IpreseuteD to
Ztbe Xibrari? ottbe
Univerelt^ of ZToronto
Iprc5entc5 to
of tbc
imniverslt^ of Toronto t>v>
The Department of Oriental Languages for use in the Oriental Seminar.
/ ty.
Aramaic Method A
CLASS:;B()OK
FOR THK STUDY OF
THE HLEMHXTS OF ARAMAIC FROM BIBLE AXD TAEGIMS
CHARLES RUFUS BROWN.
PART
II.
ELEMENTS OF GRAMMAR
CHICAGO
:
AMERICAN PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF HEBREW, MORGAN PARK. 1886.
Copyright,
1886,
by Charles Kufus Brown.
PREFACE TO PART
II.
In Aramaic, tlieie is groat need of a Mamial which shall distinguish the various dialects from each other and from their Hebrew The present issue is an attempt to open the w^ay toward sister.
statement of the facts connected with one great branch of this tongue, and the diflferent dialects are here treated comparatively. At the same time, the purest type of Aramaic, as it appears in Onkelos, has served as the model, only Biblical variations being em-
phisized, those in the other
Targums not belonging
to an
elementary
stage of the study, and, indeed, not being before us in as satisfac-
Comparison by the student is facilby the fact that only principles common to all the dialects,
tory form as could be wished. itated
or appearing in Onkelos, are given in usual type, while
all excej)-
tional usage is described in special type.
In following this method, it has occasionally been necessary to use ordinary for the accented letters e, e, a, s, etc., but this has not been done where there was
danger of ambiguity. For the convenience of those who have used Harper s text-books, the analysis, and some of the language even, has been carried over from the Elements of Hehrew (cited as H.) of that author. In the citation of examples, the reprint of Edition Sabioneta of Onkelos, published, in 1884, by Berliner, has been used as a basis, the other Targums being very rarely quoted and the Bible not always, unless
a different usage. For comsometimes been anticipated as, e.g., where a fevf passives of 'Aph'el are introduced under strong formations, though they belong to weak verbs. Forms from such verbs have, likewise, been cited freely to illustrate the main principles, where these principles are independent of the weakness in the same. Occasionally a form not actually found in the literature has been printed in the Tabular Views, but the fact is everywhere indicated by smaller type. it
exhibits in the principles discussed
pleteness, a subsequent section has
;
4
1*
KE FAC E
.
are intemled only to aid the memory by handy has not been deemed necessary there to distinguish dialectical peculiarities, or to state that some forms not found in the literature have been developed by analogy of the rest. In the following brief outline, the writer is indebted especially to Drs. Berliner. Kautzsch and Levy, in their recently published work^«, and to Dr. Burnham, in addition to such aid, for the translatl.on of Genesis I. given in the Appendix and for many useful suggestions. The author cannot refrain from expressing his gratification that, for rejection of the term " Chaldee' from the title pauc of his Method, he can now refer to the distinguished authority of l*rofessiir Kautzsch. No apology is needed for the issue of this brief grammar. The number of students using the Rettdiiig-Book, even without this This part, has exceeded the author's most sanguine expectations. fact,- however, has forced him to write grammatical notes which have been necessarily prepared in great haste, and an apology is needed for their grave imperfections. It can be regretted by no one more than by the writer that an exhaustive examination of the latest edition of Onkelos has not been possible to him. Serious question arose, whether these notes should be printed at all, until such an examination had been made, but the necessity for something of the
As
the
reference,
sort
Paradigms it
seemed imperative.
In these circumstances, the notes are committed, with all their imperfections, to the friends of Semitic learnine-. C. K. B. Newtiiii Theological Institution.
March
1.
1886.
CONTENTS OF PART
II.
Page Errata
8
PARADIGMS. Paradigm A.—The Personal Pronoun and Pronominal Paradigm B.— The Strong Verb Paradigm C— Strong Verb with SiilSxos Paradigm D.— Veib Pe Nun Paradigm E.— Verb 'Ayin Doubled Paradigm F.— Verbs Guttural Paradigm G.— Verbs Pe Aleph and Pe Yodh Paradigm H.— Verb "Ayin Waw Paradigm I. —Verb Lanierth 'Aleph Paradigm J.— Nouns with Pronominal Suffixes Paradigms K, L. — Declension of Masculine Nouns Paradigm M.— Declension of Feminine Nouns Paradigm N.— Numerals Paradigm O. — Prepositions with Suffixes
Suffixes
10, 11 12,
13
14,
15 16 17 18
19
'
20, 21 22,
23 24
25, 36
27 28, 29 :?0
ORTHOGRAPHY. Sec.
The
I.
tetters.
1-4
153
1 1.
\oAveIs. 33^4
5-11
III.
Other
IV.
The Accents.
Pointfii.
12-19
34
20-25
34
V. ISyllables. 2«-28
34-35
AI.
Euphony of Vowels.
29-38
35 35-36
38.
Pause
39.
43.
Assimilation Rejection Addition, Transposition, Commutation The Peculiarities of Gutturals The Weakness of X and PI
44.
The Weakness
Euphony of
VII. 40. 41.
42.
of
1
and
"
I'onsonants. 36 36-37
37-38
38 38-39 3
( O
6
XTEXT
S
.
ETYMOLOGY. \III.
Sec.
Inseparable I'artiolfN.
48.
The Article The InteiTogative The Inseparable Prepositions The Preposition |rp
49.
Waw Conjvinctive
45. 46. 47.
« 4:> 4."
4^J 4^5
IX. r)0,
Prononiiiii.
The Personal Pronoun and Pronominal The Demonstrative Pronoun The Relative Pronoun The Interrogative Pronoun
51.
,53. .5;5,
.54.
Pag-e
Suffixes
44-45
45 45 45
X. The i^trone Verb. .58. .50.
60.
m. 64. 55. 66. 67.
68. 69.
Simple Verb-Stems Intensive Verb-Stems Causative Verb-Stems The Qal Perfect (Active) The Qal Perfect (Stative) The Remaining Perfects The Qal Imperfect (Active) The Qal Imperfect (Stative) The Remaining Imperfects The Imperative
46-47
47-49 49-51
51-53
53 53-54 54-55
55
56 57
71.
The The
72.
Inflection of the Participles
70.
7.S.
74.
Infinitives
58
Participles
58-59 59
Unusual Stems The Verb with Suffixes
60 60-63
XI. Tlie ^^eak
^'erb.
77.
Weak Verbs
&)
78.
Guttural Verbs
6:5
84. 86. 88.
90. 94.
100.
Verbs Pe Nun Verbs 'Ayin Doubled Verbs Pe Aleph Verbs Pe Waw and Pe Yodh Verbs "Ayin Waw and 'Ayin Yodh Verbs L am edh 'Aleph
XII. 105. 106. 108.
109. 110. 113.
117. 118.
131.
133. l;3:>.
64
64-65 &5-6»!
*
66-67 67-69 70-73
Xoiiiis.
The Inflection of Nouns Nouns with one, originally Short, Formative Vowel Nouns with one Short and one Long Formative Vowel Nouns with one Long and one Short Formative Vowel Nouns from Reduplicated Stems Nouns with Consonantal Additions Nouns having more than Three Radicals, and Foreign Words Compound Nouns The Formation of Cases Affi.xes for Gender and Number The States of Nouns
"J 7:!
-74
74 74 74
75 75 76 76 76 77
cox T
E N T
S
.
7 Pajre
Sec.
Nouns with
78-79
125.
Suffixes Stem-Changes in the Inflection of
131.
Feminines
132.
83
1*5.
Anomalous Nouns Special Remarks on Numerals VIII. Separate Particles.
i:}5.
Prepositions
84
124.
Nouns
79-81
81-82
W
SYNTAX. XIV. Syntax of the Verb. 138.
ThePerfect
139.
The Imperfect The Infinitive The Participle
140.
141.
87
87 87-88
88
XV. 142. 143. 144.
States of Nouns The Noun as Object of Numerals
XVI. 14.i.
146.
i^yntax of the Xouii. 89 a
Verb
90 90
i^yntax of the Pronoun.
Personal Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns
91 91
XVII. The Sentence. 147.
Summary
93
APPENDIX. Explanation of Signs
A Litei-al Translation of Genesis 1
93 94-96
ERRATA. Pages 12-23, under
(dl
Perfect
.steiius
stem-vowel retained, as
Page
19,
txarrt a
3
f.
and
a 1 c. witli
in the other persons.
second and third lines frmn 'end. for J7'^1^{D• 'N*
36, third line, end. Insert
46, fourth line 53, last line,
supply vowels
58, sixth line,
/or
78, last line. /or
100. 3.
in
/or 5:13 read
58, eleventh line, 71, third line,
79, third line
\
from end, /or
f|DV
rrad KlU.
h..
1. h.
'?'?J/-
5:3, 13.
/or instance of read form with.
y^p
From
i-'-'"'
V1^*-
(*)n{^,
from end,
81, 82, section headinii.
in>int
/or
I
i-'"<^ ^"2
[^^
fi-om (^)nN*-
(Dan. 3:24)!
I2tx[n;ad
I
131.
'''^'^
PARADK^MS.
An
iO
A11A31A1C ]MjETnoD.
Paradigm A. THE
PKlt!!»OXAL.
Personal Genitive or Suffix of Nouns.
Personal Koniinatire.
With Nouns Singular.
m
fho"
f.
^^,
t]
V
c.
'
2
f.
T_^
till/ ,
^'''
I
i
I
8
N\'l, (N*n\SV
Plural.
2
/'''|:{i".n-^,nv
Prov. 25: 30, like the Syr.
>n^N*)
1
mil
2m.r|_
imN*, in
f.
Plural.
Singular Suflixes.
v,y
/lie. »_.
rijN,
(nri^K)
H
With Nouns
Singrular.
Sinsrular Suffixes.
1 e. ^
2c.
PKOXOi X.
.s7/.
f.
n_,
(in l.ibl.
A. n.
Apr
.
'>D*^
\
Ax
AuA.MAic Method.
The Pronoun. THK
PRKiitOXAIj PItO.\4»l'X.
PerROnal Acrusatire or Suffix of VerbN.
Hy
With Nun Demonstrative.
itself.
Siiisiiliir.
1
*••
^J^,
(^J)
thi
2f.
3 m, y
Hf.
A<
is
between Verb and
nr\r\\ Dan. riiiral.
Suffix, e. g.,
ii.,
n.
^J|'7^TD^ Dan. IV.,
Ic.
^JJn^ "|p")DS
2 111,
Hebrew
inserted as in
2.
Dan. ia\, u. I'uith II., 4.
.'/""
2f.
3 m, tlion
3f.
The
RelatiA** Proiioiiii.
*1. "1 (Tnsep.)
The Interrogative Pronoun.
ivliD, w/n'c/i.
T
T
An Akamaic
12
^^^
^^..^
:Metiiod.
"^""""^
^^-
N.Paradigm B.
The
^
stron g
Ax AIIA3IA1C x\Ij."riio^D.^ j;,tU ^ 1-j Verb. ^iJl^ny (f*Vp^^p^ *^i ^Jti.-^Aphel.'^^*'-'--^^'-
Ithpaal.
==^= PeJLvj^
Peal Intransitive.
