Buddhism HSC Depth Study
Buddhism The focus of this study is the contribution of significant people, ideas, practices and ethical teachings to an understanding understanding of Buddhism as a living religious tradition. The study of Buddhism is to be of the whole tradition where applicable http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mAsYe0N 98U Recap of Studies of Religion
Principal Beliefs of Buddhism Buddhism is generally perceived to be a religious tradition that is focused on the practic practical al aspects of everyday life and ethical behaviour. It has been called an ‘atheistic religion’ religion’ as it has no formal doctrine of God, sin, salvation or eternity as exists in many other religious traditions. There is no heaven or hell for they, as well as everything in this world, are really illusory. illusory. Buddhism is, in some som e ways ways a form of nihilism. The central centr al philosophical core of Buddhist teaching is essentially the impact of cause and effect. effect. That is, if anguish (suffering) (suffering) is the effect, effect, the aim of Buddhism is to get rid of the cause (desire).
The Five Truths of Buddha’s Teachings. •
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Addressed to the enlightened nature of people who are beginning to awaken. Intuition of perfection is the seed of Buddhahood awakening awakening within us. Our suffering in the world has a cause and a cure. Suffering is relieved by getting in touch with the ultimate reality of ourselves, the universe and everything. Our salvation is our own responsibility /believe nothing just because you have have been told it’ it ’- check it out for yourself.
The Three Jewells •
The Three Jewels are sometimes called the Three Treasures, Treasures, the Triple Gem or the Three Refuges. Three Jewels of Buddhism
Buddha The person
Dharma The teaching
Sangha The community of monks
1. I take refuge in the Buddha (the person) 2. I take refuge in the dharma (the teaching) 3. I take refuge in the Sangha (the community of monks)
The Four Noble Truths •
The essential doctrine of Buddhism is the Four Noble Truths and the teaching developed by the Buddha. This teaching incorporates the Middle Way and the Noble Eightfold Path .
Why are the Four Noble Truths significant? Start with the Paragraph below below and read ‘The ‘ The Four Nobel truths’ from Thorson’s Principles of Buddhism.’ The Four Noble Truths Truths are significant because they underpin the whole religion of Buddhism. Failure Failure to recognise the presence of Dukkha renders all of Buddha's teachings as irrelevant. Understandi Understanding ng the fundamental human predicament (feeling unsatisfactory, driven by craving) can be ceased, allows the binds of these cravings to drop away and with it all that limits and constricts, resulting in freedom/ enlightenment/ realisation/ Nirvana.
The Eightfold Path •
The Noble Eightfold Path Path is the means mean s to be rid of suffering. It has been called the Middle Way, as the Buddha wished to avoid the extremes of asceticism and indulgence, but neither is it a compromise between between the two. The Middle Way has its own demands dem ands even if it is not a severe path. The Noble Eightf Eightfold old Path Pa th is primarily concerned with wit h three aspects of life, morality, spiritual discipline and insight.
The Marks of Existence The three Marks of Existence are important in Buddhism. These relate to the difficulty of understanding life, as life is an illusion and marked marked with these three things, anicca, dukkha and anatta.
The Five Precepts •
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The five precepts are a set of training principles Buddhist believe that by following them they will have a more positive mental state. Buddhists practice this behaviour to become more like Buddha, and to take a step closer to enlightement.
The Five Precepts •
to abstain from taking life.
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to abstain from taking what is not given.
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I to abstain from sexual misconduct.
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to abstain from false speech.
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to abstain from taking intoxicants that cloud the mind
The Dalai Lama •
Bodhisattva
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Enlightened
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Chooses rebirth to help otherscompassionate- Bodhisvatta Bodhisvatta Reincarnated Reincarnated Buddha Budd ha
The Bodhisattva is a great being who practices compassion, sympathy and joy, joy, and so attains the stage of ‘the beloved only child’. Parents are very happy when they see their son at peace. The Bodhisattva, who has reached this stage, sees all beings like a parent sees his only son s on – seeing him practice goodness, the parent is delighted. delighted. (Mahaparinirvana Sutra 470
The Dalai Lama Clip- dalai lama’s rules for living
Dalai Lama- CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND EXPRESSION IMPACT OF THE DALAI LAMA ON BUDDHISM
Historical and Cultural Context •
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View the YouTube clip and make notes about the historical and cultural life of Buddhism and the Dalai Lama Clip show first 10 to 15 minutes
Outline the meaning of the Dalai Lama •
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Mongolian title meaning ‘ocean of wisdom’
Tibetans believe that the Dalai lama is an enlightened being, who has chosen rebirth as a way to be of benefit to all living beings. bein gs. Tibetans refer to His Holiness as Yeshe Norbu= Wishfulfilling Gem OR Kundun= The Presence
Outline the selection process for determining a new Dalai Lama Clip- Trailer Kundun- shows the selection process of the Dalai Lama
Outline the selection process for determining a new Dalai Lama Upon death of the current Dalai Lama, his monks institute a search for the Lama’s reincarnation - a small child. This search typically requires a few years. Each possible candidate is tested. This takes the form of presenting a selection of possessions- some belonging to the previous previous Dalai Lama, Familiarity with those is considered the main sign of reincarnation. reincarnation. Kundun shows this process via the selection of a bell, bowl, eyeglasses and walking stick, The reincarnated Dalai Lama is then brought brought to Lhasa to be trained by the other hands.
