LEMBAGA KURSUS DAN PELATIHAN
RIFTON METRO NILEK NASIONAL 12202.1.0044
TEKNI K AUDI O VI DEO JILID
1 REGULATOR RADIO
MPLIFIER
TAPE RECORDER
TRANSMITTER
PEMANCAR
MUSTOTO SUPARDI, A.MT
JL. HASANUDIN 8OSO MUL8O KOTA METRO LAMPUNG
Drs. Mustoto S. A,MT P$%&$' LKP R$(to
PHONE 016-00- 9 0-411244
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur ke hadirat Allah swt. Atas karunia rahmat dan curahan nikmat sehingga kami dapat menyusun buku yang sederhana sederhana ini. Shlawat Shlawat dan salam semga tercurahkan tercurahkan kepada junjungan Nabi kita !uhammad SA"# SA"# para keluarganya# para sahabatnya dan rang$rang yangmengikuti jaan Allh dan RasulNya Saya amati bahwa perkembangan perkembangan elektrnika elektrnika dewasa dewasa ini berkembang sangat pesat bagaikan tumbuhnya jamur di musim hujan. %ampir setiap rumah mempunyai pesawat elektrnika. Pesawat$pesawat elektrnika itu suatu saat pasti akan rusak. &ntuk menrmalkan kembali dari kerusakan itu diperlukan keahlian atau ketrampilan dalam mereparasi atau menser'is pesawat elektrnika tersebut. (uku ini saya beri judul )TEKN*K A&+*, -*+E, terdiri dari / jilid. 0ilid * berisikan tentang yang berhubungan dengan audi# seperti# regulatr# ampli1ier# Tape Recrder# radi dan Pemancar. 0ilid ** berisikan tentang yang berhubungan dengan audi dan 'ide# yakni tele'isi hitam putih dan tele'isi warna. Sedang jilid / adalah membahas tentang 2mpac +isc# -ide 2mpac +isc dan +igital 2mpac +isc +ilengkapi pula dengan skema diagram# tehnik reparasi dan klasi1ikasi kerusakan serta analisisnya. analisisnya. Tata letak# cara kerja#diagram kerja#diagram skematic# skematic# ser'ice# ser'ice# pengukuran# pengarusan# kmpnen# cnth$cnth dan lain lebih lanjut dijelaskan dan dipraktekkan ketika berlangsungnya kursus elektrnik di 3PPK Ri1tn. (uku (uku ini sengaj sengajaa kami kami susun susun sedemi sedemikia kian n sederh sederhana ana supaya supaya mudah mudah di1aha di1ahami mi dan dipraktekkan. dipraktekkan. (uku ini kami jadikan panduan dalam kursus elektrnika di 3PK Ri1tn 452 6smuly !etr Pusat Kta !etr 3ampung. +alam penyusunan buku ini berdasarkan re1erensi buku 7 buku teknik elektrnika# analisis dan pengalaman lapangan# sehingga bahasa dan isinya mudah di1ahami di1ahami dan tidak menyimpang menyimpang dari pesawat pesawat elektrnik elektrnik yang di pasaran. K&RS&S E3EKTR,N*K E3EKTR,N*K 3PPK R*8T,N siap membantu membantu dalam mewujudkan mewujudkan manusia yang memiliki memiliki keahlia keahlian n atau atau ketram ketrampila pilan n merepa mereparas rasii berbag berbagaim aimacam acam jenis jenis pesawa pesawatt elektr elektrnika nika 9mntir 9mntir elektrnik:. Tujuan Kursus Elektrpnik Ri1tn adalah membekali para siswa agar mampu mandiri dan hidup sukses dunia akherat. Pembelajaranny Pembelajarannyaa dititk tekankan pada praktek dengan harapan harapan tamat dari Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Pelatihan mahir dalam dunia perbengkelan elektrnik. elektrnik. Kita usaha semaksimal semaksimal mungkin untukmeraih untukmeraih cita$cita kita# kemudian bertawakkal bertawakkal kepada Allh# serta berd;a kepada Allh agar usaha kita dikabulkan dan mendapat berkah dan Rridh Allih S"T. Semga Semga kehadir kehadiran an kursus kursus elektr elektrnik nik 3PPK 3PPK Ri1tn Ri1tn ini dapat dapat memban membantu tu prgra prgram m pemerintah dalam mengurangi jumlah pengangguran. Allah swt. Akan senantiasa memperhatikan setiap hambaNya yang sungguh$sungguh berupaya untuk merubah nasip hidupnya. Kami menyadari menyadari benar bahwa buku yang kami susun ini sangat sederhana sederhana dan masih banyak kekurangannya. ,leh karena itu kepada penmbaca yang budiman untuk dapat melengkapinya dan memberi saran kepada kami untuk perbaikan dalam penyusunan berikutnya.
DA)TAR ISI
K't' Pe*'t'r D'(t'r I#$
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. I/"ktor
11
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14
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Metro, 10 Oktober 2010 Pe!"#",
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Pe%'3'r
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MULTI Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelati hanMETER Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro
Cara membaca dan mempergunakan Multi Meter Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektro nik Rifton Metro Metro 03
M"+t$ %eter /$#eb"t :"*' %"+t$ te#ter, /$#eb"t :"*' A;O %eter. %eter. A < A%&ere, A%&ere, %er"&'k' #'t"' k"'t 'r"#. ; < ;o+t, ;o+t, %er"&'k' %er"&'k' #'t"' te*'*' . O < O%, %er"&'k' %er"&'k' #'t"' t''' t''' 't'" '%b't' '%b't' .M"+t$ %eter '/'+' #"'t" '+'t "t"k %e*"k"r k"'t 'r"#, te*'*' /' '%b't'.
PAPAN SKALA
JARUM PENUNJUK
SEKRUP PENGATUR POSISI JARUM (PRESET )
TOMBOL PENGATUR POSISI JARUM
BATAS UKUR (RANGE ( RANGE)) SAKLAR JANGKAUAN UKUR
2,!!,N (+)
2,!!,N (-)
A. Tegangan / Volt (V) 5'r' %e%b'3' /' %e*"k"r te*'*' A5 /' D5 '/'+' #'%'. H'!' &erbe/''!' ter+et'k &'/' b't'# "k"r /' #k'+'. Ar"# A5 &'/' b't'# "k"r /' #k'+' A5 /' 'r"# D5 &'/' b't'# "k"r /' #k'+' D5. B't'# "k"r !'* terter' $t" %r"&'k' b't'# "k"r %'k#$%'+= ke%'%&"' ke%'%&"' %e*"k"r te*'*'. Sk'+' Sk'+' te%&'t %e%b'3' be#'r ke3$+!' te*'*' te*'*' #e#"'$ /e*' /e*' &e":"k' &e":"k' :'r"%. :'r"%. D$ /'+'% #k'+' terter' terter' $+'$$ $+'$$ te*'*'!'. M$#'+ b't'# b't'# "k"r -0 >o+t ber'rt$ b't'# b't'# "k"r = ke%'%&"' ke%'%&"' &e":"k' &e":"k' te*'*' -0 >o+t. . Te*'*' Te*'*' !'* +eb$ $+'$!' /'r$ -0 >o+t :$k' /$"k"r /e*' b't'# "k"r -0 %'k' te#ter te#ter 'k' r"#'k , b't'# "k"r 2-0 b't'# "k"r = ke%'%&"' ke%'%&"' te#ter te#ter %e*"k"r %'k#$%'+ 2-0 ;, +eb$ /'r$ $t" te#ter 'k' r"#'k. G'r$# %e+e*k"* $t" %er"&'k' %er"&'k' #k'+' /' /$ *'r$# %e+e*k"* $$+' te%&'t te%&'t %e%b'3' $+'$. Setr$& teb'+=be#'r %er"&'k' b't'# #k'+' /' /'+'% #et$'& #k'+' '/' #tr$&9#tr$& ke3$+. J"%+' #k'+' 10 /' :"%+' :"%+' #tr$& ke3$+ /'+'% #et$'& #k'+' #k'+' '/' - ter%'#"k *'r$# teb'+?*'r$# =b't'# #k'+'@. D$ #ek$t'r #k'+' $t" te+' ter3't"% /'t' /'t' 't'" $+'!' ber"&' '*k'9 '*k'9'* '*k' k' !'* !'* 'k' 'k' /$&er* /$&er*"' "'k' k' "t"k "t"k %e*$ %e*$t" t"* * 't'" 't'" %e%b'3 %e%b'3' ' '#$+ '#$+ &e*"k"r'. B't'# "k"r 10 te%&'t te%&'t %e%b'3'!' &'/' &'/' /eret' '*k' 10 &'/' #k'+', b't'# "k"r -0 te%&'t %e%b'3'!' &'/' /eret' '*k' -0 &'/' #k'+', b't'# "k"r 2-0 te%&'t %e%b'3'!' %e%b'3'!' &'/' /eret' '*k' 2-0 &'/' #k'+'. #k'+'. B't'# "k"r 10 $+'$ #et$'& #k'+' 1 /' $+'$ #et$'& #'t" #tr$& ke3$+ 0,2, b't'# "k"r -0 $+'$ #et$'& #k'+' - /' $+'$ $+'$ #et$'& #et$'& #'t" #tr$& ke3$+ 1, b't'# "k"r 2-0 $+'$ #et$'& #k'+' 2- /' $+'$ #et$'& #'t" #tr$& ke3$+ -. J$k'+'" /$:"%+' /$:"%+' :"%+' $+'$ #et$'& #ek'+' 't'" $+'$ $+'$ #et$'& #etr$& $t" $t" 'k' #'%' /e* /e*' ' $+' $+'$$ b't' b't'# # "k"r "k"r! !'. '. ila ilaii seti setiap ap satu satu skal skala a < B't'# "k"r 10 < 1,2,,4,1,2,,4,-,, ,,,,6 ,,6,10. ,10.,, b't# "k"r -0 < -,10,1-,20 -,10,1-,20,2-, ,2-,0, 0,-,40 -,40,4-,,4-,-0, 0, b't'# b't'# "k"r 2-0 < 2-,-0,-,100,12-,1-0,1-,200,22-,2-0,/#t Nilai ganjil seperti 1,3,5,7,9,5,15,25,35,45,75,125, 1,3,5,7,9,5,15,25,35,45,75,125,175,225 175,225 tidak dicantumkan dalam multi meter.
BATAS
N#$A# S%T#A& S!A$A
N#$A# S%T#A& 1 ST"#& !%'#$
10
1,2,,4,-,,,,6,10
0,2
-0
-,10,1-,20,2-0,-,40,4-,-0
1
2-0
2-,-0,-,100,12-,1-0,1-,200,22-,2-0
-
-00
-0,10 ,100,1,1-0,20 ,200,2,2-0,0 ,00,,-0,40 ,400,40,4-0 0,-0 ,-00
10
!"
SK ALA
1000 1000
100,200 100,200,00 ,00,400 ,400,-00 ,-00,00 ,00,00 ,00,00 ,00,600 ,600,100 ,100 0
20
Leb$ te&'t!' Lembaga /'+'% %e%b'3' $+'$ &e*"k"r' %"+t$ %"+t$Metro %eter %eter '/'+' '/'+' /e*' Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelat ihan Elektronik Elektro/'+'% nik Rifton Metr o 04 r"%"# #eb'*'$ ber$k"t < B't'# "k"r Pe":"k' Sk'+' M$#'+ < B't'# B't'# "k"r -0 >o+t. >o+t. J'r"% J'r"% &e":" &e":"k k &'/' &'/' '*k' '*k' 2 +eb$ +eb$ /"' #tr$&. #tr$&. M'k' M'k' 3'r' 3'r' %e*$t"*!'< -0 ?b't'# ?b't'# "k"r@ "k"r@ < 10 ?:"%+' ?:"%+' #k'+'@ -. Ber'rt$ #et$'& #k'+' $+'$!' -. - ?$+'$ #'t" #k'+'@ < - ?:"%+' #tr$& /'+'% #'t" #k'+'@ 1. J'/$ #'t" #tr$& /'+'% #'t" #k'+' $+'$!' 1 . Se$**' /'&'t /$(''%$ /$(''%$ < 2 -0 C 10 10, k're' k're' +eb$!' /"' #tr$& /' #et$'& #tr$& $+'$!' $+'$!' #'t" #e$**' &e":"k' &e":"k' $t" #e:"%+' 102 102 12 >o+t.. Sebe+"% %e*"k"r te*'*', ter+eb$ /'"+" &erk$r'k' >o+t !'* 'k' /$"k"r b'r" %e%$+$ b't'# "k"r. B't'# "k"r !'* 'k' /$&er*"'k' :'*' #'%&'$ +eb$ ke3$+ /'r$ te*'*' !'* 'k' /$"k"r. M$#'+ &erk$r'' te*'*' !'* /$"k"r 12 >o+t '3 't'" D5, %'k' b't'# "k"r %e**"'k' -0 A5 't'" D5. Ke#'+'' /'+'% %e%$+$ b't'# "k"r 'k' %e!eb'bk %e!eb'bk' ' %"+t$%et %"+t$%eter er r"#'k. r"#'k. Ter+eb$ Ter+eb$9+eb 9+eb$ $ :$k' !'* 'k' /$"k"r $t" te*'*' %e**"'k' b't'# "k"r o%, %'k' %"+t$ te#ter te#ter 'k' +'*#"* r"#'k. Me*"k"r te*'*' A5 boCe /$bo+'k b'+$k &e!$/$k te#ter !'* %er' /' !'* $t'% k're' te*'*' A5 t$/'k &"!' k"t"& !'* tet'&. Se/'*k' Se/'*k' %e*"k:"r te*'*' D5 'r"# t$/'k bo+e keb'+$k 't'r' &e!$/$k te#ter !'* %er' /e*' &e!$/$k te#ter !'* $t'%. Pe!$/$k %er' te%&'tk' te%&'tk' &'/' &o#$t$( ?@ /' &e!$/$k $t'% te%&'tk' te%&'tk' &'/' &e!$/$k e*'t$( ?9@. Keb'+$k /'+'% %e*"k"r 'k' %e!eb'bk' te#ter r"#'k. B. Hambatan / Ohm ( ! Me*"k"r $+'$ '%b't' "t"k %e*et'"$ #eber'&' b'!'k $+'$ '%b't' #"'t" be/' 't'" ko%&oe. ko%&oe. Pe*"k"r' Pe*"k"r' /e*' b't'# "k"r o% '!' /'&'t /$*"'k' /$*"'k' "t"k %e*"k"r #e+'$ 'r"# 't'" te*'*'. te*'*'. B$+' b't'# "k"r /e*' o% "t"k "t"k %e*"k"r te*'* te*'*' ' 't'" 't'" 'r"# 'r"# %'k' %'k' te#ter te#ter $t" 'k' 'k' r"#'k. r"#'k. M'k' M'k' ber't ber't$9 $9't$ 't$+' +' /'+'% /'+'% %e%&er*" %e%&er*"'k' 'k' %"+t$ %"+t$ %eter $$. Per't$k' Per't$k' /e*' #ek#'%' b't'# "k"r /' 3'r' %e%b'3'!' #ebe+"% %e*"k"r. %e*"k"r. Sk'+' te%&'t te%&'t %eb'3' b't'# "k"r o% ?Ω@ terter' &'/' &'&' #k'+' b'*$' &'+$* 't'#. P'/' &'&' #k'+' te+' te+' /$3't"%k /$3't"%k' ' :"%+' :"%+' $+'$!'. $+'$!'. B't'# "k"r %er"&'k' %er"&'k' :"%+' &e*'+$ /'r$ b't'# "k"r &e":"k' &e":"k' :'r"% :'r"% &e":"k &e":"k &'/' #k'+'. #k'+'. M$#'+ M$#'+ b't'# "k"r 100 Ω, :'r"% &e":"k %e":"k &'/' #k'+' '*k' 20. Ber'rt$ 100 20 2000 Ω 2 k Ω. B't'# "k"r 1 KΩ, :'r"% te#ter %e":"k &'/' #k'+' '*k' 20, ber'rt$ 1 KΩ 20 20000 Ω 20 K Ω. ?1 KΩ 1000 Ω@. M"+'9%"+' &e!$/$k %er' t'3'&k' &'/' &ro& /' &e!$/$k $t'% t'3'&k' &'/' &ro& 9. Sete+' $t" &erte%"k' ke/"' &e!$/$k $t" +'+" 't"r+' :'r"% &e":"k $**' %e3'&'$ o+ o% /e*' &e*'t"r o+ o%. Sete+' $t" b'r" %e+'k"k' &e*"k"r' ko%&oe /' #e+':"t!' %e*$t"* #eber'&' b'!'k $+'$ '%b't'!'. Batas ukur ( 1 Ω digunakan untuk mengukur nilai )am*atan + 1++ Ω
Batas ukur ( 1+ Ω digunakan untuk untuk mengukur mengukur nilai )am*atan 1+ 1+++ Ω - 1 ! Ω Ω Batas ukur ( 1++ Ω digunakan digunakan untuk mengukur nilai )am*atan 1++ 1+++ Ω - 1! Ω Ω digunakan Ω 1++ ! Batas ukur ( 1 ! Ω digunakan unutk mengukur nilai nilai )am*atan 1 ! Ω Ω digunakan Ω 5 / Ω Ω Batas ukur ( 1+ ! Ω digunakan unutk mengukur nilai )am*atan 1+ ! Ω C. Arus / Ampere (A) Kursus Lembaga Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro 05 Pe*"k"r' '%&ere "t"k %e*et'"$ #eber'&' be#'r k"'t 'r"# !'* %e*'+$r &'/' #"'t" !'* %e*'+$rk' %e*'+$rk' +$#tr$k. +$#tr$k. H't$9't$ H't$9't$ #eb'*$' #eb'*$' be#'r A;O %eter %eter '!' /'&'t %e*"k"r %e*"k"r %'k#$%'+ %'k#$%'+ 2-0 %A -00 %A. 5'r'!' 5'r'!' '/'+' 't'r' #"%ber #"%ber te*'*' te*'*' /e*' beb' /$#er$ /e*' A;O %eter. %eter. Pe!$/$k %er' ?@ &'/' #"%ber te*'*' 'r"# /' &e!$/$k $t'% ?9@ %e/'&'t %e/'&'t beb' ?:'+"r >33 @ . Se%et'r' 'r"# /'r$ #"%ber #"%ber te*'*' +'*#"* %e/'&'t beb' beb' ?:'+"r >33 9@. N$+'$ b't'# "k"r!' ter3't"% /'+'% &'&' #k'+'. Be#'r ke3$+!' $+'$ '%&ere #e#"'$ /e*' &e":"k'.