'7^pN*
-n'^qpriN*
n£)pn
Nnor^ygpN
n'7qpnN n'?DpnN*
n'7t?pN i'?DpnN* N*'?6pnN*
N'?ppK
pn'7DpnN
pn'?DpiNt
rn'7t5pnN*
fn'pDpN*
N'^tDpriN* '^tSpi-lN*
I'^opnN
p'pDpnri
ygpnx p'?pph».
I'^opn'
r'pppn
?
,"^pnx)'?tDpK
,
p'?'bp'*
:
f'?Dp^
:
Peal Part.*as Present.
'7Ppo|2in.
Nteb '?ppnD
'?ppq
t
^n^D
1 Hi.
N^'7Pp
*
^<'>^
'• '.
^
*--
t:
n'^Dp
2f.
Passive similarly.
^"^
T
pn^'^Dp
Ax Akamaiu
14
^Ietiiod.
Paradigm C. Strong Sing.
Suffixes.
1
com.
2fem.
3 masc.
3 masc.
3fem.
17W *J3rT7tDp etc^
Same
as 3
f.
except
tliat it
does not take suffixes
^rn'^DD
'T^'F^P »:d^ tjn'pDp
nri'p^p
'^?'?^P •71'^^P
min'pDp
n^in'pDp
]c.
]iif.
^.3_^'7tOpD
TnL with* 3 epcnlli.
Impf.
f
ripp,p
^^_ ^'7JppP
n'^tppp
n^iSnnn JJ.'HfV
3 111.
T'^^P' 3
m.
witl)
(
I'lJeiith. f
J
]*1.
':?!) n;!i':'t?p'|
Imp. 2
n^'ptpp*
^:):i_
';!ji'?Pp'
2 m.
m. with
/
2f. PI.
2 m. 2f.
Pa. Perf Inf.
'J^^J^^'ppp
nji'?L:p^
ri70p N*rT- n'ppp
n^Snn
n^'?pp
i^^.'PPp
\m'?pp
N*n'i'?pp
^*^J'7£Pp|
N*n^'?pp
^J^'ppp *JJ ^^I'^pp *j:i':?Dn
ri'^Dp
rp^p_
n'7Dp
n'^pp
^"ii'^Dpl Tjrn'?t2p|
nrii'^J?p|
nni'?Dp|
nni'^Dp
^'2Dp|
.Vx Aka.maic ^Ikthod.
Verb with Suffixes. Plur.
1
com.
15
iJ tt^t^
Ax
it;
ll^-t**
i*-^
C-0~i^
Aka.maic ^Method.
Paradigm D. Verbs Pe Nun. Ptill.
I'crf.
IJ
Nnorfipiij
Hi.
2f.
Ic.
o
1'].
np^i ip5^
111.
111.
p3nN*
np£3N rip5N
np£)nN
rip3N*
ripDnx
np^N
hp?nN
^plNJ
Inf.
j:
N*p|)n{<
i^^ntiJ
N^DQN
(|n;p) ,p5,p
NPSK
(NT) 'P3
in.
2f. PI.
iplriN
fnpDni^
Ic.
>.
rip3n{<
3k^
2f.
Imi
Ittaphal.
p3:N* ,p5N*
Kpb
3f. 2
Aphcl.
ipl)
NpDnN p5n{< ^pBnN*
*«^,V'.
2 m.
Ipl
ipiinN*
2f. luipf.
3
pl3» .p3»
ni.
2 f
,pCD»
p3ri»
[tpsin
ppsnn
.'l^^'oi'
ppsn*
pDilN I'l.
3 m.
Act. Part.
(p:nJ»)
m.
piD:i
f.
Pass. Part.
m. f.
P^sd:
psnD
pp"^
-
Ax
Paradigm
uj ^4jLAjs
I
"^
^
t>s*ii.
17
AiiA.MAic Mirinoi)
E.
Verbs Ayin Doubled. \\^
Peal.
IVrf.
2
pinN*
111.
rinp"!
2f. 1 c.
•i
npi
111.
npiNvnp^x np^K
2
1
Til.
2f. 1*1.
2 m.
2f. li»lif.
3
ni.
2f.
npinx
npl^
npir^N*
ip%
ip'inN*
N*p"inK
pnpinK
ppinx
2f.
Inf.
j
ripinN*
III.
Ic.
np'^riN*
np"l.N*
8f.
Tju])
Ittaphal.
3 m. Hf.
V\.
Aphel.
N^ni
NjpiiV
x:ip'inN*
rTV2 (n'7;rn) Np*ix
N*pinj< p'lHN*
P^ »P^ ipi
'p'^J!?
'pinN'
ip'^i<
iplriN*
NopInN*
METHOD. VN AllAM^l^
Verbs, viuui. ^v.«. F r- Guttural paradigm ^^^^^^^^^^^
18
Ijamedli Out.
2
in.
Ic. etc.
etc.
S^?D)?iiM J5^
"^inp
Inf.
Imp. 2
in-
etc.
2f. VI.
1
1
etc.
2 m. etc
etc. etc.
etc.
Act. Part. Pass. Part.
1™
D-^PJ^
S-^^c
rfn^f
:
nil
w
Par.C.
"MiT^
v^An/Auamaic Method, s^
Yerb^T^AIeph and Pe Yodh.
iq
^j/^
Ax
20
AiiA.MAit
.Method.
Paradigm Peal.
3f.
Aphel.
Ithpeel.
Perf. 3n..
nop,
D*pnN* ,DpriN* nDp;nN*
nnop
rippn^x
H,
(p)
np'pff^
(p)
np'pJ?
2f. <
npp or r\t2p^
If. PI.
3rii.
t'^'p^i
31.
pnop
pnppriN
2f.
\m
inppr'JN*
jHOpN*
D1p,p ,DpD .DpP
i^DnriN
NODN
opnN*
D^pN*
Inf.
Imp.
2
PI.
Inipf.
N*DpnN*
2ni
Din^
111.
2f.
^pip
'Op^N*
'P'pN*
2
lu.
?|^ip
i,!:p;nN*
'l^'pN*
2
f.
':>
111.
h:dv
Q*p»
ppiprf
2f. Ic. PI.
3
N*^PpN*
pppnn
DipN*
in.
D'pii
pD1p"»
3f. A(!t.
Part.
111.
f.
Pass. Part. m. f.
po^pri
D^P NrjpriD
An Ai^vmak
Verbs Ayin Vav. Ittaphal.
Miniioi).
21
^^
Ax
AKA3IAIC MkTUOD.
Paradigm
?^
t
f\
I,
Ax
AKA:\rAic
Minnon.
Verbs Lamedh Aleph.(* |U. n''> v ^'^^^ Ithpaal.
24
Par. J.
An
Aka>iaic Method.
Nouns with Pronominal
Suffixes.
An Akamaic Mkthod.
Par. K.
25
Declension of Masculine Nouns.
An Aramaic
26
Declension of Masculine Nouns.
Par. L.
.Sing.
Method.
Abs. (^'7q) r|'7p (king)
Const.
(-['?D)^'7P
Emph.
'i<^%
Suff.3s.iu.
HD'?,'?
Suff.2pl.3n, fl:}3'7D Plur. Abs.
pp'7D
Const.
^:J^f2
Emph.
R^D'^D
Suff.Ss.m.
^'71D'7,p
Suff.2pl.m.riD'2'7D
10?
Ax
Par.
M.
AuAjrAu; Mktiiod.
Declension of Feminine Nouns. a.
h.
d.
c. I
""^
27
—
I
vealing)
*
T
It:
t
:
[l
Xc
-
=^l~| --
—^—
--=-1— l-i^-j
n*,*?-?
nn*'?ji T
:
a.
T
:
T
:
T
.C^
T
(virtue)
T
;
T
:
T T
:
T
;
— — -
An
28
^Vra3iaic
Method.
Paradigm ]S
No.
A.
Cardinals from
1 to lO.
N.
An
AKA3IA1C Mkthoij.
Numerals. <'. jf^
t'ardinalM.
21)
An Aramaic Method.
30
Paradigm O- Prepositions with 1)5
2)'?
Singular.
i
in.
Suffixes.
Singular.
*3
ill
iiie
1-^.1 /
1)1
thee
n*5
^" ^""^
n!3 T
ill
^7
tl)
\
lier
to thee
n"? ~
Plural.
nie
Hv
t't
rPl'?
to her
him
T
Plural.
f3,N»^5
p^^-
in
us
t
in
you
v«U -? '
I
i^in.
fin:? in
PD?
tons
\'7:i<:h t It
them
iin'? «4^ii
,
to
vou
\ /
; to
theui
3)fP Singular
Singular.
*J^D i^^D
from me
w}^ upon me
im from thee f.
m.
n*jj^
from liim
njlD T
fi'om lior
3.
upon thee
2-
f.
i '
'
/
m. '1'?^ ,*nl'?i^
"Pon him
f
^ipon her
^^^'?:^
•
Plural.
N::D,(:1D
Plural.
from us
im.
im.
-1"
m°\
from vou
2-
f.
pn^'?!^)
from them
tt-^Li,.; >
upon them
ORTHOGRAPHY.
I. 1.
NVnn '/" lo!ns; t^"J2 co7/ec«; HDI Din '«'•"/ 110 icooii; j-i*N iTT [tv) ^VK T
U
//'O^
1-4.)
(B. A.^).
»'c<'^^'-
•''•''".'/;
Heb. n^<.
//"''''^ '*•;
1.
(H.i
'l^PS
u.
h-
2.
UMm- T^eiterw.
•
Palestinian Aramaic, the language of the
few chapters in the Old Testament, square characters, but in
its
is
is
shown
of a
Hebrew
corresponding words, Aramaic fre-
quently substitutes other sounds of the preference
Targums and
written with the
same organ,^ and
a special
in the very general exchange of sibilants for
lingual mutes.
Xote.— In the Targ-ums the servile of Biblical Aramaic. 2.
Other exchanges
(^f
for
X *
J^,
is
preferred to n, the reverse being true
for
{>{,
}< for
are illustrated
*)
by
the examples.
II.
1p>*D'7
(11:6);*
VoA^'el«.
pn\N{
(17:2);
(H.
^r±?^
II 5-11.)
(25:32);
HD?
(Dan. 3:33);
t:'^J3n\\* (25:8).
Remark.— ^^^3
15;^D
(Ezr. 7:25);
(Ezr. 4:22);
Dhl*.
i^f±>n (Dan.
Til^^y^ (Dan. 5:7);
(Kzi'-
5:8);
2:4);
DDlDtr'N* (Dan.
4:16).
1 References will constantly be made, in the following brief statement of principles, to Harper's Elements of Hebrew, 6th ed., Chicago, 1885. With the sanction of the author, the present writer has adopted, so far as practicable,
the analysis made in that work, and the subdivisions of sections are as nearly as possible identical. It will be understood, unless statement is made to the contrary, that the principles are the same for both languages. Essential differences will, in all cases, be noted. 2
Biblical
Aramaic.
introduction of iy for D which occurs in Hebrew, rarely takes place in Aramaic and then always by way of Hebraism. 4 The chapter and verse in Genesis, in which a given woi-d is found, are thus indicated; 11:6—meaning chapter 11, verse 6; 17:3— meaning chapter 17,' verse 2, etc. 3
The
artificial
An
34
What
ARA3IAIC Method.
said in Harper's Elements of Hehreio [^l 5-11) need be
is
only slightly modified for Ai'amaic, as follows a.
~^
h. ~-T
is
12.
