www.jntuworld.com
Accounting and Finance for Managers
LESSON
22 CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORIES CONTENTS 21.0
Aims Aims and and Obj Objec ecti tive vess
22.1
Intr Introd oduc ucti tion on
22.2 22.2
Assumptio Assumption n of the Capital Capital Structure Structure Theories Theories
22.3
Net Net Inc Incom omee Appr Approa oach ch
22.4
Net Operat Operating ing Income Income Approa Approach ch
22.5
Modig Modiglia liani– ni–Mi Mille llerr Appr Approa oach ch
22.6
Tradi raditi tion onal al App Appro roac ach h
22.7
Types ypes of Divide Dividend nd Polici Policies es 22.7.1 22.7.1 Cash Cash Dividen Dividend d Policy Policy 22.7.2 22.7.2 Bond Divid Dividend end Policy Policy 22.7.3 22.7.3 Property Property Divid Dividend end Policy Policy 22.7.4 22.7.4 Stock Stock Dividen Dividend d Policy Policy
22.8
Let Let us Sum Sum up
22.9
Less Lesson on-e -end nd Acti Activi vity ty
22.10 Keyw Keyword ordss 22.1 22.11 1 Question Questionss for Discuss Discussion ion 22.12 Sugges Suggested ted Reading Readingss
22.0 22.0 AIMS AIMS AND OBJEC OBJECTIV TIVES ES The purpose of this lesson is to identify the optimum capital capit al structure for business fleeces. After studying this lesson you will be able to: (i) (i)
descri describe be diffe differen rentt theori theories es of cap capita itall struct structure ure
(ii) (ii)
explain explain aspec aspects ts of of capital capital struc structure ture decisio decision-ma n-making king
(iii (iii)) describe describe differ different ent types types of dividen dividend d policies policies
22.1 22.1 INTR INTROD ODUC UCTI TION ON
29 8
The capital structure theories are facilitating the business fleeces to identify the optimum capital structure. The optimum capital structure of the organization differs from one approach to another due the assumption which are underlying with reference to many factors of influence. The success of the firm is normally depending upon the rate at which the financial resources are raised, differs from one organisation to another depends upon the needs. The cost of capital is having greater influence on the EBIT level of the
www.jntuworld.com
firm; which directs affects the amount of earnings available to the investors, that finally reflects on the value of the firm. The more earnings available at the end will lead to greater return on investment holdings of the investors, would enhance the value of shares due to greater demand. There are two set of approaches with reference to capital structure; which normally influences the Value of the firm through the cost of overall capital(Ko) is one approach called relevance approach capital structure theories and other do not have any influence on the value of the firm is known as irrelevance approach. The debt finance in the capital structure facilitates the firm to enhance the value of EPS on one side on the another side it is subject to the financial leverage with reference to trading on equity. The application of leverage in the capital structure enhances the value of the firm through the cost of capital.
Capital Structure Theories
The following are the various capital structure theories: (i)
Net income approach
(ii)
Net operating income approach
(iii) Modigliani and Miller approach (iv) Traditional approach
22.2 ASSUMPTION OF THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORIES (i)
There are only two resources in the capital structure viz Debt and Equity share capital
(ii)
The dividend pay out ration 100% which means that there is no scope for the retained earnings
(iii) The life of the firm is perpetual (iv) The total assets of the firm do not change (v)
The total financing remains constant through balancing taking place in between the debt and share capital
(vi) No corporate taxes; this was removed later
22.3 NET INCOME APPROACH Algebraically, the relationship between the cost of equity, cost of overall capital and debt-equity ration are explained as follows: Ke=Ko+ (Ko–Ki)B/S Net income approach was developed by Durand, in this he has portrayed the influence of the leverage on the value of the firm, which means that the value of the firm is subject to the application of debt i.e., leverage. In this approach, the cost of debt is identified as cheaper source of financing than equity share capital. The more application of debt in the capital structure brings down the overall capital, more particularly 100% application of debt finance leads to resemble the over all cost of capital as cost of debt. The weighted average cost of capital will come down due to more application of leverage in the capital structure, only with reference to cheaper cost of raising than the equity share capital cost. Ko= Ke(S/V)+Ki(B/V) The value of the firm is more in the case of lesser overall cost of capital due to more application of leverage in the capital structure. The optimum capital structure is that at
29 9
www.jntuworld.com
Accounting and Finance for Managers
when the value of the firm is highest and the overall cost of capital is lowest. V=B+S V= EBIT/Ko This approach highlights that the application of leverage influences the overall cost of capital and that affects the value of the firm.