Identify the name of the current Dalai Lama His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso
- An inc incar arna nati tion on Av Avalok alokit ites esv vara ara = manifestations manifestations of a Bodhisattva Bodhisattva (Buddha) of Compassion = Holy Lord, Gentle Glory, Compassionate defender defender of the Faith, Ocean of Wisdom
6th July 1935
Born Lhamo Dhondrub in a small village called Takster Takster in NE Tibet- a peasant family
1937
Recognised as the reincarnation of his predecessor the 13 th Dalai Lama, and thus an incarnation Avalokitesvara, the Buddha of Compassion
1941 (age 6)
Began his monastic education in Lhasa By 1959- age 250 completed his Geshe Lharampa degree (Doctorate of Buddhist Philosophy)
1950
-80000 Peoples Liberation Army Soldiers invaded Tibet - assumed political leadership as head of state of Tibet
1959 10 March
Rumours that Dalai Lama would be kidnapped by Chinese military - Crowds gathered outside Dalai Lama’s summer palace to protect Dalai Lama; beginning of Tibetan Uprising
Clip= Dalai Lama and peace
1980
Met Pope John Paul II at the Vatican and also in 1982, 1986, 1988 and 1990- “open the door to a progressive pacification between peoples.”
1981
Talked with Archbishop of canterbury, Dr Robert Runcie and with other leaders of the Anglican Church in London. Also with catholic and Jewish leaders.
1989
Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and in turn receiving worldwide praise and applause with exception of China- “peaceful solutions based on toleran tolerance ce and mutual respect”
17th March, 1959
Escapes from Lhasa and crosses the border into India (30 March) where he was granted political asylum
1960
-Established a government in exile in Dharamsala, India. -Worked on saving Tibetan refugees and culture -Promoted economic development through creation of Tibetan educational system- promoted Tibetan language, history and religion (Buddhism)
1963
The Dalai lama introduced a democratic constitution based on Buddhsit principles and Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a model for a future free Tibet
Since 1967
Initiated a series of journeys which have taken him to over 46 nations
1973
Met with Pope John Paul IV at the Vatican
Outline the historical and cultural context of the 14th Dalai Lama His Holiness (the 14th Dalai Lama) Tenzin Gyatso was born in 6 July 1935 in Taktster (NE Tibet). As the reincarnation reincarnation of his predecessor this Buddha of Compassion becomes both the political and religious leader of Tibet. In 1950 all this changes as the Peoples Liberation Army invade Tibet. Within 10 years and due to the Tibetan Uprising the Dalai Lama’s safety is ensured only with his escape from Lhasa into India. A government in exile is established in Dharamsala as the global response to this crisis is zero. zero. Through an educational system system the culture of Tibet is preserved and developed. The Dalai Lama introduced introduced a democratic constitution constitution in 1963 basing its principles on Buddhism and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Subsequently establishing establishing a model for a future free Tibet- a goal that motivates his global dialogues today.
The 14th Dalai Lama http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-xBAiSv7SA Dalai Lama’s views on life and humanity
Summary of Contributions from extra resource Contribution to the development of Buddhism 1. Preserva Preservation tion and expansion of Tibetan Buddhism 2. Promotion of world peace and freedom of Tibet- Supports peace in political and international world- enhancement of Buddhism’s Buddhism’s role in world peace- Tireless worker for rights and freedom 3. Promotion of Buddhism through outreach to other religions- Aims to develop religious understanding- tireless worker between religions- interfaith dialogue “I always believe that it is much better to have a variety of philosophies, rather than one single religion or o r philosophy. philosophy. This is necessary because of the different different mental dispositions of each human being. Each religion has certain unique ideas or techniques, and learning about them can only enrich one’ one’ss own faith’. faith’.
Contribution Contribution to the expression of Buddhism Transformation of Buddhist teachings- addresses made to Buddhists and nonBuddhists- teachings grounded in the basic teachings- Eightfold Path Path and the Five Precepts- makes it relevant to contemporary MAIN MESSAGE??? Compassion, love and kindness
The Dalai Lama’s contributions derive from his teachings which are based on: Compassion Happiness Kindness Pure and sincere heart Acceptance of death Relationships Relationships with others ‘My message is the practice of compassion, love and kindness” Dalai Lama •
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tyv3uff67V8 Clip about the Dalia lama’s teachings
Activity- refer to your resource booklet Read pages 1 and 9 and highlight and annotate the Dalai Lama’s teachings. Link these teachings to the 5 precepts and the
The Five Precepts •
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If the Vinaya stands on the basis of abstention by monks/ nuns from many areas of life, the five abstentions laid down for lay people are much more universal in their aim. They require abstention from: Killing living beings Takin aking g wha what is is not freely eely giv given Eng Engagin aging g in sexual misco sconduct Speaking falsely Takin aking g drin drink k and and drug drugss tha thatt conf confus use e the the mind mind The Buddha lays down modes of behaviour that are not only ethical in tone, but are also guaranteed to give success in interaction with other people with whom a man does business dealings, but in all other areas of life.
Activity: Re er to wor oo et and summarise the teachings
Compassion/ Happiness “My message is the practice of compassion, love and kindness Compassion can be put into practice A happy frame of mind should never be disturbed Every being wants happiness not suffering The essence of Buddhism is compassion 1. Sense of brotherhood these three are common across all religions 2. A good heart 3. Respect for others Self must be placed last Compassion for other must motivate all our desires and thinking •
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Whatever we desire is also desired by others
↓ Our own selfishness (source of all problems
↓ Our sense of kindness (natur (natural al source of goodness) “If you are unable to exchange exchange your happiness for the suffering of other beings you have no hope of attaining attaining Buddhahood or even happiness in this present life.’
