WORLD RELIGIONS
BUDDHISM FOURTH EDITION
WORLD RELIGIONS
BUDDHISM FOURTH EDITION
WORLD RELIGIONS A A Ttol Ttol Rlgo B’ Ft Busm Ctolsm & Otoox Cstt Cousm Dosm Husm Islm Jusm Nt Am Rlgos Potsttsm Sto Sksm Zoostsm
WORLD RELIGIONS
BUDDHISM FOURTH EDITION
by Madhu Bazaz Wangu Series Editors: Joanne O’Brien and Martin Palmer
Bddh, Foh Edo Copyright © 2009, 2006, 2002, 1993 by Inobase Publishing All rights reserved. No part o this book may be reproduced or utilized in any orm or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any inormation storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing rom the publisher. For inormation contact: Chelsea House An imprint o Inobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Lb of Coge Clogg--Pblco D Wangu, Madhu Bazaz. Buddhism / by Madhu Bazaz Wangu.—4th ed. p. cm. — (World religions) Previously published: New York : Facts On File, 2006. Includes bibliographical reerences and index. ISBN 978-1-60413-105-5 1. Buddhism—Juvenile literataure. I. Title. II. Series. BQ4032.W36 2009 294.3—dc22 2008051265 Chelsea House books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities or businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can nd Chelsea House on the World Wide Web at http://www.chelseahouse.com This book was produced or Chelsea House by Bender Richardson White, Uxbridge, U.K. Project Editor: Lionel Bender Text Editor: Ronne Randall Designer: Ben White Picture Researchers: Joanne O’Brien and Kim Richardson Maps and symbols: Stean Chabluk Printed in China CP BRW 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-ree paper. All links and Web addresses were checked and veried to be correct at the time o publication. Because o the dynamic nature o the Web, some addresses and links may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid.
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8
CONTENTS Preface Introduction: The Modern Buddhist World The Life of the Buddha The Spread of Buddhism The Varieties of Buddhism The Literature of Buddhism The Arts and Buddhism The Year in Buddhism Buddhism Today Fact File and Bibliography Further Reading and Web Sites Glossary Index About the Author and Series Editors Picture Credits
6 8 18 36 56 76 92 110 122 138 139 140 142 144 144
Preface Almost om t stt o lzto, mo t 10,000 s go, lgo s sp um sto. To mo t l t wol’s populto pt mjo lgo o gous sptul tto. I m 21st-tu sots, lug t Ut Stts, lgo stll sps popl’s ls pls k ol polts ultu. A sots tougout t wol sg t ultul st s l to t o lgos g pt s s. Ts mks t tl tt w ust s mu s w out t wol’s lgos. T Wol Rlgos ss, o w ts ook s pt, sts out to ts m. It s wtt sg to ppl to ot stuts gl s. T ooks o l, ssl ows o t mjo lgous ttos sttutos o ou tm. E olum t ss ss w ptul lgo s pt, ts ogs sto, ts tl ls mpott tuls, ts otutos to wol lzto. Cull os potogps omplmt t txt, ss, mp, t l, gloss, logp, x lu to lp s g mo omplt ustg o t sujt t . Ts ooks wll lp l wt lgo s ll out l ot t smlts s t gt sptul ttos pt ou t wol to. 6
BUDDHISM
Buddhists as a Proportion o the Population. 50%–95% 2%–49% 0.1%–1.9% Less than 0.1%
© Inobase Publishing Preface
7
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION:
THE MODERN BUDDHIST WORLD
A
ppoxmtl 370 mllo popl t wol to ptg Busts, mkg Busm t out lgst o t wol’s lgos. How, Busm s fu gt t t um o ts ts woul t. Fom t tm tt St Gutm—kow s t Bu—st p s smpl ot out 2,500 s go, Busm s sp tougout As om ts oml I. It s sgt lstg mpt o I, C, Jp, Ko, Tl, Mogol, ot As tos. To Busm s t mjot lgo Tl, Mogol, Cmo, Mm (oml Bum), But, S Lk, Tt, Los, Vtm, Jp, Tw, Sgpo. Toug t most populous to t wol, C, s oll tst, szl mot o ts popl to Bust ls. Mllos mo Cs, toug t ot ptg Busts, fu t ultul spts o Busm. Busm s ot o soll to As. I t pst tu t s wo ms ollows Euop t Ut Stts. A young Burmese monk in a temple shrine room. The gilt statues o the Buddha depict him with one hand touching the earth to symbolize enlightenment.
8
BUDDHISM
Introduction: The Modern Buddhist World
9
I, t mjot o t popl o U.S. stt—Hw—s Bust. All t outs tt m u t fu o Busm w ultull tstll. T mg o t Bu pps olossl sttus, lt gus, uml stls o t tougout As. Ss om t Bu’s l s mpott As t s t sto o Jsus Cst s Wst t.
wHat is BuDDHism? Busm s pt to sptul so. Its ou, St Gutm, look t t um oto mu s oto os. H ou ss, , t. H ull lz tt jo plsu xst s wll, ut ogz tt tos qults ot lst. All tgs l w tst o tmpo. So jo t wss o mpm t us uppss sug. Bus o s I kgou St ot l tt t ws l ls om sug. I I lgous tto souls o to w os t t. T l o t, t, t gos o ugl. All lg gs ugt ts l. St sto to w to gt o t tmll o lss ts. Toug mtto lz t pt to l ls m lgt. THE EigHTfolD PATH
T Bu gos um s ll ts oms s t us o sug. To s “ttmt,” o soluto, ws to lmt s “gt tougts gt tos.” Ts oul o ollowg t Egtol Pt. Ts ws ss o gt stgs o g tl o. T st stgs o ts pt w gus, llg o kl o to ll lg 10
BUDDHISM
tgs. Lt stgs w mo ult qu mtto spl. Ts tut, o lw, o Busm s kow s m. I, Bu m s t m o t lgo As. It s lso ll “t Ml W.” T Bu s tos wo ws to ollow t m to o xtms o o, su s s sl-l o, t t ot xtm, sls ttmt to plsu.
A stone carving o the Buddha on the huge stupa, or dome-shaped shrine, at Borobadur on the island o Java in Indonesia. The position o the Buddha’s hands shows that he is teaching the dharma, the law and the way. The Buddha’s hair is in a topknot, representing spiritual wisdom, and he has elongated earlobes, signiying his previous lie o wealth when heavy jewels would have weighed down his ears. Introduction: The Modern Buddhist World
11
H stt, “Ao ts two xtms: ttmt to t plsus o t sss, w s low ulg, ttmt to sl-motto, w s pul. Bot upotl.” niRvAnA
Pilgrims in Tibet entering a hilltop Buddhist temple or morning devotions.
12
BUDDHISM
Cotl ollowg t Egtol Pt gs o tm to , tm tt s ult to . Busts s tt t ot s wos. It s ot t o Cstt o Islm. I Sskt, t t I lgug, nirvana ms “lowg out” (s fm s low out). I Busm wt s low out s t, g, luso. Lookg t t ot w, s t loss o t “go,” o “I” sl, oto tt s t pt o sug p w um gs tl om o l to ot. T wo nirvana
lso mpls “oulss xpso,” w m s s omg pt o t us. It ws tt St tt w m t Bu. An ETHiCAl CoDE
Busm s lk ot lgos ts o o t wl o umk— , o ll lg tgs. I t stg o t ttmt o , t ts g tl o. It sks ts ollows to st om tkg l o k; ot to l, t, o stl; to tt ots wt kss. “Ht os ot s t t tm,” s t Bu. “Ht ss lo.”
tHE GrEat VariEty OF BuDDHism T Bu wot ow s tgs. Hs spls mmoz s wos, t ollows o t ol tto. T st omps wtt o o t Bu’s ot ws ot ompl utl 500 s t s t. THERAvADA AnD MAHAyAnA
B tt tm Busm l lop two mjo oms: T Busm M Busm. I gl T’s ts OLDEr rELiGiOns ollow mo ltll t tgs o t sto Bu, wl t ollown many parts of Asia, Buddhism absorbed or provided a space for the s o M mo l pt t continuation of older traditional religions Bu’s ot. such as Bon in Tibet. In other countries B lg T Busm s rivalry sometimes meant that the older ollow to popl o t sout religions redefined themselves against m o As—S Lk, Mm, TBuddhism. In China, for example, the rise l, Cmo, Los, pts o Mlof Buddhism led to the traditional religion s. M Busm sp ot of Daoism developing monasticism for st om I to C, Tt, the first time. Vtm, Ko, Jp.
I
Introduction: The Modern Buddhist World
13
Mssos om C sp Busm to Ko om t t m to Jp. T Jps, sowg t gous tlt o tug og tgs to uqul Jps ttos, ssmlt Busm to t ultu. Most Jps to ollow t pts o ot Busm Sto, t t Jps l kami, o tu spts. vARiETy of PRACTiCE
As sult o ts tolt tto Busm to spls w t o pts ustoms. I Tl, ug t sso tt gs Jul, sooll mk ls to pst s gts to t lol Bust tmpl lt wt sog . E S Lk og-o Bust moks l lpt toug t stts. It s o o t out’s olst Bust ls— toot o t Bu msl. I Tt sptul gus ll lms gt ou popl wo g, tg t txts to ssst t g pso to g pl o xst. I Ko Apl sops ouss stoo wt pp lts s oloul possos pss toug t stts lto o t Bu’s t. I Jp m popl smpl t t ps “I ll o t Am Bu” t ls. All ts popl pg omg to t Bu. A MoRAl MEssAgE
T mssg o Busm s ppl o m t tlltul lls. It t smpl o mmsl omplt. Fo t pso wt su os s ow to lg, t os mol mssg o ompsso, ost, sl-otol. Its ppl s s gt to ptto ustl Jp s t s to psts ul ommuts o Soutst As. O t ot t po ss o llog mtto tougt. 14
BUDDHISM
To, mms o t sg stll t pusu t gol o lgtmt. M wom put o t os o Bust moks o us t mosts. T sp mu o t tm tg togt t sptus o Busm, o solt mtto o t tuts o t lgo. T p o t otos o t tul o t susst. Som tk t lms owls to t stts, ots otos o oo o mo t t most. THE MonAsTiC lifE
Lk Busm tsl, t l o mok o u s fxl. Som popl t s l st o t t ltms. Ots l t most l o sot tm t tu to t wol. Ts s ot ow upo, o t mt o t tm t spt omplt oto to t Bust w. I t outs o Soutst As t s ommo o lpsos su s sussul mts tspopl to t most o t mots o t sso t go k to t wok. All Busts, wt tHE tHrEE JEwELs t most o lpsos, ollow t pt tt ls to ls om sumid all the different forms and pracg. I ollowg ts pt, t s to tices of Buddhism, one of the few “tkg ug” t T Jwls—t things all agree on is that a Buddhist “takes Bu, t m, t sg. refuge” in the Three Jewels. These are the
A
tHE uniVErsaL aPPEaL OF BuDDHism Busm s usl ppl. It ogzs t sug tt ll popl u pos w to oom t. Ao pt t, o s t Bu s, “M ot mks o stto tw g low, poo; t s lk t sk, t s oom o ll; lk wt t wss ll lk.” I As, ts tpl, t s tl gu to fous g outs su
Buddha, the dharma, and the sangha. Indeed, many Buddhists recite the phrase “I take refuge in the Buddha, I take refuge in the dharma, and I take refuge in the sangha” as a daily prayer. When Buddhists speak of taking refuge, they mean following the path that leads to the end of suffering—nirvana. A Tibetan proverb sums up the Three Jewels: “The Buddha is the great physician; the dharma is the remedy; the sangha is the nurse who administers the remedy.”
Introduction: The Modern Buddhist World
15
16
BUDDHISM
s C, Mogol, t Russ stts BuDDHist rEViVaL o Klmk But, w t uddhism in China is now able to lmost stmp out t ommust function relatively freely and many gomts. historic temples are being restored by I t Wst Busm s gow sgthe government in collaboration with tl s t 1960s, w t m the Buddhist sangha. In Mongolia the fall popul mog tsts wts, spof communism in 1991 found Buddhism ll t oug, o ts pomoto o spbarely alive. Within a few years more than tul lus poms o p. I 900 temples and monasteries had been Gt Bt, o xmpl, t um o founded or reopened. Although this has Bust ts s gow om out now dropped down to around 600, it represents the revival by popular demand of l oz t 1950s to sl uthe Mongolian faith in Buddhism. to. T Bu’s m s stoo t tst o tm. It s ptl, o t pos sp to stsss ul ot. T Bu s tt msl oul ol pot t w: E pso must ollow t Egtol Pt o s o ow. “Look wt ousl,” tol s ollows. “You t Bu.”
B
Introduction: The Modern Buddhist World
17
CHAPTER 2
THE LIFE OF THE BUDDHA
P
St Gutm, wo woul om kow s t Bu, ws o ou t 563 b.c.e. Hs tpl ws t tow o Kplstu wt s ow Npl. St ws t so o Suo, t (somtms ll j, o kg) o t Sks. H t ttl Skmu, o “Sg o t Sks,” w St ws lt kow. T s o out tt St ll xst. Aout 250 s t s t I mpo st up s sto plls t t mpott sts o St’s l tgs. Ts g s ll stol os.
OraL HistOry T tls o t Bu’s l, s tol ts pt, om om ol tto gu tos wo tull kw sw m. Ts outs w ot wtt ow utl ou 500 s t s t, w tm ll sots o lgs mulous stos gow ou m.
Stone statues o the Buddha dressed in a simple monk’s robe at Ayutthaya in Thailand. Founded in 1350, Ayutthaya became the second capital o the kingdom o Siam (the ormer name o Thailand); the rst capital o the Buddhist kingdom was at Sukhotai. 18
BUDDHISM
The Life of the Buddha
19
QuEEn MAyA’s DREAM
Aog to t Bust tto St’s mot, Qu M, ws wom “o pt om -lk tsss, lss t ull o g tu.” O lg o gt p jo m o . Tt gt, wl s slpt, s woul m: A lpt wt sx tusks, g lotus fow ts tuk, tou gt s. At tt momt so ws mulousl o. W t qu tol us o t m ll Bms (lso spll Bms), o l m, to tpt t. T pt tt t l woul t t gtst kg t wol o t gtst st, ol m wo pts sll. Hs m woul St, w ms “ wos m s ompls.” THE BiRTH of siDDHARTHA
Aomp g wom gus, Qu M wt to t’s om to pp o t t. As s stpp om ot t Lum Gs s stopp to st, tkg ol o o sl t. Lg tlls us tt t tt momt Bu mg om gt s. Wtout lp t t wlk s stps o t ou tos o t ompss. I s ootpts lotus fows spout om t t. T mulous t ou, “No ut ts I to u, o ts s m lst o. Now sll I sto pluk out t oots t soow tt s us t t.” S s t t woous t Qu M . H Mpjpt, M’s sst, look t St.
tHE GrEat rEnunCiatiOn T pto o t l m stu St’s t, Kg Suo. Fom t tm o s so’s t Suo oug s so to ollow t pt o kgsp. Suo suou s so wt plsus gt s ws. N St s o l out 20
BUDDHISM
k o sug o sp. W lt t pl t kg’s gus wt o s ot, lg t stts o tg uplst o stug. A Bm pst stut St t ws o gomt, ppg m to go wsl. St lso l t ts o w—ow to gt wt swo soot ow om s ow. T oug m ws stog lt, s psl ut ll spt ttt m s. All o s ompos w l o t ols o t out. BiRTH of A son
W St ws out 20 m Yso, t ugt o o o t kg’s msts. T wg st lst o m s, gts w stut to t popl o t kgom to mk t oso. Wt Yso o St’s so, m Rul, w ms “tt” o “mpmt.” Kg Suo ws pls, o po tg s so woul o ppss s l suss s gt kg. Som s pss, ug w tm St l t pl wt s w so, jog ll t plsus o kg. olD AgE, siCknEss, AnD DEATH
T, w ws 29 s ol, St sk s ot, C, to tk m o wtout t ost o t kg. As t p o toug t t sw t tgs tt s o. O ws ol m, o ws m sug om llss, t t ws ops suou mous. St sk C to xpl t mg o ts stg sgts. C spo tt ol g, skss, t w tul uol tgs tt m to ll popl. T w to u. Sok, St tu to t pl tougt out wt s. Fo t st tm oot t lt o The Life of the Buddha
21
A 19th-century Chinese painting called The Great Departure, illustrating Prince Siddhartha leaving his ather’s palace ater renouncing the luxury into which he had been born to take on the lie o a wandering holy man. Tradition holds that the circumstances o the event were ar more austere. 22
BUDDHISM
l: “Etg s tst; otg s pmt ts wol . . . Kowg tt, I lgt otg . . . How m, wo kows tt t s qut tl, stll l g s t, jo t wol o sss ot wp ts gt g?” REnounCing A lifE of PlEAsuRE
O mo St sk C to tk m to t t. Ts tm sw t lst o t “Fou Sgts” tt g s l. Ts ws wg ol m, st, wt o possssos. T m s s , wo ol gg llow o, wlkg st. St stopp s ot qusto t m. T st tol t p, “I m . . . t t t to opt omlss l to w slto . . . I s o t most lss stt w sug, ol g, t ukow.” Tt gt St sol to ou t l o plsu t pl. H sltl kss s slpg w Yso s oug so o karma C to m out o t t. Lg lms tt lstl gs l up t hen a soul is reborn it may enter a oos o t oss so tt t ltt body in a higher or lower state of woul ot wk t gus. At t g existence than its previous one. The new o ost St took o s jwl body may be that of a king, a beggar, or swo, ut o s , seven an animal or insect. The determining s pl gmts. H put o factor of a soul’s new existence is the quality of life led by the individual soul in its t llow o o ol m tol previous existence. This is called the law of C to tk s possssos k to s karma. Simply put, karma consists of the t.
W
tHE GrEat rEtirEmEnt St w toug otst I skg out ol m, wo tugt m t I tqus o mtto. How s m qust ws to t sw to t polm o su-
individual’s thoughts, words, and deeds in his or her previous existences. If the karma has been good, the soul will be reborn in a higher form. Conversely, if the karma has been bad, the soul is punished (pays a “karmic price”) by being reborn in a lower form.
The Life of the Buddha
23
g. H wt to kow w popl su ow ts sug oul . St stu t t tgs o I. H ws most fu t opt o sms. Sms s l tt t t pso’s most ss, o soul, tsmgts to w o—t s o g. Aot m o ts poss s to. E to, tougt, s t ts l t xt l. Ts s t lw o km. I t qult o o l s goo t wll l to tt t. fouR CAsTEs
T lw o km lso sol mpltos. I sot ws sttl to ou sts, o lsss. At t top w t Bms—psts lgous ts. T so st lu t wos uls. It ws wt ts st tt St ws o. T t out sts w t mts woks (los, tsm, ms, so o). At t ottom w popl wo w ltll outsts, low t ou sts, wos stto l m tm mpu. I sgl ltm t ws mpossl to s wt t st sstm. B lw tto t mms o st w sttl spt om t ots. Popl o t sts ot m, t togt, o psl ott wt o ot. I pso olt t st uls o s to ugo tuls o puto. T ol w to mo up ws to umult goo km o to g st. Moksha—RElEAsE
Som l tt sms—ts poss o l, t, t—ws lss o xst. It woul otu o, om l to l. Aou t tm o St’s l, ow, w tgs—lt st ow sptus ll t Upss—w g lop. T Ups ts lop t o moksha, o ls. B lg gl sptul l (o sl ls) soul oul ut wt Bm, t Ultmt Rlt. T l o sms woul ok. 24
BUDDHISM
siDDHARTHA’s sElf-DEniAl
Attt ts , St opt l o xtm sll ps, mttg osttl. H sttl o t k o t Nj R, tm to o msl to
A depiction o Siddhartha when his body wasted away during the six years he spent asting, beore he realized that the path to wisdom did not lie in extremes. The Life of the Buddha
25
t stt o m tt woul l to moksha. Fo sx s, toug w, ot ol wt, st t, tg kg ol oug to st l. Hs o m mt s om psl stgt lt m. Hs olss ws so t tt ot ol m jo m, opg to l om s xmpl. A pilgrim meditating at Bodhgaya in northern India. In the shrine at Bodhgaya is a tree believed to grow on the site o the original Bodhi tree under which Buddha gained enlightenment.
