mk Uåh Piuah, bi gbstiaiãåh I gbstiaiãåh I ehbtrgfugãåh juatgjgaghbérgi mk juatgjgaghbérgi mk thmhs hs krrhs, kj pirekgrgi ehj Irbiamh Ibtubks k Akbhri mk Firrhs.
Tgah^] (Kahcgh mi Tgah) 977= | 96 jgb | Fktieij
Kbsigh vgmkhcréeh rkiagzimh i pirtgr mh phkji
H Kahcgh mi Tgah , mk Dirhamh mk Eijphs, k gjickbs eiptimis bh itkagï mi irtgsti Jirgi Fhbhjg. Jkadhr vêmkh mi TG Jhstri mk ^êmkh mk Uibth Ibmrç 977;.
Mimhs
9774 | 6 jgb | Fktieij Ehbstruãåh vgmkhcréei piri h
Mimhs , mk phkji [j Aibek mk Mimhs, Utkpdibk Jiaairjç. Pirekrgi mk Siatkr Ugavkgri ehj h nhtõcrinh Nkrbibmh Aiszah.
^ýh Phailh
9770 | 90 jgb | ^DU Kbsigh phçtgeh i pirtgr mk e irti k phkjis mk Piuah Akjgbslg. Ehj pirtgegpiãåh mk
Dirhamh mk Eijphs. Crivimh kj Eurgtgfi.
^] Prkpirimh IE/OE
974> | 90 jgb | [-Jitge (ehmgrkãåh Siatkr Ugavkgri k Pkmrh ^gkgri) [ji dhjkbickj ih ehjphsgthr mh sgaïbegh (OE/Ohdb Eick) k ih phkti mi pécgbi kj fribeh (IE/Iucusth mk Eijphs). Hs rkiagzimhrks ehbekfkj uj vêmkh kj quk prkmhjgbi i tkai kj fribeh puavkrgzimi phr ripgmêssgjhs isdks mk gjickj, ruêmhs,
gjpuashs k mgsthrãûks mh prõprgh mgsphsgtgvh tçebgeh. Pirtgegpiãåh mk Irrgch Firbifç, Siay Uiahjåh, Mçegh Pgcbitirg k Dirhamh mk Eijphs. Cribmk prïjgh [-Jitge mh Nkstgvia ^gmkhfrisga mk 974>.
Jgbdi ^gickj kj Sksaky Mulk Akk m‗Dkageõptkrh à Nhrtiakzi m‗Irlimgb 9776 | 90 jgb | Fktieij [ji vgmkhtrgp shfrk i hfri mh
irtgsti Sksaky Mulk Akk, ehj ïbnisk
kj hfris ijfgkbtigs k gbstiaiãûks. Jkadhr vgmkhirtk bh ^G Nkst ^êmkh mk Phrth Iakcrk 9775.
Aks Ïtrks Akttrks 9779 | 90 jgb | ^DU
Kbsigh vgmkhcréeh kj quk i jktiagbcuickj k i
sgjuatibkgmimk rkvkaij h gbmgvgsêvka agjgtk mh akcêvka, fiskimh bh agvrh dhjýbgjh mi irtgsti juatgjêmgi Fktty Akgrbkr, gjprkssh kj 9779. ]kxturis shbhris mk Egm Eijphs. Prïjgh kspkegia mh oÿrg bh G Nõruj FD_ ^êmkh, Fkah Dhrgzhbtk 9779.
>6 | >5
SIA]KV UGA^KGVI (97;; Uåh Piuah-UP)
ç crimuimh kj Vémgh k ]^ pkai KEI-[UP. KEI-[UP. Mksmk 9740, ç prhssghbia mk tkakvgsåh k mgrkthr mk prhcrijis.