Kindness of heart
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Kindness and compassion= the essence of Buddhism Deeper faith
= being human = basic quality that determines all other aspects of life ie ability to go in right direction “By developing a sense of respect for others and a concern for their welfare, we reduce our own selfishness, which is the source of all problems, and enhance our own kindness which is a natural source of goodness’
Peace and sincere heart Our mental peace
World peace
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Absence of anger, attachment, jealousy, hatred= real enemy inside self
Presence of a true feeling feeling of brotherhood = concern for your fellow being
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A sincere heart has NONE of these
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= good heart
A sense of universal responsibility
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= a step towards solving global issues
Absence of inner peace= an affliction/ a source of destruction = very source of unethical conduct “Anger is the real destroyer of our good human qualities; an enemy with a weapon cannot destroy these qualities, but anger can. Anger is our real enemy”
Death Death= part of life/ a concept/ end of gross consciousness, gross body = unavoidable theref th erefore ore should be accepted- depart quietly, quietly, with sincerity and in peace (Note for for Buddhists the the subtle level of consciousness called ‘clear ‘clear light’ light ’ does not recognise death nor birth (Tibetan Book of the Dead) This is the rationale of the enlightened adherent
Environment •
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There is an interaction between humans and the natural environment. The inanimate world is equal to the animate world of living beings. “Buddhism perceives the environment, in general, to be composed of infinitesimal particles; in particular, particular, it views human beings as part of nature and for this t his reason – there is, naturally a link between human-kind and our environment.”
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Buddhist texts explain how one should behave in regard to nature.
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Humankind will suffer if nature is unbalanced.
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Individuals have a duty to the environment.
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The physical health of Buddhists can be greatly affected. affected.
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Conservation is needed for survival
Other Religions •
Enrichment can occur through dialogue- ethics and spiritual practice- links to compassion, love, meditation and tolerance. tolerance.
“I feel that dialogue could go very far and reach a deep level of understanding understanding’’
Contribution of the Dalai Lama to the development and expression of Buddhism Read through the resource resource booklet and pages 10-12 of the work booklet to find information information on the following contribution: ANNOTATE 1. Pr Pres eser erv vati tion on of Tibe Tibettan Bud Buddh dhis ism m 2. Prom Promot otio ion n of of Bud Buddh dhis ism m thr throu ough gh out outrrea each ch to other religions 3. Simpl Simplif ific icat atio ion n and cl clari arifi fica cati tion on of Bud Buddhi dhisst teachings and authenticity of the Dalai Lama
Complete the table by referring to your resource booklet annotations and read pages 8-12 Contribution Contribution of the Dalai Lama to the development and expression of Buddhism Preservation Preservation of Tibetan Buddhism
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-Establishment -Establishment of a Tibetan educational system whilst in exile
Impact of the Dalai Lama on Buddhism
Ensured the survival of Tibetan Buddhism and in turn t urn the future development through Sangha
eg monasteries -Focus on religion and culture -Whilst in Tibet, Tibetan Buddhists came into contact with other religions
-Realisation -Realisation that Buddhism is not the only religion -Has broadened the tolerance of adherents “But now that we’ve left Tibet, we had a chance to come into contact with other religious traditions and learn about them.
Translation of the Tibetan Book of the Dead in 1951 = A way of life- The Great Liberation
Western tern -Faciliates Wes Society’ss access to this Society’ ancient source of strength and guidance eg (practices in hospices)- unders understood/ tood/ appreciated beyond Tibetexpansion of Buddhism - adherents have access to Tibetan philosophy on life, true self and therefore reality
Contribution Contribution of the Dalai Lama to the Impact of the Dalai Lama on development and expression of Buddhism Buddhism Promotion of Buddhism through outreach to other religions
-Raised a greater awareness of Buddhism- catalyst for recognition of -Has visited 46 countries, spoken with Buddhism as a legitimate member of interfaith interf aith dialogue- adding to its world leaders expression expre ssion as a world religion -- has grounded his identity in -Acts as a role model for acceptance Buddhism yet he is respectful of of diversity/ awareness of differences among various religions differencesdiff erences- clarifying Buddhist remaining open to the beauty, philosophy goodness and truth found in other religions
Contribution Contribution of the Dalai Lama to the development development and expression of Buddhism
Impact of the Dalai Lama on Buddhism
Simplification Simplification and clarification clarification of Buddhist teachings teachings and authenticity of the Dalai Lama •
-Has made numerous addresses to Buddhist/ non Buddhist -Eg Australia 2009: parliament of World religions (Melbourne) “Tibet’ “Tibet ’s environmental crisis was more urgent tha ta political solution to this country’s future.’ -Has adapted Buddhist teachings to contemporary context eg world peace and environment -Has modelled teachings on peace eg Tibet -Has demonstrated tolerance, compassion and kindness -Practicality- Tibet is China’ China ’s neighbour
-Has attracted new adherents eg in Australia Buddhism increased from 1.1% I 1996 to 19.9 in 2001- 2.1% in 2006 -Has raised the profile of Buddhism as he models the relevance of its teachings for today “It is the law of o f the universe that retaliation, hatred and revenge only continue the cycle’ (Dalai Lama) . This needs to occur is a more peaceful, happier and harmonious future is desired. -Articulates and models the importance of Buddha’s Buddha’s teachings on non-violence/ passive resistance as the only path to acceptable autonomy
-Show that happiness is the basic purpose of life
-Has inspired adherents and demonstrated the key to happiness
Inner peace= peace= reconciliation= forgiveness
-Accessibilty to Buddism as he himself is regarded regar ded as an authentic person “He has authority not only of wisdom but experienceexperie nce- on this rests the authority of his ethics. ethics .’ (P (P.D. .D. bRyan)