Rumus penting dalam elektronika: I Ar"# A%&ere A ; Te*'*' ;o+t ; P D'!' F'tt F R H'%b't' O% Ω
P I; ; P
; IR R ;
"ELISTRI"A L$#tr$k '/'+' #eb"' eer*$ !'* /'&'t /$%'(''tk' te'*', /'!' /' &''#!'. O+e k're' $t" or'* +'+" %e/'!' %e/'!' *"'k' +$#tr$k +$#tr$k $t" "t"k "t"k ke&et$*' ke&et$*' &'br$k, r"%' t'**' /' :"*' "t"k ke&et$*' &e#''t e+ektro$k'. L$#tr$k %er"&'k' '+$r' e+ektro. E+ektro %er"&'k' b'*$' /'r$ 'to%. Se/'*k' 'to% %er"&'k' &'rt$ke+ !'* &'+$* ke3$+ /'r$ #"'t" be/' !'* t'k /'&'t /$b'*$9b'*$ +'*$. L$#tr$k %er"&'k' te'*' k"'t #e/'*k' e+ektro$k' %er"&'k' te'*' +e%'. J'/$ $+%" +$#tr$k '/'+' $+%" !'* %e%&e+':'r$ *er'k' e+ektro. I+%" e+ektro$k' '/'+' $+%" !'* %e%&e+':'r$ &e*e/'+$' e+ektro.
Tegangan istrik L$#tr$k %e*'/"* %"'t'. M"'t' +$#tr$k !'* terk'/"* &'/' 't 't'" #"'t" be/' /'&'t /$*er'kk' /' 'k$r!' %e*'#$+k' 'r"# +$#tr$k. Be#'r' te*'*' +$#tr$k /$"k"r /e*' %e**"'k' >o+t. ;o+t %er"&'k' #'t"' /'r$ te*'*'. Arus istrik istrik L$#tr$k '%&$r %$r$& /e*' '$r. A$r %e%$+$k$ 'r"#, /e%$k$' +$#tr$k. Ar"# '$r /$!'t'k' /e*' /e*' +$ter=/et +$ter=/et$k. $k. B$+' '$r %e*'+$r ? ber'r"#@ ber'r"#@ /'r$ /'t'r' t$**$ ke /'t'r' /'t'r' re/'. re/'. Be#'r' 'r"# +$#tr$k /$!'t'k' /e*' '%&ere. A%&ere %er"&'k' #'t"' /'r$ k"'t 06 re/'. Lembaga'r"# Kursus Kursus Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektro Metr o +eb$ 'r"#. L$#tr$k %e*'+$rk' /'r$dan te*'*' !'* t$**$nik ke Rifton te*'Metro !'* !a"am # ma"am istrik L$#tr$k %e%&"!'$ /"' %'3'% !'$t" +$#tr$k A5 A5 /' +$#tr$k D5. L$#tr$k A5 ?A+ter't$* ?A+ter't$* 5"ret@ '/'+' +$#tr$k !'* %e%$+$k$ 'r"# bo+'k b'+$k. D$k't'k' bo+'k b'+$k k're' 'r"# !'* %e*'+$r t$/'k tet'&, !'$t" /'r$ &o#$t$( ke e*'t$( /' /'r$ e*'t$( ke &o#$t$(. Pro#e# ter:'/$!' +$#tr$k A5 '/'+' k're' &er&"t'r' be/' = %'et 'k' %r$%b"+k' %e/' %'et %'et %'k' e+ektro 'k' ber*er'k ber*er'k %e*$k"t$ %e*$k"t$ *er'k' %e/' %'et %'et #e$**' #e$**' %e$%b"+k' 'r"# +$#tr$k '3. Ar"# '&'b$+' /$*'%b'rk' /e*' '$r !'* ber*e+o%b'*. S"%ber +$#tr$k A5 't'r' +'$ < /$'%o, /$e#e+, :e#et. L$#tr$k PLN /++.
400 Ω 4k = 4. k Ω
A. Resistor tetap Re#$#tor tet'& '/'+' re#$#tor !'* %e%$+$k$ $+'$ '%b't' tet'& =t$/'k ber"b'. B'' &e%b"'t' re#$#tor /'r$ eke+$ /' 'r'*. Re#$#tor !'* terb"'t /'r$ b'' eke+$ +eb$ k"'t t'' ter'/'& &''#. Be#'r ke3$+!' $+'$ re#$#tor /$tet"k' /e*' 'r' 't'" Lembaga Kurs us dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro 07 '*k' !'* terter' &'/' Kursus b'/'!'.
5'r' %e%b'3' ko/e 'r' '/'+' #eb'*'$ ber$k"t <
%ARA H$t'% 5ok+'t Mer' J$**' = Or'!e K"$* H$:'" B$r" U*" Ab" 'b" P"t$ E%'# Per'k T'&' ko/e 'r'
L$#tr$k D5 ?Dere3t 5"ret@ '/'+' +$#tr$k !'* %e%$+$k$ 'r"# #e'r'. D$k't'k' #e'r' k're' 'r"# !'* %e*'+$r ter"# %eer"# tet'& /'r$ e*'t$( ke &o#$t$(. Pro#e# ter:'/$!' +$#tr$k D5 k're' '/'!' &ro#e# k$%$'. B$+' /$*'%b'rk' /e*' '$r !'* te'*. Arr"# +$#tr$k D5 t$/'k '/' (reke#$!' k're' 'r"#!' r't' t$/'k ber*e+o%b'*. S"%ber 'r"# D5 #e&ert$< '33", b'tter!, '/'&tor, #o+'r #e+ /++. Semua bentuk pesawat elektrnika akan dapat bekerja kalau menggunakan arus listrik +2# karena jaringan listrik P3N yang berarus A2 secara langsung tidak dapat menghidupkan psawat elektrnika elektrnika mengingat mengingat listrik A2 tidak mempunyai mempunyai kutub yang tetap. ,lehkarenanya ,lehkarenanya harus dirubah menjadi arus listrik +2
PEMAHAMAN KOMPONEN
#. RESI RESIST ST$R $R Re#$#tor ? R @ '%b't' 't'" t''' t''' Re#$#tor '/'+' ko%&oe !'* /'&'t %e*'+$rk' 'r"# +$#r$k !'* %e%$+$k$ '%b't' 't'" t'''. N$+'$ '%b't'!' #e#"'$ /e*' be#'r ke3$+!' $+'$ re#$#tor $t" #e/$r$. Re#$#tor /$b'*$ 2 %'3'% !'$t" re#$#tor tet'& /' re#$#tor t$/'k tet'&. S't"' re#$#tor '/'+' Ω ?o%@. 1000 Ω 1 K Ω. 1000 K Ω 1 M ?%e*'@
1 M 1000 K
1.000.000 O%
ILAI 0 1 2 4 6
T$LERASI
- % 10 % 20 %
Ut"k +eb$ %e%"/'k' /'+'% %e*'('+ ko/e 'r' /$#$*k't< hit$"o$me$%i$ku$hi$bi$u$a$pu Cara menentukan nilai resistor
Ge+'* e%&'t 1. 2. . 4.
Ge+'* Ge+'* &ert'%' &ert'%' %e":" %e":"kk' kk' '*k' '*k' &ert'%' &ert'%' Ge+'* Ge+'* ke/"' ke/"' %e":" %e":"kk' kk' '*k' ke/"' Ge+'* Ge+'* ke t$*' %e": %e":"kk' "kk' '*k' '*k' :"%+' :"%+' b'!'kk!' b'!'kk!' o+ o+ Ge+'* Ge+'* ke e%&'t e%&'t %er"&'k' %er"&'k' to+er'#$. to+er'#$.
Resistor seri dan paralel Ge+'* +$%' 1. Ge+'* Ge+'* &ert'% &ert'%' ' %e":"kk %e":"kk' ' '*k' '*k' &ert'%' &ert'%' 2. Ge+'* Ge+'* ke ke /"' /"' %e":"kk %e":"kk' ' '*k' '*k' ke /"' /"' . Ge+'* Ge+'* ke t$*' t$*' %e":" %e":"kk' kk' '*k' '*k' ke t$*' t$*' 4. Ge+'* Ge+'* ke e%&et e%&et %e":"kk %e":"kk' ' '*k' '*k' :"%+' :"%+' b'!'k!' b'!'k!' o+ o+ -. Ge+'* Ge+'* ke +$%' %er"&'k' %er"&'k' to+er'#$ to+er'#$ M$#'+ < Ge+'* k"$* <4 Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton1Metro Me tro 08 Ge+'* &ert'%' ?1@ 5ok+'t < 1 Ge+'* 2 "*" < Ge+'* ke/"' ?2@ H$t'% < 0 1000 Ω Ge+'* $t'% <0 Ge+'* ket$*' ?@ Mer' C 2 1 KΩ Ge+'* 4 %er' <2 Ge+'* kee%&'t < e%'# Ge+'* - e%'# to+er'#$ 4000 Ω 4 K Ω Ge+'* 1 3ok+'t < 1 Ge+'* 2 H$t'% < 0 10 Ω Ge+'* H$t'% < 0 Ge+'* kee%&'t < e%'# Ge+'* 1 k"$* < 4 Ge+'* 2 "*" < Ge+'* %er' < 2 Ge+'* kee%&'t < e%'# 400 Ω 4K = 4. K Ω Ge+'* &ert'%' &ert'%' 3ok+'t < 1 Ge+'* ke/"' $:'"
Ge+'* 1 :$**' < Ge+'* 2 &"t$ < 6 Ge+'* e%'# < , Ge+'* 4 < &er'k < to+er'#$ ,6 Ω = Ω 6
Ge+'* 1 k"$* < 4 Ge+'* 2 "*" < Ge+'* ket$*' $t'% <0 Ge+'* kee%&'t :$**' < Ge+'* ke+$%' 3ok+'t < to+er'#$ 40000 & '() "
Re#$#tor !'* $+'$!' tert"+$# &'/' b'/'!'. A/' !'* %e!eb"t!' %$3ro. A/' !'* %e!eb"t!' b'+ok9', k're' bet"k!' #e&ert$ b'+ok. 0,-
Ω
- 'tt
4.
Ω
'tt
N$+'$ re#$#tor !'* /$b"t"k' /'&'t :"*' /$&e"$ /e*' 3'r' %e#r$ 't'" %e%&'r'+e+. 5'r' #e%'3'% $$ +eb$ e%'t /' %"/' ket$%b'* 'r"# %e3'r$ re#$#tor ke &'#'r #e#"'$ /e*' $+'$ !'* /$ b"t"k' /'+'% #'t"' re#$#tor.
Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro 09 a. Rangkaian Lembaga Seri
"esist0r "esist0r !'* /$r'*k'$ #er$ $+'$ re#$#t'#$!' %er"&'k' :"%+' /'r$ #e+"r" re#$#tor !'* /$r'*k'$. R1 + R2 + R3 RS R1 R2 R
R# Re#$#t'#$ Ser$. Rs < / K = < /.>>> =
b. Rangkaian *aralel "esist0r !'* /$&'r'+e+ /$&'r'+e+ $+'$ re#$#t'#$! re#$#t'#$!' ' 'k' #e%'k$ ke3$+, ter*'t$* ter*'t$* /'r$ '#$+ &erb'/$*' $+'$ %'#$*9%'#$*.
R& ?R1 R 2@ ?R1 R2@ 't'" 1 1 1 R& R1 R2
R& Re#$#t'#$ P'r'+e+
. . . #e#"'$ #e#"'$ b'!'k!' b'!'k!' resist0r R& 2 K 2 K 2K2K R& 1 K R& 1000
+. Resistor tidak tetap Re#$#tor Re#$#tor t$/'k t$/'k tet'& tet'& '/'+' '/'+' re#$#tor re#$#tor !'* $+'$ $+'$ '%b't' '%b't'!' !' t$/'k t$/'k tet'& tet'& 't'" /'&'t ber"b'9r"b'. Re#$#tor t$/'k tet'& $6$ '/'+' ;'r$'b+e Re#$#tor ?;R@ S$%bo+ <
1. Trimp 0t 0t N$+'$ N$+'$ t''' t''' &'/' tr$%&ot tr$%&ot /'&'t /$r"b'9r"b' /$r"b'9r"b' /e*' %e%"t'r %e%"t'r Tr$%&ot $$ '/' !'* #tereo /' '/' !'* %oo.
%e%'k'$ob %e%'k'$obe*. e*.
2. &0te &0tens nsi0 i0 met meter er N$+'$ t''' &'/' &ote#$o %eter /' /$r"b'9r"b' /e*' %e%"t'r &'/' *'*'* &"t'r'!'. Pote#$o '/' !'* %oo /' '/' !'* #tereo
Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro 0
Tr$%&ot
1. H'%b't H'%b't' ' 0 100 o% 2. D'!' D'!' +$#tr +$#tr$k $k 1 'tt 'tt . S"" S"" ker:' ker:' 120 5 2 5
S$%bo+ < . *R (ight *ependen"e Resistor) Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan/$ke/'+$k Pelatihan Pelati han' Elektronik Elektro Metr o LDR '/'+' '/'+' re#$#tor re#$#t or !'* /'&'t /$ke /'+$k' /e*' /e*nik ' Rifton 3''!' 3''!Metro ' !'* /$ter$%'!' /$ter$%'!' /' /$#eb"t /$#eb"t :"*' re#$#tor (oto. (oto. Be#'r ke3$+! $+'$ '%b't' '%b't'!' !' ter*'t" ter*'t"* * /'r$ kek"'t' kek"'t' 3''!' !'* /$ter$%'!' .
Pote#$o
J$k' ;R $$ /$ &"t'r %'k' $+'$ '%b't'!' 'k' ber"b' #e#"'$ /e*' be#'r ke3$+!' &"t'r'!'. Seb'*'$ t$t$k "k"r!' &'/' k'k$ !'* te*' /e*' #'%&$* k'' /' #'%&$* k$r$!'
A.
Resistor kusus - Resistor tidak linier
Re#$#tor Re#$#tor k"#"# '/'+' '/'+' re#$#tor re#$#tor !'* %e%&"!' %e%&"!'$$ #$('t9#$(' #$('t9#$('tt $#t$%e' $#t$%e' /' k"#"# . Re#$#tor $$ b'!'k /$*"'k' &'/' &e#''t e+ektro$k /e*' #$#t$% #"", 3''!' 3''!' /' te*'*'. Re#$#tor $$ ter/$r$ /'r$ beber'&' :e$# #e#"'$ /e*' :e$# &e*'t'r 't'" b'' b'' &e*' &e*'%b' %b't! t!'. '. D$#eb" D$#eb"tt re#$#t re#$#tor or t$/'k t$/'k +$$er +$$er N$+'$ N$+'$ '%b't '%b't' ' t$/'k t$/'k +$$er +$$er /$&e*'r"$ o+e ('ktor +$*k"*', %$#'+!' #"" /' 3''!'. !'$t" <
a mengukur dan mengeta)ui mengeta)ui *aik tidakana resist0r B't'# B't'# "k"r &'/' O% %eter. %eter. Ke/"' &e!$/$k te#ter /$ te%&e+k' te%&e+k' &'/' ke/"' k'k$ re#$#tor. K'+'" &r":"k'!' :'r"% &e":"k #e#"'$ /e*' $+'$ !'* '/' &'/' re#$#tor, ber'rt$ re#$#tor $t" b'$k. J$k' t$/'k #e#"'$ /e*' $+'$ re#$#tor!' ber'rt$ r"#'k. B$'#'!' re#$#tor re#$#tor r"#'k /'&'t /$ket'"$ /$ket'"$ /e*' 3$r$ re#$#tor '%b't'%! '%b't'%!' ' t$/'k '/', ber'rt$ ber'rt$ re#$#tor re#$#tor &"t"# /' re#$#tor re#$#tor !'* %o+or $+'$!', $+'$!', ber'rt$ $+'$ '%b't' '%b't'!' !' bert'%b' bert'%b' be#'r /'r$ $+'$ !'* ter3't"% &'/' re#$#tor
3. &TC (&egati'e Temperature Temperature Control) NT5 '/'+' re#$#tor re#$#tor !'* /'&'t /$&e*'r"$ /$&e*'r"$ o+e #"" . J$k' #""!' #""!' &''# $+'$ '%b't'!' %e*e3$+ %e*e3$+ #e$**' 'r"# !'* %e*'+$r %e%be#'r. J$k' #""!' /$*$ $+'$ '%b't'!' %e%be#'r #e$**' 'r"# !'* %e*'+$r %e*e3$+. 1. N$+'$ N$+'$ '%b' '%b't' t'!' !' 1 20 20 O% 2. D'!' D'!' +$#tr +$#tr$k $k 1 'tt 'tt . S"" S"" ker: ker:' ' 2 2 5 ke ke 't'# 't'#
. C$DESAT$R
'. TC ( ositi'e Temperature Control ) PT5 /'+' re#$#tor !'* /'&'t /$&e*'r"$ /$&e*'r"$ o+e #"". #"". J$k' #""!' &''#, $+'$ '%b't'!' %e%be'r #e$**' 'r"# !'* %e*'+$r %e*e3$+. J$k' #""!' /$*$, $+'$ '%b't'!' %e*e3$+ #e$**' 'r"# !'* %e*'+$r %e%be#'r.