26
BUDDHISM
tHE EnLiGHtEnmEnt O , t Bust tto ols, St lz tt s s o p ol wk s o. I su stt o psl xusto oul ot mtt popl. H stoo up stpp to t to t. How ws so wk tt oul ot s msl out o t wt. T Bust
sptus s tt t ts o t k t t s ow so tt oul tm. At tt momt mlkm m Nl m to sgt. S o St owl o mlk pt t gtull. W t ol m wo s pupls sw ts t lt, us t tougt o s qust to tu olss, o moksha. Rs t ml, St st ow u o, o g, t (kow to Busts s t Bo t, t t o lgtmt) sol tt woul ot s utl ou t sw sougt o so log. T Bust sptus s tt M, l go wo osttl tmpt popl wt s, sw tt St ws s gol. M st s t sos t ugts to tmpt St. T tomt m wt tst, lust, sott, og ll sots o plsus to stt m stop m g s ms. How St ws ot sw tm. H t stt o p mtto, w ll ll s pous ts. H g kowlg o t l o ts ts t tt tt st o t go psso o t “I” sl tt tHE EnLiGHtEnED OnE ou m to t wol. At lst tt lgtmt. he Buddha’s enlightenment under As tto s t, t Bu oul the Bodhi tree was the beginning of the history of Buddhism as a religion. Sidt st o s o s xsdhartha became the Buddha, the “enlightt. Ist, ow, m gt ened one.” His own desire and suffering t o sl-s. Hg so t were over and, as the Buddha, he attained w to s ow sug, tu nirvana. In the Buddha’s words, “There is a k, tm to s s lgtsphere which is neither earth, nor water, mt wt ots so tt ll lg souls nor fire, nor air . . . which is neither this oul t ls o t ow t world nor the other world, neither sun nor sug. H tus st xmpl o moon. I deny that it is coming or going, ompsso wsom o sl-kowlenduring death or birth. It is only the end of suffering.” g o ots tt woul llmk o s ollows.
T
The Life of the Buddha
27
A Buddhist tanka painted by Tibetan monks. A tanka illustrates stories about the Buddha and events in his lie, some o which can be seen in the arc around the head o the Buddha. Tankas are also used as a ocus or meditation. 28
BUDDHISM
sEttinG in mOtiOn tHE wHEEL OF DOCtrinE Bu wt to t t o St, w ou t sts wo st m l. T w sttg pk. Sg m ppo, t ot to gt m t sptul ttl t us to ss m o. How w pp o tm, t sw sgs o s o tt t s to g stt o olss. T Bu g to t tm wt so. H took ul o gs w wl o t gou. Ts pst t wl o l tt wt o o xst t xst. (T smol o t wl s ot us to st o Bust tg.) Ts pg ws ll s D Pk Smo, o “Sttg Moto t Wl o Dot.” THE MiDDlE WAy
St Gutm l tt om t Bu. H s t l o plsu tt st kow t t l o s stsm tt pt. Nt o ts ws t tu pt to . Ist t Bu s t Ml W, w os ot xtms. “To sts t ssts o l s ot l,” t Bu s. “To kp t o goo lt s ut, o otws w sll ot l to tm t lmp o wsom, kp ou m stog l.”
tHE FOur nOBLE trutHs
T
he Four Noble Truths are:
1. Suffering consists of disease, old age, and death; of separation from those we love; of craving what we cannot obtain; and of hating what we cannot avoid. 2. All suffering is caused by desire and the attempt to satisfy our desires. 3. Therefore, suffering can be overcome by ceasing to desire. 4. The way to end desire is to follow the Eightfold Path.
tHE EiGHtFOLD PatH
T
he Eightfold Path is a series of eight stages that lead to the end of desire. Of these the first stages are attainable in everyday life; the later ones require more effort and concentration. Like many of Buddha’s teachings they appear simple at first but take on subtle and intricate meaning when studied closely. The Eightfold Path is: 1. Right opinion 2. Right intentions 3. Right speech 4. Right conduct 5. Right livelihood 6. Right effort 7. Right mindfulness 8. Right concentration
The Life of the Buddha
29
T Bu xpl t Fou Nol Tuts t Egtol Pt tt w t t o s tg. T Fou Nol Tuts w t Bu’s lss o t us o sug. T Egtol Pt ws t soluto. Togt t om t m, o t ot o Busm. sTAgEs of THE EigHTfolD PATH
T st stg, gt opo, os ustg t Fou Tuts. T, toug gt ttos, pso s to st s o l o t ot pt. Rgt sp ossts o ot lg, ot tzg ots ujustl, ot usg s lgug o gosspg. Rgt out ms stg om kllg, stlg, ult, o lustul tts. To ollow gt lloo pso must lg w tt os ot m lg tg. To pt gt ot pso must oqu ll l tougts st to ous mt ol goo tougts. Rgt mulss s spl mg Busm, w pso oms tsl w o ll t stts o s o o, lg, m. Tt ls to t l stg, gt otto, w s p mtto tt ls to g stg o osousss. A pso wo pts gt otto wll om to t lgtmt tt St tt. BuDDHA’s TRAvEls AnD TEACHings
T sts mmtl ogz tt t Bu ou t ot w. T m s st spls. Fo t xt 45 s tl toug otst I, pg t m swg t qustos o tos wo ws to l t. I s tgs t Bu t m lmts o t lgous tgs o I o s tm, lug t opts o sms km. How, t Bust m om tm t mpott spts. T Bu llg t utot o t Bms, 30
BUDDHISM
t gst st I sot. H oppos t ml ss to t ous gos, w ol Bm psts oul pom. I otst t Bu tol s ollows ot to kll lg tu. I to t Bu ot pt t Bms’ spl ol s tpts o lgous tut. Ist t Bu stss tt o, glss o st, wo ollow t Egtol Pt oul . skandhas
T Bu lso qusto t o t tm, o soul—t ul osousss tt ws o g g. H tt t ws psol, tl soul o pmt sl. Ist t Bu omp t ul to t. A t ws m up o t lmts—wls, o, ok. Sptl t w ot t. Ol w t w togt t om t. I t sm w, Bu tugt, ul s ompos o lmts ll skandhas, w w osttl stt o g. T skandhas w om mtt, sstos, s, motos, osousss. Wt ws o o o w goups o -gg skandhas, fu km. Tus, t skandhas o w ot xtl t sm s t skandhas tt . T Bu l tt ollowg s Egtol Pt popl woul los t ls o sl . W pso t “t” woul ssol. At tt pso woul o log umult km, s l otu. PARABlEs AnD sToRiEs
As o t opt o Bm tsl, w w mgt lk to supm g, t Bu us to os wt su usl soul xst. O, w lgous sol pss t Bu to t t xst o Bm, pl tt t sol ws lk m wo s msl ug ous. T sol wt to out wo st t o ow t stt, w soul tkg st o gttg out o t ous. T Hu The Life of the Buddha
31
gol o moksha —o uo o t soul wt Bm—ws pl Busm t gol o g . T smplt o t Bu’s tg, ts mpss o psol to, t Bu’s opposto to t st sstm soo wo m m ollows. Lk ot lgous ts, Bu ot us stos o pls to xpl s ot. I t Pl o t Must S t Bu tugt t lsso o g ptg sug. BhIkkhus
Bgg wt t spls spok to t D Pk, t popl m t Bu’s tgs so ompltl tt t omp m w. H st uls o out o tm, tus ogzg t sg, w m ommut o moks (lt us s wll). T mms o t sg kow s bhikkhus. T sg s two utos. Fst, t moks w g wt psg tg t m. So, t sg l bhikkhus to ott o t gol o . Ol popl wo spt tm mtto oul t lst two stps o t Egtol Pt. T Bu m ot k wt tto w ws psu s losst spl A to pmtt wom to jo t sg. T st Bust u ws t Bu’s ut, wo s m. THE fivE PRECEPTs
T Bu ogz tt ot o oul g up s o l to om pt o t sg. H lso pt t lt—ollows (upasaka) wo l s tgs ut 32
BUDDHISM
ot ollow t stt ul o t sg. Popl l oul mt ptg goo woks ulg goo km. I utu t t woul l to t tmsls s moks o us to sk . T Bu oug t lt to ollow s pt l s t oul. As gu to o t Bu ps F Ppts, o uls: 1. To om tkg l. 2. To om tkg wt s ot g. 3. To om sxul msout. 4. To om ls sp. 5. To om toxtg tgs tt lou t m.
tHE PARINIRVANA Dug t Bu’s tls tu to s tpl Kplstu. Hs t, Suo, ws mot to s s so ggg o oo. “No o ou ml,” s t kg, “s l ggg.” How t Bu kss s t’s oot s, “You log to ol l o kgs. But I log to t lg o Bus, touss o tos l o lms.” Suo mm t simPLE POssEssiOns upo t pop t St’s opto m ol wt s arly Buddhist monks and nuns folso. T Bu’s w Yso so lowed the Buddha’s example of wanRul ot jo t sg, s s dering from place to place spreading his ous A, wo m t Bu’s teaching. They were allowed to possess most tul ttt ug t lt only an alm’s bowl, a razor, a needle, a s o s l. strainer, a staff, a toothpick, and a robe.
E
THE EnD of THE JouRnEy
W t Bu ws out 80 lksmt m Cu g m ml tt us m to om ll. T Bu o msl to wlk o to t llg o Kusg, w t lst l ow to st go o sl ts. As ow o
(The strainer was to remove insects that fell into their drinks, so they would not be consumed and killed.) During India’s long, hot rainy season, the members of the sangha settled in viharas, or resting places. These were the beginnings of the great monasteries that are today found in many parts of Asia.
The Life of the Buddha
33
A 23-oot-high granite statue o Ananda, Buddha’s cousin and one o his major disciples, at Polonnaruwa in Sri Lanka. This statue is one o a series o our carved into the natural rock in the 12th century. 34
BUDDHISM
ollows gt ou m, l o s gt s. Toug t ws ot t sso o loomg, t ts spout lossoms sow tm upo m. T s s ot t spto o Bust tsts. BuDDHA’s finAl WoRDs
Bu tol A, “I m ol m jou s ts . M o s lk wo-out t l togt ol t lp o lt stps.” T tms sk t popl gt ou m t mo qustos out s tg. Eo m slt. T Bu spok s l wos: “Etg tt s t s sujt to t. Etg s tsto. Wok out ou ow slto wt lg.” At pssg toug sl stts o mtto t Bu —o, s Busts s, s parinirvana, “t ssto o ppto ssto.” Dug s log ltm t Bu tl t t 250 mls om St, t t w s tg mst g. How, st moto lgous momt tt woul sp tougout t wol stll ms tl o 2,500 s t s t.
The Life of the Buddha
35
CHAPTER 3
THE SPREAD OF BUDDHISM
T
Bu ug s ollows, “Go ot o t g o t m, o t wl o m, ompsso o t wol. P t gloous ot; polm t l o olss.” B t tm o s t mo t 500 moks l mosts t w t Bu p. To ts go oms t I stt o B, wos m oms om vihara, mg “Bust most.” Fom Busm g to sp wstw toug ot I. Aout 200 s t t t o t Bu poltl lopmts oug t sp o t m. Cgupt Mu oqu mu o ot I t stog, tlz mp. W Cgupt’s gso Asok m mpo ou 270 b.c.e., t stg ws st o Busm to mo o t ous o I. T sto o Kg Asok’s oso s tl to t stol pogss o Busm.
Portrait o a Burmese novice monk in traditional robes. In Buddhist countries young boys oten join a monastery or several months or several years. In countries such as Thailand and Myanmar (ormerly Burma) boys usually spend time in monasteries during the three months o the rainy season. 36
BUDDHISM
The Spread of Buddhism
37
asOka Asok ws mtous m. Toug oqust xp t Mu Emp, sog tl I s wll s pts o m o t outs o mo I’s ot o. H wg s st mpg gst t Klgs, wo l to’s Oss, st tl I. T stuggl ws so loo tt mo t 100,000 Klgs w slugt. Hs xp o wlkg oss t ttll sg t g ougt out sptul tsomto Asok. H m ollow o Busm st up sto pll xpssg mos o s s: “At t oqust o Klg, t Blo o t Gos (Asok) g to ollow Rgtousss (m), to lo Rgtousss, to g stuto Rgtousss. Now t Blo o t Gos gts t oqust o Klg, o w pt out s oqu popl kll, t o pot, tt t Blo o t Gos s pul gous.” A MoDEl BuDDHisT RulER
Asok’s oso ws o mpt gstu, tt out pols sg to t s sujts. Alog t os tougout s mp o slasOka’s EDiCts ts ult o tls ts plt to po s o t ootso n a pillar that still stands in Delhi, w. Asok ml sKing Asoka ordered his philosos m gt msl. phy inscribed in stone: “In religion is the H ols m ul pusmts chief excellence. Religion consists in good o mls. Hosptls w ou to works, mercy, charity, purity, and chastity. It consists in benevolence to the poor and s ot mls ums. Hs goto the affl icted, kindness to animals, to mt utook t l suppot birds and to all creatures. Let all pay atteno Bust mosts. Asok’s tos tion to this edict and let it endure for ages m m t mol Bust ul. Lt to come. He who acts in conformity with Bust kgs tougout As woul it shall attain to eternal happiness.” This mult s xmpl. indeed is a noble statement of the ethics As pmt o o s g of Buddhism. Asok t plls tougout s
O
38
BUDDHISM
mp. Is t lgug o ts popl, om o t Pl lgug, t polm s mts ls. Amog ts ls ws tol o ll lgos. BuDDHisT MissionARiEs
Wsg to t wsom o t Bu to t wol, Asok st out mssos ll tos. Ts stol t g t sp o t lgo o ts oml. Som o
Exquisitely carved with Buddhist symbols and Jataka stories (which describe the previous lives o the Buddha), this 18-oot(5.5-meter-) high gateway to the largest dome stupa in the world is in Sanchi, India. The stupa is believed to have been originally constructed at the request o King Asoka. The Spread of Buddhism
39
Asok’s mssos wt s wst s S, Egpt, t Gk wol; ots tl sout ot. Asok g t poss o mkg Busm lgo tt woul ollows tougout As. Busm sp log two mjo outs—o to t ot oss t lmss o As t ot to t sout oss l s to soutst As.
sri Lanka B tto Asok’s so M ws bhikkhu, o mok. Hs t tust m wt g t m to Clo. Kow to s S Lk, Clo s utul sl o t tp o sout I. W M ws outousl t kg, Tss, t s ptl t Aupu. T kg ws mpss t Bust tgs ot 247 b.c.e. Etusst ows gt to M p t m. Sootss pt, “Ts bhikkhus wll los upo ts sl.” CREATing BuDDHisT RooTs
Kg Tss t ot Bust mssos ot pk o vihara. Ts most, t M, m t t o Busm o t sl. I s tussm Kg Tss sk M wt t oto sow s popl mt tt Busm stuk p oots s out. M sw, “Not t, You Mjst. It s tl spug oots ut t ot t gow p to t sol. Ol w sima ( most wt t utot to o w moks) s stls w so o S Lk o S Lk pts oms mok S Lk, ol t wll t tu to s tt t oots o t m pl m .” Wt sot tm ts otos w mt. BoDHi TREE AnD PRECious REliCs
M’s sst, Sgmtt, Bust u, soo ollo ollow w ot to S Lk. Bust tto ss tt o s lt 40
BUDDHISM
I s pk slp o t s Bo t u w St Gutm lgtmt. Ts ws plt t most Aupu. To omous t o ts st s lm to t sm o. Lt splgs om ts t w plt tougout t sl, pog lkg toug tu wt t ogs o Busm. O tm S Lk ot pous ls o t Bu. Ts lu t Bu’s ggg owl, s toot, ollo. Fom t gg Busm ws opot s t stt lgo o S Lk. T S Lk kgs ols pt Busm w ptos o Bust ultu. Busm’s los ltosp wt t ulg lss s g t log otuous xst t t ot out t wol. Bus t lgo tull out wt I, S Lk’s sg tks p psg t l om o t most Bust spl.
sOutHEast asia T go kow s Soutst As stts om Mm (oml Bum) to Ios. Hstoll t s fu to gt g I—so mu so tt t s ot ll ll “Gt I.” I mts moks ougt ot ol lgo ut lso t lzto—wtg, ts, mtos o ulg. Busm Husm ot oxst t sm s, log wt t pxstg l msm, t l tt spts t ll tgs. Burma Busm m to t out kow to s Mm o t Bums popl . W Asok’s mssos t l ws t t Mo popl. B t t tu tu , w t Bums mo to t l om t mouts to t ot, t Mos w ptg ot Husm H usm Busm. T Bums gull stls t ow kgom. A gt Bums ul, Kg Awt (. 1044–77), ws ot to Busm 1056 mok om t gog Mo The Spread of Buddhism
41
kgom o Tto. Awt st o to Tto to sk o sptus o t lgo ut ws tu ow. I uBust m, Awt Tto ts kg l k to s ptl t Pg. Awt’s o so ws tug pot o Busm Bum, gg lgous tto tt s m stog to ts . T Bums popl po: po: “T “ To Bums Bu ms s to Bust.”