Inner peace- tolerance, knowledge, compassion HAPPINESS= basic purpose of life = innate spiritual nature of people
1st Precept: ‘To Refrain From causing Harm to Other Living Beings’ The ST and W link to peace Dhammapada 2 “Good Begets Good’ Dhammapada 183 “Do Good and be Good’ Dhammapada 291 ‘Not Hatred for Hatred
- We see ourselves as the opponent; for what is the oponent but a being in ignorance, and we ourselves are also ignorant of many things’ (Dalai Lama
on r u on o e a a am ama o development and expression of Buddhism
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Promotion of world peace
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- Worked for the freedom of Tibet by proposing a 5 point plan and addressing heads of state
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Advocated that responsibility for world peace not only lies with world leaders but individually ie peace begins with inner peace
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Promoted teachings on peace through talks with other countries and acceptance of Nobel Peace Prize (1989)
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Enhancement of Buddhism’s role in world peace
Articulates and models the critical Articulates aspect of Buddhism- KNOWLEDGE (of ultimate ultimat e reality) “In our struggle for freedom TRUTH is the only weapon we possess” •
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Increases the relevance of Buddhism today today as he models this deep sense of peace and tranquillity by applying Buddhist teachings to global concerns- forward looking and constructive proposals arising from this ancient tradition Preserves Buddhist teachings whilst articulating their relevance to modern times
Continued to advocate non resistance resistance in Tibet despite Chinese violence/ killings of Tibetans during anti Chinese demonstrations in 2008 and beyond
Increases the appreciation of Buddhist teachings on peace and in turn increases the possibility of world peace via the Buddhist philosophy of interdependence and thus a universal responsibilty
Contribution and analysis of impact
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Go back to pages 10-12 and after each contribution write one to two sentences of analysis of the impact- refer to to the table on pages 13-16 to assist To analyse you must draw out implications
Contribution and impact •
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1. Preservation of Tibetan Buddhism
IMPACT:: survival IMPACT survival and subsequent s ubsequent expansion expansi on of of Tibetan Buddhism As a consequence Tibetan Buddhism is more accessible, understood and appreciated beyond Tibet. Adherents Adherents around the world have access to to Tibetan philosophy on life, true self and therefore reality. This in turn provided the Mahayana and Theravada schools an opportunity to integrate into their appreciation of Buddhist Dharma the unique Vajrayana perspective
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2. Contribution: Promotion of Buddhism through outreach to other religions. IMPACT IMP ACT:: greater g reater acceptance acceptan ce of Buddh Buddhism ism
Following on from this is the recognistion of Buddhism as a legitimate member of interfaith dialogue and…
Mention how it is a world religion Mention the Dalai Lama’s Lama’s identity and what his identity enhances- link to being a role model
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2. Contribution: Promotion of Buddhism through outreach to other religions. IMPACT IMP ACT:: greater g reater acceptance acceptan ce of Buddh Buddhism ism Following on from this is the recognition of Buddhism as a legitimate member of interfaith dialogue and in turn adding to its expression as a world religion. The fact that the Dalai Lama’s identity is grounded in Buddhism enhances his acceptance as a role model of diversity and tolerance, and the legitimacy of
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3. Contribution: Promotion of world peace and freedom of Tibet IMPACT:” IMPACT :” Enhanc E nhancement ement of Buddhis Bu ddhism’ m’ss role in world peace
What does the Dalia Lama articulate? Link to knowledge, peace
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3. Contribution: Promotion of world peace and freedom of Tibet IMPACT:” IMPACT :” Enhanc E nhancement ement of Buddhis Bu ddhism’ m’ss role in world peace
The Dalai Lama articulates and models the critical aspect of- knowledge of reality and in turn portrays the relevance of Buddhism’s deep sense of peace and tranquillity with regard to global issues of peace. Offering, in turn, constructive proposals arising from the wisdom of this ancient a ncient tradition.
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4.Contribution: Simplification, 4.Contribution: S implification, clarification and embodiment of Buddhist teachings Impact: a deepening of understanding of Buddhist teachings- continued growth of Buddhism The Dalai Lama articulates the links between peace, poverty and the environment- what does he draw on?
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4.Contribution: Simplification, 4.Contribution: S implification, clarification and embodiment of Buddhist teachings Impact: a deepening of understanding of Buddhist teachings- continued growth of Buddhism The Dalai Lama clearly articulates the links between peace, poverty and environment environment by drawing upon the wisdom of Buddha’s Buddha’s dharma, As a consequence he offers offers the world a clear model of deep understanding understanding based on Buddhist teachings and ‘He has authority, authority, not only of wisdom but experience- on this rests rests the authority of his ethics.’ P.D. Ryan
HOW DOES THE DALAI LAMA CONTRIBUTE TO BUDDHISM AS A LIVING RELIGION? •
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He lives a contemporary life life embedded in the wisdom of this ancient philosophy Role models Buddhist leadership in the solution of international conflicts= new ways ways of applying…
Advocates peaceful solutions based upon tolerance tolerance and mutual respect informed by his historical, historical, cultural and religious heritage: ‘truth, courage courage and determination as our ou r weapons…’ Acceptance speech 1989= Nobel Peace Prize Prize Recipient
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Draws upon the wisdom of the emperor Asoka’s edict No 7: Honours men of o f all faiths:… it is much better have have variety of religions, a variety of philosophies… because of the different different mental positions of each human beings… learning about them can only enrich one’s own faith.’ World Congress of Faiths- interfaith service held in his honour
As a Bodhisattva of Compassion (chosen rebirth) he workd in a way to be of benefit to ALL living beings- the whole contemporary world. Evidence by his global political and spiritual work as he travels the world since 1967 addressing contemporary issues. These include environmental concerns= the world’s most urgent suffering.