Ko/e#'t Ko/e#'tor or ?5@ terb"'t /'r$ /"' b"' &+'t &e*'t'r &e*'t'r !'* berbet"k berbet"k &$&$ #'+$* ber'/'&' ber'/'&' /' /$#ek'& /$#ek'& /e*' /e*' $#o+'tor $#o+'tor 't'" /$e+ektr$k'. /$e+ektr$k'. Ko/e#'t Ko/e#'tor or %e%$+$k$ %e%$+$k$ #$('t %e+e'tk' %e+e'tk' #$!'+ #$!'+ /' t$/'k t$/'k %e+e'tk %e+e'tk' ' '"# D5. ?S$!'+ ?S$!'+ 'r"#!' 'r"#!' A5@. A5@. )"*#$ ko/e#'tor '/'+'< '. Seb'*'$ Seb'*'$ ($+ter ($+ter,, !'$t" !'$t" %ert'k' %ert'k' = %ere/'% %ere/'% 'r"# b. Seb'*'$ ko&+$* ?ko&e+@, !'$t" !'$t" %e+e'tk' %e+e'tk' 't'" %e*'t'rk' #$!'+ 3. Seb'*'$ Seb'*'$ B'! B'! &'## , !'$t" !'$t" %e!$%& %e!$%&'*k '*k' ' #$!'+ #$!'+ S't"' ko/e#'tor /$!'t'k' /e*' ('r'/ ?(@ 1 &) ?&$3ro ('r'/@ 1000 ) 1 ) ?'o ('r'/@ 1000 &)
1 ") ?%$3ro ('r'/@
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!a"am $ma"am kondensator kondensator A. "$DESAT$R TETA* +. ,ondensator polar (-CO) Ko/e#'t Ko/e#'tor or &o+'r '/'+' '/'+' ko/e#'t ko/e#'tor or !'* te%&'t te%&'t $&"t $&"t /' o"t&"t! o"t&"t!' ' te+' /$tet"k'. Ko/e#'tor $$ '/'+' ko/e#'tor !'* !'* %e%$+$k$ k"t"b /' #e$**' #e$* *' Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektro nik Rifton Metro ! &e%'#'*'!' t$/'k bo+e keb'+$k. 8'* ter%'#"k ko/e#'tor ter%'#"k ko/e#'tor &o+'r '/'+' EL5O
1000 &( 1 (
100000 &( 2200 &( 4 &( 100 ( 22 = 2.2 Capasitor M"#a$ M"#a$ #a%as"tas 22 Kursus danKondensato! Lembaga Lembaga Rifton%Metro &Pelatihan 22 ' 13Elektronik % & 22. & 22 " n!1 * 100 Ka%as"tas Ka%as"tas & 22 n$ teanan teanan #e,a A- 1 ; *ot. Ke/naan Ke/naan /nt/#0 "te$ Ko%"n$ Bo# teanan -
?E+e3tro+$t 5o/e#'tor@ ? 5 @. Ko/e#'tor $$ /'&'t %e!$%&' % e!$%&' 'r"#. N$+'$$ k'&'#$t'#!' k'&'#$t'#!' 1 ) #./. 10.000 "(. "(. N$+'$ tk'&'#$t'#!' tk'&'#$t'#!' #&ert$ #&ert$ '*k' &'/' t"b"!'. t"b"!'.
'ara mengukur dan untuk mengeta)ui *aik tidakna elc0 B't'# "k"r &'/' Ω. Set"k' ke/"' &e!$/$k &e!$/$k terter &'/' ke/"' k'k$ e+3o < '. J$k' :'r"% ber*er'k ber*er'k = %e":"k %e":"k ke k'' ke%"/$' ke%"/$' ke%b'+$ ke%b'+$ kek$r$ kek$r$ ?te%&'t #e%"+'@ #e%"+'@ ber'rt$ e+3o b'$k b. J$k' :'r"% :'r"% ber*er'k ber*er'k ke k'' ke%"/$' ke%"/$' beret$ beret$,, %'k' '+3o bo3or bo3or 3. J$k' :'r"% :'r"% t$/'k t$/'k ber*er'k ber*er'k #'%' #'%' #ek'+$, #ek'+$, ber'rt$ ber'rt$ e+3o e+3o r"#'k 't'" 't'" &"t"# &"t"# /. J$k' :'r"% ber*er'k ber*er'k t$/'k t$/'k #e#"'$ /e*' /e*' !'* #e%e#t$!', #e%e#t$!', %'k' %'k' e+3o berk"r'* berk"r'* k'&'#$#t'#!' 't'" #o'k
104 2-0
Kondensato! Capasitor M"#a$ M"#a$ #a%as"tas & 1 ' 1 % & 1. % & 1 n!2 * Ka%as"tas & 1 n & $1 ) teanan #e,a AA-
2 * ;
Ke/naan Ke/naan /nt/#0 "te$ Ko%"n$ Bo# teanan -
Ber$k"t $$ !'* %er"&'k' ko/e#'tor ko/e#'tor o&o+'r '/'+' <
. ,ondensator non polar Ko/e#'tor o &o+'r '/'+' ko/e#'tor !'* t$/'k %e%$+$k$ k"t"b /' /' :"*' t$/'k '/' ketet"' te%&'t $&"t /' o"t&"t!' #e$**' &e%'#'*'!' /'&'t bo+'k b'+$k. N$+'$ k'&'#$t'#!' /$b'' 1 "(.
5'r' %e%b'3' $+'$ k'&'#$t'#!' k'&'#$t'#!' !'* /$t":"kk' /$t":"kk' o+e '*k' !'* terter' terter' &'/' t"b"!' '/'+' #eb'*'$ be$k"t < '*k' &ert'%' %e":"kk' '*k' &ert'%' • '*k' ke/"' %e":"kk' '*k' ke /"' • • '*k' ke t$*' %e":"kk' '*k' b'!'k!' o+ %$#'+ <
1. 2. . 4. -. .
Ko/e Ko/e#'t #'tor or %$k' %$k' , Ko/e Ko/e#'t #'tor or Ker' Ker'%$k %$k,, Ko/e Ko/e#'t #'tor or kert kert'#. '#. Ko/e Ko/e#'t #'tor or %$+'r %$+'r Ko/e Ko/e#'t #'tor or t't t'to+" o+"% % Ko/e Ko/e#'t #'tor or &o+!e &o+!e#te #ter r
5'r' %e*"k"r /' ""tk %e*et'"$ b'$k t$/'k!' B't'# "k"r &'/' Ω '. J$k' :'r"% :'r"% t$/'k ber*er'k ber*er'k #'%' #'%' #ek'+$, ber'rt$ ber'rt$ 3o/e# 3o/e#'tor 'tor b'$k b'$k b. J$k' :'r"% :'r"% ber*er'k ber*er'k '+'" #e/$k$t, #e/$k$t, ber'rt$ ber'rt$ ko/e#' ko/e#'tor tor $t" r"#'k r"#'k
+. "$DESA "$DESAT$ T$R R TIDA" TETA TETA* * Condensator seri dan paralel Ko/e#'tor Ko/e#'tor #er$ /' &'r'+e+ &et$* "t"k /$ket'"$ k're' ko/e#'tor !'* /$#er$ 't'" !'* /$&'r'+e+ /'&'t %e%&er%"/' 't'" %er$*'k' /'+'% %e%e"$ $+'$ ko%&oe /e*' %e#er$ 't'" %e%&'r'+e+ #e$**' t$/'k re&ot9re&ot %e3'r$ ko%&oe !'* /$%'k#"/ #e&ert$ '#+$!'. Ko/e#'tor #er$ !'* ber"b' tot'+ &'/' $+'$ >o+t!' !'k$ %e:'/$ &e:"%+'' #e/'*k' &'/' $+'$ k'&'#$t'#!' %e*e3$+ . Ko/e#'tor Ko/e#'tor &'r'+e+ !'* ber"b' tot'+ &'/' $+'$ k'&'#$t'#!' !'k$ %e:'/$ &e:"%+'' #e/'*k' &'/' $+'$ >o+t!' t$/'k ber"b' #'%'#ek'+$, k're' $+'$ >o+t!' %e%&erk"'t /'!' &'/' %'#$*9%'#$* ko/e#'tor !'* /$&'r'+e+ $t". 1. '0ndensat0r seri Lembaga Kur sus dan Pelatihan Pelatiha n Elektronik Elektro nik*'b"*k' Rifton Metro Metro # #er$ #e$**' Ko/e#'tor #er$ '/'+'Kursus ko/e#'tor /"' 't'" +eb$ /$ #e3'r' %e%be %e%bet"k t"k $'+$ $'+$ b'r". b'r". Ko/e Ko/e#'t #'tor or #er$ #er$ !'* !'* bert'% bert'%b' b' tot'+ tot'+ $+'$ $+'$ (o+t'* (o+t'*e! e!' ' #e/'#*k' $+'$ k'&'#$t'#!'.
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2. '0ndensat0r paralel Ko/e#'tor &'r'+e+ '/'+ /"' b"' 't'" +eb$ ko/e#'tor !'* /$*'b"*k' #e3'r' &'r'+e+ &'r'+e+ #e$**' #e$**' %e:'/$ $+'$ b'r". 8'* 8'* tot'+ tot'+ ber"b' ber"b' &'/' $+'$ k'&'#$t'# k'&'#$t'#!' !' #e/'*k' #e/'*k' $+'$ >o+t!' >o+t!' t$/'k ber"b'. ber"b'. N$+'$ >o+t %er$&'k' %er$&'k' /'!' t'' t'' /'r$ %'#$*9 %'#$* ko/e#'tor
Ko/e#'tor t$/'k t$/'k tet'& '/'+' '/'+' ko/e#'tor ko/e#'tor !'* $+'$ k'&'#$t'#!' t$/'k t$/'k tet'&. N$+'$ be#'r ke3$+!' ko/e#'tor ko/e#'tor $$ b$#' ber"b'9r"b' ber"b'9r"b' #e#"' /e*' /e*' !'* /$kee/'k$. /$kee/'k$. Ko/e#'t Ko/e#'tor or $$ :"*' /$#eb"t ko/e#'to ko/e#'torr "/'r', "/'r', /$#eb"t /$#eb"t ko/e#'to ko/e#'torr "/'r' k're' b'' /$e+ektr$"%!' /'r$ "/'r', !'k$ 3+'r$ 3e+' "/'r' #eb'*'$ &e%$#' 't'r' &+'t !'* #'t" /e*' &+'t !'* +'$!'. 8'* ter%'#"k ko/e#'tor "/'r' $$ '/'+' <
+. Variabl Variable e Condensa Condensator tor (VARCO) (VARCO) N$+'$ N$+'$ k'&'#$ k'&'#$t'# t'# &'/' &'/' >'r3o >'r3o /'&'t /'&'t /$r"b' /$r"b'9r 9r"b' "b' /e*' /e*' %e%"t' %e%"t'rr &'/' &'/' '# 't'" 't'" *'*'*!'. Ko%&oe $$ b'!'k /$&'k'$ "t"k &e#''t &eer$%' r'/$o. )"*#$ >'r3o $$ '/'+' "t"k #eb'*'$ t"$* /' o#3$++'tor, 't'" "t"k %e3'r$ *e+o%b'* 't'" %e3'r$ Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro $ (reke#$ /'r$ &e%'3'r.
. Condensator Trimer N$+'$ N$+'$ k'&'#' k'&'#'$t' $t'#! #!' ' /'&'t /'&'t /$r"b' /$r"b'*9r *9r"b' "b' /e*' /e*' %e%"t' %e%"t'rr &'/' &'/' '#!' '#!' /e*' /e*' %e**"'k' obe*. Ko/e#'tor tr$%er b'!'k /$:"%&'$ &'/' &e%'3'r /' r'/$o.
/. L I L I T A - IDU"T$R I/"ktor '/'+' ko%&oe +$#tr$k=e+ektro$k' !'* /$*"'k' #eb'*'$ beb' $/"kt$(. S$%bo+ $/"ktor /'&'t /$+$'t &'/' *'%b'r /$ b'' $$
51 < 100 "( = 1 ; 5152 52 < 200 "( = 2- ; 100 "( = 1 > 200 ") = 2- ; 00 "( ;o+t!' ;o+t!' t$/'k ter:'/$ &er"b''. ;o+t!' %er"&'k' /'!' t'' %'#$*2 3o/e#'tor. ;o+t &'/' 3o/e#'tor b'$k /$#er$ 't'" &'r'++e+ t$/'k '/' &er"b''
N$+'$ $/"kt'#$ #eb"' $/"ktor /$!'t'k' /'+'% #'t"' Her!. 1 Her! 1000 %H ?%$+$ Her!@. I/"ktor !'* $/e'+ ter/$r$ /'r$ k''t !'* /$+$+$t, t'&' '/'!' $+'$ re#$#t'#$. S$('t9#$('t e+ektr$k /'r$ #eb"' $/"ktor /$tet"k' o+e &':'*!' $/"ktor, /$'%eter $/"ktor, :"%+' +$+$t' /' b'' !'* %e*e+$+$*$!'. %e*e+$+$*$!'.
I/"ktor /'&'t /$#'%'k' /e*' ko/e#'tor, k're' $/"ktor /'&'t /$&'k'$ #eb'*'$ &e'%&"* eer*$ +$#tr$k. D$ /'+'% $/"ktor /$#$%&' eer*$, b$+' '/' 'r"# !'* %e*'+$r %e+'+"$ %e+'+"$ $/"ktor $t". Eer*$ Eer*$ $t" /$#$%&' /'+'% bet"k %e/' %e/' %'*$t. %'*$t. B$+' 'r"#!' 'r"#!' bert'%b', b'!'k!' eer*$ !'* /$#$%&' %e$*k't &"+'. B$+' 'r"#!' berk"r'*, %'k' $/"ktor $t" %e*e+"'rk' eer*$. R"%"# "t"k %eet"k' $/"k#$ #e/$r$ /'r$ #eb"' $/"ktor *"+"*' t"**'+ $'+'<
Tr' Tr'#( #(or or%' %'to torr /$#e /$#eb" b"tt :"*' :"*' &e* &e*'+ '+$ $ = &e* &e*'t 't"r "r te*' te*'* *' '.. Tr'( Tr'(o o /'&' /'&'tt %e*'+$rk' %e*'+$rk'=%e =%e*'t" *'t"rr te'*' te'*' +$#tr$k +$#tr$k #e3'r' #e3'r' $/"k#$, $/"k#$, !'$t" /'r$ #'t" k"%&'r' ke k"%&'r' +'$!' t'&' &er+" "b"*' +'*#"* 't'r' k"%&'r' /e*' $t$. I&"t tr'(o /$#eb"t k"%&'r' &r$%er /' o"t&"t tr'(o /$#eb"t k"%&'r' #k"/er. O"t&"t /'r$ &ro#e# $/"k#$ '/'+' te*'*' A5.
L 4 ? r ?2r=/ 0,@ 10 96 D$%''< L I/"k#$ #e/$r$ #e/$r$ /'+'% #'t"' Her! ?H@ r :'r$9:'r$ koker +$+$t' / /$'%eter teb'+ k''t /'+'% 3% :"%+' +$+$t' )"*#$ &okok $/"ktor '/'+' "t"k %e$%b"+k' %e/' %'ket. I/"ktor ber"&' k''t !'* /$*"+"* Lembaga #e$**' %e:'/$ k"%&'r' ke%'%&"' "t"k Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatiha n Elektronik Elektronik$/"ktor Rifton Metro Me tro %e$%b"+k' % %e/' %'*et /$#eb"t ko/"kt'#$. S't"' $/"kt'#$ '/'+' )enr ?H@ 't'" 't'" mili)enr mili)enr ?%H@. Ut"k %e%&erbe#'r $/"kt'#$, /$ /'+'% k"%&'r' /$#$#$&k' b'' #eb'*'$ $t$. #ndukt0r !'* !'* ber$t$ /'r$ b'' be#$ /$#eb"t e+ektro%'*et I/"ktor %e%$+$k$ #$('t %e'' 'r"# A5 /' ko/"kt$( ter'/'& 'r"# D5 L$+$t' /$#eb"t :"*' 3$o+ /$#eb"t :"*' k"%&'r'. S't"'!' er! ?H@. 1 H 100 %H. %H. 1%H 1000 "H. "H. L+$+$t' terb"'t terb"'t /'r$ &e*'t'r !'* !'* ber$#o+'#$ e%'$+. e%'$+. S$('t +$+$t' '/'+' %e'' #$!'#+ /' %e*'t'rk' 'r"#. Je$# :e$# k"%&'r' <
&"#/%"
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Tr'#(or%'tor 't'" Tr'(o '/'+' ko%&oe &'#$( !'* /$b"'t /'r$ k"%&'r'9k"%&'r' k''t +'%$'#$, tr'(o %e%$+$k$ k"%&'r' &r$%er /' k"%&'r' #ek"/er. Perb'/$*' :"%+' +$+$t' #ert' /$'%eter k''t &'/' k"%&'r' k"%&'r' &r$%er /' #ek"/er 'k' Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelati han/' Elektronik Elektro nik Rifton Metro Metro & %e%&e*'r"$ &erb'/$*' be#'r!' 'r"# te*'*'. Pr$#$& Pr$#$& ker:' tr'(o %e**"'k' %e**"'k' '#'# $/"k#$ re#o'#$ 't'r k"%&'r' k"%&'r' &r$%er /' #ek"/er. A&'b$+' A&'b$+' &'/' k"%&'r' &r$%er /$ '+$r$ 'r"# A5 %'k' 'k' t$%b"+ %e/' %'*$t !'* ber"b'9" ber"b'9"b' b' (+"kt'#$ (+"kt'#$!', !', 'k$b't!' 'k$b't!' k"%&'r' k"%&'r' #ek"/er #ek"/er !'* ber'/' ber'/' &'/' /'er' /'er' %e/' %e/' %'*$t %'*$t 'k' %e%b'*k$tk' %e%b'*k$tk' *'!' *er'k +$#tr$k +$#tr$k ?GGL@ ?GGL@ 't'" te*'*' te*'*' $/"k# $/"k#$. $. H'+ $$ '&'b$+ '&'b$+' ' te*'* te*'*' ' &r$%er &r$%er /$ &"t"# &"t"# %'k' %'k' 'k' 'k' $+'* $+'* te*'* te*'*' ' #ek"/er!'.
&rinsip kerja tra0 dengan sistem induksi A. ika kumparan primer tra0 daliri listrik ' akan mene*a*kan inti tra0 menjadi ma)net dengan kutu* tetap, maka inti skunder akan terpengaru) ke kutu* ma)net ang tetap, se)ingga elektr0n ang terkandung pada kumparan skunder juga tetap 6diam, se)ingga 0utput tra0 n0l 6tidak ada 0utput B. uka kumparan primer primer dialiri listrik A' akan mene*a*kan mene*a*kan inti tra0 tra0 menjadi ma)net ma)net dengan dengan kutu* ang *erpinda) *erpinda)pind pinda) a) mengikuti mengikuti listrik A' ang dialirkan, dialirkan, maka elektr0n ang terdapat pada skunder akan terpengaru) pada kutu* ma)net se)ingga terjadi kutu* listrik *0lak *alik, dengan demikian terjadi 0utput tra0.