Monks and pilgrims at Shwedagon Pagoda built on Singuttara Hill in Rangoon (now Yangon), Myanmar. The pagoda, built o brick and covered entirely in gold, houses precious Buddhist relics and is believed to date back more than 2,000 years. 42
BUDDHISM
tHaiLanD I t 11t tu t T popl mgt om sout C to to’s Tl. At tt tm t go ws u t utot o t Km kg. A T ul, Rm Kmg (. 1275–1317), t out om t Km pow. Kmg m t Bust m Busm t stt lgo. Kmg’s gso t moks om S Lk, t mous o t lg, to om to Tl to stgt t put o t T sg. Fom tt tm o Tl s stul Bust out wos kgs lk t pow to t lgo. CamBODia T Km popl o Cmo w lso fu I lzto. Fom t gg o t sxt tu Km kgs ul lg om t ptl t Agko. T ot mu o t wlt to t ostuto o mgt ulgs, t most mous o w s t tmpl ll Agko Wt, w ws us ot Hus Busts. Husm m t stog o t two lgos utl K g Jm Pms m to t to 1327. H m Busm, t Cmos ollow s xmpl s. LaOs anD inDOnEsia Kg Jm s ugt m kg m F Ngum, wo mg sl smll stts to t out o Los. Jm ug F Ngum to pott Busm to ul s kgom og to t lgo’s ppls. H st s so-lw sttu o t Bu tt m om S Lk. Cll t Lug Pg, t sttu ws st up F Ngum’s ptl, w ws m ts oo. Busm s m t pomt lgo o Los. M lg sg mps w stls t sls tt to mk up t to o Ios. H too Husm Busm oxst; ut t gt tu Busm ws opt t Sl ulg st o t sl o J. The Spread of Buddhism
43
U t Sl’s spososp, mmmot Bust tmplmost omplxs w ult. Amog tm—stll stg to—s t lgst Bust moumt t wol, Booou. At t o t 13t tu Islm o t sl. O tm t m t pomt lgo, ltoug w Busts m.
aLOnG tHE siLk rOaD Notwst o t I tl ls tt ws somtms ll G, o Bt. To t lus otwst I, ot Pkst, Agst, pts o Ctl As. I t tms ts go ws mjo ossos tw Est Wst. H t ultus o I, Ps, t GoRom Wst ll mgl. Alx t Gt oqu t go 326 b.c.e. W Alx lt, som o s gls m s goos. T go lu t wst sto o t Slk Ro, t t tl tt l toug som sts mouts to s s t l lk tw C t Wst. tHE BaCtrian EmPirE At Asok’s t t Mu Emp l. I t os o tt tm t kgom o Bt os tw t Oxus R t Hu Kus Mouts. Bt ws ul Gk sts o Alx t Gt’s sols. Kg Ml (lso kow s Kg M), wo ul Bt out 155 b.c.e., ws ft wt ss o sptul skss. H s l o som k o u. A Bust mok m Ngs t kgom ougt t m. Ngs xpl Bust m to Ml g ot. T o o Ngs’s gumts, ll Costos wt Ml, m pt o t Bust s wtgs. Ml m t pto o Busm. Hs og lt s ols ptu o wl, Bust smol o m. As ol m putl o s kgom to s so m mm o t sg. 44
BUDDHISM
Is o t Bt Emp otol o t tto g s m tms. Aou t ml o t st tu o t ommo , wos lt to t Hus stls t Kus Emp. T Kuss otoll lg tto t Ml . Kg Ksk, wo ul t st so tus, ws wo. Rulg om s ptl Puuspu (to’s Psw), Ksk xt s kgom st to Ktg, Yk, Kot—ll oss o
Standing more than 75 eet (23 meters) high, this seated Buddha is carved into the side o a mountain at Bingling Si Temple near Lanzhou, Gansu Province in China. Lanzhou lay along the Silk Road, whose name derives rom the importance o Chinese silk as merchandise carried by the camel caravans passed along it. Ideas as well as goods were exchanged along the road. The Silk Road became the major route or the northern spread o Buddhism. The Spread of Buddhism
45
t Slk Ro. Mu lk Asok, ow, t kg xp lgous ss ot to Busm. Ksk m gt pto o t lgo. H s Bust wtgs s o opp plts spl s ptl. (To t su ol Cs tsltos.) Fom mosts stls ug s g (su s Bm to’s Agst), moks out toug Ctl As. T ot kgs gol ls, tslt sptus to t t lgugs, ougt t t o wtg to t . T oss o Ctl As m ts o Busm, t ts fous. I t gt tu, ow, Muslm wos oqu Ctl As. O tm Busm ws supplt Islm. How t Bust bhikkhus l go t st o t Slk Ro, spg t lgo to C ot ls.
CHina I t st tu o t ommo , og to Cs lg Mg, H mpo o C, m: A ug gu, t s t su, pp to t mpo. T xt o gts to go wst to t sou o s so. At mu wg o t Slk Ro t gts m upo two bhikkhus wt wt os, ptu o t Bu, ol Bust wtgs. T bhikkhus g to tu wt t gts to Luog, C’s ptl. T t mpo ogz t gu o t Bu om s m. H sk t moks to tslt t sptus to Cs, t st to wok ulg tt m kow s t Wt Hos Tmpl. (To t s stll Wt Hos Tmpl o tt st.) A THiRD TRuTH
Dug t H st (202 b.c.e.–220 c.e.) C ws o o t gt lztos o t wol. It l lop two plosops tt gu ts ultu. Bot ou m wo l t ppoxmtl t sm tm s t Bu— Couus Loz. Couus, t ou o Cousm, 46
BUDDHISM
s t pop ltosps tw popl, w ollow woul g mo to sot gomt. Loz, o t ot , l tt mo ws st g ollowg t w (t Do) o tu. Dosm Cousm w qull spt t Cs, wo o ult ptg spt tuts tt sw t s o t s o l. Busm t ott o pl t o ts plosops. I tm t ws pt t Cs s o o t “T Gt Tuts.” CHinEsE PilgRiMs To inDiA
At t H st ws otow C ws sut o t xt 350 s. Dug ts tm o oft tumol Busm’s mssg sk p oots mog t Cs popl. Sgs w om I mssos m to t. Tslto uus w st up to t Bust lgous txts to Cs. I t l-5t tu c.e. Cs mok ll Fx m t zous jou om C to Faxian’s JOurnEy I to g k Bust txts. Aout 250 s lt Xuzg, wom t Chinese monks themselves made the s ll “t p o plgms,” m trek to India to bring back precious s mous jou to I. Xuzg Buddhist texts. The journey was hazardt I toug t ol kgom o ous; the monks had to cross deserts and Bt. H st t pl w Khigh mountains to reach their destination. sk, t stll uot, Faxian, who traveled for 15 years (399– 414) on his mission, described the ter l Cs ostg. Ttg s rors of the Gobi Desert: “There are a great pt wt spl spt, Ksk many evil spirits and also hot winds; those t ulg to ol m. Ts wllwho encounter them perish to a man. g ws ow most ll Sk, There are neither birds above nor beasts w ws t Bts’ wo o C. below. Gazing on all sides as far as the eye T o t Cs pso oul stll can reach in order to mark the track, no s pt o t wll. Xuzg, s guidance is to be obtained save from the t st Cs sto to t most, rotting bones of dead men, which point ws gt wml t moks, wo the way.” xpl ts sto.
C
The Spread of Buddhism
47
XuAnzAng REACHEs THE gAngEs
Ruins in Xinjiang Province in southwest China. Xinjiang lay along the Silk Road, the name given to the trade routes that linked China with India and western Asia and Europe.
48
BUDDHISM
Wl Xuzg ws tlg o t Ggs R ws ptu pts wo w lookg o tm to s to lol t. As t g to mk t sl Xuzg wt to p mtto ml ou. Sul lo lw up sms t pt sp o t so. T pts w so t tt t ls Xuzg. W Xuzg t t Bo t w St lgtmt, ws oom moto. H wpt s tougt o s ow lgs. I ot sul pous xst mgt l t pt s w t Bu ws l. “I wo,” tougt, “ wt toul wl o t t I ws ugt w Bu lgtmt.” RETuRn To CHinA
Xuzg tu to C 645 o’s wlom Cg’, t ptl o t Tg st. H ougt k omous um o muspts spt t st o
s l tsltg tg. H st t lopmt o Cs s o Busm m gu olk o msl. Hs tus o s jou m lt t olklo. T gt Cs ol Monkey ss s plgmg llgol so. T ol’s mxtu o t umo lgous plosop xmpls t owto-t qult o Cs Busm. I to t wtgs o Xuzg msl po ptu o Busm Ctl As I t st tu. THE TAng DynAsTy
T Tg st (618–927) ws po o Cs ultul splo g pot o Bust fu. Busm ws t t t t o Cs lgous tlltul l. Most mpos— lug t ol ml “So o H,” Empss Wu—w ptos o t lgo. Som uls mt “stt tmpls,” w Bust tuls w pom o t wll-g o t out. T mosts m t most mpott sols gs o t tm. T sg mt osptls, po o t poo, stut oo tms o m. I t 729 sus out 126,100 moks us. nEW sCHools of BuDDHisM
T Cs Busts w ow to go o tsltg I txts. T g to wt tpttos o t m to lop w sools o Busm. T to o ptg s t llt o txts lp to sp t lgo ut. T st pt ooks w olltos o Bust sptus. The Spread of Buddhism
49
The Mogao Caves at Dunhuang in Gansu Province, China. The oasis town o Dunhuang was an important stopping point or caravans traveling along the Silk Road. From the ourth century c.e. Buddhist monks began building a monastic center by carving caves into the mountainsides, adorning them with devotional statues and paintings. This continued over the next 600 years, creating a rich and extensive collection o Buddhist art.
50
BUDDHISM
I t wg s o t Tg st, ow, Busm m u ttk. Som Cou sols tz t s og mpot, pollutg t tu Cs ws. T Bust mosts, w gow wlt pow, xt . Bus so m m wom os t l o t sg, Busm ws us o wkg t Cou l o ml t olgto to pou sos. I 845 t mpo o t mosts los ll moks us to tu to gul l. Altoug Busm su t wt to l o t xt tous s. It woul g pl s tl ol Cs l. How, Cs s otu to w tpttos o Bust tougt. T Cs so o Busm, w m om I o 100 c.e. ws fu Cousm Dosm, m mpott Est As ug t 300s. It ws ts so tt tull sp to Ko, Jp, Vtm.
ViEtnam Cs mssos ougt Busm to t go o to’s ot Vtm, w ws t pt o t Cs Emp. (Fo ts so t Vtms om o Busm mo losl smls tt o C, t t tt o ts gos, Los Cmo.) Lk t Cs, t Vtms l Busm wt t t lgous pts. E lg llg mg o t Bu, mms o t sg w pl ol llg s. T moks, wt t kowlg o m plosop, w gl spt t popl soo ttt ollows mog t sto. T Bust moks g popul suppot sg t Vtms stuggl gst Cs omto , mu lt, gst F olol ul.
kOrEa T psul o Ko ws qutl u t sw o t Cs Emp s wll. B tto Cs mok m Suo (Suo Ko) ougt Busm to Ko 372. At tt tm t w t Ko kgoms, t ot two pl pt t lgo. T soutmost, Sll, sst, t popl t kll msso om t ot. How ts msso, Y Co, pt tt s loo woul u s wt s mlk to mostt t tut o t Bust m. W ts pop m tu t Slls lso pt t lgo. Ko Busm xp gol g om t sxt to t 14t tus, tm w ts kgs w ptos o t lgo. JaPan I 552 Ko kg st mssos to t sls o Jp. T to t Jps out mg o t Bu ltt om t kg, psg t lgo s “t most xllt o ll tgs . . . . It gs lss mmsul lssgs uts, t ttmt o t supm lgtmt . . . t Tsus o t gloous lgo wll s to g ull spos to tos wo sk o t.” T ltt stt t Jp. I t og lgo w pt, woul t o t kami? Kami, t Jps l, w spts tt t ll tu. Smpl ss ot to t kami ott t out. Jps mtolog t t st o t mpo to t su goss, t most powul o ll kami. It ws ol t t touto o Busm tt ts ls pts w g m—Sto, o “t W o t Gos.” O ol ml opt Busm ult tmpl o wosp. Uotutl, soo tw plgu ok out, t w lgo ws lm. T tmpl ws o sto. How w t plgu gw wos t Busts ptto to ul t tmpl. T gumt tw t two ss wt o. The Spread of Buddhism
51
I 592 P Sotoku Ts m t s to t Jps mpss, Suko. Sotoku, t Bust ot, ug t mpss to opt t lgo. Two s lt Busm ws polm t stt lgo. P Sotoku g to ul tmpl omplx s t o Bust lg. Ts ws t stt o t stutu lt kow s t Houj, o o Jp’s gtst Bust ss. TRAnsfoRMATion of JAPAn
Jp st os to C to stu Bust sptus l mo out t lgo. T msso ou mo t t g o. It ougt k Cs s o ultu gomt, log wt Cousm Dosm s wll. Fom tt gg Jp g to opt pt mu tt ws lul Cs ultu, lug Busm. P Sotoku s sussos g to tsom Jp. I 710 w ptl ws ult t N, t mol o C’s ptl, Cg’. M Bust mosts w ult wt t t, t mpo Somu xpss s oto to Bust m. I mpl Somu l: “Ou t s s tt, u t gs o t T Tsus (t T Jwls), t ts o p m ougt to ll o t, mls plts sg ts uts, o ll tm to om.” How, t Bust mosts m so powul t tms olt tow o wo t to st up to tm tt t mpl ml tull to mo w to sp t oppss tmosp tt lop. Ts l to t oug o t xt ptl t o Koto 794. sHinTo MEETs BuDDHisM
Somu’s ugt, t mpss Kok, took stps to ut Busm wt Sto. S g mo o t Sto go o w, Hm. Bust moks us otl p to ts go— ulkl o, s t Bu p o ol. T moks pl p o s t suppos to 52
BUDDHISM
ot t spt o Hm. I ts mo ot lgos w g qul sttus Jp. T touto o Busm ws spu to Jps ultu. It po outlt o t Jps lo o ut. Busm, s t Hm mo sow, ws lso fxl sstm tt oul pt to t ls, us t stsss t sg o tgs woll. I, ot log t ts touto Busm Jp woul om t o lgo o t smu wo lss woul ft mu o Jps ultu.
tiBEt Now omll pt o C, Tt, t “L o Sows,” s lot lg pltu o t Hmls, ot ll t “Roo o t Wol.” Bus o ts mot loto Tt s ot solt om t st o t wol. T Tt gous lgo,
A bronze statue o Amida Buddha in Kamakura, Japan. The statue, which was cast in 1252, is more than 38 eet (11.5 meters) high and the second-largest Buddha statue in Japan.
The Spread of Buddhism
53
Flags covered with Buddhist prayers surrounding a temple on a mountaintop in Tibet. The prayer ags have been let by pilgrims; each utter o the ag is regarded as a repetition o the prayer printed on it.
54
BUDDHISM
kow s Bo, ws mxtu o mg msm. T Bopo, tp o sm, o m m, t mts, s omuls o mgl wos us to xos l spts o to ll ot powul os. I l tms Bo-pos ps o t t ts o t Tt kgs. Busm st Tt t st tu w Tt kg m Cs pss. S ws Bust ougt wt mgs o w t kg ult tmpl. How Busm ot om stogl oot utl t l o t I Bust, Pmsm, tu lt. Aog to Tt tto Pmsm, o Guu Rpo, out ss o mos s m s w tow Tt. T mos wt to kp m om g t ol o t out. Fotutl Pmsm possss kowlg o mg om t mos. H ot sto tm. Ist Pmsm o tm to sumt to t m om t w pottos o t lgo. T lg t o t mos xpls Busm’s sopto
o lol lgous ttos Tt. Pmsm stls t st Tt Bust most, Sm, omplt 779. To ts Pmsm s ultu o Tt, l t sog. H ougt ot ol t lgo tt s usll pt ut lso t Tt wtt lgug. Busm m t sgl most mpott o t ls o t Tt popl. I t tus tt ollow, omous um o mosts tmpls w ult. Fom Tt, Busm sp t ot to Mogol.
DECLinE in inDia Ioll, s Busm sp tougout As t ws g t l o ts t. Husm ws gog toug po o gto. Nw sools wo gt popul suppot. O s plgmg to I, Xuzg ot tt t Bs, w t Bu p s st smo, most o t popl w Hus. I som s t Bu ws wospp s to o Vsu, o o t Hu tt o gos. Ol t mosts ws Busm tl o. T l low to I Busm m w Muslms om Agst ot I ou t 1200. T sk u m ss mosts. T gt u st t Nl ws sto t s ts l to t fms o 10 s. T gt o Busm wt ts ou’s oml ws o. To Bust moks l t som o t mous sts o t Bu’s l. T wlom plgms om t m ls w Busm s tk oot. Toug t mssg o t Bu s stll oo mllos o popl As, lss t 2 pt o t populto to ts t I, t l o s t.
The Spread of Buddhism
55
CHAPTER 4
THE VARIETIES OF BUDDHISM
T
Bu s, “T m w I tugt ou wll ou t w I go.” Soo t t Bu’s t s ollows gt oul to g o s tgs. A tu lt so oul ws l. B ts tm t wpots out t m stt to pp mog t Busts. As Busm sp ut t ommut gw, two wpots took sp tt t t oms o Busm to ts . O ws ost ppo tt s to ol s mu s possl to t ots pts s ogll omult. Ts ppo ws ll t Sool o t Els, o T. T ot goup os to tpt lll t tgs pts o t Bu. B t gg o t ommo ts ollows g t t m M, w ms “gt l.” Bu to s tg s t, l tt plgms oss t to t “ot so.” T m Mahayana o t tt t woul t wol wol to slto. Ms mokgl ll t T Sool s t “lss l,” o H. Buddhist monks belonging to the Theravada tradition meditating inside the shrine room o Wat Phra Singh in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The temple, or wat, was ounded in 1345, although little o the original building remains. 56
BUDDHISM
The Varieties of Buddhism
57
maHayana BuDDHism At t t o M Busm s t gu o t ostt—ltll, “g o wsom.” A ostt s g wo s los to ut tus k o g t to wok o t slto o ll gs. A ostt wll l t to utl t smllst tu s t gst gol. T Bu ostt s ls (o ts) o ws o s St Gutm. THE siX viRTuEs
T ostt s so. A ostt gs mt o umk ptg t Sx Vtus, o paramitas. A tu s pt to pto w t s out wt m om sl-osousss, ulto mots, o sl-ps. T sx tus : 1. T pto o gg (dana) 2. T pto o molt (sila) 3. T pto o pt (santi) 4. T pto o oug (virya) 5. T pto o mtto (dhyana) 6. T pto o wsom (prajna) Bostts o s ums o mls. How t most powul ostts tos . T M Sool o Busm lop t o popl wt ostts wo oul o 58
BUDDHISM
ptto wt p. T s lso lu pst us (lgt os) u o t utu—Mt. THE BoDiEs of THE BuDDHA
T w lopmt o t ostt s l s qusto out t stol Bu. W ’t m ostt st o slsl g pssg om xst? T M sw to ts polm s ou ot ll t T Bos o t Bu. T Bu’s t os t Bo o Ess, t Bo o Blss, t Tsomto Bo. Lg o t s S-
Devotional statues on the terrace o a temple in Hong Kong, China.
The Varieties of Buddhism
59
BELOVED BODHisattVas
S
ome bodhisattvas have been more important or beloved than others. Among these are: Maitreya, the earliest bodhisattva, around whom a cult of devotion formed. He answers the prayers of worshippers. A compassionate and benevolent being, he grants help to anyone who calls on him. Avalokitesvara, who is rich in compassion and love because he has purified his vows for countless eons. He can take any form that will help human beings. He grants rewards and wishes to those who remember him and recite his name. He is the patron of Tibet; in China, where he was transformed into the female Guanyin, he is the most popular of all bodhisattvas.
t Gutm, t Bu t t Tsomto Bo. How s Tsomto Bo ws ll mto, o mstto, o s Bo o Blss. I t Bo o Blss wlls t s tll s wt mgt ll supm go. T Bo o Blss tu s mto o t Bo o Ess, w s t Ultmt Bu. T Ultmt Bu uls t t us s t wt tsl. T Ultmt Bu, o Bo o Ess, s mu lk t Wol Soul, o Bm, Husm pst w om. A PAnTHEon of BEings
M tolog lop t tt t w ot Bos o Blss—ll mtos o t sgl Bo o Ess. Ts Bos o Blss w t s Manjushri (meaning “sweet” or “gentle”), ostts “ot” us wo the symbol of wisdom and eloquence. He l t ous tms pst sto. is young and never grows old. Manjushri Ts gus multpl to ptusually appears in dreams, sometimes as an o o gs wo wll umous orphan or a poor man. Whoever worships s, lls, ot uss. him is protected by the power of Manjushri M Bust tks so and is certain to reach enlightenment. woul pss t outpt lls, w t wk su ol pusmts. T ol lmt to w tos ws t um mgto. T most lo Bos o Blss w tos o wt l sugs o t. T most mpott w t Bu Amt (Immsul R), wo s t o t wst. H ws lk wt t stol Bu Gutm t powul ompssot ostt Alokts, wos m ms “t Lo Wo Looks Dow.”