Depth Study-Buddhism 3X3 Put these sub heading on the front and back page of the 3 by 3 Sacred texts and Writings-
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Beliefs-
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Context Context of the t he Dalai LamaLa ma- refer refer to cultural and historical worksheets •
Definition of ethics
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Ethical guidance
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Outline of Wesak
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Person-the 14th Dalai Lama 1 and 2 combined
1. Preservation of Tibetan Buddhism IMPACT: survival and subsequent expansion of Tibetan Buddhism EXAMPLES
2. Promotion of Buddhism through outreach to other religions. religions. IMPACT: Greater acceptance of Buddhism
3. Promotion of world peace and freedom of Tibet
Outline of synagogue
• IMPACT: Enhancement of Buddhism’s role in world peace
EXAMPLES
4. Simplification, clarification and embodiment of Buddhist teachings Impact: a deepening of understanding of Buddhist teachings- continued growth of Buddhism EXAMPLES
Ethics
Practice-
Buddhist Ethics- Environmental Ethics
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Students learn about: Environmental ethics Students learn to: Describe and explain Buddhist ethical teachings on environmental ethics
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Essentially, according to Buddhist teachings, the ethical and moral principles are governed by examining whether a certain action, whether connected to body or speech is likely to be harmful to one's self or to others and thereby avoiding any actions which are likely to be harmful . (1st precept) In Buddhism, there is much talk of a skilled mind . (Right Mindfulness- 7 th) A mind that is skilful avoids actions that are likely to cause suffering or remorse.
Buddhist Ethics Moral conduct for Buddhists differs according to whether it applies to the laity or to the Sangha or clergy. •
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A lay Buddhist should cultivate good conduct by training in what are known as the "Five Precepts". The five precepts are training rules, which, if one were to break any of them, one should be aware of the breech and examine how such a breech may be avoided in the future.
Buddhist Ethics
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The resultant of an action (often referred to as Karma) depends on the intention more than the action itself. Buddhism places a great emphasis on 'mind' and it is mental anguish such as remorse, anxiety, guilt etc. which is to be avoided in order to cultivate a calm and peaceful mind.
Buddhism and Environmental Ethics •
Clip- environmental ethics. Refer to worksheet
Sources of Buddhist ethical teachings •
In Buddhism, ethics are based on a number of sources. These include the Five Precepts and the accumulated knowledge/wisdom of the Four Noble Truths, Truths, Eightfold Path and the Three Marks of Existence. For Monastic Buddhists these sources extend to include the Vinaya. It is also logical for Buddhist to draw upon a vast range of Sutras or Suttas for guidance given that they are the written records of Buddha’s teachings
The path of recognising your own mind (knowledge = 1st step) Seeking truth/practising compassion= meaningful life
4. Explain how natural imagery reveal reveal the ethical and philosophical guidelines on environment within Buddhism (In your response make reference to sacred Buddhist texts texts and focus on the imagery of trees and water) water) •
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Buddha’s birth, enlightenment and death all took place in the shadows of trees and the Dharma was often taught at their foot. Consequently there is an inextricable link between humans and nature underpinning Buddhist philosophy. After reaching enlight enlightenment, enment, Buddha spends time under the bodhi tree in a reflective mood. When he is tempted by Mara, into doubting the authenticity of his experience Gutama touches the earth- this gesture means he looks towards towards the earth as a support and witness of good against evil: this is one of Buddhism’s Buddhism’s most celebrated celebrated themes especially in art, and as a result it reinforces reinforces the relationship between humankind and our environment. This relationship is further enhanced by the imagery of banyan banyan tree as it has the ‘ability to put down roots from its spreading branches’ (Ryan) and thus in turn symbolises the spreading of the Dharma. Similarly without branches or foliage represents as immortal man as it/he/she cannot come to full growth. Consequently spreading spreading of the Dharma links to core philosophy in Buddhism- the importance of knowledge or the absence of ignorance. In Buddhism one’s life and one’s one’s mode of knowledge are inseparable and as a result Buddhism equals environmental ethics. One of the greatest greatest elements is water and in Buddhism its imagery is used to represent the First Noble Truth, the Truth of sorrow. The tears shed by beings in the long, long round of Samsara are greater than the waters of the sea (Saramati)