[§
very generally used where
and
:
Hebrew would employ
-r.
~ occur but rarely in the best editions of OukeJus and
then as irregularities
(cf.
'i
68. 2);
and
%
t:
are used even less fre-
quently. c. The voirel-Jetter ^ is generally used Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic lyrefer pf-
d.
gums
The
in the
Targums where
vowel-lettevs ^ and'^ are generally retained in the Tar-
and nearly as often after short vowels.
after long
Biblical
Aramaic, like Hebrew, regularly retains them only after naturally long vowels.
R.— Contrary -..-
to
h.,
B. A. seems to show a special preference for
see Mitchell's Gescnius,
III. The
\^.
^ for— in Hebrew
For a rare use of
approaching to the Syriac.
138.
Otlier
J?oiixii-i.
aids for the eye are the
same as
(H.
in the
U
12-19.)
Hebrew
text,
though
the principles of their use are not always consistently applied.
an important source of variation
in
the use of Daghesh see
IV. Tlie Aecents.
(H.
I
For
42.
R.
U 20-25.)
Accents have been found only in the Biblical Aramaft and in
Targum
the
of Onkelos, the latter having been adapted to use in
the Synagogues.
Their employment follows Hebrew analogy,
V. 1.
a.
jaiyllalileN.
n^f2ii (5:24);Ji!^JDn<-5:30); nt^I? (N.i 14:22) but t^'OH (5:10). ~ '•"^^^'^
h. ?l£0'n^ (Bzr. 4:12); _ _i.
2.
(H. §§ 26-28.)
n^1J .
|-
(Ezr. 4:14). (Dan. 5:11); tinN* •
I
r]rnj;Dl)1 (3:17); r]n-)ia^ (N. 14:15); r|n;'7^' (Dan. 4:24).
1
Numbers.
?
An ARA3IAIC Method.
29.]
1.
a. -=- is
often found in an ojyen toneless
most frequentlj'
in cases
for
S'wa under gutturals
(IT.
a).
Tliis arises
s^'llable.
where a fnll vowel has been substituted K.) or
(? 42.
when
For obvious reasons, the instances
I).
35
-
has been used for
^
B. A. are not indis-
in
putable. 2.
Instances of dosed toneless syllables with Jong vowels are far
more numerous
VI.
in all the dialects.
Eiii>lioii:^' ol*
The changes
resulting
from
VoAV<-lH.
U 29-38.)
(H.
inflection will be treated
under the head of
Etymology. 1.
at:
^:)^nT>*
(1:10);
Kemark.— -(>'7»ri*J< The
(3:16);
l^r
(15:6).
but l^'p^TN
(4:18)
(4:2G).
general laws of euphony obtain in Aramaic, but the changes
of tone produce less complicated effects than in
lowing reasons 1.
Naturally long a
a.
Hebrew
for the fol-
:
is
generally retained, being very rarely
obscured. l>.
The
c.
Pretonic vowels are rare and
letters 1
and
more frequently
^
retain their cons, force
when they occur
are un-
of syllabication are not so rigid as in
Hebrew
changeable.
The laws
d.
(V.
2.).
In the best editions of Onkelos the problem
2.
simplified (o) is
by the fact that
not very frequent
R.—The treatment
of
is
still
further
— and ~ are extremely rare and that —
(II. h.).
two adjoining Sewas
is
not entirely uniform in the
Targums.
88. 1-
"TS;^^'? but -T3j;D'7 (11:6);
2. ^'
(Ezr. 4:23)'
It
(Dan.
but
Th I-
6:4).
Pause.
'7TN
(Dan.
(24:58);
7:7);
Dn^ A•
'^O^n
(3:16).
(Dan. 7:26);
n^^T *^:
An Aramaic Method.
36
The fluence
-^ to II.
l\uise produces
T
(J.)
much
limited, for the
is
and
ii
[? 39.
change than in Hebrew.
less
Its in-
part, to the frequent heightening
most
preference of -^ (short) and
on the one hand, to -^ and
-
-r
ctf
Onkelos written
(in
-'S
on the other.
(35:3) for n'SiX may be due to pause.i IVote S.— It must be remembered that - and - are short.
Xote 1.— n'SjX tions, these original
other preferences
In other posivowels are very frequently heightened to - and -, though
may modify this one.
of Consonants.
Mp VII. Eiiplxoiiij-
39.
Assimilation.
1.
Xm
2.
^inN*p(4:10); fn^H, fn^l^'p 1.
(34:16);
nJj^n\SM.38:14);
ym
(34:16).
(Ezr. 7:20).
Assimilation of the final consonant of a closed
times takes place in the case of 2.
(H. ?? 39-44.)
a. j of
Hebrew. h.
the preposition 7p
^, jl is
and
*,
sj'llable
some-
but
more rarely assimilated than
in
(? 48).
In the B. A. and the Palestinian Tanjums ^
preferred to a doubled consonant (? 41.
Mote.— J
is
is
frequently
1. h. (5)).
n
not assimilated before gutturals e.xcept
and, even before n,
the Targums frequently compensate for the omission of Daghesh-forte, e.g., nin'r)(3C:3).
40. 1.
pIQO
(31:13);
yn^)
Rejection.
(20:15);
irKX)
(1:5);
Dn(^) (Dan.
5:17).
(Dan. 5:19)/or N^^HD; ^('?)n;i (20:13); T]('^)np (Ezr. 7:13);
2.
NflD
3.
Ippn (Dan. 3:28) /or Ip'pDH. [np (E.2 2:20) hut N*j;p:^'(4:23);
^nin
(1:1);
r^)^] (1:3).
lit would seem that thei-e are examples of a preference for the emphatic nouns due to the pausal position. See Berliner, Massorah zum Targum
state of
Oiikd(»<, p. 9C. 2
Exodus.
Leipzig, 18T7.
J
?
An Aramaic Method.
41]
The consonants most
liable to rejection are the breathings ^$
and n» the liquids 7 and are often rejected 1..
From (/.
h. c.
2.
and the vowel-letters
J,
when vowelless
the beginning of a word
In the case of ^ of verbs V'i}
7
In the case of
1
or
^
of verbs
From
(§
:
84) in the Qal Imv.
V'5
iii
the same form,
i'i
From
a S'wa.
ii various forms of
"TwH
94. 3.)
the end of a word by ordinary attrition, as in the case
and of
of plural endings,
final
in verbs i^"'^
*
"'
1
Addition,
41. <'.
These
*.
when preceded only by
the middle of a word
Xote 1.— On the rejectiou of K and n Xoto 5$.— On the rejection of and
1.
and
In a few isolated cases.
and p'>^p of
^
:
Here belong especially the syncope of 7
3.
37
j;iti'\S* (24:14);
see also
§ 43.
see also
§ 44.
(H"?)-
Transposition, Commutation. (E. 31:18); f^P^'l (15:6); JP^'1 (Dan.
N^^^VN*
6:24). h.
?\\*1 (15:14) hut
KD^D
(27:28);
U 58.
l^yn
(18:21);
(Dan. 5:20);
2.
See
3-
ri'ljPd:!!); ;i'nM13:12);
n.
S^^^H (Dan.
l^y};
(Ezr. 5:4);
2:25).
3. h.; 59. 5. h.; 60. 5. h.
The addition 1.
nnOtT'
At
P^p
(24:7);
HN^^lp
(39:28).
of a letter sometimes takes place
the beginning of a word to avoid harshness in pronun
ciation, as in the case of
h.
and verbal stems.
(1)
fi{,
called prosthetic, in forming nominal
(2)
pf,
called prosthetic, as a prefix in verbal stems.
In the middle of a Avord as (1) 5^ in
the Qal Part, of verbs
V'J/*
which becomes
(2)
Hill the inflection of certain nouns.
(3)
*
in
forming one of the noun stems.
^
bef affixes .
An Aramaic Method.
38
The
2.
B. A. and in the Palest. Targums for the same purpose.
transposition of letters occurs in the
when
case of ri of
HJ^ ^T)T\) The commntation
3.
42.
avoid a doubled consonant.
(4) ") to (5) ^ in
[§
it
grammar only
would stand before a
sibilant.
grammar
of letters occurs in the
in the •
in the
case of
" n, D I.
)
c.
^
and is
1
fi"*i
the reflexive stems.
i'^
)'y and
in V'£j,
»
forms
(cf. § 44).
THE Peculiarities of Gutturals.
42.
(D.i 15:4).
'^T^'^y
nnO{<
Remark.--in;;(l:31);
In general, Hebrew analogj^ the Targums, compensation g uttural
J^"'?
to {< in the inflection of gentilics,etc.,in _..
weakened
is
f or
(20:13);
is
"l^j;^
followed
;
(11:6).
but, so far as concerns
the rejection o f
T)
f ^
B.— It ought here to be
said that the
generally substitute a full vowel for lonian usage.
most
reliable texts of
In this case, Daghesh in a following aspirate
Kfote.—The
sufiBx
n'_
is
is
p:i^tD''7(N*)n(D. 5:31); h'pV! (24:40);
^n'?N*'? (Dan. 3:12); "I^^O (3:17); 2.
r6)fO
(Ezr. 5:8);
•The letters 1.
}<
{< loses its a.
When
H
had
silent S^wa.
N*
and
,1.
nOVri(3:18); ;?jp;i_Mll:6);
^^^2
PlOVTO (Dan. 3:22)
and
usually retained
never found with Pathah-/u)tu'6.
The Weakness of
43.
Onkelos very
compound S^wa in accordance with Baby-
in the Sab. ed. of Onkelos just as though the previous guttural
1.
fvmn a-awak
not so frequently. made.
hut
(Dan.
2:9).
n^VflDp (Dan. 2:15).
not only occasion change, but suffer
consonantal power and
is
it
said to quicsce
a preceding vowelless consonant steals its vowel.
This occurs chiefly with the Targum prefix of 'Aph'el and the Reflexives after preformatives for gender or person. 1
Deuteronomy.
2
Daghesh-forte.
An Aramaic Method.
^ 44.]
J).
When
sj^ncope of J< in verbs
Wote 1.— A quiescent X
is
In the B. A., ,1
is
will
n
The
The Weakness of
principal variations It
eiier retain their
vowel and these
may
letters,
;
Slote
§ 88.
1
p'DV
for the stem-pre-
the B. A.
and \ Vl^' (Dan.
5:21);
(37:4).
from Hebrew usage
will be
brought out
here be said that, in Aramaic,
may
even in their contracted form, *
1,
before suffixes at the
1
and
*
oft-
may be
is looser,
so
resolved into ___
end of a word, after a heteroge-
be hardened to
V
'
rejected after S^wa.
1
office in
— is frequently rejected when preceded only by a S«wa 2. — In the B. A. '_ is often retained uncontracted and is less 1.
see
consonantal force, that the connection between a
to speak so that, e. g., and the ~^ volatilized.
neous long vowel
X"3
(1. (/.).
commonly used
H'T^' ^^- ^-^^ |13^1?W (Dan. 3:15);
inflection.
Kote
is
performs that
|i»*/«'- nriN* (24:63); \y^^ for
under
in the 'Aph'el of verbs
and Passives as above
formatives in the Targums, while
»V^ir (2:2);
'
be remembered that X
44.
(2 88. 1.).
frequently lost in the verbal stem Haph'el
in the Reflexives
Sfote.— It
X"5
frequently elided.