60
BUDDHISM
DoCTRinE of EMPTinEss
M tolog ws uttss two pm plosopl sools. T st sool ws t Mmk, o Dot o t Ml Posto. It ws lop Ngju, wo l t st so tus o t ommo . Ngju postult tt ll tt xsts s mptss, o t Vo (sunyata). Fo ts so s to s somtms ll t Dot o Emptss. Ngju mtt tt o ptl puposs t wol xst. How us t ws ompos o tsto o mpmt pom, t o solut lt. S mptss s t ol pomo tt gs, t Vo s solut lt. T Vo, t, s t sm s t Bo o Ess o t Bu. T Mmk ot lu optmst ooll. Altoug t xst o mptss oul ot po o log, t oul tl xp mtto. T mptss, o Vo, ws w; t ws o tw t ultmt Vo t wol o pom. Hums ll gs w l pt o t mptss o Vo. Pottll t w ll us t oul ol, toug mtto, ogz t Vo lz t tu tu o tgs. T Mmk ot ws popul C Jp. Bus t mpsz slto t l wol, t ppl to t ptl spt o t Cs Jps. S t l wol w t sm, Mmk ppl to t lo o tu tt ws mpott lu ot outs. I potl o t Vo m spll mpott Cs Jps t. Moo t
Statue o Guanyin, the goddess o mercy and compassion, in the courtyard o a Chinese temple. The male bodhisattva Avalokitesvara was transormed in China into this emale deity whose help is sought in times o need.
The Varieties of Buddhism
61
62
BUDDHISM
Mmk ot o quk pt to lgtmt. T o ts ws lss mpott, o o uoo w ompst ol to lz. yogACARA sCHool
T so plosopl sool, ll Yog, ws ou t out tu. Its tl l s tt t poml wol xsts ol t m o t ol. It uss s xmpl t mok wo mtto oju up sos tt s l s s o ppto o t mu wol. Yt t mok kows tt t pout o s ow tougts. T ol pt lt outs t m, og to t Yog Sool, s tt ll suchness. Suss (tathata) s wtout tsts, pu wol. It s t outpt o t Vo o t Mmks. Slto t Yog Sool m om pug osl utl o t stt o solut put, o suss. T pug poss ws goous o, ol tos t g stt o sptul lopmt oul t. Bsll t mttg pso oju up sos tt w s s possl, sog t lt. Toug ostt pt t su jtt o t pptos o t wol s sos woul ppt. T pt woul lz tt ll pom w sujt. Ol w t sos o pom w p t sm m ws suss .
DiFFErEnCEs BEtwEEn tHEraVaDa anD maHayana BuDDHism Altoug ot T M Busm ogz St Gutm s t ou o t lgo, t s w poou. T summz pots. 1.Theidealofthearhatandtheidealofthebodhisattva. I T Busm t l ws t arhat. T arhat ws o, wo toug t Egtol Pt m lgt o tus xp . Hs m ws sgl-ml to The Varieties of Buddhism
63
lgtmt o msl. I M Busm t ostt postpos phe ideas of Mahayana Buddhism cresol to wok o t slto o ated a religion of two levels. For the ll gs. intellectual the intricate underpinnings 2.Thegoalofnirvanaandthegoal provided a challenging and creative phiofbuddhahood. I T Busm losophy. However, at the popular level t gol ws to tt toug t Mahayana Buddhism offered something Egtol Pt. T gol o t M more concrete—devotion to the budBust ws t ttmt o udhas and bodhisattvas. The knowledge oo tsl. T Ts ogz that they were working for the salvation tw t mt o t of all beings was comforting. Moreover these heavenly beings heard prayers and u, w ws t gst possl, appeals directly from those in need and t ttmt o arhat. acted as personal saviors. I M o oul to uoo. 3.Theroleofself-effortandtherole offaith inachievingthegoalofsalvation. T Ts stss tt ol toug t ots o t ul lo. M Busts pmtt t us o ps t, t lp o t us ostts, s pt o t poss o slto. 4.ThehistoricalBuddhaandmanybuddhas. T T s stss t mpot o t stol Bu, wos gtss l s m. Altoug t g m s t gst spm o umt, t ot g m s . I M Busm t stol Bu ws o o m us ostts. H ws t wt t Supm Ess tus ttuts o go. 5.Themonksandthelaity. T Busm s ll lgo o moks. T sg ws t t o t lgous ommut. T lt g mt toug sg t sg pog oo otos tu o ts pous tg. I M Busm t sg ws mpott s ps t o Bust tto lg. How t lt lg ol: T oul p tl to t ostts oul sk slto tl toug tm.
a rELiGiOn OF twO LEVELs
T
64
BUDDHISM
6.Theimportanceofwisdomandcompassion. T gst ttut o T Busm s wsom. T ttmt o t gs . I M Busm t gst ttut s ompsso—to g t wol o g to slto.
Novice monks belonging to the Theravada tradition o Buddhism meditating beore a giant stone statue o the Buddha at Angkor Wat in Siem Riep, Cambodia. The Varieties of Buddhism
65
7.PaliandSanskritscriptures. Bot s o Busm lm tt t sptus, o suts, t t tgs o t Bu, tsmtt oll o gtos o g wtt. T T sptus w st wtt ow S Lk t st tu b.c.e. T Pl, t I lgug. T M sptus w wtt ow lt t Sskt lgug. T ot som o t sm lttu s t T txts ut omous l o t ow. M Busts l tt t w osm suts w g t Bu to spll os spls, ts tk pl stosgl utul ot wols. 8.Oneschoolandmanyschools. T s ol o sool o lgous tougt. Its ollows lm tt ts s t sm o tt t stol Bu tugt s ltm. T M o Busm s m sools. T ll tptto o Busm ws mo op to w sools o tougt, w osttl olg. 9.Spreadbysouthernrouteornorthernroute.T T o Busm sp to t sout. T outs o S Lk, Mm (oml Bum), Tl, Los, Cm o ll pt T Busm. M Busm os t otwst o I. Aog to tto Kg Ksk ook Bust oul t w suts w wtt ow. M Busm sp om otwst I oss As to C, Ko, Jp.
tHE PurE LanD traDitiOn W t Cs st out Busm t o o t splt wt t. T took t t sptus s t ot tm, ps. As t Cs plgmgs to I sow, t st ps o Cs Busm lu ttmpts to ot s m txts s possl. Lt t Cs m t ow otutos to Bust ot. Fst Cs sols t lgo g ommts to M sptus. Xuzg, o xmpl, ot msl to t Yog Sool wot ommt66
BUDDHISM
s, o tpttos, o ts txts. Ot sols stsz t m M wtgs to sgl ot sstm. CHinEsE METHoDs of DEvoTion
T Cs lso lop t Mtto Sool. I ts tto t tqus o mtto sups t o sptus. Ts Cs otutos w mpott us t ws Cs Busm tt sp to Vtm, Ko, Jp—w w oms, ttos, pts w susqutl . How t Cs otuto wt o soll ommts tqus. Cs lgous ls lop mtos o oto tt lp to mk Busm popul lgo Est As. A xmpl ws t Pu L tto, w ts o t Bu Amt. THE PuRE lAnD
T ps w Amt wlls s ll t Pu L. I ts pl o splo t ls fows o t ts pous stos o ll olos. O ts wts BuDDHa amitaBHa gow lotuss lg t o t. Bs sg otull, t lous pou he Buddha Amitabha (the Buddha of ot mus, ms tkl t Boundless Light) is one of the most z om t ts. Tos wo ollow beloved of the “new” buddhas of MahaAmt som ts ll yana Buddhism. Buddhists believe that in Pu L. a former time, eons ago, when Amitabha I C, w Amt s ll was on the verge of enlightenment, he made a vow: When he had attained his Amtuoo, t Pu L tto lgoal, if there were any “beings in other op t st tu. Dout Pu worlds” who heard his name and thought L Busts l tt t ll o upon him favorably, then he would help t m o Amt, wll l tm them. If he did not keep this vow, then he to t Pu L t t ts. Ts prayed that he would not attain enlight l ougt gt omot om t suenment at all. Since Amitabha did in fact gs o t wol. O tm t smpl become a Buddha, the truth of his vow oto o s m m t most was assured. Thus people could call on his popul lgous pt C. I lhelp at any time. gous t Amtuoo ws pt sttg
T
The Varieties of Buddhism
67
o s Lotus To, ot fk Gu, C’s ot uqutous ostt. HonEn AnD sHinRAn in JAPAn
The Buddha in a reclining position as he enters parinirvana, the nal stage beore nirvana, in the Jade Buddha Temple, Shanghai, China. This modern temple draws rom both Pure Land and Chan traditions o Mahayana Buddhism.
68
BUDDHISM
T Jps mok Ho (1133–1212) lp lop t Pu L tto Jp. H tu t, t log st C, ug tm o tumol w omptg mlt ls wg w o o ot. Ho’s sw to t so sug ws totl p o t ompsso o Am, t Jps so o Amt, ll tt ws qu o slto ws to ll ptl o t m o Lo Bu Am. S, mok spl o Ho, s t’s s ut. H l tt xpsso o t ps ol o
ltm ougt slto. I sokg gstu S took w, tus kg s most ow o stt. H gu tt s t g o Am ws ll tt mtt, t spl o most ows ws umpott. H lm tt t ml t om w t pop sttg o lgous l. S ogz s ollows to t Tu Pu L tto.
tHE CHan sCHOOOL Aot mjo sool o M Busm tt lop C ws t C, o Mtto, Sool. Mtto s lws mpott to Busm. T Bu msl, sttg u t Bo t, lgtmt toug mtto. T Mtto Sool, ow, ou spl mg Bu’s : “Look wt, tou t t Bu.” T l C 520 o Bom, I msso mok, lu t C Sool. B tto Bom m to C to sto t ogl spt o t lgo. O s l mt t Cs mpo, wo s ll t tgs o to pomot t lgo. T mpo sk Bom, “Wt mt I om m ts?” Bom pl, “No wtso.” T mpo t sk wt Bom g s t st ppl o Busm. “Vst mptss,” s Bom. MEDiTATion—TRuTH in ACTion
Followg t xmpl o Bom, t C Sool o M Busm put mtto ml t t t o ts The Varieties of Buddhism
69
Buddhist pilgrims, having climbed Jiuhua in winter, oer prayers and incense at the summit. Jiuhua is one o the our sacred Buddhist mountains o China.
70
BUDDHISM
lgous pt. Mtto ws ot ol mto o ms o tutg t Bo o Ess, ut t ol w. I mtto ws mo t ms—t ws l to t tut lz to. I pusut o ts gol ollows lt to g up t stu o sptu to pusu tut ppo to lgtmt. T tqus o mtto w pss om mst to spl ompltl psol tsmsso o sgts. T C Sool ws fu t two gous Cs plosops. Cousm Dosm tugt tt ums w sll goo. Popl ol gu suppot to tp t sstl wsom. Couus tugt tt popl soul kp t ms o t ow. Dosts tugt tt popl soul ollow t ow tu. “Etg s wt t s,” ustg ts ws om o lgtmt. To s tuto Dosts ot us ls poxs. C Busm om ts tqu wt owto-t outlook. I to, k wt tto, t moks w qu to pom psl lo. T Mtto Sool sp to Ko Vtm, ut t ts gtst fu Jp. Kow t s Z, t om t mst optos o t I so wt t ow-to-t ppo tqus o t Cs. T gol ws to us mtto to satori, o lgtmt. Z Busm two m sools, Rz Soto. Bot w tsmtt to Jp t 12t l13t tus.
RinzAi sCHool
Es (1141–1215) ws Jps mok wo ws soug wt os t stlss o lgo Jp. H jou to C o ut stu t m ttt to C. At g lgtmt Es tu to Jp s Z mst. H st up s sool, ll t Rz, soo ttt spls. T Rz us kos (Jps o gong’an) s to lsg t m o mtto. Tkg out tm oul g o to t stt o ss o satori. Es lm o s ot, “Outwl t os spl o ot, wl t gs t Hgst I Wsom.” Dog (1200–53), t so ou o Jps Z, stls t Soto Sool. Dog’s ollows us zazen mtto s t w to satori. Zazen ws sttg ( za) mtto (z). sHARED BEliEfs AnD PRACTiCEs
Bot Z ttos, Rz Soto, s m ls pts. E t sto Bu. I ot t tg wt om mst to s spls. E st l tt wt pso t ws possl to wk t Bu m. Bot gu tt lgous oto ws xpss l wok. Z m t lgo o t wo lss Jp. T wos, o smu, w ttt lgo w t ws ot ss to stu plosopl txts o to os tul. It ws smpl mpsz spl, tt oo t wo. Z ws lso t spto o m o t stt ts o Jp.
tantriC BuDDHism Aou t t tu c.e. w t o Busm os I, ll Vj-
kOan GONG’AN
T
he Chinese Meditation School developed the koan. This was a paradoxical statement to shake up the mind. A master would tell his pupils puzzling tales whose point was obscure. Or the master might pose a series of seemingly unanswerable questions. (An example is, “What is the sound of one hand clapping?”) While the pupil meditated on these stories or questions, masters would often do something to shock them. They might shout into the pupil’s ear or even give them a sharp blow with a stick. The purpose of this was to jolt the pupil into a state that embraced both the world of meditation and the physical world. Combining them both at once would make the pupil aware of the true nature of things. They would thus achieve the suchness goal of Yogacara philosophy.
The Varieties of Buddhism
71
, o Tt Busm. T two ms l t uusul tu o ts ltosp to M Busm. T wo Vajrayana (“t tuolt” o “mo l”) mpls tt t s wol w o Busm. T tuolt s smol o Ultmt Rlt, o t Vo. How M plosop uls Vj, ltoug t ltt us w tqu to tt slto—t tt. Tt s t m o muls o guooks tt ot t tqus o gg lgtmt. T tts lu mg splls (mts), oult gms (mls), smol gstus (mudras). REACHing A MysTiCAl REAliTy
Tt mtos w pt Hus Busts lk. T gol ws to mstl uo wt lt o lt. Ts ws smolz Husm s t uo tw go s osot. I Busm t uo ws tw ostts o us m pt. Toug mtto t ot ut wt t Bu o ostt xp lss Ultmt Rlt. Somo wo ws pt tt pts Tt ws ll lm. It s ot ss o lm to mok. MARPA AnD MilAREPA
I t 11t tu Tt guu, Mp (1012–96), w t Tt tto t stug I. Mp ws m ousol wo l t o l o m. Yt tslt t Sskt wtgs o Busm gt spls to 72
BUDDHISM
wom l t sts pts o ttsm l I. Sptull lm st o t tgs om u ll Vj (“Hol o t Vj”). Mp’s most mous spl ws Mlp (1040–1123). Fo m s Mlp mtt s t g Hml Mouts, ptg lopg t tqus l om Mp. Hs pows lu t lt to lop tl t so tt t ttl ol wts o t wol’s gst mouts, wo ol t o o wt otto. Nt Mp o Mlp ws o s mok. T w mpott Tt Busm o tg pot to xpss t psol lgous xps. Ts g tto tt s otu Tt to mo tms. gElug-PA sCHool
Tow t o t 12t tu ws o Is t Tt fg t Muslm s wo stt ot I. Bo ts tm Tt plgms go to I o sptul lg. Now Tts g to s t ow out s t sptul t o Busm. T l tt t Bu msl pops ts st. T ostt Alokts g to s t pto o t Tt stt. I t 15t tu lgous l m Tsogkp stls t Glug-p Sool. It ws mpott o two sos. Fst, t Glug-p m t omt sool Tt Busm. Tsogkp ou mosts Ls, t ptl, m tt t t t o s lgous goup.
A Tibetan Buddhist monk chanting and making a mudra in Dharamsala, northern India. Mudras are symbolic hand gestures used in images o the Buddha; they are also used in ritual meditation to help ocus the mind, especially in Tibetan Buddhism.
The Varieties of Buddhism
73
So, t l o Dl Lms m stls. THE DAlAi lAMA
T t susso o Tsogkp ws t st Dl Lm (“O o Wsom”). H s sussos l to tos o Alokts. Fo tus tw, o t t o t Dl Lm, s g o t l wo ws s ltst to. O ou, t l ws ut t l
The Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet, was the winter palace o the Dalai Lama rom the 17th century c.e. This was the chie residence o the Dalai Lama until 1959, when the Chinese took control o Tibet. The Dalai Lama escaped to Dharamsala in northern India, where he set up a government-in-exile, and thousands o Tibetan Buddhist reugees have since joined him. The Potala Palace has been turned into a state museum by the Chinese but continues to draw thousands o Tibetan pilgrims as well as international tourists. It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1994. 74
BUDDHISM
Lama
V
ajrayana became part of the Buddhism of Nepal, China, and Japan. However its greatest development and elaboration took place in Tibet. By tradition the Indian monk Padmasambhava introduced Tantrism to Tibet. In Tibet a guru was called a lama. A lama need not be a monk—his skills in the tantra were all that mattered. The lama assumed such importance in Tibet that the religion is sometimes called Lamaism. The highest duty of the lama was to guide a dying person as the spirit left his or her body. For 49 days the spirit would exist in bardo, the state between after death and rebirth. During this time the instructions given by the lama would help the spirit reach either enlightenment or rebirth.
lms ppto o s ol. I 1642 ot Mogol pl t Dl Lm o t to o Tt, mkg m ot t tmpol lgous l o t out, posto tt u utl 1959, w t Cs Commust gomt took otol o Tt. Lmsm, o Tt Busm, spt t xl o t Dl Lm, s stll t lgo o mo t 65 pt o t Tt popl. A l o Tt Busm lso g Mogol t 1990s.
The Varieties of Buddhism
75
CHAPTER 5
THE LITERATURE OF BUDDHISM
N
t summt o Mout K Ko, stl m sg mout stms go o ts, s o o Busm’s most mous ss—t Hs Tmpl omplx. “T mpm o ll tgs” s mk t pp o lossoms spg t llt olg o fmg mpls gol oks t ll. Touss o stos om to t 93 woo stutus tt lu most w moks t Bust suts gt. Yt t most mpott pt o t Hs Tmpl s ts l, ous two ulgs tt mo t 600 s ol. T ot mo t 80,000 woo loks tt w ogll us to pt ops o t Bust sptus o pp. T loks w o t o o Kg Kojog o Ko t 14t tu. At t tm Mogol s oup s out, t kg sposo t pojt to su
A Buddhist pilgrim spins a prayer wheel at Swayambunath Stupa in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Prayer wheels containing scrolls o scriptures are spun during Buddhist devotions. As the wheels are turned the prayers are multiplied. 76
BUDDHISM
The Literature of Buddhism
77
o o t Kos. O 16- po totl o 81,258 wooloks w omplt. E woolok, o ot ss, msus out 27 s. T Kos su g out t Mogols, t pous wooloks w ous t Hs Tmpl, to’s t o Tgu. Bus t woo ws spll tt to pt , t loks su to t pst . T mk up t wol’s lgst sgl ollto o Bust sptus.
PrEsErVinG tHE BuDDHa’s tEaCHinGs As ollows o t M tto, t Kos ps ts wtt oms. How, ts st ollto ots ol pt o t omplt Bust o. T M Busm som sptus ommo. How s M Busm sp, ts lttu gtl xp. To t om wtgs o t m Bust ttos mo xts t tos o ot wol lgo. Busm sgl ook su s t Bl o t Qu tt ll ts ls pt. M sools o Busm ott o just o sptu s t gu, ut lt sools t ow sptus. Ct woks, ow, t lgugs slgtl oms, lo ll Busts. Fo 500 s t t t o t Bu s ollows mmoz t s tgs. At t parinirvana t sg mt to g o t tgs o t Bu. T ps tm oll, toug I wtt lgug, o t I tto t tul spkg o t s wos spl lu. T t tt most o t o ws s om us st opg pss m mmozto s. As t s pss s pt to t lgo, t ws gt to ommt t Bu’s tgs to wtg. T st wtt Bust sptus w o o plm ls sotl t 43 b.c.e. Clo (pst- S Lk). Wtt t Pl lgug, t m t sptul ss 78
BUDDHISM
o T Busm. T ll t Tptk, w ms “t skts,” s t txts, w w to t tgos, w ot ltll sto skts.
tHE tHrEE BaskEts T st skt s t V Ptk, o “Bskt o Dspl.” Ts wtgs o t sg. T g t Bu’s uls o spl o t moks us. I to t po omto o t oug sto o t l mosts.