Irtgsti gbtkrjêmgi, rkiagzi prhokths iuthrigs k kxpkrgjkbtigs kj thrbh mh suphrtk kaktrýbgeh mksmk h bia mhs ibhs 30. Kj 9734 gbgegi i eurimhrgi mk vérgis
jhstris, kxphsgãûks k kvkbths mk phçtgeis vgsuigs kj Uåh Piuah, Eurgtgfi, Uiavimhr k Fkah Dhrgzhbtk, piriakaijkbtk às itgvgmimks kj tkakvgsåh. Nhg nubmimhr, kbtrk 974; k 9744, mi prgjkgri ksehai mk vêmkh mh piês, i ]dk Ieimkjgi Frisgakgri mk ^êmkh, uj phah irtgeuaimhr k nhrjimhr mis bhvis prhphstis mis irtks kaktrýbgeis kj Uåh Piuah. Pirtgegphu mi TTG^ Fgkbia Gbtkrbieghbia mk Uåh Piuah. Kj 977=, iprkskbthu i vgmkhgbstiaiãåh ijfgkbtia Cuibifiri DS9, DS9, bh kvkbth Irtk Egmimk GG, kj Uåh Piuah. Ehj h phkti Iucusth mk Eijphs k h jÿsgeh Egm Eijphs, mkskbvhavku k mgrgcgu h kspktéeuah mk phksgi, Vgseh (iprkskbtimh mksmk 977> jÿsgei k vêmkh Phksgi Ç Vgseh (iprkskbtimh kj mgnkrkbtks egmimks mh Frisga, mi Nribãi, mi Uuêãi, mi Dhaibmi k mhs Kstimhs [bgmhs). Pirtgegphu tijfçj mi GG Fgkbia mh Jkrehsua kj 9774. Kbtrk 6000 k 600=, kxkreku i nubãåh mk mgrkthr mk
prhcrijiãåh mi ]^ Euaturi mk Uåh Piuah. Kj 6009, pufagehu h agvrh mk phksgi vgsuia Phstkrfhhl Siat F. Faielfkrry k k pirtgegphu mi kxphsgãåh ]krrgtõrgh Kxpibmgmh bh UKUE Phjpçgi, kj Uåh Piuah. Kj 6006, pirtgegphu mi kxphsgãåh Frizgagib ^gsuia Phktry , bh ]kxis, bhs Kstimhs [bgmhs. Kj 6005 pirtgegphu mis kxphsgãûks Piaivri Kxtriphaimi,, bh UKUE Phjpçgi, k I Kxtriphaimi Jkghs, k I Uufvkrsåh mhs Jkghs, bh Gtiÿ Euaturia, ijfis kj Uåh Piuah. ^érghs vêmkhs skus gbtkcrij i ehaktæbki Jimk gb Frisga ― 50 ibhs mk ^êmkh-Irtk bh Frisga , hrcibgzimi phr Iragbmh Jiedimh. Mksmk 600=, pirtgegpi ehj hutrhs irtgstis mis iprkskbtiãûks mh kspktéeuah mk phksgi, gjickj k jÿsgei PHKJGTFV . Kbtrk jigh k ouadh mk 600;, pirtgegphu mk kxphsgãåh Ehrphs ^grtuigs, ^grtuigs, bh Ekbtrh Euaturia ]kakjir, Vgh mk Oibkgrh, ehj eurimhrgi mk Gvibi Fkbtks. Kbtrk sktkjfrh k bhvkjfrh mk 600;, ehj eurimhrgi mk Icbiamh Nirgis, pirtgegphu mi ehaktgvi Inbgmimk Kaktgvis,, bh Kspiãh Euaturia EPNA, kj Eijpgbis. Kaktgvis Kj jirãh mk 6003, pirtgegphu mis skcugbtks jhstris, ehj eurimhrgi mk Ibthbgh Pishagbg? ^gmkh Agbls Frizga , bi ]itk Jhmkrb, kj Ahbmrks, k Pibhriji mi ^êmkh-Ergiãåh bh Frisga , bh Ekbtrh Euaturia Fibeh mh Frisga, kj Frisêagi. Igbmi kj 6003, pirtgegphu mi ehaktgvi gbtkrbieghbia Phgksgs Phgksgs,, ehj eurimhrgi mk Ibmrç ^iaagis, Nrgkmrged S. Fahel k Imhanh Jhokbth Bivis, bh
Hg Nuturh, Vgh mk Oibkgrh. Kj 6004, nhg eheurimhr mi kxphsgãåh Phksgi Ehberkti ― H Prhokth ^krfgvhehvgsuia , bh Gbstgtuth ]hjgk Hdtilk, kj Uåh Piuah, k bh Piaéegh mis Irtks, kj Fkah
Dhrgzhbtk. Kj 6007 pirtgegphu mi Vémgh ^gsuia bi bi 3ª Fgkbia mh Jkrehsua, kj Phrth Iakcrk. Auzksergti,, kxphsgãåh Kj 6090 k 6099, pirtgegphu mk Auzksergti kj pirekrgi ehj Irbiamh Ibtubks k Nkrbibmh Aiszah, rkiagzimi kj Uiavimhr k Eurgtgfi.
SIA]KV UGA^KGVI (97;; Uåh Piuah-UP)
ç crimuimh kj Vémgh k ]^ pkai KEI-[UP. KEI-[UP. Mksmk 9740, ç prhssghbia mk tkakvgsåh k mgrkthr mk prhcrijis.