UTote a.— For the hardening of X to 2.
compound §'wa.
a preceding short vowel absorbs its
Here belongs the
and always
39
^
*
In B. A. this would assume the form TtDp
(§ 40. 2.)
frequently
ETYMOLOGY.
Vm.
Insepava^We Particles. (HJ§ 45-49.) The Article.
45.
There
is
probably no definite article in Aramaic.
Compounds
of certain pronouns with the interj. }<{n ^or emphatic use have been T
supposed to contain
it (? 52).
He Interrogative.
46. Cf. the
Hebrew 47.
usage.
The Inseparable Prepositions.
fin'? (3:7); p^tl'):) for
p'^IH^
These are treated as
and some
irregularities
in
(D- 18:8).
Hebrew, but no pretonic ^r
is
need ed,
appear in the Targums with reference to
other pointings. 48.
The Preposition
The preposition Tp froin fixed,
and
its
fp. written separately oftener than pre-
preference in a given case cannot be reduced to rule.
49.
The conjunctive and tions noted in
is
^
47.
Waw is
Conjunctive.
treated as in Hebrew, with the excep-
IX. 50, 51.
Px-onoviiis.
[B.U
50-54.)
The Personal Pronoun and Pronominal Suffixes.
tabular view. 1.
Ax AUAMAIC METnOD.
? 52.]
h.
Only one form mUIi p^
is
found in
45
tlie
Bible (Dan. 3:12) and
T
the object -pronouns of 3d pi. are elsewhere written separately.
The Demonstrative Pronoun.
52.
Pronouns included under a
belontr to Onkelos in each
ciif^e;
under
/»,
to the
Bible. 1.
a.
2.
a. ^-
jn
J^in m., "]"!.
pi
^i'^
f.,
this
K\1
f.,
tJutt
111.,
"qn
1"..
Remark.-p-rn
p'pW m. ana
pJlW
niN,
f., t/int
(7:ll);'N\-rn (2:12);
f.. tlirnr
m., p^»{«{
f., ^A«v.^
plNs* m., those
pmn
(6:4).
R.—In the Tai-gum dialect, the more common demonstratives may be compounded with Xn in order to express the same idea with greater emphasis (§ 45).
Xote.— jj'! and 'nST
tlm {m.) and ^2"! that (m.) are occasionally used by
Onkelos as emphatic demonstratives.
The Relative Pronoun.
55,
1
(B. A.
**1)
was
words, and, as such,
originallj-
now
used as a mere sign between related
points to a following suffix pronoun, depend-
ent noun, or dependent clause. as an independent relative like
54. 7*3 (I^*
-A-*
7D)
It has, however, •
come
to
be used
^* in Hebrew.
The Interrogative Pronoun.
^''ho
and J^^ (HtD)
corresponding Hebrew pronouns.
y:h(it differ in
no waj' from the
X. Tlic Stvoug VevT>.
2.
DV^
a.
(2:8);
p^^i
{-1:16);
b.
D^p^l (2:21);
D^D^
c.
TjIDI
(2:21);
IDyj
r/.
py
(17:12);
^H^
Z/.
"intp (Dan. 4:30);
DH^
(13:12);
fj^pn
(i:5);
DDll^"
(8:13);
(Dan. 6:26).
D'?^" (Dan.
d^-^ 14:7);
3:27).
DnH
(Is. 17:9).
(Dan. 3:28).
H^Op is
(Dan. 5:30).
pronounced, as Qal
As a.
in
(P''al) Perf.
3d m_
Aram aic.
Hebrew, the characteristic vowel varies
In the majority of verbs,
short even under the tone (H. h.
In
many verbs,
or be heightened to -^ c.
it is
(e)
it is
the «-class
-
,
which remains
29. 1. c).
I
the
<'-class
—
which may remain
short,
under the tone.
In a very few verbs,
tions appears in its is
55-76.)
with one fall vowel, the original penultimate -having been
volatilize d in 1.
D1$
(2:22);
The simple verb-stem sing.,
U
Simple Verb Stems.
58. 1.
[U.
it is
thejt-class
heightened form
(o).
~, which
in
No instance of
some
edi-
this class
found in B. A.
Kote.—The
vowel-letters
the aMte-Massoretic period. 2. a.
The simple
gums only b.
1
and
'
are simply orthographic remains
They are very seldom used in B. A.
from
(II. d.)
passive stem has been preserved in the Tar-
in thn passive pnrtic.ipl^ of
Qal
(? 71. 3.).
In B. A., more of this passive remains in an inflected
P^'il,
a Perfect, liaving a 3d niasc. like the passive Part, iu jippea rance except in ^"'7 verbs
[U
65. 2. a.; 100. |. b.).
Xote.— Forms of P»'il have been found aVily 1
due to corruptions of text
(cf.
Isaiah.
.^U,^a^
C
/-(e)
in
theTargums, but they are prob-
Note on Gen.
i^Ld)
2:23,
Part
I.
p. 57).
An Aramaic Method.
1 59.]
topnN*]; Tj;n\SM2r):8); Dn^riN
3. a.
4.
/>.
nXnC^S*
a.
^^ripN
D^tD^f^*
(7:23);
4T
nnpjTN
(25:10).
n^pitN*
(37:7);
(30:8);
(D.' 21:23);
(10:28) look ahout one's self; *'7JiT{< (11:5) reveal
ones
[Itnn'ri ye do look on each other; '])in^r\il (Dan. 3:28)
self;
ihei/ tr IIS fed.
T'?^TN
^>-
he icas born; y})r\''i^ (25:8) he icas snatched
(-1:18)
n5pn\S*
aicaij;
(25:10) he
was haried; n'7Dpnn'7 (Dan.
2:13)
to he slain. 3.
There
a simple reflexive stem, though
is
which
as a passive,
is
more commonly used
the same as that of the simple active, with
the addition of the prefixed syllable /!{<, giving
'^^pHX
In B. A., the stem
'^tDpHrT
a.
—
vowel
generally
is
Here, except under the influence of gutturals, the stem generally attenuated to -^, which then
is
is
frequently
heightened to ^^. h.
n
The
D
stand before before is
V
;
it is
or
ti^
;
it is
"I, JO
This stem called
and transposed before
more frequently a passive of the simple verb stem.
top]; t:;'np
np£)
2. a. rj'^p
\
;
it
'Ithp"'el, Hithp^'el
6. is
r,.
Intensive Verb-Stems.
nt'^'(22:3); -1*^0(22:9); ;r-15 (37:29).
(2:3); -|^p£) (2:16); '^^'pD (12:4);
(6:22); fj^DJ (29:13);
and
Q^^pi
!r^^T) (30:37) pceZ;
murder; ^'2T) 1
T
would
p.
primarily reflexive and sometimes reciprocal
h. c.
or
it
and transposed
a. is
59. 1.
generally changed to
generally changed to
assimilated before 4.
when
of the prefix is always transposed
(23:11)
In Genesis and Exodus
'
'^^p (Dan.
6:1).
(21:7).
':?L)p (4:8) ^-jY/; ':5^tDp (E. 17:3)
bury (one); "I3p (N. 33:4)
very seldom takes D. f
6j
An Aramaic Method.
48
^hZ*
D^'?SJ' (47:15) he comiih'te;
make
complete.
n^'priri (D- 1^:3) Mo?; sluUt divide into three x)nrtH [ThT))-
1j-
3.
20:5)
(1^^-
[? 59.
jint:
IH^^P
(2":9);
From
(28:13);
IflJD
(26:10).
the original sim])le verb-stem '7t3p, there are formed, by
the doubling of the second radical, two intensive stems, an active
and a passive 1.
:
The Intensive
active stem
a.
The penultimate vowel
I).
The ultimate
primarilj-
is,
'^^P
alwaj'S retained.
is nearlj^
vowel, except before gutturals,
is
g enerally
attenua ted to ^-^which _migal-i8 frequently -lieigkt£jiej.__to ~^, and
'^'^' '^^p
the forms.^are c.
Oc casio nally,
Targums, dou blin g does
in t he
'70p,
and thefarms_the«-are
This stem, called Pa'el, a.
etition
;
h.
To express (4)
used
the idea in
a causative idea
;
No
x>riv
deuomiuatives at
all
P'^'al
(Qal); (2) intensity
;
(3)
rep-
and
The Intensive
Hfote.—B.
privatives,
and indeed no well attested
are found in B. A. passive stem has been preserved only in the
See
passive Part, of Pa'el.
5. a.
is
,
In the Targums, to form denominatives, some of which
contain a
3.
(1)
'^tOH)
penultimate — attenuated from —
Hfote.— There are a few cases of a 2.
not^tiiVe place,
§ 71.
A. prefers the defective writing (II.
topriN*]; :i'p3nN*
(14:15);
d.).
'?'pDriN (16:13); ^'pj^lJ^
(9:21);
(L- 25:47);
m^
'
N*^nn\S* •
Z*.
(22:20).
p^np>*(12:8); ;^5t?VMI^-' (N. 32:17);
6.
o.
1pD5<
h.
1t:n3n\VJ
1
Leviticus.
^fzm
(3:8)
(3:8);
13:58);
N^TOrp
I hid myself;
f5*?P
(41:8).
t^n3ni<
(13:9) separate thyself.
(13:11) they separated (from each other);
J^")p^
An Ara.maic Method.
§ 60.]
49^
(N. 22:17); "|n»n\Nt(K. 14:17) f shnnhccoimhonornhh'; (22:14)
There
5.
which
It !s
is
-)QKn»
saUI.
also an Intensive reflexive
7DpnK
stem
the same as that of the Intensive active, witli the addition
is
jlX (B. A. generally JlH)Here the ultimate vowel is occas. attenuated,
of the prefixed syHable a.
For the treatment
b.
a. Is h.
primarily reflexive
Has sometimes
Greek Indirect Middle ]Vote.—The
reflexive
texts of the
(2)
;
the force of the
frequently the force of a passive. 'Ithpe'el
cannot always be in
distin-
variant
Causative Verb-Stems. DnpiX(20:8); w^»pjl}<
^riim
(E. 14:27);
n^I^tr'-
l>.
(3)
same passage.
\b\Q'p^. ':'Dp^];
a.
al),
but
a reciprocal force
and
to ^^,
I 58. 3. h.
Indeed the two forms sometimes occur
60.
2.
(1)
;
;
stems 'Ithpa'al and
guished in signiflcatiou.
1.
of the Jl see
This stem, called 'Ithpa'al (Hithpa
6.
as in the Pa'el.
may be heightened
to "^ (regularly in verbs JC"'?)) which then
I'^^DHN* (31:38), hut
(12:5);
(19:3);
'p'>m)\^'^
(25:29).
D^'^li'N (29:28) he completed;
m^'±>^
H^'N (3:24)
lie
(27:15).
placed; PlJ*'?'?:?^']!
(6:16) tJwu slialt finish it; ]''tyTf (45:26) he believed;
H'I'^H (Ban.
6:29) he jjrospered. 3.
4.
a.
fD\'10M21:7);
b.
n*n\'l (Dan.
nmn (Dan.
»n'7^p
(25:29).
ViTH (Dan. 3:13); nD^pH IDIH (Dan. 7:11); "^^rt (Dan.
6:18)';
5:20);
By the prefixing of a syllable (}<{
formed (but see
tive verb-stems are 1
X has been assimilated. has - rather than t and 3
2
^»
3
Cf
i
n preformative,
.