Handwritten Tibetan Buddhist scriptures rom the Mahayana tradition and prayer beads that are used to ocus the mind during devotions.
The Literature of Buddhism
79
T so pt o t Tptk s t Sutt Ptk, o “Bskt o Dsouss.” Ts skt lus t suttas (suts Sskt), o smos stos o t Bu s lst spls. I ts t Bu ss s ot t pts ss to . T Sutt Ptk ots m o t most popul woks o Busm. Ts so skt lus t Tpt—sogs o oto t st Bust us. T Tpt s t wol’s lst ollto o s pot wom. Amog ts utos ws t Bu’s ut, s ost mot, Mpjpt. T t skt s t Amm Ptk, o “Bskt o Mtpss.” It ots ommts o t tgs o Busm. THE loTus suTRA
Lt— tto t oul ll Kg Ksk t so tu c.e.—M Busts ollt t wtgs Sskt. Cll t Tptk, ts ollto s to t sm tgos ots som o t sm woks s t Tptk. How, t M Busts mt tt t Tptk ots ot tt t Bu l ol to s most sptull ollows. Amog t mpott woks t M Tptk s t Lotus Sut. Its uto, supposl t Bu msl, mplos wlt o mgs pls to t ts mssg. O sto s sml to t ll pl o t Pogl So. T tm o t Lotus Sut s usl slto t ttmt o uoo ll ls. I Est As m Busts l tt t Lotus Sutra ms mozs t ull sptum o Busm. 80
BUDDHISM
tHE Jatakas Amog t most lo woks ou ot t Tptk t Tptk t Jtk Tls. I ts stos t Bu tlls out s om ls. B tto t Bu ll ll o s 550 pous stts o xst wl tt lgtmt u t Bo t. Som o t most mg Jtk Tls s s tus l ts w took t om o ml. T Bu us ts tls to xpl s ot smpl. T Jtk Tls m popul to sp As m t o tus. E sto gs wt t tt us t Bu to lt t. I “T H Jtk” t Bu 500 o s ollows t t om o out lm, s s “ low o Stt.” Fo s s t low tts tm to t osptlt o s ous. At t o t wk t Bu pss t low o s gost, sg tt t “ws m o ol l ow t ls o t ggs t mt.” Ask to tll out t pst, t Bu gs t tl. A l ost t t oot o t mouts, xt to smll tow. T t ompos: ott, jkl, mok. B lookg t t moo t sw tt t xt woul ol . H tugt s ompos tt t soul st pp to g oo to pssg gg. T xt t ott wt to t smll stg o s s tt sm u t s. T ott ug tm up sk loul, “Dos o ow ts?” How s t sm go owstm o o sw, t ott took t s to s l, sg, “I u tm I’ll t tm.” T jkl ou t ut o l wtm two spts o mt, lz, pot o mlk. H too ll o t ow, ut w o o pp gg tm k to s l, tkg, “I u tm I’ll t tm.” T mok pk u o mgos om t t ost pl tm s l, sg, “I u tm I’ll t tm.” The Literature of Buddhism
81
T wt out tougt to gt gss to t. How lz tt gg m gss woul ot sut ml. “I o o ol,” tougt t . “So gg oms to m I wll g m m ow fs.” Ts soluto ws so tuous tt t wm t to o Skk . H sgus msl s Bm wt to t. Fst m to t ott, wo o m t s s. T Bm poms to om k o t xt . T wt to t jkl, wo o t mt, lz, mlk. Ag t Bm s woul tu. T sm tg pp t t mok’s l. Fll t Bm m to t . T s, “You wll omg to m o oo. Fo I wll g gt tt I g o. How ou, s mol m, wll ot to tk l. Go mk w t s I wll lp to t w m o s ost ou m t m fs.” T Bm us s suptul pows to mk . T mm tt t mgt sts s u, so sook msl t tms so tt t woul ot kll. T jump to t . How l t s t o sow. “Bm,” s t , “t ou m s’t l to t t u o m o. How s ts?” “Ws m, I m ot Bm. I m Skk om to tst ou.” T s, “You ots uslss, o ll t gs t wol woul tst m gost, t woul ot m uwllg to g.” “Ws ,” s Skk, “lt ou tu polm to t o t wol-l.” Skk took mout squz ju om t wt t ju ull w t outl o o t moo. T pl t o st o sot gss pt o s lstl o. T s s l ppl tuousl pss w og to t s. 82
BUDDHISM
Hg s t tl, t Bu l tt ts xst t ott ws A, t jkl mok w two o s ot ollows, t “ws I msl.” (Apt om Stories o the Buddha.)
tHE way OF riGHtEOusnEss No Bust sptu s mo wsp t t Way o Righteousness (t Dhammapada Pl; t Dharmapada Sskt). It s sou o wsom omot to ll Busts. T Way o Righteousness s slto o t sgs tt t Bu m ug s 45 s o tg. T 423 ss tHE DHAMMAPADA
S
elections from the 423 verses contained in the Dhammapada, one of the most widespread Buddhist scriptures:
1. All that we are is the result o what we have thought: it is ounded on our thoughts, it is made up o our thoughts. I a man speaks or acts with an evil thought, pain ollows him, as the wheel ollows the oot o the ox that draws the carriage. 2. All that we are is the result o what we have thought: it is ounded on our thoughts, it is made up o our thoughts. I a man speaks or acts with a pure thought, happiness ollows him, like a shadow that never leaves him. 129. All men tremble at punishment, all men ear death; remember that you are like unto them, and do not kill, nor cause slaughter. 135. Not nakedness, not plaited hair, not dirt, not asting, or lying on the earth, not rubbing with dust, not sitting motionless, can puriy a mortal who has not overcome desires. 277. “All created things perish.” He who knows and sees this becomes passive in pain; this is the way to purity. 278. “All created things are grie and pain.” He who knows this becomes passive in pain; this is the way to purity.
The Literature of Buddhism
83
g 26 pts u su tops s sp, tougt, stss, pusmt, l.
a PHiLOsOPHiCaL ExCHanGE T oso o Kg Ml Ngs ws mlsto t sp o Busm. It lso pou mpott txt o Bust lttu—t Milindapanha, o “Qustos o Ml.” T Milinda panha s wtt s logu tw t two stol gus. Kg Ml sks Ngs to xpl puzzlg o ult Bust s. Ngs’s sws, ot sto om, us Bust ts to to llustt k pots o t m. Fo xmpl: Kg Ml sk, “W popl t t tus? Som logl, skl, ugl o wk, wl ots t oppost.” Ngs’s spos s us to xpl km. H pl: “W s t tt ll gtls ot lk, ut som sou, som slt, som pugt, som t, som stgt, som swt?” “I , s, t s us t om om t ks o ss.” “A just so, gt kg, t s ou mto mog popl A novice monk in Myanmar (ormerly Burma) oering devotions in ront o a statue o the Buddha in a reclining position. This position represents the Buddha entering parinirvana just beore his nal release at nirvana. 84
BUDDHISM
The Literature of Buddhism
85
tHE BurninG HOusE
T
o illustrate the principle of using “lesser vehicles” to help all living beings, the Buddha relates the Parable of the Burning House.
Buddha asked Sariputra to imagine an old and wealthy man who owns a great house. The house is old, “the bases of its pillars rotten, the coverings and plaster of the walls loose.” It has only one door. Within live the man’s many small children. One day the house catches fire and the owner escapes through the door. However he realizes that the children inside are not aware of the danger. The owner wishes to save them. Because he is strong he considers carrying them through the door. However the door is small and it may be diffi cult to gather the children together, for they are running around in all parts of the house. Instead the householder calls out to them, warning of the danger. However they do not heed his cries, for they are too young to understand even the meaning of “burning.” The householder knows that the children love to play with toys. So he tells them that he has three toy carts outside for them to play with. Hearing this, they rush toward the doorway, each trying to be the first one through it. Outside, however, the householder gives them something different. He is a rich man and gives each of them a real cart drawn by bullocks and swift as the wind. He thinks, “Why should I give these children inferior carts, since they are precious to me?” “Now, Sariputra,” asked the Buddha, “is that man guilty of a falsehood by first holding out to his children the prospect of three vehicles and afterward giving each of them only the greatest vehicles?” “No,” answered Sariputra, “for it was only a skillful device to persuade his children to go out of the burning house and save their lives.” The Buddha replied that the householder is like the Buddha himself, who found a way out of this world of suffering and pain. Having saved himself, he wished to save his children as well. However they are ignorant and think of enjoying themselves in the world. So he tells them of the three lesser vehicles. Attracted by them, the children will acquire the knowledge of the Four Noble Truths—the one single grand cart that will take them to nirvana.
86
BUDDHISM
to xpl. Fo t s s t Blss O: ‘Bgs, O Bm, t ow Km, tos o Km, log to t t o t Km, lts Km, t Km s t pottg olo. It s Km tt s tm up to g low t lk sos.’”
tHE LOtus sutra T Sm-Puk, o T Lotus o t Tu Lw, s o o t most mpott suts o M Busm. I t t stol Bu ts spl m Sput. T sut s justto o t tol tus o Busm tt pp t M oms o t lgo. Amog ts t “lss ls” su s t ostts. T pt o ts “lss ls” s pt o Busm s o o t s tw M T Busm. T ollows t ol t Bu’s ogl, stt m, t “Gt Ct” o t pl. T M uto o t Lotus Sut s t Bu justg t us o “lss ls” s w to ssst ll lg gs tow sptul pto, o uoo. CHinEsE DEDiCatiOn mEssaGEs Busm fous C o mo t 200 s ug t Tg st. Sols lop w Bust sools o tougt, w qu sttl Cs tus. Plosopl sputs, ow, o lttl to t o pso. As t Lotus Sut, popl w ttt to Busm “lss ls,” ltoug t sstl spt o t Bu psst. O w pso oul g mt ws pg to ops m o t sptus suts. I m o t op txts to mssg xpl t motto o t pso wo p o t. Ts mssgs sow t mg omot Busm ougt to o Cs. H s xmpl o to mssg wtt mok t t qust o Cs Bust ll Mm Tu. S woul p t mok to The Literature of Buddhism
87
The wheel o dharma, the way and teachings o the Buddha, on the roo o a temple. In early Buddhist art the Buddha himsel was not represented and symbols such as a wheel, the Bodhi tree, the ootprints o the Buddha, or a riderless horse were used instead. 88
BUDDHISM
wt pt o sut sk tt to put t t gg o t sptus:
The lay disciple Madame Tuan (née Chang) has ever lamented that the ragrant orchid, like a bubble, blooms or but one day, and that separation rom loved ones causes so much sorrow. She wonders how it can be that heaven eels nothing or the calamities it inicts and causes the worthiest to be the frst to be cut down, just as the young tree is the frst to wither and the highest blossoms are the frst to all. Thus, on behal o her deceased third son, Commissioner Tuan, an ofcer o the local commandery, she has reverently had a section o the Golden Light Sutra copied. Now that the transcription is completed she prays that her son’s spirit may visit the blue heavens, that he may mingle with the immortals, that he may travel in person to the Pure Regions and listen to sutras being recited under the tree. She also prays that he may never pass through the three unhappy states o existence or the eight calamities, but will gather karma sufcient to enable him to proceed joyully to the Lotus Palace and the Flowering Throne, that he will never again suer a short lie but enjoy longevity in the Pure Land and may be perpetually reborn only there. His loving mother, thinking o him, prays that the karma or both o them may be good and that they may both enjoy the ruits o salvation.
ZEn stOriEs I Z Busm spls t tg om mst wo l xp lgtmt, o satori. A Z mst mgt tull t s stuts wt woo swo to sok tm out o t o ws o tougt. Usull ts tt wok. T mst kw s wll ow to llustt t ppls o Z toug supsg tos sps. Aots out t gt Z msts mog t s txts o ts om o Busm: Joshu asked the teacher Nansen, “What is the true Way?” Nansen answered, “Everyday way is the true Way.” Joshu asked, “Can I study it?” The Literature of Buddhism
89
Nansen answered, “The more you study, the urther you are rom the Way.” Joshu asked, “I I don’t study it, how can I know it?” Nansen answered, “The Way does not belong to things seen: nor to things unseen. It does not belong to things known: nor to things unknown. Do not seek it, study it, or name it. To fnd yoursel on it, open yoursel wide as the sky.”
PrEParatiOn FOr DEatH
A
n excerpt from the Tibetan Book of the Dead:
(T Lm spks to t g pso) : I now transmit to you the proound teaching which I have mysel received rom my Teacher . . . Pay attention to it now, and do not allow yoursel to be distracted by other thoughts! . . . I you suer, do not give in to the pain! . . . The actors which made up the person known as (t m o t g pso) are about to disperse. Your mental activities are separating themselves rom your body, and they are about to enter the intermediary state. Rouse your energy, so that you may enter this state sel-possessed and in ull consciousness! First o all there will appear to you, switer than lightning, the luminous splendor o the colorless light o Emptiness, and that will surround you on all sides. Terrifed, you will want to ee rom the radiance . . . Try to submerge yoursel in that light, giving up all belie in a separate sel, all attachment to your illusory ego . . . I you miss salvation at that moment, you will be orced to have a number o urther dreams, both pleasant and unpleasant. Even they o er you a chance to gain understanding . . . But you must know that all you perceive is a mere vision, a mere illusion, and does not reect any really existing objects. Have no ear, and orm no attachment! . . . Three and a hal days ater your death Buddhas and Bodhisattvas will or seven days appear to you . . . Wonderul and delightul though they are, the Buddhas may nevertheless righten you. Do not give in to your right! Do not run away! . . . Pray to them with intense aith and humility, and, in a halo o rainbow light, you will merge into the heart o the divine Father-Mother, and take up your abode in one o the realms o the Buddhas. 90
BUDDHISM
tHE tiBEtan BOOk OF tHE DEaD A mpott tul Tt Busm tks pl w pso s g. I t Vj tto, t t pso ts 49- tm stt ( bardo) tw t o o l t gg o ot. At ts tm pso wo s popl pp tt . I tt os ot pp o s wll m o t l o t. T Book o t D s sptul mul tt sssts t lms ppg t g pso to sz ts mpott oppotut to t l. Dt txts o t mul xst.
The Literature of Buddhism
91
CHAPTER 6
THE ARTS AND BUDDHISM
F
om Agst to Jp, om I to Ios, Busm s mjo fu o As t. Busm tt wt m tol ttos to pou twoks ttu o l t. T l gl ss tmpls o, o xmpl, t Tmpl o t Gol Bu (Wt Tmt) Bgkok, Tl, pst o l. T us woo smplt o Jps Z most pst ot. Ts pt wll pst ol smll smpl o t Bust tst tg.
tHE imaGE OF tHE BuDDHa I t lst Bust t t gu o t Bu ws ot sow. “O t ssoluto o t o o t o s l,” s Bust txt, “t gos o m sll kow m.” T stol Bu, t s parinirvana, pss to slt; tus t woul ppopt to t s um mg. Ist t Bu ws t ol sm ols—t Bo t, mpt to, ootpts, wl, o lss os. Trashi Chhoe Dzong (monastery) at Thimpe in Bhutan is the religious and political center o this Himalayan kingdom. Buddhism is the state religion o Bhutan and this monastery houses the ofces o the king and the throne room. 92
BUDDHISM
The Arts and Buddhism
93
B t gg o t ommo tt tst oto g to g. I t tus s, t mg o t Bu s pl s mpott ol As t s tt o Cst t t o Euop. As tsts wok to xpss t qults o lgtmt psl om. Busm po stmulus o t o t gst sptul o.
Images o the Buddha sitting on a lotus throne in a temple in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The lotus plant has a deep symbolic signicance in Buddhism. The roots o the plant are embedded in the mud under water, but the ower blooms above the water. In the same way, the Buddha lived in a corrupt world but kept his purity and clarity. 94
BUDDHISM
T lst ptos o t Bu ol pp ou t gg o t st tu c.e. T w two t stls. I G t ot pt o t st Kus Emp, t stl ft t Go-Rom tg. Ts o o t s oqu Alx t Gt log oloz Gks. Bu ws ss os tt w p Gk so. Hs ws sulpt wt w , ws tog. It s ts stl tt s omt t usul mg o t Bu s. Aot stl, fu Hu t, pp Mtu t sout o t Kus Emp. T Mtu Bus w lot lgt I ot, o log skt. T ws stgt t topkot. Mol out o ssto, ts mgs w los to I sulptu stls, wt sot, gtl us. T Bu s smlg gtl. Fom ts two ttos t lssl Bust mg os. It s t tsts tt mk t mmtl ogzl spt o t tol t ttos. Lakshanas, asanas, AnD Mudras
T Bu’s olss s lso t mks ll lakshanas. It ws l tt t Bu 32 lakshanas, w w sgs tt ws lgt o. T o most ot s s potls s t lo tt suous t s o wol o. Cll t prabhamandala, t ts s t. T topkot o potu (the ushanisha) o top o s sgs t sup supm wsom tt Bu tt t s lgtmt. Fll t urna, o mk o t o, s sg o sptul sgt. O som sttus t urna m st wt pous sto. T Bu gu ws pot ous postos, o ss, ppopt o tg, lssg, o mtto. Hs gstus (mudras) w lso otolz. T gt l plm outw wt t gs potg upw s tg gstu. T posto sgg p mtto sows t s o t lp, plms up, wt t gt o t lt. The Arts and Buddhism
95
sTylEs ouTsiDE of inDiA
Imgs o t Bu sp o I. I C t lst Bust t ws fu t G stl. Ts Bus w o glt oz wt ot ols t os. Ist o t ttol smut o I gos gosss, Cs sulptus w o ss, swls, skts. I tm t mg o t Bu Est As took o sttl Cs pp. I m As sts Bu sttus w out o ok s, su s t ug Bu t Sokkum Gotto Ko t Bm Bu Agst. Ts mmmot Bm Bu ws out o l sg t Bu Vo, t osm ompst Bu. T sttu’s mms sz t s ol s so o t wol. I 2001 t Tl gm o Agst o t stuto o t sttu, o o Agst’s p-Islm tsus. Couts ou t wol potst t o, ut t sttu ws u to ul. A plss pt o Agst’s Bust sto ws lost o. T Rlg Bu o S Lk s lso o omous sz. Ts posto psts t Bu’s t, o parinirvana . Uqu to Tl wlkg Bus, som wt uultg ms tt pst ot o t BusOkkuram GrOttO ’s ss, t sml o s lms to t tuk o lpt. he Korean Buddha at Sokkuram Wt t pos, t Bu gu Grotto, on Mount Toham, is one s ougt out t st As tsts. of the great achievements of Asian art. Carved entirely from the rock face of the Most o ts woks w o omountain, a towering Buddha gazes outmous Bust moks wos sulptward toward the sea. The Buddha is seated g ws t o oto. T gowg in the Pose of Enlightenment. His legs are pto o ostts Bus folded in the lotus position, the left hand gt t spto o t t.
T
lies palm up in the lap, and the right hand rests palm down on the right knee. The morning sun glints off a jeweled urna on his forehead. The pose was designed to create a spiritual experience in the viewer.