1. Humans should be in harmony with the environment environment and therefore care for it. - Environmental suffering or disharmony is caused by humans seeing themselves as separate. This elfish point of view is a damaging delusion which places narrow limits on humans’ responsibilities towards the environment. The Dharma teaches everything is interconnected and that when ever we harm another or the environment, we are harming ourselves. Contemporary Example: Dalai Lama 10th June 2011- called fro countries to diminish greenhouse gases without waiting for other nations to act first “After all every nation belongs to the world. If a global crisis happens everybody suffers.” - Adherents should therefore implement the 5 precepts in particular the 1st and 2nd, as “a means of gaining harmony within and with the environment” environment” (Pauling) •
Threefold Learning Stage on path Step 1 (par 18 and 19) = the First Precept To refrain from causing harm to other living beings = the key to one's relationship with the world = ethical conduct =skilful conduct
Buddhist practice re the environment Volun Voluntary tary simplicity in the form of eating lower down on the food chain= minimises the damage/ no unnecessary harm- this is recognition that all life feeds off other life. Humans can minimise the damage by eating as far down the food chain as possible. This benefits other beings and cultivates virtues that eventually are radically transformative therefore in turn bring greater benefit to all beings. The Buddha allowed his monks to eat meat only when they were ill or accepting the generosity of others The advantages of vegetarianism (eating from vegetable sources) extends beyond the slaughter of animals (use of water, land, chemical fertilisers and insecticides are used to convert vegetable protein to animal protein- meat) Educate others in implementation of environmentally sustainable agriculture and forestry eg environmentalist monks (Phrakhuru Pitak) in Thailand
Step 2 (paragraph 2 (paragraph 20, 21 and 23) = Fifth precept (MEDITATION) To refrain from clouding the mind with drink or drugs = leads to awareness and mindfulness This links to the meditation and thus the 7th and 8th step on the Eightfold Path. The importance of manfulness is illustrated in the Dhammapada 1 (sacred writing) "Mind is the forerunner of all, Mind is chief...' Monk Phra Sonkit's ecology meditation
Cultivation of greater cognitive and affective concentration or integration through meditation- adherent moves away from greed, hatred and delusion towards a greater facility of mind and positive emotion that permeates all aspects of one's life an ecologically minded Buddhist could take up the practice of the positive emotion of loving kindness (metta). They would start by directing metta towards themselves, then a friend, then an enemy and finally to all beings = cumulative transformative effect- loving kindness directed towards self, friend, neutral person, enemy, enemy, and finally towards all living beings.
Step 3 The cultivation of wisdom links to the Four Noble Truths, the Three Marks of Existence- the Transformative Power of wisdom
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consists of practices that penetrate the nature of reality - the interconnectedness of all things = ecological science and therefore belongs to the broader context of Dharma practice care and concern for all living things which includes nature and the environment compassionate activity unbounded by self- referential craving
Explain the relationship between tree ordination and environmental ethics •
A tree ordination ceremony involves chanting, sanctification of water water and wrapping the largest remaining tree with a monk’s orange robes. As a result the community forest forest is sanctified and protected protected (preserved) which inturn protects people’s livelihoods is no harm caused to other life (First Precept)
Explain the relationship relationship between ‘Environmentalist Monks’ and Buddhist ethical teachings Environmental Monks demonstrate an ecological interpretation. Buddhist ethical teachings as work are visible and the use of Buddhist Buddh ist ritual is modified to transmit their teachings. Consequently they reinvent human relationships with nature (ie new knowledge). In turn these monks challenge the dominant trend of ‘ecological capital’ (Escobar 1996), despite the historical historical link between the Sangha and the Siamese state, state, redefining the concept and implementation of development.
Analyse the influence of Buddhist ethical teachings on Phrakhru Pitak and the Thai society (Refer to PPT) •
The skilful conduct, mediation and transformative power of wisdom (Threefold Learning) incorporates incorporates basic Buddhist principles. This is what monk Phrakhu Pitak Nanthakhun draws draws upon as he deals with witnessing human- induced suffering (shooting of a mother monkey). As a result of this formative experience Phrakhu Pitak incorporates a message of environmental responsibility of humans into his teachings, and consequently influences members of the Thai society. However preaching is not enough and he actively engages in conservation work (tree ordinations to raise awareness of the value of forests) and actively teaches villagers about environmental conservation. These activities along with pha pa ceremonies (seedlings for reforestation reforestation in lieu of ‘forest ‘forest robes’) culminate in sustainable ecological practices within Thai society, the Buddhist ethical teachings drive him to actively seek out the cause of the suffering arising from environmental degradation, In turn he re-examines environmental degradation. In turn he re-examines Buddhist teachings, adapting interpretations and practices practices subsequently subsequentl y developing a liberation ecology.