'. K"%&'r' $t$ $t$ (er$t /$*"'k' &'/' r'*k'$' r'*k'$' (reke#$ (reke#$ %ee*' %ee*' b. K"%&'r' $t$ $t$ "/'r' "/'r' /$*"'k' /$*"'k' &'/' r'*k'$' (reke#$ t$**$ 3. K"%&'r' $t$ $t$ be#$ /$*"'k' &'/' r'*k'$' r'*k'$' (reke#$ (reke#$ re/' re/'
'. TRAS0$RMAT$R 1TRA0$!
A/' beber'&' '+ !'* 'r"# /$&er't$k' /$&er't$k' tet'* tr'(o tr'(o $$ < '. Tr'(o Tr'(o 'k' beker:' '&'b$+' '&'b$+' &'/' k'k$ &r$%er!' &r$%er!' %e/'&'t %e/'&'tk' k' 'r"# +$#tr$k +$#tr$k ?&o#$t$( ?&o#$t$( /' e*'t$( e*'t$( 9 @ b. K"%&'r K"%&'r' ' k''t k''t te%b'* te%b'*' ' !'* !'* /$+'+" /$+'+"$$ 'r"# 'r"# +$#tr$ +$#tr$k k 'k' 'k' t$%b"+ t$%b"+ %e/' %e/' %'et %'et /$#ek$t'r +$*k"& *"+"*'!' *"+"*'!' 3. Seb'+$k!', *"+"*' *"+"*' k''t te%b'*' !'* /$&e*'r"$ o+e o+e %'et 'k' t$%b"+ 'r"# +$#tr$k &'/' ":"* k"%&'r'!' ungsi Tra0o:
1. Me%o/"+'#$k' 'r"# = (reke#$ /'+'% /'+'% 'rt$ 'rt$ %e%be#'rk', %e%be#'rk', %e%&erk"'t, %e%&erk"'t, /' %e#t'b$+k' 'r"# 2. Me*$r$%k' 't'" %e*$(or%'#$k' %e*$(or%'#$k' #e*'+' #e#"'t" #e#"'t" ke:'/$' !'* ter/'&'t &'/' k"%&'r' &r$%er /' k"%&'r' #k"/er . Mer"b' te*'*' 't'" %e'$k' = %e"r"k' %e"r"k' te*'*' te*'*' +$#tr$k.
3.
Tr'(o M) ?%o/"+'#$ ?%o/"+'#$ (reke#$@, tr'(o "t"k "t"k &e*"'t (reke#$ (reke#$ %ee*' %ee*' . tr'(o tr'(o $$ ter/$r$ /'r$ /'r$ t$*' %'3'% < k"$*, &"t$ $t'% 't'" $:'" /. Tr'(o o#3$+'tor, tr'(o "t"k "t"k %e%b'*k$tk' %e%b'*k$tk' (reke#$ t$**$ .TRA)O M)
!a"am$ma"am tra0o 1. TRA)O TRA)O STEP STEP UP DAN STEP STEP DOFN DOFN A&'b$+' te*'*' #ek"/er +eb$ be#'r /'r$ te*'*' &r$%er!', %'k' Tr'#(or%'tor Tr'#(or%'tor ter#eb"t ber("*#$ #eb'*'$ &e'$k te*'*' ?Step ?Step "&@, 'k' tet'&$ '&'b$+' te*'*' #ek"/er +eb$ ke3$+ /'r$ te*'*' &r$%er!' %'k' Tr'#(or%'tor ber("*#$ #eb'*'$ &e"r" te*'*' ?Step ?Step Kursus @ dan Pelatihan d08n@ d08n Lembaga Kur sus Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro 8 '. Tr'(o Ste& "& /$*"'k' %e'$kk' %e'$kk' te*'*' /'r$ !'* te*'*' te*'*' ke3$+ %e:'/$ be#'r. Se&ert$ /$*"'k' "t"k I>erter /'r$ &r$%er 12 ;o+t D5 %e:'/$ 110, 220 ;o+t A5 b. Tr'(o #te& /o /$*"'k' "t"k "t"k %e"r"k' %e"r"k' te*'*' /'r$ !'* be#'r %e:'/$ ke3$+. Se&ert$ /$*"'k' "t"k 3't" /'!', /'r$ 'r"# &r$%er!' 110 't'" 220 >o+ A5 %e:'/$ , 4.-, , .-, 6, 12, 1-, 1, 24, 2, 42 >o+t A5
Tr'(o !'* /$*"'k' "t"k 3't" /'!' 't'" &oer #"&+! '/' !'* %e**"'k' :e$# 5T /' o 5T. &'/' /'#'r!' #'%' 't'r' 5T /' o 5T. Perbe/''!' Perbe/''!' ter+et'k &'/' #k"/er!' /' #$#te% ker:'!'. H'#$+!'&" #'%' 't'r' 5T /' o 5T. D'+'% #$#te% #$#te% 5T, 5T #eb'*'$ #eb'*'$ te*'*' te*'*' eter'+ eter'+ = *ro"* *ro"* = o+. Se/'*k' Se/'*k' o 5T !'* ber("*#$ #eb'*'$ etr'+ '/'+' '*k' o+ ? 0 >o+t @ P'/' &r$%er! ' '/' !'* 0 110 110 220 /' '/' !'* '!' 0 110 0 110, &e%'#'*'!' &'/' &r$%er !'* 0 110 /' 0 110 '/'+' /e*' %e**'b"*k' te& 110 /e*' te& 0 !'* berbe/' +$+$t'!' +$+$t'!' #e$**' #e$**' %e:'/$ %e:'/$ 220. Se%et'r Se%et'r' ' /$ b'*$' #k"/er!'< , 4.-, .-, 6, 12, 1-, 1, 24, 2, 42 >o+t
2.TRA)O D A8A A8A Tr'(o /'!' '/'+' tr'(o !'* /$&'k'$ "t"k &e#''t e+ektro$k' /e*' t't' +et'k !'* /$#e#"'$k' /e*' keb"t"' (reke#$!'. Tr'(o /'!' ter/$r$ /'r$ C '. Tr'(o $&"t ?IT@, ?IT@, tr'(o "t"k "t"k &e*"'t &ert'%' 't'" 't'" &e*"'t &e*"'t /e&' &'/' &oer b. Tr'(o Tr'(o o"t&"t o"t&"t ?OT@, tr'(o tr'(o "t"k &e*"'t &e*"'t 'k$r 'k$r &'/' &oer &oer
Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelati han Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro 9 2. DI$DA D$o/' '/'+' #"'t" ko%&oe !'* terb"'t terb"'t /'r$ b'' b'' #e%$ ko/"ktor ko/"ktor /' #'+$* /$&erte"k'. Ko%&oe $$ '!' /'&'t /$'+$r$ 'r"# +$#tr$k ke #'t" 'r'. D$o/' %e%$+$k$ /"' k"t"b ter%$'+ !'$t" k"t"b 'o/' = &o#$t$( ?@ /' k"t"b k'to/' = e*'t$( ?9@. K"t"b 'o/' = &o#$t$( '!' /'&'t /$'+$r$ 'r"# +$#tr$k &o#$t$( ?@, #e/'*k' k"t"b k'to/' = e*'t$( ?@ '!' /'&'t /$+e't$ 'r"# +$#tr$k e*'t$( ?9@. Be#'r ke3$+!' $+'$ /$o/' /$!'t'k' /e*' /e*' '%&ere '%&ere ?A@. 5'r' %e*"k"r %e*"k"r /$o/' /e*' %"+t$ %"+t$ %eter %eter /e*' /e*' #$#t$% #$#t$% 'r' %"/"r. B't'# "k"r &'/' Ω.
'. Set"k' Set"k' &e!$/$ &e!$/$k k %er' &'/' k'k$ k'k$ /$o/' /' &e!$/$k &e!$/$k $t'% $t'% &'/' /$o/', %'k' :'r"% ber*er'k. Seb'+$k!' :$k' &e!$/$k %er' /$te%&e+k' &'/' k'k$ /$o/' /$o/' /' &e!$/$k $t'% /$#et"k' /$#et"k' &'/' k'k$ /$o/', /$o/', %'k' :'r"% t$/'k ber*er'k. Pe":"kk' :'r"% #e%'3'% $$ b'' /$o/' b'$k b. J$k' &o#$#$ &o#$#$ &e!$/$k &e!$/$k /$#et"k /$#et"k' ' &'/' /"' k'k$ /$o/' /$o/' /' /e*' /$bo+'k /$bo+'k99 b'+$k k'k$!' /' :'r"% %e":"k #e%"' /'+'% &e*"k"r' /"' bo+'k9b'+$k $t", ber'rt$ /$o/' $t" r"#'k 't'" bo3or 3. Ut"k Ut"k +eb$ 'k"r't!' 'k"r't!' *"'k'+ *"'k'+' ' b't'# "k"r o% !'* &'+$* &'+$* be#'r be#'r !'* '/' &'/' te#ter "t"k %e*et'"$ kebo3or'!'
0ungsi dan macam dioda 1. Pe!e Pe!e'r' 'r' te*'* te*'*' '
L$#tr$k L$#tr$k A5 !'* %e+e't$ %e+e't$ /$o/' /$o/' &e!e'r' &e!e'r' te*'*' te*'*' %'k' 'r"# +$#tr$k +$#tr$k A5 $t" 'k' /$#e'r'k' %e:'/$ D5, !'$t" !'* t'/$!' 'r"# +$#tr$k bo+'k b'+$k ? 9@ %e*'+$r #e3'r' ber*'t$' ber*'t$' &'/' k"t"b 'o/' = , %'k' /$o/' /$o/' 'k' %e+e'tk' %e+e'tk' 'r"# +$#tr$k A5 !'* &o#$t$( ?@ /' k"t"b k'to/' ?9@. D$o/' 'k' %e+e'tk' 'r"# +$#tr$k A5 !'* e*'t$( ?9@. K"t"b /$o/' '!' /'&'t /$+e't$ 'r"# /' k"t"b /$o/' '!' /'&'t /$+e't$ 'r"# +$#tr$k ?e*'t$(@. D$o/' k"t"b &o#$t$('k' /'&'t %e+e'tk' %e+e'tk' te*'*' &o#$t$( &o#$t$( D5 /' t$/'k /'&'t %e+e'tk' te*'*' e*'t$( D5. D$o/' k"t"b e*'t$( /'&'t %e+e'tk' te*'*' e*'t$( D5 /' t$/'k /'&'t %e+e'tk' te*'*' &o#$t$( D5
. LED ?L$* ?L$*t t E%$t E%$t$* $* D$o/ D$o/'@ '@ D$o/' +e/ $$ :"*' /$#eb"t /$o/' 3''!' k're' /'&'t %e*e+"'rk' 't'" %e%'3'rk' 3''!' 3''!' 't'" #$'r :$k' /$ber$ te*'*' te*'*' %':".. Perte%"' Perte%"'!' !' /$te%&e+k' /$te%&e+k' &'/' o&t$k te%b"# 3''!'. Bet"!' /' !'* %er', &"t$, $:'", k"$*. D$o/' $$ b$'#'!' /$*"'k' #eb'*'$ +'%&" $/$k'tor !'k$ "t"k %e%ber$k' t'/' 'k' ker:'!' #"'t" r'*k'$'. T'&$ '/' :"*' +e/ !'* /'&'t %e*e+"'rk' 3''!' $(r' re/ #e&ert$ +e/ !'* /$*"'k' &'/' re%o"te 3otro+. Pe%'#'*' +e/ 'r"# /$&'#'* re#$#tor /'r$ 'r"# ke +e/, bo+e &'/' 'o/' 't'" k'to/' +e/. J$k' t$/'k /$&'#'* +e/ %'k' +e/ $t" 'k' +'*#"* %'t$
Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro !0 DI$DA +RID3E Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton M etro etro !
'. DI$DA DI$DA 4AR 4ARA" A"T$R T$R 1D4 1D4!! i0da /ete3tor /ete3tor /'&'t /$:e+'#k' /$:e+'#k' ("*#$!' ("*#$!' &'/' &e/etek#$ &e/etek#$ #$!'+ %o/"+'#$. %o/"+'#$. aract0r /$#eb"t :"*' K'&'#$t'#$ !'* /$'t"r te*'*', aricap, %picap /' %picap /' D$o/' tert'+' 6tuning i0da. i0da. i0da aract0r b'!'k b'!'k /$&'k'$ &'/' &e#''t &eer$%' T;, Peer$%' R'/$o )M /' &er'+'t' ko%"$k'#$ !'* %e**"'k' (rek"e#$ t$**$. Pr$#$ Pr$#$& & ker:' ker:' &'/' &'/' i0da aract0r , +'&$#' +'&$#' &e*o#o* &e*o#o*' ' ?epleti0n $aer @ /$'t'r' /$'t'r' uncti0n P /' N ter/'& ter/'&'t 't K'&'#$ K'&'#$t' t'#$ #$ tr'#$ tr'#$#$ #$ 't'" 't'" /$#eb" /$#eb"tt :"*' :"*' K'&'#$ K'&'#$t' t'#$ #$ Pe*o#o*' !'$t" 't'r' k'&'#$t'#$ *arier /' /' k'&'#$t'#$ &er#'%b"*'.
. *enstabi *enstabill tegangan tegangan - pembt pembtas as tegangan tegangan D$o/' !"'* ber("#$ #eb'*'$ &e%b't'# te*'*' = &e#t'b$+ te*'*' /$#eb"t /$o/' eer ?D@. A*'r 'r"# 't'" te*'*' t$/'k %e+eb$$ /'r$ !'* /$kee/'k %'k' /$b't'#$ = /$#t'b$+k /$#t'b$+k' ' te*'*' te*'*'!' !' /e*' /e*' /$o/' eer $$. D$o/' D$o/' $$ b'!'k /$&'#'* &'/' re*"+' re*"+'tor tor.. D$o/' D$o/' eer eer $$ '/' !'* !'* terb"' terb"'tt /'r$ /'r$ :er%' :er%'$"% $"% /' #$+$3o #$+$3o. . N$+'$ N$+'$ &e%b't'#'!' /'+'% te*'*' te+' ter3't"% &'/' b'/'!'. 5oto< D ,2 ;, 6,2 >, 12,- >, 1- > /++.. M$#'+!' te*'*' 1- ; "t"k /$:'/$k' 't'" /$#t'b$+k' %e:'/$ 12 >o+t !'$t" /e*' %e%'k'$ D 12 >o+t.
Se%'k$ Se%'k$ be#'r!' be#'r!' te*'*' te*'*' !'* /$"%&'k' /$"%&'k' &'/' arakt0r 'k' %e%&erke3$+ $+'$ K'&'#$t' K'&'#$t'#$ #$ tr'#$#$, tr'#$#$, '+ $$ /$'k$b'tk /$'k$b'tk' ' #eo+'9o+' #eo+'9o+' %e+eb'r! %e+eb'r!' ' depleti0n laer 't'" %e%&er:'" :'r'k +e%&e*'9+e%&e*' &e%bet"k 'apasit0r /$/'+'% di0da ter#eb"t. O+e O+e k're' k're' $t" arakt0r '/'+' '/'+' i0da !'* $+'$ k'&'#$t'#$! k'&'#$t'#$!' ' /$ke/'+$ /$ke/'+$k' k' o+e te*'*'. D$o/' ('r'ktor $$ terb"'t /'r$ #$+$ko !'* %e%$+$k$ ke$#t$%e'' k"#"# !'$t" '&'b$+' /$ber$ te*'*' %':" 'k' ber("*#$ #eb'*'$ k'&'#$tor 't'" ko/e#'tor /e*' be#'r k'&'#$t'# tertet". Ke$#t$%e'' +'$' b'' /$o/' >'r'ktor $$ '/'+' 3'r' &e*'t"r' k'&'#$t'# k'&'#$t'# o+e 'r"# +$#tr$k +$#tr$k #e$**': #e$**':'r'k 'r'k :'"&" :'"&" k'&'#$t'# k'&'#$t'#!' !' /'&'t /$'t"r /$'t"r /$b'/$*k' /e*' >'r3o !'* &e*'t"r' k'&'#$t'#!' #e3'r' %ek'$k %'"'+ At'" /e*' k't' +'$ /$o/' >'r'ktor /'&'t %e%$/' 't'" %e3'r$ *e+o%b'* 't'" %e*e/'+$k' %e*otro+ #e3'r' '"to%'t$3/e*' :'r'k '"to%'t$3/e*' :'r'k :'" U%"% /$*"'k' &'/' &'/ ' &e*otro+re%o"te &e*otro+re%o"te !'* /'&'t %e*e/'+$k' /e*' /e*' :'r'k :'" U%"% /$*"'k' /$*"'k' &'/' re%o"te 3otro+, !'* /'&'t %e*e/'+$k' /'rt$ :'r'k /'rt$ :'r'k :'".
. *iod *iode e ot oto o (*) (*) D$o/' (oto keb'+$k' /'r$ LED, !'k$ t$/'k /'&'t %e*'#$+k' = %e*e+"'rk' %e*e+"'rk' 3''!'
Tr'#$#tor b'$k /'r$ :e$# PNP %'"&" NPN %e%&"!'$ t$*' e+ektro/' !'* %'#$*9 B'#$# ?B@ < #eb'*'$ &e*e/'+$ /' #eb'*'$ &$t" %'#"k!' #$*'+ ?$&"t@ 5o+ektor ?5@ < Seb'*'$ &$t" ke+"'r!' ?o"t &"t@ /'r$ '#$+ &ro#e# tr'#$#tor !'* Ber"&' (reke#$ /' *et'r' +$#tr$k #'t" ('#' ?#e'r'@ . H'#$+ o"t%!' #e#"'$ /e*' $&"t!' E%$tor ?E@ < Seb'*'$ &$t" 't'" *erb'* %'#"k!' %'#"k!' 'r"# +$#tr$k Ke/"' :e$# tr'#$#tor ?PNP NPN@ $t" %e%&"!'$ ke*"'' !'* #'%' '!' #':' &'/' k"t"b &e*'r"#'!' !'* berbe/'.
D'r$ 'k$b't k"'t 'r"#. K"'t 'r"# !'* t$%b"+ 'k$b't $te#$t'# 3''!' /' te%&er't"r Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro !! !'* /$ter$%'!'. D'+'% ke'/'' te*'*' %':" 'k' %e*'+$rk' 'r"# ke3$+ #ek'+$ !'* be#'r!' ter*'t"* &'/' $te#$t'# 3''!' /' te%&er't"r !'* /$ter$%'.. D$o/' )oto /'&'t /$:"%&'$ /$:"%&'$ &'/' te+e>$#$ te+e>$#$ 'r' '!' #':' /'+'% te*o+o*$ te*o+o*$ I5 $$ #"/' /$ke%'# /'+'% bet"k I5 be#ert' r'*k'$' +'$!'.