96
BUDDHISM
tHE imPOrtanCE OF tHE stuPa Bust ttu stt smpl wt t stup. A stup s mou-sp stutu st us to o t ss
ls o t Bu. T l stups w ostut o mu ks sujt to stgto. I pp ts stutus w smpl uspg. Stll t stup m t s ttul sg o Bust tmpls. As ul stutu t sml— t-msol om—t wl o t m. O tm stups m mo lot. T mou tt l t l s sz. Its summt ws ot ftt, wt t top los lg. Ts g pl pst t o t gos wo go t sl wol. Fqutl umll (o ss o umlls) os o t, smol o ol pow—t pow o t Bu s m.
tHE GrEat BuDDHa at tODaiJi
A
Buddha Vairocana, representing the omnipresent Buddha, was created in Nara, Japan. In the eighth century the Japanese emperor asked for contributions for this Buddha to fulfill a vow made when an epidemic of smallpox swept the country. The casting of the bronze image was an enormous task. Standing 53 feet (16 meters) high and weighing more than 200 tons, it was gilded with 500 pounds (227 kilograms) of gold. Taking pride and joy in their achievement, the Japanese dedicated the statue in the Todaiji Temple in 752, exactly 200 years after Japan received its first image from Korea. At the dedicatory ceremony—called the “eye-opening”—the Great Buddha was presented to the people in the grandest celebration Japan had ever seen.
gREAT sTuPA AT sAnCHi
T most mpott l stup s t S tl I. T Bu st S, ut Asok . It ws t st o t most om w Asok st M to S Lk to ot tt out to Busm. Asok’s w, D, ou t most us lt stt t stup to ommmot s gg t m to S Lk. T ogl stup msu out 60 t (18.2 mts) mt out 25 t (7.6 mts) gt. O tm t S stup ws oul sz ts ol woo lgs w pl wt mss -oot-g sto lusts. (Ts to o wt t ms o plgms wo st o t tus.) To stgt t om o t stup t ws o wt sto loks topp wt t-t umll. T t lls o t umll pst t T Jwls o Busm: t T (Bu), t Lw (m), t ommut o The Arts and Buddhism
97
moks (sg). Fou mgtl gtws, 34 t (10.3 mts) g, t ou pots o t ompss. T squ olums pt ts om t l o t Bu s pous ls— sulptu pstto o t Jtk. sTuPA AT BoRoBADuR
T lgst stup t wol s o t sl o J Ios. J ws st ts mssos sttl I olozs, wo ougt to t sl ot Husm Busm. I t gt tu J m t t o sgog mp go t Sl (“Kg o t Mout”) st. T Sl kgs w t Busts u t ptog t sl xp fowg o ultu. T gtst mt o t Sls ws t Booou, wos m ms “Most o Aumult Vtu.” T gt stup t Booou smola “wOrLD mOuntain” zs t M Bust w o t us ossts o sx squ the great stupa at Sanchi in central s sumout t ul ts. India is the most important early T stup s smol o t M historical stupa. By the fifth century C.E. the early brick dome of the Sanchi stupa Bust w o t us. At t lowwas completely transformed into a “world lls sulpt ls sow ums mountain.” At the base of the stupa sat four ou to t l o t. Hg up images of the Buddha, facing each of the utul ss om t l o Sgates. The tiered umbrella symbolically t Gutm. Vous ostts joins heaven with the earth through the lso pot. C t upp huge dome. ul ts mgs o t BuNo one could enter the stupa itself, for otmplto. At t top s it was completely sealed. The stupa was ug, uot stup. It psts t not a place to house worshippers, but an enclosure for relics of the Buddha. Traditll us usg—t Vo, tionally Buddhists paid homage at holy o .
T
sites by walking around them (circumambulation). At Sanchi a stone walkway was built around the stupa at a height of 16 feet (4.8 meters) above the ground. A staircase enabled worshippers to reach it.
98
BUDDHISM
CHinEsE PAgoDAs
I C t stup ol to t pgo, tll, multsto tow. Cs pgos otgol sp
lws o um o stos, gg om t to 13. Lk t I stups, t los Bust ls. At Busm ws pt C pgos spg up tougout t out. Bult om k, sto, woo, touss su , ot g t ol mg stutu om log-go most. O o t most mpss s t Bg Goos Pgo, ult ou t ml o t st tu, stg t om Cs ptl o Cg (to’s X’).
The stupa at Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh, India. Today, around 50 historic Buddhist and Hindu monuments remain at Sanchi and are visited by tourists rom all over the world.
The Arts and Buddhism
99
Small stone stupas on the terraces o the giant stupa at Borobadur, Indonesia. The entire stupa shows in stone the path humankind can ollow to reach nirvana according to the Mahayana tradition. 100
BUDDHISM
T sp o Busm om C to Ko, Vtm, Jp ougt wt t t multsto pgo ttul stl. B t st tu c.e. pgos w ou ll t outs. T w ot pt o omplxs tt lu stu ts ulg o ll o wosp. T wosp ll ws ostut to ost ss o lgous lg. Usull t omous oo o ts g, spous to. Yt t lgt ws ot too gt, so tt o t pop ss o w o t lg mg o t t. Outs, lg to t wosp ll, ws mol gtw ot wt mgs o t gu ts o M Busm. BuRMEsE PAgoDAs
I Mm (oml Bum) t top o t stup m logt to stt sp. O o t most utul xmpls s t Swgo tmpl t Ygo (oml Rgoo). T tmpl ots gt s s o t Bu. Bulg pgos took o uqu ug Bum. At Kg Awt sz t Bust sptus om t Mo t o Tto ou 1060, ougt tm k to s ptl, Pg, jwl ss o wt lpts. H stt ulg pgos to mostt s lgous pt. T lt, poo lk, w sp to jo t ot so t oul g sptul mt, o goo km. Fom t 1044 to out 1300 Bum’s kgs ommos wt o z o ulg. A 11t-tu sto to tlt ss kg wo p sx oxts o sl o tss to ul pgo s m. Kgs w mg t sts. O tt to xut kl l oul st tw t ks o t pgo. P ws o ojt, o Pg m pospous toug t wt I S Lk.
mOnastEry COmPLExEs At t sm tm tt stups pgos w spg toug As, lopmts w tkg pl ot k o ulg: The Arts and Buddhism
101
a FOrEst OF tOwErs
I
n the space of 250 years, 5,000 pagodas were built at Pagan in Myanmar (Burma), creating a veritable forest of towers on the plain where the city stands. The total works out to about two pagodas each month. All were different—some ornate, some simple, large and small. Many were lavishly decorated with wall paintings and sculptures. Pagan’s enormous effort was unprecedented in history. The frantic construction came to an end when the Mongol chief Kublai Khan defeated the Burmese in battle. Pagan never regained its former political greatness. Over time many of the pagodas deteriorated or were destroyed. Even so, about 2,000 remain today, a ghostly reflection of the city’s past greatness.
t Bust most. Ts stutu osst o p lls (chaityas) lg quts ( viharas) wt ul lls o t moks. Somtms ts lls ms w ot ult o woo o sto ut w out o lg ok omtos. Rok-w ttu ppl to t Bust moks o sl sos. Fst, t ws ul stl. So, su wllg otu t tto o mts sts lg s. T, t mouts w lot slu s. T mout m t pt stu o Bust moks. CAvE MonAsTERiEs
Som o ts sto-w ostutos gw to mms sz. Lookg t ts gt ttu-sulptus to, t sto s mz to lz tt t w xt moks wo t l w . Fst oll pl ws s. T t sulptos t uttg oug opg tt ultmtl m t s lg. Ts pmtt tm to wok k ow toug us o squ s o sol sto tull to t m foo. T uwt ok ws mo t t ok stll m t t ws sp to oug oms usg o pks. Fll t sg ws o wt sls. ChaITYa AnD VIhara DEsign
A sto stup ws pl wt t chaitya ll. T chaitya ll s log m two ows o olums. I ou , o ps, t two sls mt u ou t stup, w ols ls tsus o t most. T viharas, o moks’ quts, w gll sg s op squ lls 102
BUDDHISM
ppo oow toug po. T oow ws l smll lls o t moks p to t ok. H mms o t sg l, mtt, slpt los poxmt to t p ll t stup. As t pstl ommut s mo lls w xt t w. I t ous o tm smll stu ooms w . Etull omplx most ws t. It osst o t ommo oom, to, kt, tk o t wt suppl, lls. T mosts w ts o Bust lg gt Bust t. AJAnTA CAvEs
T mosts w ptull ot o t wll muls. T gtst o t I muls t Ajt t sout go o I kow s t D. Lot o g lu t tow o Aug, t s slt moks s l s 200 b.c.e. O t 30 s tt so,
Looking across the pagodas o Pagan, Myanmar, at sunset.
The Arts and Buddhism
103
View o the Ajanta Caves, near Aurangabad, India. In addition to the many images o the Buddha and scenes rom his lie, the caves also display scenes rom the Jataka tales. Other legends are illustrated, such as the temptation o the Buddha by the beautiul daughters o Mara and the legendary incident when the Buddha, taunted by an unbeliever, took the shape o a thousand buddhas to convince him o his divinity.
104
BUDDHISM
chaityas, o pls o wosp, t st viharas w t moks l. T st ws o t 650 c.e. ot so utl 1819. T gloous Ajt muls w sp ot mjo ttos o Busm—M T. Fom foo to lg t wlls swl wt olo om. T sto ws pp pplg ss o sus, g wt t ot o wt plst. At t pt ws ppl t muls w pols to g tm lust tt t tus ol slgtl ms. E t m lgt t Ajt ptgs s wt stog, olos. T sujt mtt s ttkg o o t Bu’s l tgs. O mms ptg o t lg Bu ppg o s parinirvana s gl to t t su om t mout o t . T mog sows pl oss t Bu’s , w sms to g xpsso t lgt. I to, t tsts pt ss om ol upp-lss
I l—pol to ommmot t ptos wo sposo t sg tt fous t s. Sols ou ts to tsu to o omto out I l o t po.
DunHuanG CaVEs
T
he largest surviving source of early Chinese painting is at the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas at Dunhuang. The walls contain pictures of all stages of the Buddha’s life. All the favorite buddhas and bodhisattvas of the Chinese Mahayana faith are included. Artists here also portrayed vivid images of the different heavens on the way to nirvana. Even Xuanzang appears in scenes that show the hardships of his pilgrimage to India.
tiBEtan arts T t o Tt s lmost tl lgous, us o t mos ttos o Tt Busm. T most ommo om o t s t pt ( tanka). T tankas ug s tmpls t ml lts; t lms possos us to llustt smos. Bss t Bu, t sujt mtt o t tankas lus ot Bus, ostts, mous lms. T Bu ot ols tuolt, smol o t Tt tto, o ll, w smolzs t Vo. Aot tto o Tt ptg s t ml, gomt gu—usull l s squ—tt s g s t “wllg o t go.” At t t s gu o t Bu o ot t. Suoug t tstll tt smols ptos o ot gos lgous ss. T ojt tsl s us to g suptul pows. Som mls ostut s o o utt o sp mos, t w t sto. Tt sulptu ot ol uss utt ut lso pous mtls ot mo pmt susts. Hug mgs pl t tmpls, smll os o ml ss. T out mtu mgs wt tm s “pokt ss.” Wt t sz o t mg, t ots t t k tt s ll wt olls o ps o s ls. Ts pl wt t gu t mo out lm. (T otts somtms ll “s tsts.”) Tt t s lso pou umous tul ojts, t most mous o w s t p wl. Ts s ou mtl s o l tt ols o stk. Mts, o ps,
The Arts and Buddhism
105
t g o t l o pl s o pp. B tug t l pso g t sm mt o s woul tg t mt—xpt, o ous, t l ott mo qukl t tg t wos lou. . ZEn arts Z Busm mpott fu o Jps ts, w took o m o t spts o t st tsl. Z ts s t lus o smplt, ustt, put, mpss o t lm tt oms om mtto. O s ts t tpl Jps Bust most. It s ostut o pl us woo wt wtws plst. T s o sulp-
A Tibetan Buddhist monk in the process o making a mandala while on a teaching and study tour in Vancouver, Canada. By meditating on the mandala, a person can attain clarity and insight. 106
BUDDHISM
tu, o wosp o t Bu s -mpsz. T wol popl o M Bust gus s st. At t t o t most s t mtto ll. T l, su mpott pt o ot sts’ mosts, s lss mpott, o t Bust sptus lso -mpsz. T ttu s smpl utol. TEA CEREMony
O uqu Jps om tt os t 16t tu ws t t mo. B tto Es, wo ougt Rz Z to Jp om C, lso ougt t. H ot t kg o lt to kp osl lt ug mtto. O tm lot t tul lop w momt ppg, sg, kg t s gl ps. I smpl woo ulg t ptpts t toug low oo. B ts t t uml tmsls. Wt t s lttl utu o oto xpt utul ojt, su s fow o t spg, lo low tl ou w t ptpts s t. T t t utsls w t s w s sp smpl. E to, om t poug o olg wt to t kg, s oogp. It s l tt t smpl, tulz momts lp t ptpts ls t ms o otmplto. siMPliCiTy AnD EMPTinEss
Z lso t Jps ptg. I kpg wt t mpss o t M o Bus ostt s, t w o lgous ss. Ist Z pts pou potts o Z msts. Ts smpl, lst, psologll ut potts mog t gtst pou. How, Z s fu sul s wll s lgous t. Most mpott, t Dot o Emptss (t Vo) sp tsts to “sow wt s ot sow.” Jps pts o ot ll ss o pp wt usstoks. Mu o t sp oup t ptg s mpt—t lst to t . T m lls t wt wt t tst s suggst. The Arts and Buddhism
107
The most amous Zen garden in the world is at Ryoanji Temple in Kyoto, Japan. It contains no living thing; 15 careully placed rocks rest on white raked sand. This abstract design is a garden that involves the mind and invites meditation. 108
BUDDHISM
Z lso fu gs. T Jps fu t Cs w o g s wol mtu. T sstl lmts o Cs Cs gs w oks (mplg mouts), wt, plts. T Jps took ts stp ut smplg t lmts mo. “THE TRuE floWER”
GrasPinG tHE innEr sPirit
T
he Zen Buddhist tradition infused the painting style known as sumi-e. Artists used only black ink and a brush to produce subtle shades from light gray to black. Often the picture consisted of little more than swirls—which, however, suggested much more. “It takes only one blade of grass to show the wind’s direction” was a Japanese saying. Other artists used the “flung-ink” “flung-ink” style to give the art a feeling of spontaneity. The goal was to grasp the inner spirit of the subject, creating a world of suggestion rather than explicit forms.
Altoug t No tt uss m lmts o t Jps m, t sts o Z gol. Its ojt s to pot mgs tt go o wos. I slow momts momts tt sml , , t msk tos tll stos o usl ppl. How tu Z so No m ts mo toug tuto t sttmt. T tst o jugmt o No pom s wt t posssss “t tu fow.” “T tu fow” s to St Gutm msl. A sto out t Bu tlls o oso w ws st ou plgms wo om to m p t lw.. T Bu l up fow sl. T ow ws mslw t xpt o Ksp, wo look t t fow sml wl. Bu sw tt ustoo “tt w gos o t wo.” Ksp m t st o t 28 Gt Pts—t lst g Bom, wo ougt t Mtto Sool om I.
The Arts and Buddhism
109
CHAPTER 7
THE YEAR IN BUDDHISM
A
s mgt ppos ppos o t lst o t m, wom, l gt t t Bust tmpl o Co. H, t t Jps t t o Koto, Koto, moks pp o t mos tt wll us t Nw Y. Extl t mgt goup tks ol o ug log stks t o t gst ll 108 tms. T p sou ts tougout t t g g. At o t stoks o t ll t moks t o o t lts o umk. Cl om ow wt sts o op, lgtg o t t tmpl fm. T wll tk t ug ops om to kl t kt lgt t ls t t ousol ss. Ts s t o gg g, tm o op wl. Ttoll, t s o Nw Y popl p t ts, l t oms, ougt w lots, xg gts to stt t wt l slt. T mos t to t Bust s o t puto. Toug t Nw Y gs o t s o t Bust outs wt lu ls (s o t moo’s Novice monks holding alms bowls, ready to leave their temple in Myanmar (Burma) to go on their daily alms round to collect ood and temple oerings rom the nearby lay community.
110
BUDDHISM
The Year in Buddhism
111
pss), popl w mk t t ow so. Fqutl t Nw Y D s tow ol o w o wok s o, popl sp t tm stg, g, sgg, plg gms. E om o lto s fu lol tol ustoms s og to t Bust tto o tt go. I to to Nw Y t t, t, lgtmt o t Bu lt ll ttos, ltoug ts m ou t t tms t lu l. T op fxl spt o t Bust lgo ms m oms o tul oto.
ritEs OF PassaGE T pt o Busm os ot, sttl spkg, qu tmpl o t tsso o mok. Ao ollow t tgs o Busm s o l l. T tmpls po ug o tos wo ws to ot tmsls mo pl to t tgs o t Bu. Mms o t sg, ow, qutl ll o to ptpt mos mkg mpott ts popl’s ls—t, mg, t. BiRTH
Customs om out to out. I most T outs, w l s o ts pts tk t to t lol tmpl to g m. T s lss t moks spkl wt ol wt. A wx l s lt tlt o ts s so tt t ops o molt wx ll to owl o wt. Ts mo smolzs t omg togt o t ou lmts: t, , , wt. MARRiAgE
At som T mg mos t oug m wom go to t lol tmpl wt t s ltos. A log otto t s wou ou t mg o t Bu t ou ll tos pst. Smolll ut o ommut, t oggto ts t mok gs 112
BUDDHISM
s lssg. T t mok uts two ps om t t ws o ou t wst o t goom. T goom ws t ot ou s ’s wst—moks ot suppos to tou wom. How, som Bust outs moks o ot tt wgs, us t s g s luk. funERAls
Moks spl ol t Bust uls. W mm o ousol s mok s summo to t spl smos t sut o t . How, uls ot ol mxtu o lgous ttos pts, wt t Bust lmt ol o o pps two o t t tul spts. Fo xmpl, C Dost ps l stos s mpott s t moks’ ps o goo to. Dt ts ommol otu o um o s, ug w t ml ts moks to t t ousol. Ts s o o to ts mt to t pso, s o s s ot umult oug goo km. Som mls ommmot t t t ot ml t mots lt o t st ’s s o t t.
rELiGiOus OBsErVanCEs Busts ot qu to tt gul ss t tmpl, s Csts o o Su o Jws o t St (F gt to Stu). No o Busts sp l tms o p s Muslms o. But T Busm out lpsos m os “st” ll t uposatha. Ts lls o t 1st, 8t, 15t, 23 s o t lu mot. T tul g ogs to t tmpl o ts s. Som m os t mg sluso to mtt us t tmpl o ts pupos. Ots m lst to lgous smos. O ts s t moks t t tmpl usull ogz spl ts tt lu mus, possos, wok spls. Dug t mosoo sso tt oms t g tms om Ju to Oto Soutst As, Busts os tm o pt tt s t qult o Cst Lt. Du The Year in Buddhism
113
g ts sso moks os stt lgous uts. Ts po s tm o most tt ll Vss ug w m oug os o ults m tk tmpo oto. Lpsos lso s t otos to t sg umult mt mttg lstg to suts.
Vassa
T
he rainy season is the time for an important religious observance called Vassa, or “Rain Retreat.” This is the time when young people may choose to enter the sangha. In most Buddhist countries every boy over the age of seven is supposed to enter the sangha
at least temporarily. He lives in the monastery for about two weeks for a vigorous religious training. In some countries it is also common for adult males to enter the sangha temporarily at this time to accumulate merit for themselves.
A Burmese boy having his head shaved on taking temporary ordination as a novice monk at the beginning o the month o Vesakha, the start o the rains.
114
BUDDHISM
Ts tto m t olst o o t lgo. It ts om t tm w t Bu msl, log wt s spls, w toug otst I pg t m. T sso, w t tos o Soutst As s s, qu tt t Bu s ollows sk pl o ug wl t lst.
FEstiVaL OF LiGHt
I
n Southeast Asia the end of the threemonth rainy season and the period of retreat called Vassa is celebrated in special ways. Theravada Buddhists in Southeast Asia, for example, celebrate Tavatimsa, which commemorates the Buddha’s return to earth from heaven. According to tradition the Buddha ascended to the Tavatimsa heaven, one of the realms of existence, during Vassa and passed on the teachings to his mother. Many villages and towns are decorated with oil lamps, candles, and electric lights that burn all night long. The lights symbolize the enlightenment that the Buddha brought back to earth.