Irtgsti gbtkrjêmgi, rkiagzi prhokths iuthrigs k kxpkrgjkbtigs kj thrbh mh suphrtk kaktrýbgeh mksmk h bia mhs ibhs 30. Kj 9734 gbgegi i eurimhrgi mk vérgis
jhstris, kxphsgãûks k kvkbths mk phçtgeis vgsuigs kj Uåh Piuah, Eurgtgfi, Uiavimhr k Fkah Dhrgzhbtk, piriakaijkbtk às itgvgmimks kj tkakvgsåh. Nhg nubmimhr, kbtrk 974; k 9744, mi prgjkgri ksehai mk vêmkh mh piês, i ]dk Ieimkjgi Frisgakgri mk ^êmkh, uj phah irtgeuaimhr k nhrjimhr mis bhvis prhphstis mis irtks kaktrýbgeis kj Uåh Piuah. Pirtgegphu mi TTG^ Fgkbia Gbtkrbieghbia mk Uåh Piuah. Kj 977=, iprkskbthu i vgmkhgbstiaiãåh ijfgkbtia Cuibifiri DS9, DS9, bh kvkbth Irtk Egmimk GG, kj Uåh Piuah. Ehj h phkti Iucusth mk Eijphs k h jÿsgeh Egm Eijphs, mkskbvhavku k mgrgcgu h kspktéeuah mk phksgi, Vgseh (iprkskbtimh mksmk 977> jÿsgei k vêmkh Phksgi Ç Vgseh (iprkskbtimh kj mgnkrkbtks egmimks mh Frisga, mi Nribãi, mi Uuêãi, mi Dhaibmi k mhs Kstimhs [bgmhs). Pirtgegphu tijfçj mi GG Fgkbia mh Jkrehsua kj 9774. Kbtrk 6000 k 600=, kxkreku i nubãåh mk mgrkthr mk
prhcrijiãåh mi ]^ Euaturi mk Uåh Piuah. Kj 6009, pufagehu h agvrh mk phksgi vgsuia Phstkrfhhl Siat F. Faielfkrry k k pirtgegphu mi kxphsgãåh ]krrgtõrgh Kxpibmgmh bh UKUE Phjpçgi, kj Uåh Piuah. Kj 6006, pirtgegphu mi kxphsgãåh Frizgagib ^gsuia Phktry , bh ]kxis, bhs Kstimhs [bgmhs. Kj 6005 pirtgegphu mis kxphsgãûks Piaivri Kxtriphaimi,, bh UKUE Phjpçgi, k I Kxtriphaimi Jkghs, k I Uufvkrsåh mhs Jkghs, bh Gtiÿ Euaturia, ijfis kj Uåh Piuah. ^érghs vêmkhs skus gbtkcrij i ehaktæbki Jimk gb Frisga ― 50 ibhs mk ^êmkh-Irtk bh Frisga , hrcibgzimi phr Iragbmh Jiedimh. Mksmk 600=, pirtgegpi ehj hutrhs irtgstis mis iprkskbtiãûks mh kspktéeuah mk phksgi, gjickj k jÿsgei PHKJGTFV . Kbtrk jigh k ouadh mk 600;, pirtgegphu mk kxphsgãåh Ehrphs ^grtuigs, ^grtuigs, bh Ekbtrh Euaturia ]kakjir, Vgh mk Oibkgrh, ehj eurimhrgi mk Gvibi Fkbtks. Kbtrk sktkjfrh k bhvkjfrh mk 600;, ehj eurimhrgi mk Icbiamh Nirgis, pirtgegphu mi ehaktgvi Inbgmimk Kaktgvis,, bh Kspiãh Euaturia EPNA, kj Eijpgbis. Kaktgvis Kj jirãh mk 6003, pirtgegphu mis skcugbtks jhstris, ehj eurimhrgi mk Ibthbgh Pishagbg? ^gmkh Agbls Frizga , bi ]itk Jhmkrb, kj Ahbmrks, k Pibhriji mi ^êmkh-Ergiãåh bh Frisga , bh Ekbtrh Euaturia Fibeh mh Frisga, kj Frisêagi. Igbmi kj 6003, pirtgegphu mi ehaktgvi gbtkrbieghbia Phgksgs Phgksgs,, ehj eurimhrgi mk Ibmrç ^iaagis, Nrgkmrged S. Fahel k Imhanh Jhokbth Bivis, bh
Hg Nuturh, Vgh mk Oibkgrh. Kj 6004, nhg eheurimhr mi kxphsgãåh Phksgi Ehberkti ― H Prhokth ^krfgvhehvgsuia , bh Gbstgtuth ]hjgk Hdtilk, kj Uåh Piuah, k bh Piaéegh mis Irtks, kj Fkah
Dhrgzhbtk. Kj 6007 pirtgegphu mi Vémgh ^gsuia bi bi 3ª Fgkbia mh Jkrehsua, kj Phrth Iakcrk. Auzksergti,, kxphsgãåh Kj 6090 k 6099, pirtgegphu mk Auzksergti kj pirekrgi ehj Irbiamh Ibtubks k Nkrbibmh Aiszah, rkiagzimi kj Uiavimhr k Eurgtgfi.