Explain how Phra Somkit’s environmental action is the application of the First Precept and the construction of new knowledge. (Refer to PPT) •
Phra Somkit’s environmental environmental action is focused within his own village. His starting point was modifying the practice of bindabatthis time donating land to this monk rather than food.Following from the First Precept (To refrain from causing harm to other living beings) and as a means to protect the forest, Phra Somkit began a model integrated- agriculture farm. This is a significant/ observable application of minimising damage and skilful conduct. Right knowledge (Step One on the Eightfold Path) is the key to one’s relations with the world and the current environmental degradation is the cause of much suffering (dukkha). Thus education is important (new knowledge) in the protection of the natural environment. Through Phra Somkit’s model farm, new knowledge is shared and in turn he encourages these visitors to return to their farms and engage in sustainable development practices such as integrated agriculture and growing food for subsistence rather than
Person-the 14th Dalai Lama
Ethics
1 and 2 combined
1st Precept To refrain form harming … Include contemporary examples You could also include 5 th precept
1. Preservation of Tibetan Buddhism IMPACT IMPACT:: survival survi val and subsequent expansion of Tibetan Buddhism EXAMPLES
2. Promotion of Buddhism through outreach to other religions. IMPACT: Greater acceptance of Buddhism
3. Promotion of world peace and freedom of Tibet •
Outline of synagogue
IMPACT IMPACT:: Enhancement Enhan cement of Buddhism’ Buddhis m’ss role in world peace
EXAMPLES
4. Simplification, clarification and embodiment embodiment of Buddhist teachings Impact: a deepening of understanding of Buddhist teachings- continued growth of Buddhism EXAMPLES
Threefold Learning -Ethical conduct- 1st precept -Effective meditation- 5th precept -Transformative power of wisdom 4 NT and 3 MED Images from nature- tree, roots, water, wilderness- link wilderness to enlightenment
Practi ce-
Wesak Describe the practice Demonstrate Demonstrate how how Wesak expresses the beliefs of Buddhism Analyse the significance of Wesak for both the individual and the community •
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For your 3X3 think about:
Buddha’s head - The ritual action of bathing Buddha’s
- The The ritua rituall actio action n of of offering ering gifts gifts to to Buddh Buddha a - Ritual Ritual acti action on of of kne kneeli eling ng and and bow bowin ing g 3 tim times es and prostration (show reverence to the Triple Gem)
Copy at the bottom of page 2- DESCRIBE THE SIGNIFICANT PRACTICE OF WESAK Wesak celebrates the Buddha’s Buddha’s birthday bir thday,, enlightenment enli ghtenment and death. It is the most important day in the Buddhist calendar. Wesak is about celebrating and remembering the Buddha- NOT ABOUT WORSHIP. Wesak is about celebrating the life of Buddha and his teachings. STRUCTURE: decorated. - Preparation- homes are cleaned and decorated. - Morning- begin before dawn with gathering at temple- hoisting of flag and singing of hymns, Puja service followed followed attended by lay and monks. - Temple ceremony components: adherents kneel and bow three times, chanting, the taking of the 3 refuges (the Three Jewels) bathing of Buddha’s Buddha’s head, offering offering of gifts, initation for new Buddhists - Afternoon: meditation, distributing food to monks and charitable donations to the poor. - Evening: ceremony of chanting Dharma/Dhamma and circumambulation (moving around a scared object) • • •
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Read your resource booklet and annotate.
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Focus on:
1. What We Wesak is
2. Ritual ac actions 3. Beli Belie efs expr xpress essed 4. Impo Import rtan ance ce for for ind indiv ivid idua uall and com commun munit ity y 5. Scho Schools ols of Bud Buddhi dhism sm and and diff differ eren ence ces. s.
WESAK:
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Reconstitutes a vital historical event. Provides ordinary ordinary Buddhists Budd hists with an experience to bring forth some of their key beliefs around the importance of enlightenment and what Buddha feels holds people back from enlightenment Sets aside a sacred space It commemorates, gives thanks and celebrates key events of the past.
Is a key memorial ritual- it celebrates all of the most important events of Buddha’s life Is the most spiritually significant day of the calendar
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Wesak joins Buddhists together as a Sangha and expresses their gratitude and joy for the three jewels. Allows Buddhists to deepen contact and friendships with fellow fellow members of the Sangha.(Importance for individual and the community)
Ritual action
Expression of beliefs
Significance to individual/communit y
Gather at the temple for Puja service
N/A
-Provides -Provides a sense of solidarity
Ceremonial hoisting of the Buddhist flag and singing Buddhist hymns
-hymns are in praise of the 3 jewels, the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha
-Allows adherents to deepen contact and friendships with fellow members of the Sangha -Hymns evoke emotion and create a spiritual climate conducive to communal Buddha- Siddhartha Gautama= reflection perfect wisdom= perfect - reaffirms key beliefs ie 3 compassion Jewels= refuge refuge (a place of safety in difficult times) for Sangha- community of individuals Note: communal= Buddhists = the most past, present and future important belief in Buddhism Colours of the flag are symbolic of different beleifs
Ritual action
Expression of beliefs
Significance to individual/ community
Kneel and bow three times
Group chanting followed by taking the 3 refuges and the 5 or 8 precepts and listen to a Dharma talk Taking refuge is the first step on the Buddhist path to
In honour of the 3 jewels -Reaffirms and reminds the individual of the 3 most important The number 3 is significant in Buddhism. things in Buddhism Links to Siddhartha's conception… elephants circling his mother (circumambulation
-Link concept of refuge to 4 Noble Truths and Eightfold path
-3 jewels and precepts (ethical teachings)
-Chanting as a group (sangha) is a powerful way of creating a supportive climate, which assists the entire community on their spiritual journey
-Note: chanting of sacred scriptures ie Buddha’s teachings (Sutras)
-The Dhamma talks provides individuals and the community the opportunity to reflect on Buddhist teachings
Ritual action
Expression of beliefs
Significance to individual/commu nity
Bathing of the Buddhawater is poured over the shoulders of the Buddha
-1st Noble Truth- suffering
-Reminds individual and community of the 1 st and 2nd noble truths and the need to purify and free their minds from hatred, greed and ignorance
(Focal point in Mahayana variant)
-- 2nd noble truth- suff suffering ering is caused by desire/greed desire/greed etc
-Symbolises Buddha’s purification and his birth to the new life of enlightenment
Offerings Offerings and gifts are taken to the altar to be offered to Buddha’s statue
-Shows respect and gratitude to the Buddha for his life and teachings
-Offering all that we - Flowers significance of cherish in the materi material al lotus flower- fresh if world possible) -Wither away-