FEstiVaLs CELEBratinG BuDDHism I m Bust outs ts t l o t Bu ommmot t t tms o t . O ts s popl st tmpl gg ogs o s, lot, fows, mo. Ot mo lot ltos ol o t lol ommut, mu s Cstms s lt pomtl Cst outs. vEsAkHA PuJA
I Tl, Cmo, Los, S Lk t Bu’s t, lgtmt, pssg to l to ll o t sm t s. I t T l ts s mk t Vsk Puj o t ull moo o t so mot o lu . (T stl s lso kow ms su s Bsk Pum Npl Bu Pum I.) Popl gt t tmpls to p omg to t Bu wt lgts, ls, oo, ot ogs. Coloul possos wlk ou t tmpl t tms oo o t Bu, m, sg lst to smos o t Bu tt lst t wol gt. Stts ouss lt wt lmps to smolz t Bu’s lgtmt, ss om Bust stos t, g s ugt s st s ts o ompsso. The Year in Buddhism
115
First FEast OF OBOn
T
he ceremony of placing paper boats containing offerings on streams and lakes during the Japanese festival of Obon stems from a Buddhist story that is much beloved in Japan. A young man named Mokuren had a dream of his mother in Gaki, the Hell of Starvation. Spirits were punished there by having lavish feasts set before them, but when the spirits raised the food to their mouths it turned into flames. Mokuren, the story goes, asked the Buddha how to redeem his mother from this torment. The Buddha advised him to practice purity and kindness and to study the sutras. Mokuren became a bhikkhu and after many years dreamed that he had accumulated enough merit to set his mother free. In gratitude he set out a wondrous feast for the villagers. This was the first Feast of Obon.
HAnA MATsuRi AnD oBon
I Jp Busts lt H Mtsu, t Bu’s t, o Apl 8. Ttoll popl pou t o t mgs o t Bu tmpls oms. Spl Z ols lso ou t t tms o t . Som o ts, su s Bom D, ommmot mpott gus t sto o Z. A popul Jps ol s t Fst o Oo. O ts , tto, t souls o t om to mgl wt t lg. Popl t t gos s o ll-gt st. At w t lg pl lttl pp ots—olg ls, ut, fows— stm o lk. T ots o t souls o t . EsAlA PERAHERA
O o t most oloul Bust ltos tks pl K, t S Lk. T Tmpl o t Toot K ouss t most pous o S Lk Bust ls— toot o t Bu tt ws ou t s mto. T l s los wt s jwl skts tt op. How, August, o t st o Esl P, pl o t most skt s toug t tolt stts o t k o lpt mgtl outtt wt omtl og. Cows o plgms om o t oso. ARRivAl of THE DHARMA
I t Hml kgom o Skkm, w t Tt om o Busm s omt, joul oloul lto tks pl M. Ts s t s o Pmsm’s l Tt wt t m. Bgtl ostum “mos” gt 116
BUDDHISM
t stts, o mo tg to s Pmsm w. A lm wg -lookg msk tks t ol o Pmsm uss s mgl tqus to qus t mos. Lg t tumpl posso lms wg smul llow ts tt lso g o utot Tt, Mogol, Npl.
LiFE witHin tHE sanGHa Fom t gg t sg—t os o moks us— oup spl pl Busm. Wl t Bu ws l stls t sg so tt popl oul ot tmsls ull to s Ml W. I t T ommut t ol w o out mm s to tt s to t t sg, o ol toug t most l o ompltl ollow t Egtol Pt. Fo tt so t s ommo to pl oug os most. At t g o gt t low om o oto ll “t Gog Fot.” T l s ss s st lots to t most s t; s lts jo t posso. RECEiving A Monk’s PossEssions
At t oo, mtto o t Bu, t l sts o s lotg s s o os. Hs s s s g t ggg owl t ot possssos o mok. As o wll pl t o two moks. O wll s ompo, t ot s t. T o postts msl o t ompo ous s tto to tk ug t Bu, t m, t sg. Dug t tm t t most t oug os tugt t T Ppts tt t must t to ollow. Ts som o t most uls st ow t Bu, w kow s t V. The Year in Buddhism
117
TAking oRDinATion
T oug os lso tugt t two l tus o wsom ompsso, tt otg soul l just us t s tto o t s s t. A o wo ooss to st wll l oto t t g o 20. T Bust oto mo s oml mpss. It ol pom goup o t lst 10 moks. T o must qust oto t tms, gg t m o s t qustg o wo opposs s oto to spk. H s w m t gmts, lug out o s wll s lok. Tt must ollow stt o o mo t 220 uls, ll t Ptmoks. T pou mos o omg Bust u sml. I t o s u 20 o s m o mo t 12 s, s must s poto po o two s. Dpg o t tto u’s gmts lu o o tu skt lt. MonAsTiC lifE
tHE tEn PrECEPts
N
ovice Buddhist monks are taught 10 precepts, or rules. They are:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
To refrain from taking life To refrain from stealing To refrain from sexual activity To refrain from lying To refrain from intoxicating substances To refrain from eating after midday To refrain from the use of perfumes and personal adornment 8. To refrain from seeing public entertainment 9. To refrain from grand beds 10. To refrain from accepting gold or silver
118
BUDDHISM
A tpl lg most lus moks’ ll, w t mms slp ul lls, sg ll w t gt to t, t suts lou, out mtgs out most usss. T m lso ll w mgs o t Bu ostts t s to mtto. Mosts lso lu lg ls w t m txts sptus o t lgo sto. Fll t s m ll w moks p to t lt. T ttol l o t most s t to po sutl sttg o moks us to pusu t gol o
lgtmt. T mms o t sg s l ot tmsls to mtto. I m ttos, t t ppopt tm, mms o t most ommut m l t most to ollt lms, somtms tg ms o gg gog to ttt ttto to t ggg. I t T tto t ml t t most s tk o oo s t ol ml o t . TEACHing AnD oTHER DuTiEs
As wll s stg tmpls to o oto p, mms o t lt gt to smos om t moks sk qustos. Mmozg, psg, tg t m s t gtst s mok pom o ots. Som p pul pls o o smll gtgs oms. T lt ot pl oo fows o t o t Bust p.
Buddhist Theravada monks and novices collecting ood on their daily alms round in Myanmar. Oering ood is a way or lay people to accumulate merit. Besides ood, laypersons will also oer the monastic community owers, incense, and donations or books or printing religious literature. Financial help will also be given toward the running costs o the monastery and increasingly to support community work such as health, environmental, or education projects.
The Year in Buddhism
119
B ustom soul ot p utl s qust t tms ut t n Theravada countries, there are wll t o wo sl sks. “observance days” or uposatha on the Utl tl, ptull T days of the quarter moon, new moon, and outs, t moks w t m Bufull moon. These are days of more intenst ts. sive meditation and reflection. It is also an I t l g moks ot opportunity for laypersons to make spessml t sg ll to lou cial offerings or listen to the dharma from om t sptus suss t ow the monks. On new moon and full moon sptul os. Mosts ot days, the senior monk in the sangha hall ogz s sptul . A asks the other resident monks to declare openly their faults and misdeeds. Any mpott sos must g o monk who knows he is guilty and remains umousl. No o t moks plg silent is committing a voluntary falseo, s Cst mosthood, violating the rule of the sangha. s. I pt, ow, t moks Very rarely, and only for specified serious ssg sp uts tt ol offenses, a monk may be expelled from utot. Som o xmpl g the sangha. o tg t os, ots sups t most g, so ot. A ol mok s usull pt s t l o t goup o ot o t most.
OBsErVanCE Days
I
DiffEREnT foRMs AnD PRACTiCEs
Most Bust mosts to ollow sml pts to t os tt s . How, just s t pt o t lgo s lop m t oms, so s t l o t sg. Bus t lt g mt otg oo, lot, mo, ot gts to t most, t l s o t moks po wtout t sst o ggg wt owl. E so t pt s su s smol o t mok’s wtwl om o l. Som sg ommuts o ot t fs o s; ots wll pt tm t ml ws ot kll o t l. Moks lso pmtt to pt ttos to mls t t oms o lpsos. Stt ttos lso su, somtms potst gst t mo ll, woll ustoms o t sg u s. 120
BUDDHISM
Women in Seoul, South Korea, parade through the streets with lanterns to celebrate the Buddha’s birthday on the eighth day o the ourth lunar month o the year. The celebrations carry on well into the evening, lighting up the streets.
I S Lk “ost moks” tt to t mot s o t out to l s o tts, mttg o t m. T ttt plgms wo mk log jous to g tm lms lst to t smos. Ot sg ommuts t. A ommut o 60 oug moks t t 18t-tu most o Amsglt Mogol, lss t 80 mls om t Russ o, s ttmptg to stls Bust most ultu om st t t lgo ws suppss Sot Commusts 1938. T Bust sg s pt to t mo wol. Gt mpss s g to ptl sol om. T lt oug to ogo gg lms st t to suppot t sg’s stlsmt o sools, osptls, slts o t omlss. Bust sgs jo ttol ogztos, w mt to suss otmpo ssus su s ul smmt, ttol just, um gts.
The Year in Buddhism
121
CHAPTER 8
BUDDHISM TODAY
A
s w t t 21st tu Busts xplog t ws tt t tto lts to t gg sol, ultul, poltl stutos t wol ou tm. T mo ultull toll s t o. Just 100 s go Busm ws stll ml t ts As tpl. To t s ou t wol. I t s Busts om mo soll gg. Busts wok tl wt t poo, t omlss, t t, t g, tos pso. I S Fso Busts u mjo AIDS ouslg s. Busts Nw Yok t lsss t Tt lgug ultu to l o Tt ugs. I Tw Bust ogztos ul osptls otut to sst l. Aou t wol Busts om mo poltll w. T mpg gst ul wpos, t ms t, t stuto o t omt.
A statue o the Buddha entering parinirvana in Wat Pho, the Temple o the Reclining Buddha, in Bangkok, Thailand. This statue, measuring almost 151 eet (46 meters) long and more than 49 eet (15 meters) high, was made in 1832; the temple itsel dates back to 1688. 122
BUDDHISM
Buddhism Today
123
Bust sols otu to xm t Bust tgs lgt o mo- polms su s um gts ml ts. T wok to po ollows wt guls o lg upgt l.
suPPrEssiOn anD rEViVaL in asia I t 16t tu t st Euop ts S Lk. Wt t l Bust outs out Euop ultu. Euops soo oloz outs su s S Lk (t ll Clo), Mm (t ll Bum), Los, Cm o, Vtm. Cst mssos ollow g to g ots. W T Busm o fous, t g to lt. I t 19t tu gowg ss o tolsm g to swp toug sout As. I m outs tolsm l to stgtg o Busm. T Bust l g Tl (t ll Sm), w Euops oloz. Kg Rm IV (. 1851–68) Bust mok o omg kg. H stgt oms t sg g to moz s out. Sml ots w tkg pl lsw. I Mm Kg Mo (. 1853–78) m Bust l gol. I S Lk 1873 Busts t Mtost mst Bust mok to t t mts o t two lgos. T Bust wo wspps ou t wol pot t t, tg w tussm o t Bust t. I 1892 Agk Dmpl, S Lk, ou t st ttol Bust ogzto, t Mo Sot. O o ts gols ws to ut ll Busts. T ots to tlz t sg sout As w lgl sussul. Ttol T Busm ms t omt lgo S Lk, Mm, Cmo, Los, Tl. lAos AnD CAMBoDiA
T s o ommust gms Los Cmo t 1975 mt sst o Busm t. I Los t gomt u124
BUDDHISM
tl t tts o t sg ut ot out t psuto o t lgo. T Km Roug Cmo, ow, t to stmp out t lgo tl. T gm slugt moks us sto t sg. O pol 65,000 moks Cmo lost ll ut out 3,000— wol gto o ts most gl ut popl. Busm s gu to fous g t um o moks s ow ou 60,000. How, t popl wo woul pss o t ttos o t t lg lgl go, s gto o ts ws t lgous tg s t s sult. koREA
Ko ws oloz o us s s o Euops. T Kos tmsls t Ctol psts om C um ot to Cstt. How ts st w o Csts ws oltl suppss t Cou gm t lt-19t tu Cstt mo o lss out. It pp o t Wol W II (1939–45), lgl l Am Potstt mssos. Busm ws lso mglz t Cou gm, ut ot sto. S t w t s lost som o ts stg suppot to Cstt, ut mosts us otu to fous. PERsECuTion in CHinA
I C Busm su o o t wost pos o psuto ts sto s sult o t ollps o t ol mpl o t t 1911 oluto ougt sul pul, t, most tsl, u t ul o ommusm. Fom t 1950s ow Busm ws stt log wt ll ot lgos. Dug t o po o t Cultul Roluto (1966–75) Busm ws pus lmost to t g o sul s mosts tmpls w los ow, sto, o o t to tos; sttus o t Bu w sms, mlt ow, o smpl tow w; s txts w u. Ts o touss o Bust moks us w psut kll. Buddhism Today
125
S t l 1980s Busm, log wt ll t mjo ts C, pt opl. Hus o mosts touss o tmpls sto o ult t Bust sg s o g sgt o wt C. REsTRiCTions in viETnAM
Vtm, oloz t F, lop stog mot o Ctols. I Not Vtm ll lgo su u t Commusts, Comm usts, ut Busm m t t ultu. ult u. I Sout Vtm Bust moks, som o wom u tmsls to t potst, mostt mostt out t oupto o upto o t Sout Vtms gomt ts ll ll,, t Ut Stts. Wt t to o t Not o t Sout t Ut Stts 1976, Busm ws sl stt. L o Busts s om s t s, toug t stll sttos sttos polms. To t s stmt tt 70 pt o Vtms Bust. gRoWTH in JAPAn
I t l 17t tu t Jps m lm t wt t os og tmpg wt Jps s. Jp xpll t Cst mssos, mt m Jps Cstts, los ts pots to lmost ll ogs. Soo tw ll Jps w o to l Jp. T out ws tl sut o om t st o t wol o t xt 200 s. I t m-19t tu Jp op ts pots m Wst tolog. It soo lop to wol pow. Altoug Jp’s ol lgo ws Sto, ts ous oms o M M Busm otu to t s tl o t l o ts popl. S t o Wol W II t Jps sg s wok to w lpsos to t ptpto t lgo. Youg popl’s goups, pul ltus susso lsss, sol gtgs pt o t Jps Bust l. Toug w oms o Busm ttt m ollows, t t sts stll t. Jps Busts pl 126
BUDDHISM
People worship at a Buddhist B uddhist temple on Taketomi Island near Okinawa in Japan. The temple has been run by a nun and her husband, a monk. In Japan, women have or many years played an important part in maintaining Buddhist teaching and practice. Buddhism Today
127
t pt gg t oms o Busm, spll Z, to Euop t Ut Stts. BuDDHisM RETuRns To MongoliA
Mogols pt Busm s t 16t tu. W t ommusts m to pow t ll pt o lgo. Dug t 1930s mo t 20,000 moks w
128
BUDDHISM
xut 800 mosts sto. A w sug moks kpt t lgo l mtg st. I 1990 ull lgous om tu to Mogol. Moks us, ow ll, tu to t tmpls tt w lt. I t ptl, Ult, t G most tu to musum. It s ow tmpl g, ll wt lpsos s wll s tg moks us. Mosts ult t 16t 18t tus ow g sto. T s lso g s t um o Mogol oug popl wo omg moks us. Bust sools t plosop, log, lgug s wll s t mus tt s us Bust mos. Mogol Bust t sulptu lso g usg lss mtls tqus.
tHE traGEDy OF tiBEt Fo l 400 s Tt s ul Bust moks, wt t Dl Lm s ts sul lgous l. Tts l m to to o t Bostt Alokts. I 1950 C Tt. Two s lt C x ts smll out Tt ougl l, mkg l to Cs pos.
Rongbuk Tibetan Buddhist monastery, the highest monastery in the world at 16,700 eet (5,060 meters). In the distance is the north ace o Mount Everest. The monastery was built in 1899 but destroyed during China’s Cultural Revolution. Prior to its destruction there were more than 500 monks and nuns. The monastery and nunnery have since been restored and a smaller Buddhist community has been reestablished here. Buddhism Today
129
T ut Dl Lm, o 1935, s t 14t l tt stts k mo t 640 s. Bust psts slt m to t xt l w ws two s ol. T s ut m. I 1950, t t g o 15, m t ul o Tt. suPPREssion AnD iMPRisonMEnT
Fo s t oug ul t to gott wt t Cs. T Cs, o t pt, s t w g t Tt popl om t s ul o t Bust moks. I 1959, ou t t o Ls, popl os up gst t Cs. I puttg ow t upsg Cs toops kll s m s 87,000 Tt tzs. T Dl Lm, t 24 s ol, f oss t Hmls to Dmsl, I. H s l t xl s. I t l s o t Cs oupto, mo t 1.2 mllo Tts . T Cs sto mo t 6,200 mosts. T mpso moks us. T took t Bust tsus—jwls, gol, sl, sttus, ol tms—k to C sol tm. T lso pl m ojts musums, ot sg to sow ow tl l ws u Bust ul. As t sttos o lgo Tt s, som o ts ojts tu to mosts. To t s possl to pt Busm qut l s log s t mg o t Dl Lm s ot spl o t-Cs popg ssmt. ElECTion of REligious lEADERs
I 1995, t Dl Lm os sx--ol o to t xt P Lm, t so-gst lgous gu Tt Busm. T Cs gomt jt t Dl Lm’s o stll ot o st. B tg t slto o t P Lm, t op to otol t utu o Tt lgo. I 1999 t 15--ol o wom t so Tt lms o t Kgu Sool—o o t m sools o Tt Bu130
BUDDHISM
sm, log wt Glugp, Ngm, Sk— os s Kmp, ot g-kg lgous gu, sp om Tt. T Cs pousl pt ts oug m. T ow s ws ot popl os ou ot pso wom t lm s t tu Kmp. T Dl Lm ow mts gomt--xl Dmsl. I pmts m s ollows to go tmsls s log s t I’s lws. I 1989 t Dl Lm wo t Nol P Pz o s oolt ots to s out. H s tl ou t wol stg wol lgous poltl ls. REligious PRACTiCE in TiBET
S t 1980s mosts Tt, s C s wol, xtsl ult otu to uto, lt wt lmt popultos o moks us wo p gomt stp. I t s moks us stt t tto o log-tm mtto tts. Bust ooks lg mtls puls wl, lug tos o txts tougt to lost. Lkws l Busts to pt t lgo opl. A poltl sst mog mosts, ow, s l pss pus.
BuDDHism mOVEs wEst I t 19t tu Bts, Gm, F sols g to tslt som o t Bust sptus to Euop lgugs. Som Euops ou tm w wsom w pspt. Dug t 20t tu Busm ws stls most o wst Euop. It m ps ot ol F, Gm, t Ut Kgom ut lso Aust, Swtzl, t Ntls, Blgum, Itl, Hug, Pol, S, Sp, G. I st Euop Tt Busm om to Russ om Mogol t 17t tu. It oll ogz lgo t s t 1700s. Wt t s o ommusm t lgo ll o tms. Mosts w sto o tu Buddhism Today
131
to pul ulgs. To Busm s o g o t s t om Sot Uo. T u mosts g sto w os g ult. People listen to a sermon rom a Buddhist monk who preaches the teachings o Buddha in their new temple in Hampton, Minnesota.