I.
N. with
[B. A. usually H],
§ 88.
E.
§? 78.
N. 2
retains Daghesh,
;
(§ 43.
90.
(Dan.7:4.5?), 5:13).
tif),
four causa-
K).
R.).
1.
which
is
retained, as so often in the Bible
(§§ 43. 2; 68. 5.>
An Aramaic Method.
50
The Causative
1.
60.
'?DpK> '7Dpt^
penult. "^ is retained throughout.
The
h.
Tlie ultimate
^,
as in the
Pa el,
is
attenuated to ~^ and
being under the tone,
(i),
(1) in
some forms,
is
generally retained
(2) in
other forms,
is
regularly heightened to
These stems,
2.
active stems are
a.
this vowel
[^
called 'Aph'el (Haph'el)
1'7*D^^?
~
aDPX
and Saph'el,
A
nification, causative of the simple verb-stem.
are, in sig-
ca usative may,
however, be intransitiv e.
The Causative passive stems have been preserved
3. a.
Targums
only in the passive Part's of 'Aph'el and Saph'el. See
In B. A.
h.
(if
we may follow the
text)
remaius in three forms of a Haph'al Perf.
As a passive
4.
stances
5.
71. 3.
(? 65. 2. h.)
has the Hoph'al in eight in-
to Haph'el, B. A.
topHN*, '?Dpn*f;S*];"Tnpn>*(E.21:29); (2:i);
•
;
;
(16:9)
and
nN*^Tr)>*(33:ll);
(25:9); nrntr'^N* n^^^nt:^'^ ...... (i9:20). ~ :
^'^'7^2 voeary;
a.
1
of this passive
[l 65. 2. c).
^'i7'2m^'i^ JT -«.
more
in the
^ri'?ntr>* (47:13) fainted;
n;^^^^^^^^
he siihject.
h. n,'2.)lT\p^^
(25:23) xhall he .subject;
t>^jr\''^
(43:18)
loere
hruugJit.
5.
There are also Causative reflexive stems, ':'£=)i?N*i>'<>
a.
vowel
is
may then be heightened h.
The
backward.
J^
to ~^.
(Cf.
§
59. 5. a.).
of the first reflexive, being weak, is assimilated
For the ti'eatment of jl
Ijcfore l^, in the second, see
§ 58. 3. h. 1
':'i5p£i^i>N*
Here, as generally in the 'Aph'el and Saph'el, the ultimate sometimes attenuated to -^ (regularly in verbs ^i"'7), which
Cf. § 43. R.
and elsewhere.
2
Lam.
3:5.
An Akamaic Method.
63.]
6.
a.
reflexive b.
These stems, called and reciprocal are
more
Xote 1.—The ^STote
a.—U.
Xote 3.— In
51
'Ittapli'al aiul 'Istaph'al are i)iiiiiaiily
;
^>a.s.vit;
fre((iieiitly
Strong:
A. has no Ittaph'al at all.
B. A.
we properly speak of
in place of 'Aph'el, 'Itlip
63.
(I.
llaph'el,
Hitlip'el, Ilistapli'al,
Note.)
The Qal Perfect (Active).
tabular view.
eti'.,
An Aramaic Method.
52
nfipr
3. a.
np'7P
h. 4.
(24:64);
KniDl"! T :
-1-
n'^^lDp
NJD'^H -: T ;
:
(40:8) ?.«<
-I-
(N. nnD"i;i -
17:6).
;
are o/'-fixed to the
Aramaic stem.
closes the 1st plur. even in B. A. (cf II. c). .
Special forms for the fem. occur in the 2d and 3d pers. sing.
2.
and
(3:6) ?>«^
I
The prononiinal fragments Xote.— XJ
64.
(Dan. 4:31).
jl^p^
(Dan. 7:20);
(31:36);
nDH^
(4:23);
[?
plur.
In pure Aramaic, the stem vowel
3. a.
throughout
generally retained
is
heightened) hut
(or
and jl
In B. A., before the vowel terniiuatious jl
h.
,
it is
reduced to S'wa, while the old penultimate vowel appears in an attenuated -^
(cf. II. d.).
The grave terminations
4.
and T]! draw the tone from
|^fl
the ultimate syllable of the stem. HVote.— The forms not found
in tlie Bible are indicated in tlie Table by smaller
type.
64.
The Qal Perfect (Stative).
tabular view. LCf.
3
Middle
A
Middle
E
m.
Middle
3
sg.
f.
Paradigm
sg.
Sop spp
ri'?'5Pp',
b^'p
n'?lDp2
1.
For the
2.
Verbs
3.
Verbs in
n'2gp
2
B.]
m.
1 \
2
t>up
ri'p'Pp'
I'^'^tppi
3 in. pi.
P^'?^)? pri'7^pp^
I'^l^p'
inflection of Perfects in
-^^,
see
§ 63.
~ retain or heighten to ^-. (i)
table represents
and no forms in o
are short vowels, though written fully
and and 1~ are tone-long.
'_
pi.
in -^ retain this vowel or heighten to "^.
J8.— B. A. has no second pi. in e ''_
m.
n'^op
IVote 1.—With the exception of dSiCOD, the from Onkelos.
Kote
3
sg.
(II. d.).
(u).
forms taken
•i
An Aramaic Method.
6o.J
65.
03
The Remaining Perfects.
tabular view of important forms. [Cf.
'Ithp'el3f.
Hebrew
Paradigm
Pa el
1st.
B.]
'IthpaalSd.m.
'Aph'el2iii.
An Aramaic Method,
54
2.
The three
(i 58. 2. h.),
additional passive Perfects, found in B. A.,
Haph'itl
flected in full.
[§66.
(? 60. 3. 6.)
and
Hopli'ril (§ 60. 4) are
Examples of every person of the
instances of the last two
first
and
all
are given.
Xote 1.— b^V (Dan. 3:10) far h^ (Dan. 3:29) is pure Hebraism. Xote !8.—It will be remembered that 'Ittaph'al is not found in B. A. 66.
The Qal Imperfect (Active).
tabular view. Hebrew.
3 m.
Targums.
B.A.
P"^ il
here in-
Elements— ^t2p with
the
An Aramaic
g 67.]
written fully, as
is
tlie
—
orijr.
Method.
55
thoiiah short),
(T,
when
rettyned.
Cf. II. d. h.
3.
—
In the Bible
The
is
aflSxes of tlie
retained and written defectiTcly.
Impf. draw the preceding consonant away
from the ultimate vowel, which then passes necessarily into Cf.
H.
S''wa.
§ 36. 3. a.
B.— lu
B. A. there are three instances of Impf. 3d
pi. in.
without
?.
They are
noticed here for completeness.
Xote. —
'
is
used as preformative of the 3d
pi. botli
m. and
f.
The Qal Imperfect (Stative).
67.
tabular view of important forms. [Cf.
3
m.
Paradigm 2 f
sg.
.
B.]
1 c. sg.
sg-.
Siop»
I'^l^]^^
Impf. with a
'7Dp»
['"pippn
Impf. withe
'^'Dp*
vb'cT^Ts
Impf. with
1.
'^i'^pN*
'?*opN*'
y*cr^^
'^IDjTN
pl31p^'n(18:24); '?lDpNM27:41);
(27:45);
2 f pi. .
I'^^pri
I'ptDpn
pDnn T^p^ (Dan.
3:6). 2.
D'?tp^M3:16);
3.
p5-]»
(2:24);
v^pn^H
]^m
(25:23); ptO'7::'Ml:26):
(29:27);
pJlinn
Stative verbs form their Impf. in
Impf 's
pD£)DM:^:22).
(34:9).
-
and
~r- [-^).
1.
For the
2.
Impf's in ^^ and -^ lose their full vowel before
inflection of
the Targums, occasionally
^
is
in
"^.;,
see
I 66.
aflixes.
In
retained and heightened to ^r.
3. In the Targums, not onlj- weak verbs, but a few strong verbs. have "^ as the stem vowel in the Impf. (cf. II. (L)
Xote.— B.
A. lacks several of the Tabular Forms.
An Aramaic Method.
56
68.
68.
[I
The Remaining Imperfects.
tabular view of important forms. [Cf.
Paradigm
3 f . eg.
Hopn*
'ithpaMi
Apirei
1.
(Dan.
.
'T'DpnNcn)
p'7ppri
'?*DpnM26:ir); '?^tppn\S*
3 f pi.
1 c. sg.
r'^'^pW
s»L)p^_
B.]
f'^'tppip'
'?'DpN*
(2fi:0):
f'^ppM'pn^)
pC'^lDiT
(1:9);
plD^^nn
2:5).
2.
|*l'?3pn (34:17: Dan. 2:6);
5.
p^ni
Tnpri
(26:11);
Tp5^
(18:19);
(30:33) huf
'^^^N
'^pC^'nMDan.
(18:30).
7:24);
p^nr}
(Kzr. 4:i:}).
1.
^
In the inflection of the 'Tthn (1)
Imj^f.. there ia to
be noted
the fovni witli -^ instead of ^^, by preference in pause
Seell.
(138).
(/.
-^ and (2) especially the return of the original penult.
the
volatilization of the stem-vowel before affixes. 2.
(I.
The other Tmpf's
are inflected after the analogy of Qal; but
h.
In Oiikclos, -'
usually found instead of ^r under
formative, and
• ,
is
heightened from
-^, in place of
Ji{
compound
pre-
S'wa,
these preferences being peculiar to the Babylonian system (142.11.)•
5.
The
X
of "Apli'el is regularly elided after a preformative.
the Targums, rarely, and in B. A., usually, ,1 t'l^es generally retained after the preforniatiye
(? 43. 2.).
its
place and
In is
An Aramaic Method.
^69.]
57
The Imperatives.
69.
tabular view. Paradigm
[Cf.
Imv.3m.sg.
Impf.
B.]
Imv.2f. sg. Imv.2m.pl.
Imv.2f.pl.
Qal
'?lDj7»
'^IDp
^'pitDp
l'71tpp
Qai
'^Dp*
Vo\i
»'?i:p
i'?pp
23)
Qal
'7^pp»
Svgp
^'^^•op
iS^Op
pp(E.2 20)
'Aph'el ':)>Dp:
'?*DpN*
^'7*tppN*
l'7't?pN*
1.
nnp
r|lpr (13:14);
1DrpriD\\*
(32:6);
n^'?!iTN 1.
Impf.
a.
(27:21);
(18:4):
l^^;?
(6:14);
iS^ap
N*(J)i7^VN*(^
^MtT'
(19:34); l^^^tT'
l^flOnS*
(23:8);
The stem
of the Imperative is the
The
same
as that of the
reflexives have the prefix fli^ (B. A.
m). Ill
B. A. there are no strong verbs having- Iniv. in
of course none with ^^. c.
vowel
is
(24:6);
(9:7).
(I 66. 2, cf. 67.).
J).
2.3)
—
and
(? 67.).
In the inflection of the Imvs.,
it
will be seen that the stem-
retained, frequently in its original form.
Remark.—The other Imperatives are
inflected in a
manner
similar to those
in the Table.
Xote 1.—The 3 f verbs.
For
Xote 2.— It
is
pi. is
not found in the Bible and not in Onkelos with strong
weak verbs were cmjiloyed in the Table.
due to the paucity of the Bibliial literature,
stances of the 2d sg.
Cf. §§ 63, 66.