5, T R A S I S T $ R
1 TR !
Tr'#$#t Tr'#$#tor or ber'#'+ /'r$ k't' Tr'#(er Tr'#(er < %e*$r$% %e*$r$% /' Re#$#tor Re#$#tor < %e*'%b %e*'%b't 't 't'" %e''. Tr'#$#tor Tr'#$#tor /'&'t /$'%'$ #eb"' *eer'tor &e%b'*k$t /' &e**er'k &"+#'9 &"+#' 't'" *e+e%b"*9*e+e%b"* *et'r' #ert' %e%bet"k *et'r' +$#t$k !'* ber('#' t"**'+. O+e #eb'b $t" tr'#$#tor %e%&"!'$ ''# ker:' #eb'*'$ ber$k"t < Pe**er'k, &e%o/"+, &e*$r$% /' &e!ek't 'r"# +$#tr$k /' (reke#$. Tr'#$#tor +eb$ terke'+ #eb'*'$ #eb'*'$ &e*"'t b'$k 'r"# 't'" #$!'+ 1enis dan bagan transistor '. PNP ?Po#$t$( ?Po#$t$( Ne*'t$( Ne*'t$( Po#$t$( Po#$t$( b. NPN ?Ne*'t$( ?Ne*'t$( Po#$t$( Po#$t$( Ne*'t$(@ Ne*'t$(@
Lembaga Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Met ro N&N !" Transist0r jenis &N& Kursus Transist0r Transist0 r jenis jenis B'#$# &'/' &ote#$'+ e*'t$( B'#$# &'/' &ote#$'+ &o#$t$( 5o+ektor &'/' &ote#$'+ e*'t$( 5o+ektor &'/' &ote#$'+ &o#$t$( E%$tor &'/' &ote#$'+ &o#$t$( E%$tor &'/' &ote#$'+ e*'t$( Tr'#$#tor :e$# :e$# NPN <
Cara menentukan %enis & dan && serta kaki menetukan Basis2 Colektor dan -mitor Ut"k /'&'t %eet"k' :e$# PNP 't'" NPN %'k' 'r"# %e*et'"$ ter+eb$ /'"+" b'#$#!'. b'#$#!'. K'+'" K'+'" #"/' %e*et'"$ %e*et'"$ k'k$ b'#$#!' #"/' #"/' oto%'t$# oto%'t$# %e*et'"$ %e*et'"$ :e$# tr'#$#tor!', #ete+' $t" b'r" %eet"k' k'k$ ko+ektor /' e%$tor!'. A/' /"' 3'r' "t"k %eet"k'!', !'$t" 3'r' &ert'%'< /e*' %e*'%'t$ t'/'9t'/' &et":"k k'k$ ko+ektor !'* b$'#' ter/'&'t &'/' t"b" tr'#$#tor $t" #e/$r$. K'/'* %e**"'k' t$t$k 't'" 't'" kot'k kot'k &'/' &'/' k'k$ k'k$ 5o+ekt 5o+ektor or . 5'r' 5'r' ke/"' ke/"' /e*' /e*' %e**" %e**"'k 'k' ' %"+t$ %"+t$ %eter %eter.. Seb'*'$%' Seb'*'$%'' ' %e*"k"r %e*"k"r /$o/' /e*' te#ter /$'t'#, /$'t'#, %'k' 3'r' %eet"k %eet"k' ' k'k$ tr'#$#tor b'#$#, 3o+ektor /' e%$tor!' &" #'%'. B't'# "k"r te#ter &'/' Ω B$+' #'+' #'t" k'k$ tr'#$#tor /$te%&e+k'+k' &e!$/$k %er' ?@ /' &e!$/$k $t'% ?9@ /$te%&e+k' &'/' ke/"' k'k$ !'* +'$!' #e3'r' ber*'t$', &o#$#$ !'* /e%$k$' $$ :'r"% ber*er'k=%e":"k. J$k' /$b'+$k, &e!$/$k $t'% /$te%&e+k' &'/' k'k$ !'* #e%"+' /$te%&e+$ &e!$/$k %er' /' &e!$/$k %er' /$te%&e+k' &'/' ke/"' k'k$ !'* +'$!' !'* #e%"+' /$te%&e+$ &e!$/$k $t'%, /'+'% &o#$#$ $$ :'r"% /$'%=t$/'k ber*er'k. 5'r' #e&ert$ $$ /'&'t /$#$%&"+k' b'' k'k$ tr'#$#tor !'* /$te%&e+$ /$te%&e+$ &e!$/$k %er' :'r"% ber*er'k /' /$te%&e+$ &e!$/$k $t'% t'k ber*er'k '/'+' BASIS. Se+':"t!' ke/"' k'k$ tr'#$#tor !'* +'$!' '/'+' 5o+ektor /' E%$tor. De*' /e%$k$' /'&'t /$ket'"$ &"+' b'' tr'#$#tor $t" :e$# PNP. 5'r' $$ :"*' "t"k /'&'t %e*et'"$ '&'k' tr'#$#to $t" b'$k 't'" t$/'k ?r"#'k@. J$k' *er'k :'r"% t$/'k #e&ert$ ketet"'
/$'t'# ber'rt$ tr'#$#$tor $t" r"#'k. Ut"k +eb$ %e!'k$k' b'$k 't'" r"#'k!' tr'#$#tor &er*"'k' b't'# "k"r &'/' $+'$ o% !'* &'+$* be#'r. be#'r. B$+' #'+' #'t" k'k$ tr'#$#tor /$te%&e+k'+k' &e!$/$k $t'% ?9@ /' &e!$/$k %er' ?@ /$te%&e+k' &'/' ke/"' k'k$ !'* +'$!' #e3'r' ber*'t$', &o#$#$ !'* /e%$k$' $$ :'r"% ber*er'k=%e":"k. J$k' /$b'+$k, &e!$/$k %er' /$te%&e+k' &'/' k'k$ !'* #e%"+' /$te%&e+$ &e!$/$k $t'% /' &e!$/$k $t'% /$te%&e+k' &'/' ke/"' k'k$ !'* +'$!' !'* #e%"+' /$te%&e+$ &e!$/$k %er', /'+'% &o#$#$ $$ :'r"% /$'%=t$/'k ber*er'k. 5'r' #e&ert$ $$ /'&'t /$#$%&"+k' b'' k'k$ tr'#$#tor !'* /$te%&e+$ /$te%&e+$ &e!$/$k $t'% :'r"% ber*er'k /' /$te%&e+$ &e!$/$k %er' t'k ber*er'k '/'+' BASIS. Se+':"t!' ke/"' k'k$ tr'#$#tor !'* +'$!' '/'+' 5o+ektor /' E%$tor. De*' /e%$k$' /'&'t /$ket'"$ /$ket'"$ &"+' b'' b'' tr'#$#to tr'#$#torr $t" :e$# NPN. 5'r' $$ :"*' "t"k "t"k /'&'t %e*et'"$ %e*et'"$ '&'k' '&'k' tr'#$#to tr'#$#to $t" b'$k 't'" t$/'k t$/'k ?r"#'k@. ?r"#'k@. J$k' *er'k :'r"% t$/'k #e&ert$ #e&ert$ ketet"' ketet"' /$'t'# ber'rt$ tr'#$#$tor $t" r"#'k. Ut"k +eb$ %e!'k$k' b'$k 't'" r"#'k!' tr'#$#tor &er*"'k' b't'# "k"r &'/' $+'$ o% !'* &'+$* be#'r. be#'r. A/' :tr'#$#tor :tr'#$#tor !'* 3'r' Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro !# &e*"k"r'!' berbe/' /e*' 5'r' &e*"k"r' #e&ert$ /$ke%"k'k' /$'t'# %$#'+!' %$#'+!' tr'#$#t!or &'/' or$ot'+ o"t&"t te+e>$#$ 'r', 'k' /$:e+'#k' &'/' &e%b''#' te+e>$#$ 'r'. Ut"k %et"k' k'k$ 5OLEKTOR /' EMITOR !' '/'+' /e*' %e%&er't$k' #e3'r' #ek#'%' &e":"k'!' /e*' 3'r' #e&ert$ /$'t'#. 5o+ektor $+'$ '%b't'!' +eb$ ke3$+ /'r$ $+'$ '%b't' E%$tor. Pe*"k"r' /e*' %"+t$%eter t'&' %e*"'k' '+'t b't" "t"k %e*et'"$ k'k$ ko+ektor /' e%$tor t$/'k 'k' b$#' /' k'+'" b$#' #'*'t #e/$k$t #ek'+$, #eb'b 'bt'r' e%$tor /' ko+ektor b$#' /$k't'k' &e":"k'!' #'%', o+ek're' $t" &er+" '+'t b't" /' t'" 3'r'93'r'!'. 5'r' !'* &'+$* te&'t "t"k %e*et'"$ k'k$ 5o+ektor /' E%$tor, !'k$ /e*' %e**"'k' '+'t b't" re#$#tor. 6diterangkan pada 8aktu kursus 5'r' %eet"k' k'k$ tr'#$#tor :e$# NPN /' PNP '/'+'< Tr'#$#tor :e$# NPN B'#$# &e!$/$k te#ter $t'%, Ko+ektor &e!$/$k %er', E%$tor &e!$/$k %er' Tr'#$#t Tr'#$#tor or :e$# PNP,B PNP,B'#$# '#$# &e!$/$k &e!$/$k te#ter te#ter %er', %er', Ko+ektor Ko+ektor &e!$/$k &e!$/$k $t'%, $t'%, E%$tor E%$tor &e!$/$k $t'%
MJ 26-- :e$# PNP TIP 1 :e$# NPN
2N 0-- :e$# NPN TIP 2 :e$# PNP
Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro !$ 5. ITE3RA ITE3RATE TED D CIRCU CIRCUIT IT 1 IC !
Ite*r'te/ 5$r3"$t %er"&'k' *'b"*' /r$ beber'&' ko%&oe e+ektro$k', %$#'+!'< Tr'#$#to Tr'#$#tor9tr' r9tr'#$#t #$#tor, or, re#$#tor9r re#$#tor9re#$#t e#$#tor or /' /$o/'9/$o/ /$o/'9/$o/' ' /e*' /e*' %'k#"/ "t"k %e%&ero+e $te*r'#$ !'* ko%&'k, ko%&'k, &r'kt$# /' #'*'t +"'# &e**"''!'. I5 I5 t$/'k '/' ketet"' k'k$9k'k$!' /' t$/'k '/' ketet"' /'+'% %e*"k"r!' #e$**' "t"k %e*et'"$ I5 $t" b'$k 't'" t$/'k $'+' /e*' %e%&er't$k' *e:'+' !'* ter:'/$ 't'" /e*' /e*' %e%b'/$*k' /e*' I5 !'* #'%' !'* or%'+. Ht$9't$ /'+'% %eet"k' r"#'k t$/'k!' I5. Ke"t"*' %e**"'k' I5 < '. R'*k'$'! R'*k'$'!' ' #e/er'' #e/er'' b. M$$'t"r M$$'t"r &e#''t &e#''t #e%"' 3. K'+$t'# K'+$t'# /'r$ #$#te% #$#te% ter:%$ ter:%$ /. D'!' +$#tr$k +$#tr$k !'* /$&er+"k' /$&er+"k' t$/'k t$/'k be#'r e. E($#$e E($#$e te%&'t te%&'t /' /' ke%'# ke%'#'!' '!'
Ker"*$' %e**"'k' I5 < '. D'!' t$/'k /'&'t be#'r #ek'+$ #ek'+$ b. S'+' S'+' #'t" #$#te% #$#te% r"#'k %'k' r"#'k 3. T$/'k T$/'k /'&'t /$%o/$($k /$%o/$($k'#$ '#$ /. T$/'k T$/'k '/' #t'/'r #t'/'r k'k$!' k'k$!'
Ut"k +eb$ %"/'!' /'+'% %eet"k' :e$# tr'#$#tor /#' k'k$ b'#$#, ko+ektor /' e%$tor4!', &er't$k' &er't$k' o%er #er$ /' bet"k tr'#$#tor ber$k"t ber$k"t $$ < No%or #er$ < No%or #er$ < No%or #er$ < No%or #er$ <
A :e$# PNP "t"k (re7e#$ to**$ B :e$# PNP "t"k "t"k (re7e#$ re/' 5 :e$# NPN "t"k (re7e#$ (re7e#$ t$**$ D :e$# NPN ""tk (re7e#$ (re7e#$ re/'
313
Ada %uga kode transistor transistor 3ang tidak beraturan BD 16
:e$# NPN
BD 140
B-
:e$# PNP
E
S%ITC6 1SA"LAR!
S$t3?#@ 't'" #'k+'r '/'+' '+'t "t"k %e*"b"*k' 't'" t$/'k %e*"b"*k', %e!'%b" %e!'%b"* * 't'" %e%"t"#. %e%"t"#. T$t$k T$t$k "b"* "b"* ter+et'k ter+et'k &'/' k'k$ te*'. te*'. K'k$ te*' %er"&'k' %er"&'k' &oro#!' &oro#!' /' !'* ter:'/$ ter:'/$ &e!'k+'r' &e!'k+'r' &'/' k'k$ #'&$* #'&$* k'' /' k$r$!'.Bere'rt$ '/' t$*' k'k$ /'+'% #$#t$% &e!'k+'r' te*', ?#eb'*'$ &oro#=#"%ber@, #'%&$* k'' /' #'%&$* k$r$!' #eb'*'$ !'* 'k' %e/'&'tk' k'k$ te*' !'* 'k' /$#'k+'r. S'k+'r '/' !'* %oo /' '/' !'* #etereo. S'k+'r '/' /"' %'3'% !'$t" !'$t" #'k+'r #'k+'r %ek'$ %ek'$k k /' #'k+'r #'k+'r oto%'t oto%'t$#. $#. S'k+'r S'k+'r %'"'+ %'"'+ '/'+' '/'+' #'k+'r #'k+'r !'* !'* /$ ke/'+$k' #e3'r' %'"'+. 8'* ter%'#"k #'k+'r %'"'+ '/'+' #'k+'r *e#er, #'k+'r &"t'r ?rot'r!@ /' #'k+'r tek'. Se/'*k' #'k+'r oto%'t$# $t" '/'+' RELA8 !'$t" #'k+'r !'* /$ke/'+$k' #e3'r' oto%'t$# oto%'t$# !'$t" /e*' 3'r' %e%ber$ k' te*'*' te*'*' A5 't'" D5. P'/' ke/"' +$+$t' +$+$t' :$k' /$ber$ te*'*' 'k' ter:'/$ ter:'/$ &e!'k+'r' &e!'k+'r' &'/' b'*$' #$t3!' /' ket$k' t$/'k '/' te*'*' te*'*' &'/' +$+$t' re+'! 'k' ter:'/$ &e!'k+'r' #eb'+$k!'.
Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro !%
?@ 'k' %e+e'tk' 'r'"# +$#tr$k A5 !'* &o#$t$( ?@ /' /$o/' b'*$' e*'t$( e*'t$( ?9@ 'k' %e+e'tk' 'r"# +$#tr$k A5 !'* e*'t$( ?9@, #ete+' $t" /$ ($+ter 't'" /$re/'% 't'" /$r't'k' /e*' e+3o. S'%&'$ /$ #$$ '/'+' r'*k'$' '/'&tor. Ke%"/$' "t"k +eb$ %e%'t'*k' 't'" %e*"'tk' 'r"# /$ber$ re*"+'tor. 5oto '/'&tor a. Adapt0r sistem peneara) setenga) gel0m*ang
Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelati han Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro !& *. Adapt0r sistem peneara) gel0m*ang penu)
CATU DA7A 1ADA*T$R! a. Adapt0r Adapt0r sistem sistem peneara)an peneara)an gel0m*a gel0m*ang ng penu) dengan dengan tra0 tra0 'T 5't" /'!' /$#eb"t /$#eb"t :"*' &oer #"&+'! '/'&tor '/'&tor ?PSA@. ?PSA@. 5't" /'!' '/'+' #"%ber te*'*' D5 /' bert"*'# %e%ber$ 'r"# +$#tr$k D5 &'/' &e#''t e+ektro$k'. Seb'b t'&' '/'!' 'r"# +$#tr$k D5 %'k' &e#''t e+ektro$k t$/'k /'&'t ker:'. 5't" /'!' '/' !'* %"t"!' b'$k /' '/' !'* t$/'k. A/'&tor b$'#'!' "t"k (reke#$ re/' /' :$k' "t"k (reke#$ t$**$ #eb'$k!' '/'&tor /$t'%b' /e*' re*"+'tor. Ter+eb$9+eb$ Ter+eb$9+eb$ "t"k te+e>$#$ 'r"# '/' re*"+'tor!'. Re*"+'tor '/'+' r'*k'$' &e*'t"r /' &e*"'t 'r"# . D'+'% re*"+'tor 'k' +eb$ b'$k +'*$ :$k' '/' &e%b't'# te*'*' "t"k %e%b't'#$ '*'r 'r"# 't'" te*'*' t$/'k %e+eb$$ /'r$ !'* /$b"t"k'
B+ok /$'*r'% < TRA)O TRA)O STUP DOFN
PEN8ERAH PEN8ERAHAH AH
)ILTER )ILTER
EGULAT EGULATOR OR
S$#t$% ker:'C Tr'(o b'*$' &r$%er %e/'&'tk' A5 /'r$ PLN 220 't'" 110 ke%"/$' ter:'/$ $/"k#$ #e$**' /'&'t %e*'#$+k' &'/' #k"/er!' 'r"# A5 #e#"'$ /e*' /'t' !'* terter' &'/' tr'(o b'*$' #k"/er. D'r$ tr'(o b'*$' #k"/er !'* ber'r"#k' A5 ke%"/$' /$#e'r'k' o+e /$o/' /e*' %e%&erte%"k'!', /$o/' b'*'$ &o#$t$(
A/'&tor !'* b'$k '/'+' '/'&tor !'* /$#e'r'k' /e*' #$#te% &e!e'r'' *e+o%b'* *e+o%b'* &e". S"&'!' '/'&tor $t" %"t"!' %"t"!' b'$k %'k' '/'&tor $t" &er+" '/'!' re*"+'tor re*"+'tor.. D$/'+'% D$/'+'% re*"+'tor re*"+'tor /$&'#'* ko%&oe !'* ber("*#$ ber("*#$ "t"k &e%b't'# &e%b't'# = &e#t'b$+ te**'. Pe%b't'# Pe%b't'# te*'*' $$ ber+" /$ber$ '*'r te*'*' t$/'k %e+eb$$ /'r$ !'* /$&er+"k'. /$&er+"k'. Pe%b't'# Pe%b't'# te*'*' te*'*' '/' !'* berbet"k berbet"k /$o/' /$o/' eer /' !'* berbet"k I5. Be#'r ke3$+!' $+'$ !'* 'k' /$&er*"'k' te+' ter3't"% ter3't"% /'+'% t"b" ko%&oe ter#eb"t. D$o/' eer te+' /$"*k'&k' /$ 't'#. M$#'+ &e%b't'# te*'*' I5. I5 /$*"'k' "t"k %e%b't'#$=%e#t'b$+k' te*'*' #e/'*k+' I5 6 /$*"'k' "t"k %e%b't#$=%e#t'b$+k' te*'*' 9 0- - >o+t 12 12 >o+t 60 >o+t 9 0 >o+t 1- 1- >o+t 606 6 >o+t 9
06 6 >o+t 1 1 >o+t 612 12 >o+t 9 K'k$ &ert'%' $&"t , k'k$ ke/"' ?te*'@ *ro"/ /' k'k$ ke t$*' o"t&"t. O"t&"t #'%' /e*' $&"t. J$k' o"t&"tb!' %'k' $&"t!'&" :"*' 'r"# be*$t" #eb'+$k!'. 5't" /'!' = '/'&tor '/'&tor '*'r /'&'t /$'t"r be#'r ke3$+!' ke3$+!' te*'*' %'k' /$&'#'* >er$'b+e >er$'b+e re#$#tor &'/' o"t&"t &e%b't'# te*'*' $t", '!' #':' be#'r!' te*'*' t$/'k /'&'t %e+eb$$ %e+eb$$ &e%b't'# &e%b't'# te*'*' te*'*'!'. !'. M$#'+!' M$#'+!' &e%b't'# &e%b't'# te*'*' te*'*'!' !' 12 >o+t, %'k' te*'*'!' t$/'k 'k' /'&'t %e+eb$$ %e+eb$$ 12 >o+t. Be#'r te*'*'!' %$$%'+ %$$%'+ 0 >o+t /' %'k#$%"% 12 >o+t.. M$#'+< te*'*' 12 >o+t /$&'#'* I5 12 't'" D 12 >o+t, %'k' te*'*' !'* ke+"'r %e:'/$ 12 >o+t. Re*"+'tor %er"&'k' &e*"'t &er't'' 'r"# D5 't'" "t"k &'/' 3't" /'!' #e$**' /'&'t %e3"k"&$ 'r"# !'* /$b"t"k' o+e o+e #eb"' &e#''t. B$'#'!' /$ *"'k' *"'k' "t"k r'*k'$' !'* (reke#$!' t$**$ #e&ert$ T;, Pr' '%& e'/, o#3$+'tor, %$er r'/$o, &re '%& % $3 /++. *k'$' !'* (reke#$!' re/' t$/'k %e%er+"k' re*"+'tor, #e&ert$ '"/$o '%&+$($er
Lembaga Kursus Kur sus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro !8 '0nt0) adapt0r ang ang di*eri regulat0r a. '0nt0) regulat0r dengan pensta*il-pem*atas pensta*il-pem*atas tegangan tegangan di0da :ener
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c.
Adapt0r dengan regulat0r dengan pem*atas- pensta*il tegangan #'
'0nt0) '0nt0) regulat0 regulat0rr dengan dengan di*eri di*eri ;aria*le ;aria*le resist0r resist0r
Tr'(o < A%&ere D 1 4 < '%&ere 51 < 400 "( = 1 >o+t 52 < 1000 "( = 1 >o+t
;R R Q1 Q2
< -0 K C 100 O% < D 1 < 2N 0--
D
< 12 >o+t
Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro !9
Ar"# A5 !* ke+"'r /'r$ tr'(o #k"/er 1- >o+t ke%"/$' /$#e'r'k' /e*' 4 /$o/' #e$**' #e$**' 'r"# +$#tr$k!' +$#tr$k!' %e:'/$ %e:'/$ 'r"# D5 !'k$ /' /e'* /e'* te*'*' te*'*' 1- > D5. Ke%"/$' /$($+ter = /$r't'k' 'r"#!' o+e 51 te*'*'!' %e:'/$ 1 >, k're' e+3o %e!$%&' %e!$%&' 'r"# #ek$tr >o+t. 5 "t"k "t"k ($+ter ($+ter $+'$!' #e%'k$ #e%'k$ be#'r #e%'k$ #e%'k$ b'$k. Te*'*' Te*'*' 1 ; $$ b$#' /$ke3$+k' /e*' ;R, %$$%"%!' 0 >o+t /' %'k#$%"%!' 1>o+t. Te*'*' Te*'*' 1- >o+t $$ #e+':"t!' #e+':"t!' /$k"'tk' /$k"'tk' 'r"#!' 'r"#!' /e*' /e*' Q1 /' Q2. Q1 %er"&'k' %er"&'k' &e*"'t ''+, Q2 %er"&'k' %er"&'k' &e*"'t t$*k't 'k$r 't'" /$#eb"t &oer re*"+'tor. O"t&"t /'r$ re*"+'tor!' '/'+' k'k$ 3o+ektor &oer re*"+'tor. Se+':"t!' Se+':"t!' #$'& "t"k %e*o&r'#$k' &e#''t e+ektro$k'. . Adapt0 r Simetris
A/'&tor #$%etr$# $$ %e*e+"'rk' %e*e+"'rk' t$*' k"t"b, !'$t" &o#$t$( ? @, e*'t$>e ? 9 @ /' *r'o/. /$&er"t"k /$&er"t"kk' k' &'/' r'*k'$' r'*k'$' !'* %e%b"t" %e%b"t"k' k' 'r"# 9 /' Gro"/. A/'&tor A/'&tor $$ %e%$+$k$ t$*' k"t"b, k"t"b, !'$t" !'$t" 9 /' *ro"/. *ro"/. Ar"# +$#tr$k A5 /'r$ # k"/er 1 >o+t , :$k' /$"k"r /'r$ 5T, /' 1 >o+t :"*' :$k' /$"k"r /'r$ 5T !'* !'* #'t"! #'t"!', ', #e$* #e$**' *' :$k' :$k' /$"k"r /$"k"r &'/' /"' ":"* #k"/er #k"/er !'* !'* b"k' b"k' 5T te*'!' %e:'/$ >o+t.Te*' >o+t.Te*' A5 ter#eb"t ke%"/$' /$#e'r'k' /e*' /$o/' #e$**' 'r"#!' %e:'/$ D5,. Pe!e'r'' $t" %e*'#$+k' te*'*' 9 /' *ro"/.
/e*' *ro"/ ?9@ 1 ;, 9 /e*' *ro"/ ?@ 1 >o+t Ke%"/$' te*'*' $t" /$($+ter /e*' /"' e+3o.
/' /e*' 9 .
*C+ 1*RITED CIRCUIT +$ARD! P5B '/'+' &'&' r'*k'$' ter3et'k !'* ber*"' "t"k %ee%&'tk' ko%&oe /'+'% ke#'t"' r'*k'$'. D'+'% %e%b"'t %e%b"'t +'! o"t P5B 'r"# ber't$9't$. Perk$r'k' #eber'&' b'!'k ko%&oe !'* 'k' /$ter'&k' /'+'% P5B "t"k %e%&er$t"*k' be#'r ke3$+!' P5B. T't' +et'k ko%&oe &':'* &e/ek!' 'r"# /$#e#"'$k' /e*' ":"/ '#+$!'. M$#'+!' "t"k t't' +et'k re#$#tor /$ber$ :'r'k #ek$t'r 1,- 3% #eb'b ":"/ '#+$!' re#$#tor berk$#'r 13%, be*$t" :"*' !'* +'$!'. A&'+'*$ "t"k I5 :'r'k!' k'k$ ke k'k$ !'* +'$!' 'r"# /$#e#"'$k' /e*' :'r'k k'k$ I5 ":"/ '#+$!' #eb'b t$/'k #'%' :'r'k!' :'r'k!' 't'r' 't'r' t't' +et'k P5B /e*' /e*' /e*' /e*' ":"/ '#+$!' '#+$!' %'k' 'k' %e!eb'bk' k'k$ I5 t$/'k b$#' %'#"k ke/'+'% /e#'$ P5B $t".
&'B regulat0r dengan i0da
Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro "0
AM*LI0IER Poer '%&+$($er ber("*#$ %e*"'tk' *et'r' +$#tr$k #"'r' ?A)@ !'* ber'#'+ /'r$ &e*"'t9&e*"'t &re '%& #ebe+"%!', kek"'t' &oer '%&+$($er /$!'t'k' /e*' F'tt !'* /'!'!' /'r$ 1 F'tt $**' r't"#' b'k' r$b"' F'tt. Se%'k$ Se%'k$ be#'r be#'r /'!' /'!' /'r$ /'r$ #"'t" #"'t" &e*"' &e*"'tt A) #e%'k$ #e%'k$ ker'# ker'# '#$+ '#$+ '"/$o '"/$o !'* !'* /$ke+"'rk'!' tet'&$ +o"/ #&e'ker !'* /$*"'k' 'r"# 3"k"& %e%'/'$ /$#e#"'$k' /e*' /'!' o"t&"t /'r$ &e*"'t A) $t" #e/$r$. Se3'r' tek$# '/' beber'&' %eto/e %e%b"'t '%&+$($er 't'r' +'$C O"t&"t Tr'#(or%er Le##? $TL@, $TL@, O"t&"t 5'&'#$tor Le## Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro " ?$CL@, $CL@, /' Br$/*e Br$/*e Tr'# Tr'#(or (or%er %er Le## Le## ?+TL@. +TL@. Pe*"'t Pe*"'t :e$# OTL &'/' o"t&"t! o"t&"t!' ' /$"b"*k' %e+'+"$ 3o/e#'tor /' 3't" /'!' !'* /$*"'k' "%"%!' 3't" /'!' b$'#' !'* '!' %e%$+k$ :'+"r ?;9 = 0 >@ /' ?;@.. Pe*"'t O5L %e%$+$k$ /'!' ke+"'r' !'* +eb$ t$**$ #ert' %e**"'k' 3't" /'!' te*'*' *'/' !'$t" ?;@, ?;0= */@ /' ?;9@, /' "t"k &e*"'t' BTL '/'+' %er"&'k' *'b"*' /"' b"' &e*"'t '%&+$($er !'* 'r"# $/et$k #'%' &er#$#. Tek$k $$ '/'+' tek$k %"+t$&$k'#$ /'!' 't'" &e%b'+$k ('#' !'* ke%"/$' ke%"/$' /$ke'+ /e*' '%' br$/*e tr'#(or%er tr'#(or%er +e## ?BTL@ 't'&" 't'&" &e*"' &e*"'t' t' /e*' /e*' %eto/e %eto/e :e%b't :e%b't', ', &e*"' &e*"'t' t' :e%b't :e%b't' ' #e3'r' #e3'r' tek$# tek$# 'k' 'k' %e*'#$+k' /'!' !'* +eb$ be#'r #et$/'k!' 2, k'+$ +eb$ be#'r /'r$ kek"'t' '"/$o #ebe+"%!'. A%&+$($er '/'+' &e*"'t *eter' +$#t$k. Get'r' +$#tr$k (re7e#$ #$*'+. )re7e#$ #"'r'='"/$o 20 #./. 20.000 20.000 H. J$k' te+' %e+eb$$ %e+eb$$ /'r$ *etr' $t", %'k' #"/' t$/'k /'&'t /'&'t /$$k"t$ /$$k"t$ o+e &e/e*'r' &e/e*'r' te+$*'. te+$*'. S't"' (re7e#$ (re7e#$ Hert ?H@.
A%&+$($er '/'+' %e*"'tk' #"'r' !'* te+' /$r"b' *et'r'!' %e:'/$ *et'r' +$#tr$k. 8'* &er+" /$ket'"$ /'+'% '%&+$($er $t" '/'+' < 1. Te*'*' ?>o+t@ 2. Gro"/ . O"t&"t 4. I&"t. Te*'*' Te*'*' /' *ro" /$*"k' /$*"k' "t"k %e%ber$k' %e%ber$k' 'r"# &'/' r'*k'$' '%&+$($er, '%&+$($er, O"t&"t ter" b"* /e*' #&e'ker /' $&"t!' ke o"t r'/$o= t'&e = ;5D A"/$o '%&+$($er %er"&'k' r'*k'$' &e*"'t 'k$r '"/#$o /' te+' +e*k'& /e*' toe 3otro+ #. D R I 4 E R Dr$>er Dr$>er %er"&'k' %er"&'k' ke%"/$ 't'" &e**er'k &e**er'k . B'*$' B'*$' $$ %e%&ro#e# %e%&ro#e# +':"t +':"t o"t&"t o"t&"t /'r$ b'*$' &re '%&, /$%'' b'*$' b'*$' $$ %e%&"!'$ #$('t t$/'k #e#$t$( /$k're'k' /$k're'k' #$*'+ !'* 'k' /$&ro#e# #"/' '*'k be#'r. Dr$>er $$ :"*' %er"&'k' &e*"'t' #ebe+"% &e*"'t' t$*k't 'k$r !'$t" &oer '%&+$. Dr$>er %er"&'k' $&"t '%&+$($er. '%&+$($er. I&"t /r$>er ber'#'+ /'r$ &re '%& e'/, &re '%& %$3, M) r'/$o. Se/'*k'% o"t&"t!' /ebr$k' &'/' +o"/ #&e'ker. Dr$>er :"*' ter%'#"k &e*"'t' ke/"'. Pe*"'t' &ert'%' '/'+' &re '%& /' &e*"'t' ke t$*' '/'+' &oer '%&+$($er. I&"t '%&+$ b$'#'!' /$%"+'$ /'r$ >o+"%e . * $ % E R 1$UT*UT! Poer %er"&'k' &e*"'t /'!'. R'*k'$' $$ %e+':"tk' &ro#e# /'r$ /r$>er o"t&"t. R'*k'$' &oer $$ %er"&'k' &e*"'t' t$*k't 'k$r /' &eet" k"'t +e%'!' '%&+$($er. Se%'k$ be#'r /'!'!' 'k' #e%'k$ ker'# #"'r'!' be*$t" &"+' #e%'k$ ke3$+ /'!'!' 'k' #e%'k$ +e%' #"'r'%!'. O"t&"t!' /$ter"#k' ke +o"/ #&e'k'r "t"k /$r"b' #$*'+!' %e:'/$ #"'r' 't'" b"!$ #e#"'$ /e*' b"!$ = #"'r' '#+$!'. Poer Poer 't'" o"t&"t '%&+$($er '%&+$($er /$ber$k' /$ber$k' ke +o"/ #&e'ker "t"k /$r"b' /$r"b' *et'r' *et'r' +$#tr$k %e:'/$ #"'r' #e$**' /'&'t k$t' /e*'r. Dr$>er %er"&'k' $&"t '%&+$($er !'* b$'#'!' te+' /$+e*k'&$ /e*' toe 3otro+ ?&e*'t"r '/'@ b'##, treb+e /' >o+"%e. D' >o+"%e %er"&'k' $&"t '%&+$ Me3'r$ $&"t '%&+$($er /e*' %e*"r"t /'r$ &re '%& %$3 't'" &re '%& e'/ 't'" /'r$ Lembaga Kur sus dan&re Pelatihan Pelatiha n Elektronik Elektro Me tro "! /$ter"#k' ke M) r'/$o k're' &re '%&Kursus %$3 't'" '%& e'/ 't'"nik M)Rifton r'/$o Metro o"t&"t!' $&"t '%&+$($er. B$'#'!' $&"t '%&+$($er /$t'/'$ /'r$ >o+"%e, #e/'*k' %e3'r$ o"t&"t '%&+$($er /e*' %e*"r"t /'r$ #&e'ker
Sistem dan macam po8er ampli9ier a.o4er ush ull , ull , Poer $$ #'*'t ker'# #"'r'!' /' !'* &'+$* 3o3ok "t"k #"'r' >ok'+ ?#"'r' %'"#$'@ /' #&e'ker!' '/'+' or 't'" 3oro*, #e&ert$ &oer '%&+$ !'* #er$* /$&'k'$ &'/' %'#:$/9%'#:$/, #eko+'9#eko+', %"#o++',%"#o++' /++. Poer $$ ter/$r$ /'r$ /"' tr'(o #eb'*'$ t'ro o"t ?OT@ /' tr'(o $&"t ?IT@ /' &erk"'t /e*' tr'#$#tor9tr'#$#tor !'* ber'/' /$'t'r' tr'(o IT /' OT. IT #eb'*'$ &e%b'+$k ('#' , tr'#$#tor !'* ber'/' /$'t'r' IT /' OT %er"&'k' &e/oro* ker:'!' OT /' OT %er"&'k' O"t Tr'(o 't'" %er"&'k' &oer '%&+$.