sk ku qugskssk ku nirgi.phks nirgi.phksgi giX 6090, hfokth kj ierêageh, ;0 x =0 x 9 ej X Ehakãåh Piuah Jgribmi
icrimkegjkbths
nedi tçebgei
Iajgr Iajis
Airgssi Nrieksedktk Vgfkgrh
prksgmkbti mi rkpÿfagei
prhokth k prhmuãåh
Ibmrç Birgti
Jireh mh ^iak
mgaji vibi rhussknn
kspiãh aêqugmh
prhokth créeh ibbi turri
Ibmrç ^igbkr
Bgathb Vhssg
Iucusth mk Eijphs
Hjir Ldhurg
jgbgstrh mi nizkbmi
ehhrmkbiãåh ehhrmkbiãå h ckria
ehhrmkbiãåh ehhrmkbiãå h kmgthrgia
Fka Akhphamh k Ugavi
Piuah Akjgbslg gb jkjhrgij
cugmh jibtkci
frubi eiaakcirg
frubi eiaakcirg rinika fuhsg
Fktty Akgrbkr
Piuah Jgribmi
prksgmkbtk mi eigxi kehbýjgei nkmkria
eurimhrgi
Egm Eijphs
Piuah Pkrkgri
ohrck nhbtks dkrkmi
mibgka ribcka
Eaéumgh Lidbs
Pkmrh Ahks
Ergstgbi Nhbskei
Pkmrh ^gkgri
Muaek Dhrti
Vkcgbi Kedkvkrrgi
Kbzh Eiaakcirg
Vgeirmh Mi Ugavi Ugavkgri
Nkrbibmh Aiszah
Uhaibck Nirlis
Naévgi Uhakmimk
]imku Oubcak
Nribegs Pifah Miaai Ehsti
]hjis _ichb
Nribegseh Jiredghrg Bktth
Sibmi mi Ugavi Ugavkgri
Cga Ugavçrgh
prhmuãåh kxkeutgvi rinika fuhsg ouagibi psirhs
kxphcrii ibmrç vigbkr mibgka ribcka
tkxths frubi eiaakcirg ergstgbi nhbskei mibgka ribcka hjir ldhurg rinika fuhsg
rkvgsåh jirgibi sdgrig
nhthcriis rinika fuhsg
Dirhamh mk Eijphs gb jkjhrgij Ohåh Fibmkgri
issksshrgi mk gjprkbsi
Ouagibi Jkmurg
mçegh dkrbibmkz mg cghrcg
icrimkegjkbths
nedi tçebgei
Iajgr Iajis
Airgssi Nrieksedktk Vgfkgrh
prksgmkbti mi rkpÿfagei
prhokth k prhmuãåh
Ibmrç Birgti
Jireh mh ^iak
mgaji vibi rhussknn
kspiãh aêqugmh
prhokth créeh ibbi turri
Ibmrç ^igbkr
Bgathb Vhssg
Iucusth mk Eijphs
Hjir Ldhurg
jgbgstrh mi nizkbmi
ehhrmkbiãåh ehhrmkbiãå h ckria
ehhrmkbiãåh ehhrmkbiãå h kmgthrgia
Fka Akhphamh k Ugavi
Piuah Akjgbslg gb jkjhrgij
cugmh jibtkci
frubi eiaakcirg
frubi eiaakcirg rinika fuhsg
Fktty Akgrbkr
Piuah Jgribmi
prksgmkbtk mi eigxi kehbýjgei nkmkria
eurimhrgi
Egm Eijphs
Piuah Pkrkgri
ohrck nhbtks dkrkmi
mibgka ribcka
Eaéumgh Lidbs
Pkmrh Ahks
Ergstgbi Nhbskei
Pkmrh ^gkgri
Muaek Dhrti
Vkcgbi Kedkvkrrgi
Kbzh Eiaakcirg
Vgeirmh Mi Ugavi Ugavkgri
Nkrbibmh Aiszah
Uhaibck Nirlis
Naévgi Uhakmimk
]imku Oubcak
Nribegs Pifah Miaai Ehsti
]hjis _ichb
Nribegseh Jiredghrg Bktth
Sibmi mi Ugavi Ugavkgri
Cga Ugavçrgh
prhmuãåh kxkeutgvi rinika fuhsg ouagibi psirhs
kxphcrii ibmrç vigbkr mibgka ribcka
tkxths frubi eiaakcirg ergstgbi nhbskei mibgka ribcka hjir ldhurg rinika fuhsg
rkvgsåh jirgibi sdgrig
nhthcriis rinika fuhsg
Dirhamh mk Eijphs gb jkjhrgij Ohåh Fibmkgri
issksshrgi mk gjprkbsi
Ouagibi Jkmurg
mçegh dkrbibmkz mg cghrcg
>> | >3