.
this reason
f.
only in Iniv. and that the 2d
1>1. f.
is
tliat
there are in-
not found at
all in
B. A.
58
An Aramaic Method. 10.
The Infinitives.
tabular view.
[§
70.
§
Ax Aramaic Method.
72]
-59
The passives
Active stems have two Part's.
are remains of h>st
passive sterns.^
In the Targums,
1.
in
i)enult. -^
the Qal act., and, in
all
appears sometimes before affixes
the dialects, returns regularly before af-
fixes of 'Ithp''el.
The Act. and
2.
which
is
"Ithp^'el Part's
S'wa before
affixes.
The Qal passive
3.
have -^ for the ultimate vowel,
regularly heightened to "^, this in turn being changed to
the ultimate vowel
*
becomes S'wa before
Remark.
— In
the
Part., like verbal adjectives in
is
Targums both
and
i
i
The tense
and 2d
pers.,
N*J^T
(30:26);
N^nOI
pn^;?T
(48:19);
(29:5);
(9:15).
nouns or pronouns
Part's are used with
Part's, to
in
rij;T
(31:6);'
[I 141.).
(II. d.).
(Cf.[§ 68. 5.).
Inflection of the Participles.
72.
rWT
This
are written fully, while
ofteuer retained tlian lost after prefix D.
WTUT:6);
~^.
affixes.
B. A. makes orthog^rapic distiuctiou betweeu them
Xoto.— n
Hebrew, has
The remaining passives have
(i).
to
form a Present
In the Targums, fragments of the pronouns of 1st
used as subjects, may be affixed to both This mode of
form the same tense.
act.
tufleetioii is
and
pass.
not found
B. A. It is to be noted that
The fragments except
1
means 2.
of the old ending
are affixed to a final consonant
bj'
T
in
most
cases attenuated to ^^.
This necessitates a change of the preceding vowel to S'wa in
active forms. 3.
^
{<{J)
The
The
initial
passive vowel
(i)
is
unchangeable.
consonant of the fragments
is
doubled after a short
vowel.
Kote.— For Pdl
Perf. (not to
be confused with jPart. passive)
65. 2. a. 1
For
otlier
remnants of these stems in B. A., see
§ 65. 2.
see §§ 58.
3.
h;
An Aramaic Method.
60
l'?^'?l:inJ< (43:10);
1.
-)D1D(D.1:31);
2.
(^'73");rp (E. 14:3); '^^'p^ (11:9);
used.
are, as
The
in
t]5lnn0
(I>-
ND^DinkX
32:11).
(N. 16:13).
Hebrew, other stems which are occasionally
chief of these are
1.
Po'el (or Polel) and Ithpo'itl ('Ithpolal).
2.
Pa'lel (or Palpel)
The mode
Hebrew
73.
Unusual Stems.
73.
There
[^
and
'Itlipa'lal ('Ithpalpal).
of formation and signification of these
is
evident from
analogy.
Wote 1.— Quadriliterals, when not
Saph'el,
may be brought
largely under
these stems.
Note "Z.—FovyvVJ,
see
74.
§ 78.
N. 2.; for rD'H, §88.3.R.l;and
The Verb with Suffixes.
For the fragments used, see [Cf. 1.
[-ri'7Dp/0Mn'2gp];
l>.
[-"Ptpp sometimes -'^^'p foT':>\2p\-
C-.
fli^HD^'N
^niDD^^
When
(37:24);
^;inp5Jf^' (31:28);
pjin^^p^
H^Pli)
(37:17); JITt^^^D^S* (3:21);
^^^il^rir
the object of a verb
(31:15)
is
(31:32).
(12:8); n^'7\S*^'
fl^^fn^
(14:15)
huti^yf^^imm.
a pronoun,
the union of Jl^ and the pronominal
it is
sufiix.
the suffixes, except those of the 2d pers. the verbal stem.
§ 50.
Paradigm C]
^'.
(37:15);
for'^'Ij/, §90.R.
pi.,
often expressed
More
by
often, however,
are joined directly to
This occasions certain changes of termination
and stem. 1.
In the case of the Perfect a.
loith suffixes, it is to
vowels are restored. b.
be noted,
In reference to tenninatlon-changes, that the older
In reference to stem-changes, that
final
An Auamaic MKxnoD.
§ 74.]
(1)
the a
(i)
an open syllable
left in
61
is generall.y volatilized,
necessitating in the Qal a return of the old penult. ~^. (2) if
the ultimate
heighten
^
(^") is
not volatilized,
In reference to the union of termination and
c.
auffix,
verbal form ending in a vowel, the suffix
(1) to a
usual to
is
it
it.
is
that
attached
directly (2) to
a verbal form ending, in ordinary usage, with a conso-
nant, the suffix
is
connecting- vowel
Xote 1.— The stem
(cf
Arabic
.
-=-
(^, ^). Cf.
connecting-vowel
2.
I
a so-called
50.
the oiiginal final vowel of the verbal
is
qa-ta-la).
]Vof e 8.— Certain contractions are Xote 3.— It will be remembered that
nouns of
means of
generally attached by
frequent:
(1)
Tl- to
tV—',
(3)
n_ to
ri_.
B. A. follows the Syriac in writing the pro-
separately.
3(1 pi.
a. T]rp3t:^'^ (D. 4:31); p:it:'>Jti'> (7:23);
Tjp'p^pW*
i.
*15^'7tppM4:14);
c.
nmpirn(E. 23:11);
Reinark.-»;j«l':)Dp» (20:11);
^b'^'^T)
(X. 24:14);
(D- 13:10).
p^^ll'^On (D-
^^•|n'75M27:29); pJ^V^tTMD. cf.
^Jin'?^*
4:19).^
8:3).
miDJi^D^ (Dan.
(27:29);
5:21). 3.
a.
\np^P)kV (22:2);
N*mpQJ<
(38:24);
^jn'^t^^' (30:25);
^Jin'?:^'
(32:26). h.
rnniDnj
(30:41);
n^^yOpPd). 2.
]*\'2r)thr2 (D. 5:28);
In the case of the hnperfect with a.
endings h.
(37:18);
suffixes, it is to
be noted
In reference to termination-changes, that the old verbal a,
an
(in)
are restored.
In reference to stem-changes, that, before
mate vowelregularly becomes ened.
n^'^tppP
13:10).
"t,
suffixes, the ulti.
but may be retained and height-
An Akamaic Method.
62
c.
[§ 74.
In reference to the union of termination and
the ending with ^
suffix,
that
preferred, the exceptions to its use (or the
is
equivalent, a J being the last letter of stem, or
first
of suffix) being
very rare.
R.—
I
final is
elided before
3.
a.
h.
J
usually retained, but the original— following-
it is
frequently
demonstrative.
In the case of Imvs.
toitlt
suffixes it is to
(1)
the stem regularly suffers no change);
(2)
forms with J demonstrative are very
In the case of
Infs., it is to
be noted that
rare.
be noted
(1)
that the nominal suffixes are vised for objects as well
(2)
that the Inf. Qal volatilizes
(3)
the others assume the ending (H^) of abstract substan-
(4)
that forms with J demonstrative are very rare.
as subjects. its final
vowel.
tives.
Xote.— Part's before
suffixes are treated like nouns.
XI. Tlie Weali
Weak
77.
Weak Verbs Lamedh "Aleph
(N*""?)
do not
13j;
(1:7) hut
in
(18:5),
l'^;;;
(11:4);
TOT.
(E. 32:27);
n5>\S*
(32:23).
^|'^")5X
(12:2);
differ
^I'D^D^
(27:4);
IDI^O
(2:3),
T^^^!
yy); (6:14), ^y):n "I^TP ^^- 1^:2);
(1:26),
-15»;r^' (33:14);
T5;:;_
(§ 100.).
F.]
15^^(1:31); "l^^^^n
Gnttural A'erbs are
They
Paradigm
(18:3);
(18:25).
?-
Hebrew, except that Verbs
from Verbs r\"b
Guttural Verbs. [Cf.
u.
differ
(\i\U 77-104.)
Verbs.
are to be classified as in
78.
1.
Vei-l>.
1\^y^^\
(D. 15:4).
strong verbs with peculiar consonants.
reallj'
from the corresponding forms of the
latter precisely as
Hebrew, but 1.
a.
The Babyl. system,
full vowel for h.
compound
The vowel "^
in the majority of cases, substitutes a
S''wa (§ 42. R.).
is less
tion for rejected Daghes.
frequently heightened in compensa-
This
is
used where "r would be expected
(II. a.).
^fote 1.— Daghes in 'Ayin Aspii-ates
Babylonian Onkelos
Xote 3.— 3rty,
(§ 43.
to the fact that ~^ is often
due
is
often inconsistently retained in
R.).
^VJW^'i^, etc.,
may
perhaps be best explained as Saph'el
that this
borrowed from East Semitic. There is some reason to suppose dialect has furnished Aramaic with its entire Saph'el stem, for the
latter, in
Assyrian, corresponds exactly to 'Aph'el or Hiph'il
(from
3TJ?)
with Assy,
su),
and
it is
(cf.
Aram. XIH
not likely that originally there were in Aramaic two
stems having precisely the same meaning
(cf § 90. R.) .
An Aramaic Method.
64
84.
Verbs Pe
(3:22);
p"i3 (8:16); p^DN* (8:20);
Remarks.-p7J_* Verbs lost
ill
all
(26:11); fn;iri,
N^mN (1:15); nlH^n (26:2).
\n^'0 (Ezr.
?"£) are treated precisely as in
Imvs. Qal.
As
in
(ffj).
Paradig-m D.]
[Cl'.
3P»
Nun
[?84
7:20).
Hebrew, except that ^
before gutturals, but sometimes a heightened vowel B. 1.— Some verbs do not assimilate their B. S.—In the Palest. or else a J
is
is
Hebrew, vowelless J may be retained
Targums and
is
preferred.
J.
in B. A., the J is
often inserted to avoid doubling by D.
f.
much more (§§ 41. 1.
frequently retained,
b;
86. 3. b.).
An
? ss.j
1.
Those voihs
that forms with
ond
a
differ
AiiA^rAic
Method.
from Hebrew
v('rl)s
preformative double the
radical (as occui's occasionally
of the
first
cxcn
in
65
same
class, in
rather than the secII{!brew)
and
in the
may
rather
iibsence of sep(init)jif/-YO\vv\s. 2.
Forms which
rciiularly
double the second radical,
heighten the vowel of the stem. 8.
Sometimes neither
(I.
Forms containing gutturals neediu)
//.
Ill
insorlertj
B. A., compenssitioii for
(§U1.
1. A.;
done.
doiililiiiiU'-
may
bo siippliod by an
84. W.).
Xote 1.— The stem-vowel in Aramaic may be ^•olatiliy.ld Vote !J.— In these verbs Palpel is preferred to Pa'el. B. c. Vote 3. — For iiistanres of lloph'al. see § ().">.
88.
is
special cxi)lanatioii,but
;i.
Verbs Pe 'Aleph
tabular view. [Cf.
Paradigm
G.]
(N*"i3)
icf.
H.
S
SO.
:i.).
X. lias neither.
An Akazmaic Method.
6(j
[| 9Q,
2.
»n»\Nt(2:19); HN^iTN* (27:5): pD^'^ (15:6); pp^H,!? (19:15).
3.
^nlN*
OniN*
(8:10);
These verbs class.