132
BUDDHISM
BuDDHism COmEs tO amEriCa I t m-1800s goup o Nw Egl wts m tst t tougt plosop o As. T l tt t ws spt o lt tt ts, o os o,
l, so t w ll ttHE inFLuEnCE OF D. t. suZuki stlsts. O mm o t goup t the invitation of his Zen master the ws H D Tou, wo wot young D. T. Suzuki made arrange Walden. Ts ook ss t s ments to go to Illinois as a translator of spt lg o-oom o t Buddhist texts. In his last meditation ses ks o Mssustts po ossion in Kamakura in Japan, he managed, g tu. Tou, lk m o t tin his words, to “break through”—meanstlsts, stu As tougt ing that he had achieved a higher degree l. H tslt t Lotus Sut om of insight. He was spiritually prepared for F so to Egls. Tou his work in the United States. m Busm tl, ut D. T. Suzuki’s work had a great influence. s mstl wtgs l t gou o He spent 11 years translating Buddhist texts and Japanese commentaries that tst mog tlltuls Busm. attracted a wide readership. Later, in the Mwl Busm tsl ws tg 1950s, he returned to the United States t Ut Stts o t Wst Cost. to teach at Columbia University and othT Clo gol us o 1849 er schools. His lectures on Buddhism in ttt Cs posptos om oss general and Zen in particular attracted t P O. A w s lt loenthusiastic audiences. Millions read his s om C lp ul t tsbooks, such as Introduction to Zen Budottl lo. Cs mmgts dhism, Living by Zen, and The Essentials of t to l wok togt om Zen Buddhism. muts ll Ctows, w t ult Bust tmpls. Most o ts l mmgts w mms o t Pu L St, w lop C. Soo t, t st Jps ott woks m to wok o t plttos o Hw t t sls x t Ut Stts. Ts mmgts w lso pml o t Pu L o Busm. T Pu L tto otu t s to pt o t Bust ttos o Am o C. I Hw t ws t gg o tto tt woul mk Busm t mjot lgo o t 50t stt.
A
BuDDHisM in THE AMERiCAn HEARTlAnD
I 1893 Busm m to t Am tl. Cgo ost t Colum Exposto tt lt t pogss Buddhism Today
133
o s tolog t Ut Stts. T ogzs to ogz t sptul s o umt s wll ogz Wol Plmt o Rlgos. Amog t Busts wo tt w Agk Dmpl Z mst m So Sku. At t plmt So Sku mt lgous puls wo ws lookg o tslto. T Z mst omm oug stut wo som kowlg o Egls. T stut ws Dstz Tto Suzuk, wo woul om tt kow s D. T. Suzuk (1870–1966) woul populz Z t Ut Stts so tt t m ousol wo. THE APPEAl of zEn BuDDHisM
W ws Z Busm so pplg to Ams? Pps o t sm so tt t As: It put ot t mssg tt popl soul mk t most out o t xst toug sl-spl, mtto, stuto tus ulllmt l. Z ts o to l CuLturaL DiFFErEnCEs t pst, w tt m Ams s. Fo t Z Bust t qult o clear division still remains between xp ow ssums pAmerican-born Buddhists and their mout mpot. Z lgtmt Asian-born counterparts. Both practice ossts o t so o t poou forms of the same religion but from widely mg o -to- xp. Ts differing cultural perspectives. American ws w o l tt oul pt Buddhists tend to focus on meditation and its techniques. Laypersons, particu wl kpg o’s ow lgo. larly women, play an important role. The Z t Am lttu Asian Buddhist experience, rooted in toug t wtgs o t “t” utos hundreds or thousands of years of tradio t 1950s, spll Jk Kou tion and culture, is more conservative. All Gsg. T tm beat author Moreover American Buddhism has been s wts wo ok t ooslow to develop a monastic tradition, the mt o t , us psso mainstay of much Asian Buddhism. For w moto s sous o spto the most part the two groups do not mix, t wok. T us t o tgyet each recognizes the other’s devotion to the same path. tl tkg, plots tt ot l pogsso, ts wo w ot
A
134
BUDDHISM
ll ts to glgt t kg wt oomt. To Z mtto ts ou tougout t Ut Stts. Z Busm lms mo t 9 mllo ts wolw. M Bust ttos ow ou t Ut Stts. Nw lgous momts s o Busm om om Jp, ot usg uotol oso mtos ptg oms o Busm ot ssl suppot t out o og. Tt Busm s om popul toug t gu o t Dl Lm, t oso o som g-pol sts su s R G, t popul wtgs o lms su s Cogm Tugp. Hs ooks o lg g op up o susso too s su s t po m popl wt ss o g gu toug l. Mtto ts ou mum-sz tow, m Bust tms, s, pts ow om ommopl wt ot mstm m t ugog ltt lt wol. Bust mgzs su s Tricycle Shambhala Sun ll o wssts, Busm sps t wok tkg o lg tsts su s t o-plosop Jo M pots su s G S. Busm s ow pt o t kop o otmpo Am. Fo m popl Busm s ot so mu lgo s tool. T Dl Lm s s s ot tst osos to Busm. H wts popl to om tt Csts o Jws, o wt t ogl t kgou s. Fo m Busm s plosop tt oms t ls, t t t w t l.
BuDDHism anD tHE FuturE I 1950 t Wol Fllowsp o Busts (WFB) ws ogz to ost llowsp mog t m t sools o Busm to sp t t. To t WFB s 140 gol ts mo t 40 outs, sg most o t wol’s Buddhism Today
135
Buddhist scholars (below) including the Dalai Lama met in Barcelona, Spain, in September 2007 to attend a conerence on “The Art o Happiness.” The Dalai Lama opened the Tibet House Foundation in Barcelona, met members o the Tibetan Buddhist community, and held meetings with other religious groups to urther interaith dialogue.
136
BUDDHISM
350 mllo Busts. I t 2000 t lt ts 50t s opg t Wol Bust Ust, ust wtout wlls Bgkok, Tl. Ts sool os uto tg t pts o t wol toug twok o Bust sttutos sols. T WFB woks to s wss o Busm. I 1999 t Ut Ntos omll ogz t lt tougout t Bust wol s t s o t t, lgtmt, parinirvana o t Bu, tus lzg o o t WFB’s mpott gols. Busm os m ts o t mo wol. Mo tpttos o t Bu’s l tgs u-
so s umt s tol ppo to t polms o um sug. M Bust sols stss t l o Bust tgs to pst- sol tl ssus. T Bust tg o ksp o ll lg tgs s ptull pplg wol wt omtl polms. Busts lm tt t lgo t ss o tul mot sot o wol p. T Bust mpss o ompsso wsom pos g ls o sot. Wt o ls lgous o olgous l, t tgs o t Bu mk o tk oug l o o o ots. I s Nol Pz pt sp Oslo, Now, o Dm 10, 1989, t Dl Lm quot ttol p. It summzs t g ls o Busm:
“For as long as space endures, And or as long as living beings remain, Until then may I, too, abide To dispel the misery o the world.”
Buddhism Today
137
FACT FILE woldde nbe The Buddhist aith is 2,500 years old and has some 370 million ollowers worldwide. Hol sbol The Buddhist holy symbol is that o a wheel with eight spokes, which is said to represent the Eightold Path to enlightenment.
Hol wg The Tipitaka (Pali version used by Theravada Buddhism) and Tripitaka (Sanskrit version used by Mahayana Buddhists) means “three baskets” and contains the discourses o the Buddha, rules or monks and nuns, and urther knowledge.
Hol Plce Each Buddhist country has its own pilgrimage sites. In India, sites in the north o the country that hold relevance to the Buddha are seen as important to all Buddhists. Fode The Buddhist aith arose rom a prince, Siddhartha Gautama, who came to understand suering and how to end it. It was ater this that he was given the title o Buddha, the enlightened one. Buddhists ollow the teachings o the Buddha. Fevl The dates, nature, and names o Buddhist estivals vary with the tradition, customs, and culture o the country. Celebrations are generally linked to events in the Buddha’s lie or events in Buddhist history. They involve people visiting a temple, bringing oerings o incense, cloth, owers, and money. Most estivals ollow a lunar calendar.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Alphonso-Karkala, John B. An Anthology o Indian Literature. New Delhi: Indian Council or Cultural Relations, 1987. Conze, Edward, ed. Buddhist Texts through the Ages. New York: Harper & Row, 1964. Dalai Lama. An Open Heart. Boston, Mass.: Little Brown, 2001. Dalai Lama. Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography o His Holiness the Dalai Lama o Tibet. London: Abacus, 1998.
138
BUDDHISM
De Bary, Theodore. The Buddhist Tradition in India, China, and Japan. New York: Random House, 1969. Hagen, Steve. Buddhism Plain and Simple. New York: Broadway Books, 1997. O’Brien, Joanne, Martin Palmer, David B. Barrett, and Joanne O’Brien. The Atlas o Religion. Berkeley, Cali.: University o Caliornia Press, 2007.
FURTHER READING Batchelor, Stephen. The Awakening o the West: The Encounter o Buddhism and Western Culture. Berkeley, Cali.: Parallax Press, 1994. Breuilly, Elizabeth, Joanne O’Brien, Martin Palmer, and Martin E. Marty. Religions o the World: The Illustrated Guide to Origins, Belies, Traditions & Festivals, Revised Edition. New York: Checkmark Books, 2005. Dalai Lama. The Compassionate Lie. Boston, Mass.: Wisdom Publications, 2003. Fontana, David. Discover Zen: A Practical Guide to Personal Serenity. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2001.
Murcott, Susan. The First Buddhist Women. Berkeley, Cali.: Parallax Press, 1991. Napthali, Sarah. Buddhism or Mothers o Young Children. Crows Nest, NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 2008. Prebish, Charles S. Historical Dictionary o Buddhism. Historical dictionaries o religions, philosophies, and movements, no. 1. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1993. Smith, Huston, and Philip Novak. Buddhism: A Concise Introduction. New York: HarperCollins, 2005.
Ikeda, Daisaku. Buddhism Day by Day: Wisdom or Modern Lie. Santa Monica, Cali.: Middleway Press, 2006.
Sivaraksa, Sulak. Confict, Culture, Change: Engaged Buddhism in a Globalizing World. Boston, Mass.: Wisdom Publications, 2005.
Khyentse, Jamyang. What Makes You Not a Buddhist. Boston, Mass.: Shambhala, 2008.
Vajragupta. Buddhism: Tools or Living Your Lie. Birmingham, U.K.: Windhorse Publications, 2007.
Maguire, Jack. Essential Buddhism: A Complete Guide to Belies and Practices. New York: Pocket Books, 2001.
WEB SITES Further acts and gures, history, and current status o the religion can be ound on the ollowing Web sites:
.elgoolece.og/bddh An outline o Buddhist belies and practices.
.bbc.co./elgo/elgo/bddh A comprehensive guide to Buddhism.
.bdh.og Buddhism in America.
.bobddh.og Inormation giving a basic understanding o Buddhism as an ancient religion and philosophy.
bddh.bo.co Origins, history, and basic doctrines o the aith.
BUDDHISM
139
GLOSSARY T sptus wtt Pl, t ahimsa—T oju o lg gs. alms—I Busm, t og o oo to moks I lgug. See also Theravada o t l ous, t oto o karma—Ltll, “.” A opt tt s goos mo to t mosts. ts ollows to lss l o t, Amitabha or Amida—T ostt wos t, t , og to o’s m ms “Bu o Boulss Lgt” s l, tms t oto o o’s wo wlls t ps ll t Pu t. L. koan(gong’an)—A l, tl, o sot sttmt arhat—A Bust mok wo s om ll us Z msts to g t stuts to llusos wo s psol su sgt. lgtmt. lama—Ltll, “supo o.” A Bust mok Avalokitesvara—T ostt wo looks o o t o Tt. s ots wt ompsso lo. T Mahayana—Ltll, “gt l.” O o t most popul ostt. two mjo oms o Busm, M bardo—A um soul tw t stgs o ts os t mo ll ptl. t t. Its sptus wtt Sskt. See also bhikkhu—A ull o mok wo s lt s Theravada om ou ll s possssos Maitreya—Ltll, “Fl O.” T oo to ollow t W o t Bu. stt wo mos t tus o ompsBodhitree—T o (g) t t w t so ol. mttg St Gutm st o Manjushri— Ltll, “Butul Auspous lgtmt. O.” T ostt wo mos t Bodhidharma— T lg mok wo tus o wsom loqu. ougt Busm om I to C t mantra—Rtul sou, wo, o ps us to sxt tu c.e. ok t lgous t. bodhisattva—A g t l stgs o tt- Mara—T psoto o l. T go o g uoo, wo s ow to lp ll t. stt gs , o lgt- nirvana— Ltll, “xtto.” T ultmt gol mt, o msl s t. o Busts, tz s t xtto Buddha—T “Elgt O.” o ot g t spt go. T stt Buddha nature—T tu t o p qutu tt xtgusstt g. T pottl o ttg g ll llusos. uoo. parinirvana— Dt o t Bu. chaitya—A ssml ll o moks. samsara— T otuous l o t, t, dharma—T ultmt lw, o ot, s tugt t. Bu, w ossts o t Fou Nol sangha—A ogz ssml o Bust Tuts t Egtol Pt. moks. dhyana—A stt o m toug g stupa—A om, o pgo, w s ls mtto. post. Hinayana—Ltll, “smll l.” A tm us sutra (sutta)—Ltll, “t” o “stg.” A t Msts to s l otosptu otg t tgs o t ox sts o Busm (T Sool). Bu. 140
BUDDHISM
Theravada—Ltll, “Sool o t Els.” t g ot (Bust plosop Also kow s hinayana. O o t two psolog). mjo oms o Busm, T s o- urna—A mk o t Bu’s o, tw s to t ogl otoox om s ows, tt sgs s gt tuto. o Busm. ushanisha—A potu top Bu’s TipitakaorTripitaka— Ltll, “t skts.” tt sgs s gt wsom. Aog to Bust l t sptus vihara—C wllgs o t moks. w sto t skts, g t ZenorChan—Foms o M Busm Bu’s tgs to t o o spl Jp C, sptl. o moks, s smos souss,
BUDDHISM
141
INDEX A Amm Ptk (“Bskt o Mtpss”) 80 A 32, 33, 35 arhat 63–64 ts 35, 61, 67–68, 92–109 Asok, Kg 36–40, 44 Alokts 60, 74 B Bt Emp, Busm 44–45 bhikkhus 32, 40, 46 Bom 69, 70 ostt 58–59, 64 Bo lgo 13, 54 Booou 44; stup 98 Bu 8, 19; t loo 20; t o 33–35; t Egtol Pt 10–13, 29, 30; lgtmt 26–27; mg o 92–96, 97; t Jtk Tls 81–83; mg 21; uto 21–23; sms 24; sl-l 25–26; tls tgs 30–33; t Wl o Dot 29–30 Bu Amt (Immsul R) 60, 67–68 Bum, Busm 41–42, 101, 102 C Cmo, Busm 43, 115, 123–125 st sstm 24, 32 mosts 102–105 C Sool 69–70 C, Busm 46–50, 61, 66–68, 69–70, 87–89, 96, 98–101, 125–126 Cousm 46–47, 50, 52, 70 142
BUDDHISM
D Dl Lm 74–75, 129–131, 137 Dosm 13, 47, 52, 70 t 91, 113 D Pk Smo 29–33 Dhammapada 12, 13, 14, 30, 58, 83–84, 117 m 11, 15, 17 Dot o t Ml Posto 61–63 E Egtol Pt 10–13, 17, 29, 30 lgtmt 10, 15, 27 Esl P 116 ts 10–13, 14–15, 30, 38 Euop, Busm 131–132 F stls 115–117 F Ppts 33 Fou Nol Tuts 29, 30 Fou Sgts, 23 uls 113 G Gutm, St See Bu Glug-p Sool 73–75 H Hm mo 53 H st 46–47 H Mtsu 116 Husm 55, 60 Ho 68, 69 I I, l o Busm 55 Ios, Busm 43–44, 98 Islm 12, 46, 55
J Jp, Busm 51–53, 61, 68–69, 70–71, 89–90, 97, 116, 126–128 Jps ts 106–109 K Ksk, Kg 45–46, 47, 66, 80 km 23, 31 ko (gong’an) 71 Ko, Busm 51, 125 Kus Emp, Busm 45–46 L Lmsm 75 Los, Busm 43–44, 115, 123–125 lttu o Busm See sptus Lotus Sut 80, 87 M Mmk ot 61–63 M Busm 13–14, 56–70, 80, 87 Mt 59, 60 mts 72, 105–106 Mp (1012−96) 72–73 mg 112–113 mtto 10, 23, 27, 30, 63, 71, 72 Mtto Sool 67, 69–70 Ml W 29 Mlp (1040−1123) 73, 74 Ml, Kg 44–45 Milindapanha 44, 84–87 mssos 14, 39–55 moksha 24, 26, 32 most ulgs 101–105 mostsm 13, 15, 32, 33, 36, 40, 47, 49, 50, 55, 64, 78, 117–121
Mogol, Busm 128–129 Mm, Busm 41–42, 101, 102
N Ngs 44, 84–87 Nw Y mos 110 12–13, 31, 32, 64 O oto mos 118 P Pmsm 54–55, 75 pgos 98–101 parinirvana 33–35, 78 psuto 125 p 15, 105–106, 113 Pu L tto, 66–69, 133 R Rul 21, 33 to 10, 23, 24, 31 Rz (sool) 71, 107 ts o pssg 91, 112–113 tuls 14; ojts o 105–106; puto 24; Vss 113–115 S Sm-Puk 87 sms 10, 23, 24, 31 sg, 11, 15, 32, 33, 36, 47, 49, 50, 55, 64, 78, 117–121 Sool o t Els 13–14, 56, 63–66, 79–80, 112–113, 115 sptus 27, 66, 76–79; Cs to mssgs 87–88; Dhammapada 12, 13, 14, 30, 58, 83–84, 117; Jtk Tls 81–83; Milinda panha 44, 84–87; Sm-Puk 87; Tt
Book o t D 90–91; Tptk (“t skts”) 79–80, 81–83; Tptk 80, 81–83; Z stos 89–90 Sttg Moto t Wl o Dot (D Pk Smo) 29–33 Sto 14, 51, 52–53 Suo, Kg 18, 20–21, 33 St Gutm See Bu Sx Vtus, 58 S Lk, Busm 40–41, 121, 124 stup 96–101, 102 sug 10, 21–22, 32 sunyata (Vo) 61, 72 Sutt Ptk (“Bskt o Dsouss”) 80 Suzuk, D. T. 133, 134
T tkg ug 15 Tg st (618−927) 49 tankas (pt s) 105 Tt Busm 71–73, 116 tathata 63 t mo 107 tmpls 14, 49, 51; Hs Tmpl, Ko 76–78; Wt Hos Tmpl, C 46 T Ppts 118 Tl, Busm 43, 115 T Busm 13–14, 56, 63–66, 79–80, 112–113, 115, 117–120 T Bos o t Bu 59–60, 61, 70 T Gt Tuts 47 T Tsus,15, 52 Tt, Busm 53–55, 73–75, 90–91, 129–131
Tt ts 105–106 Tt Book o t D, 90–91 Tptk (“t skts”) 79–80; Jtk Tls 81–83; Tptk, t 80; Jtk Tls 81–83
U Ut Stts, Busm 132–135 Upss 24 upasaka 32–33 uposatha (“os s”) 113, 120 V Vj (“Hol o t Vj”) 73 Vj 71–73 Vss 113–115 Vsk Puj 115 Vtm, Busm 50, 126 V Ptk (“Bskt o Dspl”) 79–80 Vo, (sunyata) 61, 72 W Wl o Dot 29–30 Wol Fllowsp o Busts (WFB) 135–136 X Xuzg 47, 48–49, 55, 66–67 Y Yso 21, 23, 33 Yog Sool 63 Z Z Busm 70–71, 89–90, 133, 134–135; ts 106– 109; stls 116
BUDDHISM
143