22.4 NET OPERATING INCOME APPROACH This another approach developed by Durand, which has underlying principle that the application of leverage do not have any influence on the value of the firm through the overall cost of capital. The more application of leverage leads to bring down the explicit cost of capital on one side and on the other side implicit cost of debt is expected to go up. How the implicit cost of debt will go up? The more application of debt leads to increase the financial risk among the investors, that warranted the equity share holders to bear additional financial risk of the firm. Due to additional financial risk, the share holders are requiring the firm to pay additional dividends over the existing. The increase in the expectations of the shareholders with reference to dividends hiked the cost of equity. Under this approach, no capital structure is found to be a optimum capital structure. The major reason is that the debt-equity ratio does not influence the cost of overall capital, which always nothing but remains constant. It is finally concluded that this approach highlights that application of leverage never makes an attempt to enhance the value of the firm, in other words which is known as unaffected by the application of leverage.
22.5 MODIGLIANI–MILLER APPROACH It is the approach, attempts to explain the application of leverage does not have any influence on the value of the firm through behavioural pattern of the investors. The behavioural pattern of the investors is taken into consideration for explaining the value of the firm which is unaffected by the application of debt/leverage in the capital structure through arbitrage process. The MM approach has three different propositions: (i)
The overall capital structure of the firm is unaffected by the cost of capital an degree of leverage
(ii)
The cost of equity goes up and offset the increase of leverage in the capital structure
(iii) The cut off rate for the investment purposes is totally independent. For discussion, the proposition is only considered for the study of usage of leverage in the capital structure, which do not have any impact in the value of the firm.
Assumptions of the MM approach: This approach is discussed under the perfect market conditions (i)
Securities are divisible infinitely.
(ii)
Investors are allowed to buy and sell securities
(iii) Investors are rational to access the information (iv) No transaction costs involved in the process of the buying and selling of securities
30 0
Arbitrage process: It is the process facilitates the individual investors to buy the investments at lower price at one market and sells them off at higher price in another market. With the help of arbitrage process, the investors are permitted to shift holding of the Levered firm to the unlevered firm which is known as undervalued. These two firms are identical in business risk except in the application of debt finance in the levered firm. In order to maintain the similar amount of the financial risk of the firm, the investor is required to undergo for personal leverage or home made leverage to maintain the same
www.jntuworld.com
proportion of investment in the unlevered firm. During this process, the investor could save something and this continuous arbitrage process will level the value of the both firms. It means that the value of the firm is unaffected by the application of leverage which is explained through the arbitrage process, nothing but behavioural pattern of the investors.
Capital Structure Theories
The same thing could be applied in the case of reverse arbitrage process in between the Unlevered and levered. This also another kind of process in which the investor could gain through the transfer of the holdings from the unlevered firm to levered firm. The value of the firm is unaffected by the application of the leverage in the capital structure.
22.6 TRADITIONAL APPROACH The traditional approach is known as intermediate approach in between the Net income approach and NOI approach. The value of the firm and the cost of capital are affected by the NI approach but the assumptions of the NOI approach are irrelevant. The cost of overall capital will come down due to the application cheaper source of financing viz Debt financing to some extent, after certain usage, the application of debt will enhance the financial risk of the firm, which will require the share holders to expect additional return nothing but is risk premium. The risk premium which is expected by the investors will enhance the overall cost of capital. The optimum capital structure "the marginal real cost of debt, defined to include both implicit and explicit will be equal to the real cost of equity. For a debt-equity ratio before that level, the marginal cost of debt would be less than that of equity capital, while beyond that level of leverage, the marginal real cost of debt would exceed that of equity.