b. o4er OC ( Output Condensat Condensator or ess )2 )2 &e*"'t /'!' /e*' #$#te% o"t&"t t'&' ko&+$* 3o/e#'tor. Poer $$ %e%b"t"k' t$*' k"t"b 'r"# +$#tr$k, !'$t" 9 /' *ro"/ #e$**' 3't" /'!'!'&" 'r"# 3't" /'!' ke%b'r. O5L %"t" #"'r'!' #'*'t b'$k, '!' #':' ker'#!' t$/'k #e&ert$ &oer &"# &"++.O5L $$ #&e#$'+ "t"k #"'r' b'## /' tr'b+e /' :"*' (ok'+. O5L b'!'k #ek'+$ /$&er*"'k' ter"t'%' "t"k #"'r' %"#$k, %$#' %$#'+ +!' !' or*' or*' t"* t"**' *'+, +, k'r' k'r'ok oke, e, &ert &ert" ":" :"kk kk' ' %"#$ %"#$k k /++. /++. H't$ H't$ 't$ 't$ /'+' /'+'% % %e*$/"&k'!' #eb'b #'*'t r'' ter'/'& ker"#'k'. K'be+ #&e'ker !'* #'+$* berte%" ?ko#+et@ 'k' %e!eb'bk' &oer O5L r"#'k /' #eb'+$k!' &oer O5L r"#'k 'k' %e!eb'bk' #&e'ker :"*' $k"t r"#'k #eb'b o"t &oer O5L /$'t'r' te*'*' /' #e$**' k'+'" t$/'k '/' #$!'+, o"t&"t!' 0 >o+t. Sebe+"% %e*$/"&k' /e*' %e%'#'* #&e'ker, &'#t$k' /"+" b'' &oer!' or%'+. Ut"k %e*et'"$ &oer O5L or%'+ !'$t" /e*' 3'r' %e*"k"r &'/' o"t&"t!' /e*' b't'# "k"r A5 >o+t 10, :$k' t$/'k '/' #$!'+, %'k' t$/'k '/' 'r"# #e$**' te*'*' 0 >o+t. J$k' '/' #$!'+ %'k' :'r"% te#ter 'k' ber*er'k9*e ber*er'k9*er'k r'k #e#"'$ /e*' /e*' k"'t +e%'!' +e%'!' #$!'+. #$!'+. J$k' ter!'t' /$"k"r o"t&"t!' '/' 'r"# 't'" te*'*'!' /$k'+' t$/'k '/' #$!'+ %'k' $t" &ert'/' &oer!' t$/'k or%'+ = r"#'k #e$**' k'+'" +'*#"* /$ber$k' ke #&e'ker %'k' #&e'ker!' 'k' r"#'k. Ut"k %e*'%'k' &oer O5L /' #&e'ker!' '/'+' /e*' /e*' %e%'#'* %e%'#'* r'*k'$' r'*k'$' prote"tor 6 &e+$/"*@. &e+$/"*@. R'*k'$' ber("*#$ %e+$/"*$ #&e'ker ket$k' &oer!' r"#'k #e$**' #&e'ker!' t$/'k $k"t r"#'k /' %e+$/"*$ Lembaga Kursus Kursusk'be+ dan Pelatihan Pelati han't'" Elektronik Elektro nik Rifton r"#'k Metro Metro#e$**' "" &oer!' ket$k' ber#et"' #&e'ker #&e'ker!' &oer!' t$/'k r"#'k. Ut"k %e'%b' /'!' 'tt &'/' &oer &oer O5L $$ !'$t" /e*' %e'%b' tr'#$#tor tr'#$#tor &oer &e%'#'*' &e%'#'*'!' !' #'%' /e*' /e*' tr'#$#to tr'#$#torr &oer #ebe+"%!', #ebe+"%!', '!' '!' &'/' o"t ke #&e'ker /e*' %e%ber$ re#$#tor !'* $+'$!'&" #'%' /e*' re#$#tor tr'#$#tor ke o"t #&e'ker #ebe+"%!'.
c. o4er OT Output Tra0o ess )2 &e*"'t )2 &e*"'t /'!' /e*' #$#te% o"t&"t t'&' tr'(o. Poer OTL '%&$r #'%' /e*' O5L, '!' #':' OTL 'r"# +$#tr$k !'* /$&er+"k' /' 9 /' o"t&"t!' /e*' %e**"'k' %e**"'k' ko&+$* 3o/e#'tor. Poer AMPLI)IER t/' 2002 = 200
+TL
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Lo"/ #&e'ker $&"t /'r$ o"t&"t &oer '%&+$($er. Lo"/ #&e'ker %er"&'k' '+'t !'* %er"b' *et'r' +$#tr$k %e:'/$ #"'r' /'r$ #$*'+ !'* /$'#$+k' o+e &oer '%&+($er. S&e'ker S&e'ker 'r"# /$ #e#"'$k' #e#"'$k' /e*' be#'r!' /'!' !'* /$ke+"'rk' /$ke+"'rk' o+e &oer '%&+$($er. A+'t $$ %e%&"!'$ %"t" !'* berbe/' be/' #e$**' !'* %"t"!' b'*"# %'k' #"'r' !'* /$ke+"'rk'&" b'$k. M'3'% #&e'ker $$ '/'+'< 1. S"( Foo(er, Foo(er, #&e3$'+ #&e3$'+ "t"k #"'r' #"'r' b'## ?re/'@ ?re/'@ 2. Me/$"%, Me/$"%, #&e3$'+ #&e3$'+ "t"k "t"k #"'r' >ok'+ ?%ee* ?%ee*'=% '=%e/$"% e/$"%@@ . Teeter Teeter,, #&e3$'+ #&e3$'+ #"'r' tr'b+e tr'b+e ?t$**$@ ?t$**$@ 4. )"++ R'*e, R'*e, #&e'ker !'* b$#' %e%&ro#e# #"'r' b'##, %e/$"% /' tr'b+e. Ut"k %e%&erb'*"# #"'r' +'*$ o"t&"t /'r$ &oer '%&+$($er /$&'#'* '+'t 5ro## o>er #ebe+"% ke #&e'ker, !'$t" #"'t" r'*k'$' !'* ter/$r$ /'r$ 3o$+ /' 3o/e#'tor !'* /'&'t %e%&ro#e# &e%$#'' #"'r' b'##, %e/$"% /' tr'b+e #e$**' '/' t$*' o"t&"t /'r$ 3ro## o>er !'$t o"t&"t b'##, o"t&"t %e/$"% /' o"t&"t o"t&"t tr'b+e.
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5oto &e*'t"r '/' '7"'+$er /e*' - 3'e+
Lembaga Kursus Kursus danMICR$*6$E Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro "&
M$3ro M$3ro < ke3$+ ke3$+ Poe Poe < #"'r'. #"'r'. M$3ro& M$3ro&oe oe '/'+' '/'+' #"'r' !'* +e%' +e%' 't'" 't'" ke3$+. ke3$+. Ko%&oe Ko%&oe!' !' '/'+' '/'+' %$3 b'$k /!'%$3 't'" 3o/#or. 3o/#or. M$3 ber("*#$ ber("*#$ %er"b' #"'r' %e:'/$ *et'r' +$#tr$k. S$*'+ !'* /$'#$+k' /'r$ %$3 $$ %'#$ #'*' ke3$+ = +e%' #e$**' &er+" /$%o/"+'#$k' ke%b'+$ /' /$k"'tk'. R'*k'$' "t"k %e%o/"+'#$k' /' "t"k %e*"'tk' #$*'+ $t" '/'+' r'*k'$' pra r'*k'$' pra amp mi". S$!'+ mi". S$!'+ !'* te+' te+' /$k"'tk' o+e r'*k'$' &re '%& %$3 ke%"/$' /eber$k' ker'*k'$' '%&+$($er.
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TA*E REC$RDER T'&e T'&e /$b'3' t$& %er"&'k' &e#''t e+ektro$k' !'* /'&'t %e$%b"+k' b"!$, %erek'% #"'r' /' %e*'&"# #"'r' /e*' %e**"'k' &!t' 't'" 3'#ette. T'&e re3or/er ter/$r$ /'r$ /"' b'*$', !'$t" b'*$' %ek'$k /' b'*$' e+ektro$k. Mek'$k $$ !'* ber&er' /'+'% &ro#e# ber&"t'r! ber&"t'r!' ' ro/' k'#et. A+'t %ek'$k !'* ber&er' ber&er' %e%"t'rk' ro/' '/'+'< '. Ro/' k'ret &re# e. Ro/' k'ret *e+'* *e+'* b. Ro/' *$*$ k'#et (. Ro/'9ro/' Ro/'9ro/' *$*$ &e*$*$t &e*$*$t 3. Ro/' Ro/' *$+' *$+' *. Per &er +"'k +"'k /. D$'%o, '/' !'* ko/e!' 5F ?%"t'r k$r$@ /' '/' '/' !'* 55F 55F ?%"t'r k''@ Se/'*k' /'+'% b'*$' e+ektro$k %e%&ro#e# ter:'/$!' b"!$ 't'" #"'r' !'* #'%' /e*' #"'r' /'+'% k'#et. A/' t$*' %'3'% &ro#e# !'* /'&'t /$+'k"k' o+e t'&e $$, !'$t"< A. Pro#e# P+'! = %e%'$k', !'$t" &ro#e# %e*o&r'#$k' "t"k %e/'&'tk' b"!$ 't'" #"'r' #e#"'$ /e*' &!t' 't'" k'#et!' B. Pro#e# Re3or/$* = %erek'%, !'$t" &ro#e# %e!$%&' *et'r' *et'r' #"'r' /'+'% &!t' 5. Pro#e# Er'#e = %e*'&"#, !'$t" !'$t" &ro#e# %e*'&"# %e*'&"# *et'r' #"'r' #"'r' !'* '/' /'+'% /'+'% k'#et #e$**' &!t' !'* terke' &ro#e# er'#e $$ 'k' %e:'/$ etr'+ ?t$/'k '/' *et'r' #"'r' !'* ter#$%&'@. Get'r' #"'r'!' %e:'/$ ko#o*. A. +lok diagram tape ketika *la:
Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro "8
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#"/' 3"k"& be#'r #e$**' #"/' /'&'t /$r"b' %e:'/$ #"'r'. H'#$+ /'r$ &e*"'t /'!' $$ #e+':"t!' /$ber$k' ke +o"/ #&e'ker. . ou d 6peaker2 %er"b' 6peaker2 %er"b' *et'r' +$#tr$k %e:'/$ #"'r'. S&e'ker $$ %e*e+"'rk' . #"'r' 't'" 't'" b"!$ b"!$ #e#"'$ #e#"'$ /e*' /e*' $#$ k'#et! k'#et!' ' /'+'% &!t'. &!t'.
D'+'% %eer$%' *e+o%b'* r'/$o ter/'&'t beber'&' #$#te% &&eer$%'' !'$t" < 1. S$#te% AM ?A%&+$t"/o %o/"+'#$@ &':'* *e+o%b'* < 4-0 100 KH 2. S$#te% S$#te% SF ?Sort ?Sort F'>e@ F'>e@ &':'* &':'* *e+o%b'* *e+o%b'* < 2. 9 24 MH . S$#te% S$#te% )M ?)re7e#$ ?)re7e#$ Mo/"+'#@ Mo/"+'#@ &':'* &':'* *e+o%b'* *e+o%b'* < 9 10 MH S$#te% &eer$%'' A%&+$t"/o A%&+$t"/o M"/"+'#$ /$#eb"t :"*' r'/$o #$#te% S"&er Hetero/$e.
A. +lok diagram diagram tape ketika proses proses Recording Recording - merekam merekam
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R A D I $ Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro #0
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4. MEDIU MEDIUM M )REQ )REQFEN FENSI SI ? M) M) @ S$!'+ !'* /'t'* /'r$ %$er /' o#$+'tor '/'+' #$!'+ #$"# /e*' (rek"e#$ tertet" /$%'' /$%'' *et'r'!' *et'r'!' be+"% 3"k"& = %'#$ %'#$ +e%'. I(or%'#$ I(or%'#$ #"'r' /$ter$%' /$ter$%' +'*$ o+e b'*$' M) "t"k /$&erk"'t /e*' &e*"'t' /"' t$*k't !'$t" M)1 /' M)2. Get'r' Get'r' #$!'+ (rek"e#$ !'* te+' /$&erk"'t $$+' !'* 'k' /$%'#"kk' ke /'+'% /etektor. B'' M) ?I)@ Tr'(o M)1 (er$t!' /$3't k"$*, tr'(o M)2 (er$t!' /$3't &"t$, Tr'(o M) (er$t!' (er$t!' /$3't $t'%. $t'%. R'*k'$' R'*k'$' $$ %er"&'k' %er"&'k' &e*"'t &e*"'t (re7e#$ (re7e#$ %ee*' %ee*' 't'" (re77e#$ 't'r'. S$*'+ S$*'+ !'* /$'#$+k' o+e %$er ?(re7e#$ %ee*'@ %'#$ +e%' #e$**' #e$**' &er+" /$&erk"'t /$&erk"'t +'*$. H'#$+ &e*"'t' &e*"'t' (re7e#$ (re7e#$ o+e r'*k'$' M) = I) ke%"/$' /$ter"#k' &'/' r'*k'$' /etektor "t"k /$/etek#$, #e$**' :$k' r'*k'$' $$ te+' beker:' k' ter/e*'r #"'r' /e#$# = /e#' &'/' #&e'ker. Pe*"'t' (re7e#$
Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro #!
%ee*' $$ '/' !'* t$*' t$*k't /' '/' !'* /"' t$*k't. Ko%&oe &'/' r'*k'$' $$ b$'#'!' ter/$r$ /'r$ Tr'(o, tr'#$#tor, re#$#tor /' ko/e#'tor. Tr'(o M) 1 (er$t!' k"$*, tr'(o M) 2 (er$t!' (er$t!' &"t$ /' Tr'(o Tr'(o M) (er$t!' $t'%.
-. DETEKTOR
Detektor %er"&'k' b'*$' !'* /'&'t %e%$#'k' *e+o%b'* #"'r' ?'"/$o@ ter'/'& *e+o%b'* *e+o%b'* &e%b'' &e%b'' ?3'r$er@ ?3'r$er@ /'r$ t$*k't I) ?M)@ #e$**' #e$**' #$!'+ #$!'+ '* ke+"'r '!' t$**'+ #$!'+ '"/$o. S$!'+ '"/$o $$+' !'* 'k' ke+"'r ke #&e'ker 't'" ke &e*"'t #"'r'. B$'#'!' %e**"'k' #'t" /$o/' /$b't" /e*' ko/e#'tor /' 2 re#$#tor. Detektor '/'+' r'*k'$' &e%$#'. N'%' +'$ '/'+' /e%o/"+'tor !'$t" %e*e+"'rk' %o/"+'#$. R'*k'$' /etektor ber("*#$ "t"k %e%$#'k' (re7e#$ &e%b'' ?3'r$er@ /e*' (reke#$ #"'r' ?%e*e+"'rk' (re7e#$ #"'r'@. J"*' /'&'t /$k't'k' b'' /etektor ber("*#$ "r"k %e!e+ek#$ 't'" %e%$#'k' (re7e#$ t$**$ /e*' (re7e#$ re/' ?(re7e#$ '"/$o@. Ke%"/$' '#$+ /'r$ &e%$#'' $$ /$ter"#k' ke r'*k'$' '"/$o '%&+$($er "t"k /$k"'tk' t$*k't 'k$r. B$'#'!' r'*k'$' /etektor '/'+' /$o/' kr$#t'+ /$b't" /$b't" /e*' /e*' ko/e#'to ko/e#'torr /' re#$#tor. re#$#tor.D$o/' D$o/' kr$#t'+ ber("*#$ ber("*#$ "t"k %e%$#'k' re7e#$ te**$ /e*' (re7e#$ re/', Ko/e#'tor ber("*#$ "t"k %e!$%&'* %e!$%&'*k' k' ?b'! &'##@ (re7e#$ (re7e#$ t$**$ '*'r t$/'k ke%b'+$ ke%b'+$ ke te%&'t te%&'t #e%"+'. #e%"+'. Re#$#tor Re#$#tor ber("*#$ ber("*#$ "t"k %e*'+'*$ %e*'+'*$ ke (re7e#$ (re7e#$ t$**$ '*'r t$/'k %'#"k %e+'+"$ %e+'+"$ re#$#tor 'k' tet'&$ %e++"$ 3o/e#'tor #$%&'* ?b'! &'##@. R'*k'$' /etektor ber("*#$ "t"k %e!e+ek#$ 't'" %e%$#'k' (rek"e#$ t$**$ /e*' (rek"e#$ re/' ?'"/$o@.
. AUDIO AMPLI)IER &e%$#'' /etektor '*'r /'&'t /$r"b' %e:'/$ #"'r' o+e +o"/ #&e'ker. R'*k'$' R'*k'$' '"/$o '%&+$($er '%&+$($er $$ ter/$r$ ter/$r$ /'r$ r'*k'$' r'*k'$' /r$>er /r$>er /' r'*k'$' &oer. R'*k'$' /r$>er %er"&'k' &e*"'t' (re7e#$ '"/$o /'#" r'*k'$' &oer Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelati han Elektronik Elektro nikt$*k't Rifton''+ Metro Metro '%&+$($er %er"&'k' &e*"'t' (re7e$ '"/$o t$*k't 'k$r. H'#$+ /'r$ &e*"'t' $t"
/$ter"#k' ke #&e'ker "t"k /$r"b' %e:'/$ #"'r'. R'*k'$' toe 3otro+ b$'#'!' /$+et'kk' #ebe+"% /r$>er #e$**' $&"t '"/$o '%&+$($er ter/'&'t &'/' toe 3otro+ ?>o+"%e@. J$k' r'*k'$' $$ or%'+ %'k' /$#et" &'/' $&"t!' 'k' b"!$ ?/reee/@. R'*k'$' &oer '"/$o '%&+$($er be%'3'%9%'3'% #$#te%!'< !'$t" #$#te% &"# &"++, OTL, OTL, O5L /' Ite*r Ite*r'te 'te/ / 5$r3"$ 5$r3"$t. t. D'+'% D'+'% 3oto 3oto &oer &oer '%&+$( '%&+$($er $er r'/$o r'/$o AM $$ %e**"k' &oer &"# &"++. a. ri;er ampliier B'*$' $$ /$#eb"t &e*"'t ''+ '"/$o k're' b'*$' $$+' !'* %"+'9%"+' %e'k"k' &e*"'t'' ter'/'& *et'r' #"'r' /'r$ /etektor. Pe*"'t $$ /$+'k"k' #'t" t$*k't /e*' %e**"'k' %e**"'k' 1 tr'#$#tor re#$#tor /' 2 ko/e#'tor. A"/$o '%&+$($er '%&+$($er '/'+' r'*k'$' r'*k'$' #eb'*'$ &e*"'t (re7e#$ (re7e#$ #"'r' '#$+ /'r$ *. &08e ampliier Poer Poer '%&+$($er '%&+$($er /$#eb"t /$#eb"t &e*"'t 'k$r k're' k're' &'/' &e*"'t' &e*"'t' $$ /$+'k"k' /$+'k"k' o+e tr'#$#tor '* beker:' ber*'t$' /' /'&'t %e%ber$k' '#$+ &e*"'t' !'* 3"k"& be#'r, #e$**' %'%&" %e**et'rk' %e**et'rk' %e%br' +o/ #&e'ker 20 H 20 KH
. SPEA KE KER S&e'ker ter/$r$ /'r$ < a. M'*et tet'& /$%'' k"t"b "t'%'!' ?k"t"b "t'r'@ /$+$*k'r$ o+e k"t"b #e+'t' /' 't'r' ke/"' k"t"b ter/'&'t r"'* "/'r' *. K"%&'r' ?%o>$b* 3o$+@ ber"&' *"+"*' k''t /e' ter+et'k beb'# /$ r"'* "/'r' 't'r' ke/"' k"t"b %'*et c. 5oro* kert'# ber>et"k ker"3"t !'* /$#eb"t %e%br' d. R'*k' /'r$ +o*'%. Uk"r' #&e'ker < a. G'r$# te*' ko"# /$"k"r /e*' $3$, 1 2,-4 3%. D'+'% &r'kte: ter/'&'t "k"r' #&e'ker 4 6 12 /++ *. Te'*' Te'*' +$#tr$k !'* /$b"t"k' #&e'ker /$"k"r /e*' 'tt c. I%&e/e3e #&e'ker /$"k"r /e*' /e*' o%. o%. M$#'+< M$#'+< S&e'ker /e*' "k"r' 12 o% 4 'tt. 'tt. Ber'rt$ Ber'rt$ *'r$# te*' ko"#!' 12 $%&e/e3e!' $%&e/e3e!' o% /' te'*'!' te'*'!' 4 'tt.. I%&e/e3e I%&e/e3e '/'+' &er&'/"' &er&'/"' /'r$ &er"b'' &er"b'' D5 /' &er"b''b A5
o+e te+$*' %'"#$' !'$t" 't'r' 20 K 20 KH. B'*$' $$ #eb'*'$ &eet" 'k$r /'+'% &ro#e# &eer$%'' &e#''t r'/$o. Lo"/ #&e'ker %er"b' (re7e#$ #"'r' '#$+ &e*"'t' '"/$o '%&+$($er%e:'/$ '%&+$($er%e:'/$ #"'r'. Be#'r ke3$+!' $+'$ #&e'ker /$#e#"'$k' /e*' kek"'t' &o er '%&+$($er!'.