They
preforniative
from Hebrew verbs of
occurs in Qal and frequently in
{»{
tlie
same
J^ii'el^
af ter
a
(? 43. 1.).
usually hardened to
J^ is
2.
may form
tive
differ essentially
are treated in three ways.
Syncope of
1.
(22:5).
3.
For the
B.
1.— n
in "Ai)h'el,
diphthong or contract to
a ^,
">
may be
")
in V'O^T)
substituted
bj'
and with the preforma-
e.
analogy.
quite .'auomalous in Onkelos.
is
It is
retained after prc-
formatives.
2.— For the terminations of >?nS, see
B. g 65.
Wote
1.
—The
of Qal forms after
'
^Tote 2.— In B. A. X
is
100.
For
and Hoph'al, see
Hni>h'iil
Waw
yr\\
h.
D'n^n
T'7.^n\y
(13:12);
(27:44);
T'?1K(4:18);
is
simply a rowcf-letter
(II. d.).
(V'iD)
and Pe Yodh
(»"i3).
Paradig-m G.]
LCf.
".
— or -
frequently ortliogTaphically retained.
Verbs Pe
90.
1.
S
2.h,c.
(4:18);
nV
(L. 16:21);
yn
(35:1).
;;TP (15:13); "I'p'p (4:2); mO (E. 17:11): DnlH (Kzr. 4:10): ^TnlnMBan. 2:25); Nlia
*(Dan. 6:11). 2.
NO»[p\V
n;P».» (12:13);
Remark.— ^V^t^' 1.
Verbs, Avhose
ing peculiarities (I.
1
(D. 29:23): yi^^T) (4:7); T'7\S* (18:13).
(2:2; Ezr. 6:15);
fii'st
radical
was originally
^
(§
41. 3. h.)
some 1
whenever
except sometimes in Pa'el and
retained, and in the Imv. Qal, where h.
*),
exhibit the follow-
:
passes ovei' into
(or follow ilj^),
'>T\rr\ (18:28): HJ^V^C^' (18:25).
it is
it
would be
'Ithptt'al,
initial
where
it is
lost altogether.
In the Tmpf. and Inf. of Qal and throughout the "Aph'el of
verbs, the
TTJ^'X,
silent, to -.
in
T is
4:2')
assimilated like
j,
or compensation takes jilace
and elsewhere, by ehangc of
first t,
though reKularly
'i
An
94.J
under the pro formative.
a.
Verbs Avhose
first
h.
These
facts
is
may
is
contracted
oriuiiially
*.
retain the
same
to V__.
*
^n'e
sometimes eiuifused with each
regularly less frequently retained than in Heb. pex'haps open the (piestiini
preformative in Qal
Cf.
was
radical
Yerhs V'3 and '"5
though
T
o.
This occasions a contrac-tidu of
other,
67
the Aph'el, usually.
Tii
with a preceding -^, giving 2.
Method.
AFwA-maic
may
not in
all
whether the vowel of
these verbs be tour-long.
R.—There appear to be instances of Saph'el Iiorrowed from East Semitic. § 78. Note 3. Sfote 1.—Forms like T7r\ (17:17) must be resanled as following- the anal-
ogy of verbs
V'J!.
Forms like^'T
(4:1)
irregularly drop
1
without compensa-
tion.
Xote 94.
8.
—For an instance of tloith'al, I/ERBS "AYIN
WAW
see
S 65. 3. c.
[yy) AND
TABULAR VIEW. [Cf .
Paradigm H.]
'A YIN
YODH
(^"^).
An
68
< n^[^
Method.
[?
HDO (25:32); 3np (8:12);
(24:01):
(3(l:lh
xliiAMAic
pi»n
D\Ntp
(18:21);
NTO
(24:13);
jrnM41:40): pmVDaii.
94.
'^^^m
4:9);
(9:24).
1.
W'vbs whose second radical
iarities '
1
present the following pecul-
never appears as a consonant, but
(I.
Qal
is 1
:
Unites with a preceding or following
Ini])f
.
and
Iniv., as in
ii
and forms
^
in the
Hebrew, the preforniative vowel of Imiif
being volatilized. I).
Becomes
*>
and
(1) in
Pa'el
(2) in
Qal pass. Part..
where time,
it i
is
its
homogeneous
The 'Aph'el
in 'Aph'el.
i,
Is rejected,
radicals.
and
Part.,
giving, for the first
Inf., like
the others, has
ii
first radical.
probable that e was simply substituted for
tormity to the usage r.
which preserve three
Apli'el Perf., Impf., Imv.
unites with
under the Xot«'.— It
'Ithpa'al.
in supposed oon-
i
in all other verbs.
whenever
it
would stand with a heterogeneous
vowel, as (1)
with a or
a,
in the
Qal Perf. and
Inf.,
where the contraction
of li+a (the first a originally present) gives
a.
Here the
frequent occurrence of a must be regarded as irregular adaptation to other verbs. In the act. Part. bj'
(2)
analogy and
with a in the
this, in turn, is 'Ithp°'el,
where the a
jteiisation for the rejection of
Kote 1.— 'lthp«'el
is
J«{
is
hardened before
Y
to
is
jr-inserted affixes to
*.
lengthened, in com-
a.
formed with a as stem-vowel, but
i
occurs in some
verbs, as adaptation to the usual formation.
Xoto
5i.— 'I'lie doubling- of
r\
in 'Ithpf'el is
due to the
effort after a triliteral
root.
Xoti'
vj.
— For
:iii
unusual passive sec
Rem.arks.-D^pX(21:2R):
Q^pn
S
(i.").
:t.
Ii.
(Dan. 3:2):
DHrin
C-'-l^):
H'p);,
An
^5)4.1
^0
(27:46);
]'\n'\f2r\ (3:3); B.
AiiA.MAic
{«:7)
;
Method.
H^^H^iN
pij;»r) (O-
69
':]3^a™
(32:20);
(28:15);
^m.
1.— The vowel of the preform., being
an open
in
heig-htened to a in the 'Aph'el and 'Ittaphal.
sylhihle,
is
f,'onerally
In B. A., however. volHtilixatioii
generally takes place.
Xot«'.— //I
tlif
Pdlcxt. Taraunu^. tone-long e is
found under the proforinative
of Qal. R. "2.— Some Stative verbs occasionally appear Where this vowel cannot be regarded as a simple
witb forms in e instead of a. substitution for
l
(below
due simply to analogy. R. 8.— In the 'Aph'el, forms occur with - under the preform, and U.
3),
it is
the
f in .
first radical.
B.
4.—The heightened vowel it is in Hebrew.
is
not volatilized,
when
ceases to be before
it
the tone, as R.
5.— No scparating-vowels are used
in
Aramaic.
K. ft.— Forms like pl^^'ri follow ^•"^^ analogy.
Xoto. — It must be remembered that some verbs 2.
pT (10:5);
1
i
Verbs with ;
Ifl^^ (19:2); *
^^p
1
as a ilroiio eons.
(18:1).
fov their second radical differ little
from verbs with
appears, however, as stem-vowel instead of u, in the Qal Impf.
and Imv.. and, occasionally, instead of 3.
treat
a,
in the Perf.
a.
^nn(24:-ll); p:)nn(in:2); ^n,p(D.ll:22); ^,"1^
f'-
ippn
3.
(I.
(Dan. 3:22);
Here belong
npDJH
p'lp, (5);
Ill
e. g.,
and
fi:24):
Cf.
I
40. 2.
B. A., occur a few such forms
nppjn
for
cf. I (35.^2. c).
pDH
certain syncopated forms of Tj?)! which ap-
pear in Impf. and Inf. Qal. I>.
(Dan.
(K/.r. 7:13).
('d="i- <^:24).
nppn
./'"•
in
Haph'el and Hopli al of
np'^pn
(see
u
^
2; 41.
1. h.
An Auamau; Method.
[I
100.
An Auamaic Mkthod.
? 100.]
71
[nnndv V.K>): pp(E.2:20): HN'v'V (4:26); J^HV (1:2); nin (1:2); niH (4:16): riN^^D (0:5); HN^Jlp (30:1). nin(I>an.7:in): InNVKzr. 4:12: nnDHN H);.... 7:15): VVC (26:35);
/'.
(Dan. 5:21). 3. ".
^TJp
N*j7;^:3 (19:21);
Nnnnnw* (3:19):
^'.
Reniark.-nnn 1.
When
II.
*
mn (Dan.
(Dan. 2:31):
would be
final,
N*mnnN*
The 3d m. *
(Dan. 3:12).
it
This vowel
is
i
(from
e-xcejition
orig. ay).
VI.
Cf.
II 58.. sq.
1. !>.:
for
to the general rule,
In B. A., the Perfects (beyond the
Imperfects, Irnv's and Part's take or
(d. 4:35).
the previous vowel unites with
e or
Qal forms an
(24:46).
entirely lost.
is
h.
sg. of
iTjQ
2:26);
easily resolved into its elements, however.
there
^THtT'
(2(1:16):
iT;^in\s*(:«:io):
form the contract vowel
to
mH
(4:1):
e
Qc1l)
end in
and receive
*
,
hut the
a v<»vel-letter (^(
r\^\.
2.
and
II.
:
I
al'ter.
Before roinl-addifiou.s.
and
X
order to save, the
in
Sometimes
//.
Ill
M
f.
Before
f.
sg.
and 3d m.
syncopated and
is
it is
the usiuil
^ final
hardened to
^
1 (cf.
Heb.
snpplies the place of
employed. unites with the stem-vowel a to form
as
often thinned to
It.
i,
sometimes "
of
sg., hut in tlie J>d in. pi. either the cnnfrncffil or
e,
.\.
pi.
the }^ everywhere disapjiears before suffixes
(I.
— In B.
In the 3d
X
introduced
usually drop]ied and the vowels contracted
is
cous:. iKlditimiK. ^
which appears
E.
*.
{< is artificially
B. A., the artiHcial doubling: of
the Imrdeniil f«>rm
*
this f< is
{^ in the
3.
re jected, except before
sometimes found, and. outside the Qal.
is
formation, though
the
is
but sometimes, in the Targums,
the Qal Perf. (where to a)
*
e.
i.
in the Peif's of active
in the
often retains
its
stems.
Perf 's of reflexive stems.
eonsonantiil pouer.
—
72
4.
An
.
'1'T,-
f'>'f
iSnnn
Apocopated
4.
appear
i'lnes
(I>an
.
/n>f
.
IH
.
.
(29:15);
^n (1:6)
2:40).
foniis are not as fre(|iieiit as in Heb., but xnme-
in tlie Targuins.
Impf., except before
(Dan. Nin'? ••v:|v
10(i,
[?s
_i
.
r^p* (31:49): riC**N* (24:14); N^IH (24:28).
/«'
').
Aka>iaic Method.
_
2:20);
7
^{^^ bas, usually, these forms
in
the
.
(Dan. HIH'? ••.•:|v
Tin'? (Dan. 2:43):
4:22);
I
'
v;!-.-
pin*? It:v|v
(Dan. 5:17). In
5.
li.
A., forms of
exchanged for <^-
"•
'••
])^n'r^ (I.
*
is
which the prefix
«('<'m*, in
n'nN (2:22):
*
lias
been
4:32h nn'JpJ
n*^V'£;;''(I^-^-^);
(31:34);
OJIHD'
HDDVJ
(28:2):
(Dan'. 4:27).
n:jnpM32:8); ^r;ipM28:8);
6.
final
(I^^"'-
niH
These forms liave no special significance.