- Candles light and truth) -Incense/joss sticks - Food (vegetarian) (vegetarian)
-Note: impermannecelife is subject to decay and destruction therefore we should value what we have now and live in the present
-Reminder of the of the central impermanence (anicca) teachings such as the impermenance, ethical -- burn = light of wisdom principles such as -Burn= frangrance of refraining from harming moral conduct living things -1st precept to refrain -Wisdom expels from causing harm to ignorance- 8Fold path=other living beings good conduct- good livlihoos and good actions
New Buddhists take the 3refuges and5 or 8 precepts
3 jewels and ethical guidelines
Taking refuge us the first step on the Buddhist path to inner freedom
- takinh refuge in the presence of the Sangha provides the individual with spiritual support -It creates a sense of communal solidarity
Afternoon meditation
- is crucial to understanding -- it helps to clear the st mind and provide an Meditation- training the mind, the cause of suffering (1 Noble Truth) insight into the 2 noble reverence and dedication truths which is a crucial towards towar ds Buddha= an a n essential -Enablews the adherent to component of the practice of see that suffering is caused step in the path to enlightenment the Dharma by desire (2nd NT) (individual) Offering Offering gifts to the poor -It is possible to be free (cessation) from wanting, Expresses veneration of the rd Buddha- shows gratitude and wishing and desiring (3 NT) appreciation to Buddhacompassion
Listening to monks tell stories from the Jakata tales
-A guide to living, the practice of Buddhism (4th NT)
Ritual action
Expression of beliefs
Evening ceremony of 3 jewels chanting, Dharma talk and circumambulation of the Stupa 3 times
Significance to individual/communit y -
Grou Group p sol solid idar arit ity y, spir spirit itua uall support, spiritual; support and advice (community)
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Chan Chanti ting ng reminds inds adhe adherrents of the ideal qualities of the triple gem that each is striving to achieve
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Also lso help helpss to conce oncen ntra trate and develop a peaceful state state of mind and advice (community)
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Rea eafffi firm rmss the the key be beli lie efs for for each individual
Lantern procession (Theravadin(Therav adin- Thailand)
Ritual action
Expression of Significance to beliefs individual/community
Evening procession with candles and lanterns, radiating loving kindness to all living thingsThailand, Indonesia, Sri Lankan (Theravadin)
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Buddha’s enlightenment
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Enhances sense of of community
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Homage to the Buddha’s teachings (Dharma) and his disciples (Sangha)
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Attainm ainmen entt of merit erit by the the individual which helps one to obtain happiness in this life and the next (karma)
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As a be beha havi viou ourral exemp mpllar for each individual
Each person carries 3 flowers, flowers, 3 glowing incense sticks, lighted candle
Symbols incorporated incorporated into Wesak Wesak Symbolic object or action
Where/ and when
Expression of belief
Significance to individual/ Significance community
Lotus flower Red= heart Purple= mystic = purity and divine birth
At the base of the shrine - Buddha actually sits on the leaves
Actuality or potential of enlightenment enlightenment therefore linked to the 8Fold Path- the practice of Buddhism
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Wheel of life (dharma Wheel)
On altar
Wheel of life/rebirth
Reminds individuals of key belief 8Fold belief 8Fold path- each spoke (8) represents a step on the Path
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Reminder of of th the go goal of enlightenment enlightenment To ri rise ab above th the defilements and suffering of life- our own potential Buddhahood (individual)
Symbolic object or action
Where/ and when
Expression of belief
Significance to individual/ Significance community
Buddha image -Sitting posture= central figure in this significant practice
On shrine/altar In the highest position
Representation of embodiment of perfected attributes of the Buddha- serenity, peacefulness, composure, purity
By focussing on the positive of the Buddha, individuals are helped to develop the same attributes eg calmness and inspired to follow the path of Buddha
Folding of palms
In the temple during the service
3 jewels
- By expressing reverence for the 3 jewels, adherents are reminded of their importance in their lives
Symbolic object or action
Where/ and when
Expression of belief
Prostration
Before Buddha Qualities of the or members of Buddha the Sangha -Loving kindness -Compassion -virtue
Significance to individual/ community Helps individuals to overcome overcome their ego and prepare them to listen to Buddha’s teachings -Provides an opportunity for individuals to recall the qualities of the Buddha and subsequently be inspired - expresses deep veneration -Shows respect to the Buddha and his qualities
Analyse the significance of Wesak for individuals and the community Individual •
Contemplation Contemplation and recommitment recommitment to the goal of enlightenment Contemplation of the Buddha’s enlightenment experience is a major focus of Wesak.
Consequently, many of the ritual devotions are designed to concentrate on the meaning of enlightenment enlightenment and possibly of it for the individual. Provide an example of this ritual devotion -
Buddha
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Buddha image
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what this symbolises
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Significance for the individual
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Ritu Ritual al acti action on of pros prostr trat atio ion. n.
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Lotus flower
Individual •
Reinforcement of Buddhist beliefs The reinforcement reinforcement and reconnection with beliefs, is a second reason why Wesak is significant to the individual
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Singing of the hymns
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Kneeling and bowing
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Bathing of the Buddha
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What do these remind individuals of?
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The offering of gifts
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The offering of flowers, candles and incense
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The offerings of vegetarian food- link to 1st precept
Community •
Reaffirmation of key beliefs/ strengthening the community/ preserving and ensuring the continuity of the tradition
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Early morning ceremony
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The singing of the hymns
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Interconnectedness- strengthening communal identity
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Group chanting
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The Dhamma talk