. 5ATU DA8A 5't" /'!' %er"&'k' %er"&'k' #"%ber 'r"# +$#tr$k +$#tr$k D5 "t"k "t"k /$#'+"rk' /$#'+"rk' ke#e+"r" ke#e+"r" r'*k'$' r'*k'$' &e#''t &eer$%' r'/$o. 5't" /'!' /'&'t /$*"'k' '/'&tor, '33", b'ter! , #o+'r #e+ .. Be#'r ke3$+!' te*'*' /$#e#"'$k' /e*' te*'*' !'* /$b"t"k' o+e %'#$*9 %'#$* r'*k'$' r'/$o. R'*k'$' R'/$o AM = SF #e3'r' ke#e+"r"'
5'r' ker:' #&e'ker $$ '/'+' B$+' &'/' k"%&'r' #&e'ker /$%'#"kk' *et'r' A) 'k' %eerb$tk %eerb$tk' ' k"'t +'&'* %'*$t %'*$t /$%'' /$%'' k"t"b k"t"b ber&$/'9& ber&$/'9&$/' $/'te%& te%&'t 't k"%&'r' k"%&'r' #&e'ker !'* /$+'+"$ *et'r' *et'r' A) %eerb$tk' %eerb$tk' k"'t +'&'* ber"b'9r"b' ber"b'9r"b' ?k"t"b!' ber&$/'9&$/'@ .
Lembaga'/'+' Kursus Kur sus%e*"b' dan Pelatihan Pelatiha n Elektronik Elektro nik Me tro ##*et'r' #"'r' )"*#$ )"*#$ +o"/ #&e'ker '/'+ ' %e* "b' *et'r' +$#tr$k +$#t r$k Rifton #"'r'Metro %e:'/$ ?'"/$o@. Get'r' +$#tr$k #"'r' !'* te+' /$#e#"'$k' $%&e/e#$!' o+e tr'(o OT /e*' +o/ #&e'ker, o+e o+e #&e'ker /$"b' %e:'/$ *et'r' *et'r' #"'r' /e*' (rek"'#$ ter/e*'r
Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro #$
*. Mer'k$t &e#''t %oo berbe/' /e*' /e*' #tereo. Perbe/'
&esa8at ang m0n0 )ana )ana memiliki memiliki satu sinal atau satu jalur, jalur, sedangka sedangkaian ian pesa8at stere0 memiliki pulsa d0u*el dan jalurnapun d0u*el, misalna jalur " 6"ig)t jalur jalur kanan, jalur jalur $ 6$et jalur jalur kiri, #nput dari jalur jalur " )ana akan keluar keluar melalui rangkaia rangkaian n ", sedangka sedangkan n input dari jalur $ )ana akan keluar dari rangkaian $ . !emudian untuk meneim*angkan atau mengecilk mengecilkan an sala) sala) satu dari rangkaia rangkaian n $" itu digunaka digunakan n BA$AN'% BA$AN'% *erupa ".
ASSEM+LI3 Mer'k$t '/' /"' %'3'% !'$t" %er'k$t r'*k'$' /' %er'k$t ko%&oe. Mer'k$t r'*k'$' '/'+' %e*"b"*k' ko%o&oe !'* #'t" /e*' !'* +'$!' #e$**' %e:'/$ #"'t" r'*k'$'. Mer'k$t &e#''t '/'+' %e*"b"*k' 't'r #'t" r'*k'$' /e*' r'*k'$'!' !'* +'$ #"$**' %e:'/$ #"'t" &e#''t !'* /'&'t /$$k%'t$. Mer'k$t #"'t" '+ !'* #'*'t %e'r$k k're' %er"&'k' '#$+ /'r$ k'r!'!' #e$**' '#$+!'&" 'k' %e%"'#k' /$r$!'. Mer'k$t Mer'k$t #"'t" '+ !'* #'*'t #'*'t %"/', %"/', #eb'b #eb'b !'* &er+" /$ket'" /$ket'"$$ t$/'k+' t$/'k+' b'!'k /' #'*'t #e/er''. H'+9'+ !'* 'r"# /$(''%$ "t"k ke&er+"' /'+'% &er'k$t' < '. b. 3. /. e. (.
Set$'& Set$'& r'*k'$' r'*k'$' %e%&"!' %e%&"!'$$ $&"t /' o"t&"t o"t&"t O"t&"t /'r$ /'r$ r'*k'$' r'*k'$' %e/'&'tk' %e/'&'tk' $&"t r'*k'$' r'*k'$' ber$k"t!' Set$'& Set$'& r'*k'$' r'*k'$' %e%er+"k' %e%er+"k' te*'*' te*'*' B /' *ro"/ *ro"/ )''% )''% ter'/'& ter'/'& "r"t'9"r" "r"t'9"r"t' t' r'*k'$' r'*k'$' Be#'r Be#'r ke3$+ ke3$+!' !' te*'* te*'*' ' /'r$ /'r$ #"%ber #"%ber te*' te*'*' *' /$#e# /$#e#"'$ "'$k' k'/e /e*' *' ke&er+"' /'r$ %'#$*9%'#$* r'*k'$' Mer'k$t r'*k'$' r'*k'$' 't'" &e#''t &e#''t !'* !'* +'! o"t o"t P5B 't'" 't'" r'*k'$'!' r'*k'$'!' /'r$ /'r$ &'#'r' #"/' /$ber$ t'/' ?/$t"+$#$@ &'/' te%&'t %'#"k!' $&"t, o"t&"t, B /' *ro"/!'
0RE;UEC7 )re7e#$ )re7e#$ '/'+' '/'+' *et'r' *et'r' +$#tr$k +$#tr$k ?'3@ 't'" *e+o%b'* *e+o%b'* 't'" #$*'+. S't"' (re7e#$ (re7e#$ '/'+' H = 3$3+e. S't" *e+o%b'*=(re7e#$ *e+o%b'*=(re7e#$ 1 H. 1 KH 1000 H 1MH 1.000.000 1.000.000 H 1000 KH 7elombang audio ?*e+o%b'* ?*e+o%b'* b"!$@ '/'+' *e+o%b'* *e+o%b'* !'* /'&'t /$/e*'r o+e %'"#$' (rek"e#$!' '/'+' 20H 20 KH. Ge+o%b'* '"/$o $$ /$#eb"t *e+o%b'* b"%$. b"%$. S'+' S'+' #'t" #'t" #$('t #$('t *e+o%b *e+o%b'* '* b"%$ b"%$ '/'+' '/'+' %e%b"t %e%b"t"k "k' ' %e/$" %e/$"% % "t"k "t"k &er'%b't'!' #e$**' %"/' %ere/'% 't'" /$#er'& o+e +'&$#' b"%$ /' '!' /'&'t %e3'&'$ :'*k'"' :'*k'"' !'* re+'t$( re+'t$( &e/ek. &e/ek. Ut"k %e*$r$%k' %e*$r$%k' $(or%'#$ $(or%'#$ /'+'% :'*'k'"' !'* :'" /$b"t"k' *e+o%b'* *e+o%b'* !'*'%&$r t$/'k %ere/'%. S$('t /e%$k$'
Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro #& Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro #%
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'. b. 3. /.
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Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro #8
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Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro #9
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Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro $
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Pe3'r$' 't'" &e*"r"t' r'*k'$' #'*'t &et$* /'+'% %e%''%$ /' %ee%"k' #et$'& b+ok r'*k'$' #e$**' 'k' %e*et'"$ b't'#' b't'#' b+ok9b+ok /'r$ #et$'& r'*k'$'. D'+'% t$t$k &e*"r"t' '/' 4 !'* #'*'t &et$* "t"k /$kete%"k' /' /$(''%$, !'k$< 1. Te*'* Te*'*', ', %er"&'k' %er"&'k' 'r"# "t"k "t"k %e*$/"&k' %e*$/"&k' r'*k'$' r'*k'$' 2. Gro"/, Gro"/, %er"&'k' %er"&'k' 'r"# 'r"# "t"k %e*$/" %e*$/"&k' &k' r'*k'$' r'*k'$' . O"t&"t, O"t&"t, %er"&'k %er"&'k' ' te%&'t te%&'t ke+"'r!' ke+"'r!' r'*k'$ r'*k'$' ' 4. I&"t, I&"t, %er"&'k' %er"&'k' te%&'t te%&'t %'#"k!' %'#"k!' r'*k'$' r'*k'$' Seor'* %ot$r 'k' /'&'t %e!e+e#'$k' &eker:''!' :$k' $' %'%&" %e%&erb'$k$ &e#''t !'* t$/'k or%'+ . Pe#''t !'* t$/'k or%'+ k're' '/'!' ko%&oe 't'" :'+"r !'* r"#'k 't'" 't'" t$/'k be'r. be'r. Se/'*k' "t"k %e**'t$ 't'" 't'" %e%&erb'$k$ %e%&erb'$k$ ko%&oe 't'" :'+"r !'* r"#'k $t" '&'b$+' %'%&" %ee%"k'!'. Ut"k /'&'t %ee%"k' b'*$' !'* r"#'k $t" 'r"# /$+'k"k' &e*"r"t' 't'" &e3'r'$', ' /$#$$+' &et$*!' &e3'r$' 't'" &e*"r"t' :'+"r r'*k'$'. It" #e%"' b$#' /$+k"k' :$k' (''% ter'/'& ter'/'& *e:'+' ker"#'k'!'. ker"#'k'!'. Pee+"#"r' r'*k'$' r'*k'$' 'k'/'&'t /$+'k"k' :$k' (''% 'k' b+ok /$'*r'% /'r$ #et$'& &e#''t !'* 'k' /$te+"#"r$ :'+"r!' /' (''% ter'/'& 3'r' ker:' /' ("*#$ #et$'& r'*k'$'. 8'* 8'* &er+" /$&r't$k' /'+'% &ee+"#"r' :'+"r $$ '/'+' b'' B 't'" >33 ber'#'+ /'r$ 3't" /'!' /' #et$'& $&"t 'k'b %e/'&'tk' o"t&"t /'r$ #'t" r'*k'$' ke r'*k'$' ber$k"t!'.
*E3U"URA Pe*"k"r' #'*'t &et$* /$+'k"k' "t"k %e*et'"$ or%'+ 't'" t$/'k!' #"'t" r'*k'$', ko%&oe 't'" :'+"r. )"*#$ &e*"k"r' "t"k %e*et'"$ #t'/'r te*'*' ter'/'& &e#''t !'* /$'/'&$. M$#'+, # eor'* %ot$r e+ektro$k %ere&'r'#$ &oer '%&+$($er. D$"k"r &'/' t$t$k >33 't'" B >o+t. Se/'*k' ber/'#'rk' #t'/'r te*'*' !'* /$+'k"k' t'tk'+' %e*"k"r !'* or%'#+ 12 >o+t. De*' /e%$k$' 'k' /$ket'"$ b'' r'*k'$' &oer $t" t$/'k or%'+. Sete+' /$kete%"k' r'*k'$' b+ok !'* /$3"r$*'$ t$/'k or%'+, ke%"/$' /$+'k"k' &e*"k"r' &'/' :'+"r /' ko%&oe #ert' %e*"k"r te*'*'!' "t"k %e*et'"$ b'$k 't'" t$/'k!' . Ut"k %e*"k"r :'+"r /' ko%&oe /'+'% re'*k'$', 'r"# t$/'k '/' te*'*'!' /e*' %e%'t$k' &e#''t!' ter+eb$ /'"+". Seb'b b't'# "k"r !'* 'k' /$*"'k' '/'+' b't'# "k"r O%. Apa*ila O%. Apa*ila *atas ukur 0)m digunakan digunakan untuk mengukur arus atau tegangan maka multi meter itu akan rusak.
Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro $$
TITI" *ECARIA - *EELUSURA
b.D'+'% %e*"k"r te*'*' /'+'% r'*k$'' 't'" ko%&oe , %'k' &e#''t 'r"# /$$/"&k' 't'" r'*k'$' ter'+$r$ 'r"#=te*'*'. 'r"#=te*'*'. R'*k'$' !'* &e+" /$"k"r '/'+' < 1. Te*'*'
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Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro $%
N'%" &'+$* &et$* /$"k"r '/'+' o"t&"t /' te*'*'!'. Se#eor'* 'k' /'&'t %e*"k"r te*'*' &'/' ko%&oe 't'" $&&"t, o"t&"t /' te*'*'! '&'b$+' %'%&" %ee%"k'!' t$t$k !'* 'k' /$"k"r
*ETI37A *EELUSURA DA *E3U"URA Ke*"'' &'/' &e*"r"t' /' &e*"k"r' '/'+' "t"k ke&er+"' re&'r'#$. Ge:'+' ker"#'k' !'* #"/' /$''+$#$# ke%"/$' /$'/'k' &e3'r$' 't'" &e*"r"t' *"' %ee%"k' r'*k'$' /' ko%&oe !'* /$3"r$*'$ t$/'k or%'+ = r"#'k. Ke%"/$' /$'/'k' &e*"k"r' te*'*' /e*' ber&e/o%' ber&e/o%' &'/' &erk$r'' #t'/'r te*''*' #e&ert$ /$'t'# "t"k %eet"k' or%'+ 't'" t$/'k r'*k'$' 't'" ko%&oe $t". Te*'*' Te*'*' &'/' TR te*'*' B'#$# +eb$ be#'r #ek$t'r 0.- >o+t /'r$ te*'*' e%$tor!' D'r$ #$t" 'k' /$ket'"$ ko%&oe !'* /$3"r$*'$ r"#'k 't'" t$/'k or%'+, #e+':"t!' /$'/'k' &e*"k"r' ko%&oe . I*'t ket$k' %e*"k"r ko%&oe /'+'% P5B, %'k' r'*k'$' /'+'% P5B $t" 'r"# t$/'k '/' 'r"#=te*'*' ?&e#''t 'r"# /$%'t$k'@, *"'k' b't'# "k"r o%. J$k' b't'# "k"r o% "t"k %e*"k"r te*'*' %'k' te#ter 'k' r"#'k. B't'#' "k"r !'* /$*"$'k' /'+'% %e*"k"r /$o/' /' tr'#$#tor /'+'% P5B '/'+' 1 o%, #eb'b :$k' !'* /$*"'k' b't'# "k"r +eb$ /'r$ 1 o% 'k' ke+$'t' /$o/' /' tr'#$#tor $t" r"#'k &'/' t$/'k. 8'* 8'* &'+$* te&'t %e*"k"r ko%&oe $t" '/'+' ko%&oe $t" /$3'b"t /'r$ &5B ke%"/$' /$'/'k' &e*"k"r' /' &'/' ko%&oe /$o/' /' TR %e%'k'$ b't'# "k"r o% !'* &'+$* be#'r #e$**' /'&'t %e*et'"$ ko%&oe ko%&oe !'* bo3or 't'" r"#'k. M$#'+!' b't'# "k"r 1 K /'&'t %e*"k"r '%b't' %'k#$%'+ -00 K o%, B't'# "k"r 10 K /'&'t %e*"k"r '%b't' %'k#$%'+ - M o% /' b't'# "k"r 100 K /'&'t %e*"k"r '%b't' %'k#$%'+ -0 M o%. 5oto Seb"' re#$#tor !'* %e%$+$k$ $+'$ '%b't' 1M ? 1.000.000 o%@ t$/'k /'&'t /$"k"r /e*' b't'# "k"r 1K k're' %'k#$%'+ &e*"k"r' b't'# "k"r 1 K -00 K o%. H'%b't' 1 M '!' /'&'t /$"k"r /e*' b't'# "k"r 10 K 't'" 100 K. Me*"k"r tr'#$#tor &'/' ''r!' #'%' /e*' %e*"k"r /$o/'. D$"k"r /'r$ #'t" #$#$ te#ter ber*er'k #e/'* /$"k"r /e*' #$#$ !'* ber+''' t$/'k ber*er'k, $t" ber'rt$ or%'+. J$k' /$"k"r /'r$ /"' #$#$ !'* ber+''' ber*er'k #e%"' ber'rt$ r"#'k. Tr'#$#tor /' /$o/' !'* r"#'k!' bo3or 2 M t$/'k /'&'t /$/etek#$ /e*' b't'# "k"r 1 o%. U"tk /'&'t %e*"k"r!' %e%'k'$ b't'# "k"r 10 K 't'" 100 K.
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Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro $&
Lembaga Kursus Kursus dan Pelatihan Pelatihan Elektronik Elektronik Rifton Metro Metro $8