22.7 TYPES OF DIVIDEND POLICIES The dividend policy is the policy that facilitates the firm to decide how much should be declared as a dividend. The declaration of dividend is normally to be taken with reference to the future prospects of the firm. The dividends are normally decided by the board of directors during the board meeting which may affect other important decisions of the firm. Most of the companies never think off about the future prospects before the declaration of the dividends to the shareholders. As a finance manager should emphasize the importance of declaring or non declaring the dividends which are having greater influence on the futuristic decisions of the enterprise. Types of dividend policies: (i)
Cash dividend
(ii)
Bond dividend
(iii) Property dividend (iv) Stock dividend
22.7.1 Cash Dividend Policy The dividends are paid in terms of cash. This type of dividend normally leads to cash outflow which has greater influence on the cash position of the firm. At the moment of declaring the cash dividend, future cash needs should be predetermined and dividends declared to the share holders.
22.7.2 Bond Dividend Policy Instead of paying dividend in terms of cash, some companies are issuing bond dividends, which facilitate them to postpone the immediate cash outflows. Immediately after the 30 1
www.jntuworld.com
Accounting and Finance for Managers
issuance of bonds, the bond holders are receiving the interest on their holdings besides the bond values to be paid on the due date. This method is not popular in India.
22.7.3 Property Dividend Policy Instead of paying dividends in cash, some assets are given to the shareholders as dividend payments. This is also not existing in India.
22.7.4 Stock Dividend Policy Instead of making the payment of cash dividend, the stock are issued to the existing shareholders. The company shares are issued to existing share holder which is known other words as stock dividends. Check Your Progress 1.
Write a note on the Modigliani–Miller approach.
2.
Explain the various types of dividend policies.
22.8 LET US SUM UP The capital structure theories are facilitating the business fleeces to identify the optimum capital structure. The optimum capital structure of the organization differs from one approach to another. The cost of capital is having greater influence on the EBIT level of the firm; which directs affects the amount of earnings available to the investors, that finally reflects on the value of the firm. Net income approach, the cost of debt is identified as cheaper source of financing than equity share capital. Net Operating income approach developed by Durand, which has underlying principle that the application of leverage do not have any influence on the value of the firm through the overall cost of capital. The more application of leverage leads to bring down the explicit cost of capital on one side and on the other side implicit cost of debt is expected to go up. Under this approach, no capital structure is found to be a optimum capital structure. Arbitrage process is the process facilitates the individual investors to buy the investments at lower price at one market and sells them off at higher price in another market. The traditional approach is known as intermediate approach in between the Net income approach and NOI approach.
22.9 LESSON-END ACTIVITY Assuming the condition of the original M & M (Miller-Modigliani) approach, state whether the following statement is true or false: “In a world of perfect capital market, an increase in financial leverage will increase the market value of the firm.” Provide an intuitive explanation of your answer.
22.10 KEYWORDS Arbitrage process Dividend Policies Cash dividend policy
22.11 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 30 2
1.
Write the various assumption of the capital structure theories.
2.
Explain the Net income approach.
www.jntuworld.com
3.
Elucidate the Net operating approach.
5.
Explain briefly about the traditional approach.
6.
What is meant by the dividend policy?
Capital Structure Theories
22.12 SUGGESTED READINGS R.L. Gupta and Radhaswamy, “ Advanced Accountancy”. V.K. Goyal, “Financial Accounting”, Excel Books, New Delhi. Khan and Jain, “ Management Accounting”. S.N. Maheswari, “ Management Accounting”. S. Bhat, “Financial Management ”, Excel Books, New Delhi. Prasanna Chandra, “ Financial Management – Theory and Practice”, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi (1994). I.M. Pandey, “Financial Management ”, Vikas Publishing, New Delhi. Nitin Balwani, “ Accounting & Finance for Managers”, Excel Books, New Delhi.
30 3