'TX'*t:iN*(3:13);
n^DVP ''.
'7.
prnOT (D. 9:17);
(34:30);
pjl'^O
Before suffixes beginninu- with
a
(26:15).
\1^3(>^i^iv '[5:11),
vowel, the cons, force of
usually re.stored.
Ij.
Before suffixes beginning with
c.
An
J<}
a cons, it is
inserted for third consonant
n ofti'n becomes u before suffixes.
is
not
aft'ected.
lost before suffixes,
><>iiii«.
X.II.-
The Inflection of Nouns.
705. includes
luflectiou (§ 121), (3)
and
125)
1.
D")D(K.
/>.
pr(D.
c.
mrp (24:48);
(2)
cases
(??, 12.3.
"I^V ^^^^^
22:4;: w^^n") (9:23);
Dp»0
tTHlp
(E. 28:36);
TpD
(Dan. 2::^);
These nouns analogous
DW
(N. 2:3);
H^lN*
(I>a»- 2:10);
to Seg/iolafes in
(1^:18).
(50:11).
''^'^i^'
(24:48).
D^^n (Dan.
4:2).
Hebrew, had.
origin-
one short vowel, which properly stood under the second rad-
ally, ;
then a was occasionally heightened through
heightened regularly to
ened 0.
106-119),
one. Originally Short, Formative 1/owel.
16:6); ':5jn (33:14);
Remark.— pj^^ 1.
(^^
(122. 125), state
suffix (?? 124. 125).
''.
ical
stem-formations
(1)
chaneos for gender and number
Nouns with
106.
?n05-133.)
(II.
to
under the
R.—In nouns and
first radical
i
and
ii
;
ii
;
i
was
was height-
stood, heightened to e and
and a helping a was inserted.
B. A. the eliarao. Towel in
appeared in restored a
e or
Quite as frequently,
o.
to e
i
is
retained under the
first rad. in a
number of^Op
D/ll dream.
Xote.— In
this class, for convenience, are included
nouns
havinjr, in the
other languages, two short formative vowels, for tlicy have but one, the
ulti-
mate, vowel, in Aramaic. 2.
r;; (L. 22.27);
ay_
(12:2);
28:19); f]lD (D. 32:20); 4.
HDT (E.
1:5);
NnrJI T
(2:8)
ntD^n
(Dan. 2:29).
-
is
N*J1^J; T
:
1
T (N.
i<^:i^n 'E.
from
(E. 21:133); S^fl (E. 32:11); p;/ (E.
2)}
•
35:17).
28:3);
NmH T
m^^^
NJ^j; (24:29); (31:27):
entirely inconsistent with usage in Ed.
nHJ*: T :
:
;*ab.,
(21:16);
(Dan. 2:46);
•
and only occurs rarely.
An Aramaic Method.
74
108.
[^
2.
Nouns formed from weak stems
4.
Femiiiincs are formed by the addition of
are treated as in
Hebrew.
(originally at)
{<{
T
to the i^rimary forms.
Nouns with one Short and one Long Formative
108. 1.
D'?^^ (43:27); (4f:20);
10:14):
kVpip
Remark.— niD*;^ 1..
The
first
and
(17:12)
p^?
all
nlHr)
n'?\S* (21:33);
"Ip* (3:21);
Qal pass. Part" s m. and
I/owel.
(1:9);
TJ/r
Q)m (E.
f.;
(T:4).
(27:28); j'p^N (2:9): '•]^'\^ (E. 28:32).
vowel
The second
regularly reduced to S'wa.
is
•
is
unchangeable. It.
— Nouns with two unchaiig-eable vowels
in Inflection.
Nouns with one Long and one Short Formative Vowel.
109.
D"?;; (9:10): pfl^ (8:7);
1.
simply retain both
N*pQj
nd"?];
Here belong
D\Vp
(24:13); ^'pj (4:12).
N*t:p
i^'bl
especially all Qal act. Part's.
The second vowel
is
volatilized before affixes.
7
1.
Nouns from Reduplicated Stems.
70.
N'?\\* (D. 14:5);
i
(1:9);
N^TN*
ND^'?\S* (K. 4:11); N*p^;pi (24:62);
NH^tD^
(E. 13:22);
Nouns with •derstood 2.
PDID")
',
(E. 4:10);
f^;^ p'pin (D-
19'V
(":14);
TpME. 4:10):
14:27).
the second radical reduplicated will be at once -un-
(15:9):
XpHpT
(L.
11:18):
N*n'?'lj'?1J
(E.
16:16);
(12:17).
lieduplications like these are less frequent in Oiikelos than
in the other 1
(3:15);
18^27);
from Hebrew usage.
i^^ilZ*
2.
^TJ^
(^'-
Targums.
as a consonant,
is
Cf. the
Hebrew.
often repeated in the Tars'unis.
An AiiAMAic
^112.]
75
Nouns with Consonantal Additions.
112,
Nouns with Preformatives.
1.
«.
Method.
(K- ^^MS):
NV3VN*
nt:'3\\* (4:14);
•lJ!:^'l (D- 32:20);
NQIp^
(T:4).
n^-TD
/'.
(K- 2U:24);
C'Hi)^ 0^13^ '•
(1:6);
s
Infs and Parts with pirtixes
24:12):
A. <"•
HX
and Atp
;
DnlD
(28:4):
n^DlH'p^ME.
3:2): Saph'Ol
and Parts. Xouus
'X.
'?n5(X.
".
.vS'^.p (17:22); ^^'^JHD (24:65);
(4:1.-)):
(8:12).
N*nTptDn(E. Inf
all
Sppp
35:16);
fp11£)(N.
O'?^^ (N.
uitli Affonnativcs.
Dinm (40:17);
21:30); fO'^'IJ:' (37:8);
21:30);
^^J
(15:6):
nniN*
e.
^Tn^Ml:31); \\*,^ipi
(26:21);
N*p,pMl:5).
pmNMK.
nirV-t^
20:3).
(1:<»)-
^rinCMl!»:8). (L. 2:12):
nNn;)i:
(K- 2:22):
.WOip
(11:2).
For the signification of
all
theso formative consonants, see the
Hebrew Grammar. c.
The
term. pC\ points out abstract ideas, and
Tnf's ])eyond the Qal,
when used
these nouns apocopate the jl
to govern a
when
tliey
is
noun or pronoun.
These are feminines without special significance.
f.
These are mostly
7
77.
All
stand alone.
'/.
gentilics,
liiven to all
patronymics and ordinals.
Nouns having more than Three Radicals and Foreign Words.
N^Dj;^' (L. 19:19); N*;P")"lD (K. n^^Jp (K 28:19): fl^D^pa^ 30:23).
1.
N*:N*1J1")N* (E. 25:4);
^.
p")WJ (25:27):
Onkelos has not as nianv of these as I
"
S
.
instead of ", to represent cons.
'.
tin
17:16).
ntlicr Tarf/nnis.
An
76
AKA31A10 Method.
Compound Nouns.
75.
7
[HIS.
N*'73npN* (N. 3:32) from -)D,
b2
and
J< prost.
n»V(2:5)yr>rn^NSV':>. J-
T
Hebrew usage
Cf. the
The Formation of Cases.
121. 1.
^'n^N
2.
^'^pqN
3.
N;^1NM1;1); ^JJl'?L:pM20:n);
f^n 1.
names.
in ])rni)er
^'inNM4:n); \*inD;;
(24:23);
(20:14);
\TinNM4:S);
(40:20).
»JmN*
"q^Sjl^D (3:16);
n:i^£)-l-l (14:15);
(2:8).
The
ending
HoiiiiiKiticr
been almost lost
lia^
ii
(Init
remains) in Aramaie, except in union with other words. of
it
appear
in a
few nouns before
suffixes,
in the plural before the suffix of the first 2.
(14:5).
O^ni'P (3:16);
part of proper names,
The
and
3d m.
sg.
it is
IH^N
3.
few
'"/<-'
Examples
used regularly
For
its
use in the
the Heb.
cf.
old gein'tivc ending
appears in proper names from the
i.
Heb., in the endings of certain suffixes and before the suffix in a
'f
T),
and
particles.
The
rtccuftative
ai)pears in
ending
a, coinciding
of the em])hatic state
}«{
(^.
with the nominal stem,
123. 3)
and before most
af-
T
fixes (appearing as
122. 1.
irb"l(l:«);
P'7^n 1.
The
-
,
D
,
",
r
,
M
122-131).
Affixes for Gender and Number.
nni!:"lp
(L. 11:42);
nmS* (11:29): TM^yp (N.5:14); 25:12); [inmVX (E. 12:34).
(24:27);
fpr^T
(E.
principles of lieb. inflection have their full 'a]>i)lication
here, except that jl
of
•
and jH
is
never obscured to jHl and
in the absolute plural,
dual (D'j*;; of Ed. Sab., like D^H'^NV
Xote.—The
ending- '_
becomes HN—
7
takes the place
while there are only relics of a i^
a Hebraism).
in tlie fern.
An Aramaic Method.
? 121^.]
The States of Nouns.
725. 1.
DL)il:4): '^'n
77
(l)aii.:5:2());
(
HI^^^VQ
K. 28:1!));
J*;?
(1 :(i);
Y2l
(K. 20:2). 2.
»^V
H.
D1^
(l:r>);
A.^
1.
al
(27:41);
with
ill
tlie
fW
NDI* T
(4:!:^):
(5:1):
HJ?
(6:1^):
Hebrew, the
The absolute
itive
/
from
elements.
for the indef.
found 3.
in
differs
state.
t
in
definite
This state takes the place of the Heb. the Targums. without definite force havinsi'
identic-
is
apoco-
not already long.
it.
the stem ending
-
The feminine exchanges is
frequently
(IT. a.).
from Hebrew
formed by the addition of the
nouns
H
In feniinines, the if
is
a seitaratioii of tlu^
In both states of the feminine, -^
Onkelos for the regular
Aramaic
by
To form
//.
from the construct |.
it
plural inasculiiie consists of a reduplicated gen-
and the indefinite ending
(in e) is rejected j"l
T
ub.solute siiiaular of iiiasculiiU's
coiistriK-t, or is f'onvied its
(D. 4:32). K\t:1» -
;
pated and the preceding vowel heiglitened, 2.
(5:4).
NDTD (Kzr. 6:2); T
contracted vowel into
[JS
having an rntphatir
ending
Ji(
article, (§ 142.
but
1.).
an absolute state are somewhat rare.
state,
to the construct. is
often used, in
For
this
reason.
An Aramaic Method.
[§
124.
An AUAMAIC MEXnOD.
g 12o.J
*
before
other suffixes.
all
The
between the stem-ending a and
79
original noni. ending u is inserted
suffix ^"7.
Xote 1.— Contractions of 'n_ to n'_, XH- to n_, TlO-to 'HI take place. Xote '£. — In B. A., the '_ (in yy mid similar words) is easily resolved, bel'ore •
affixes, into '_.
2.
The
suffixes are affixed similarly to the construct state of
feminine nouns, with the volatilization of the ultimate vowel of the
The ultimate
singular before additions beginning with a vowel.
vowel of the plural
is
Plurals never have the mas-
unchangeable.
culine const, ending, as in Hebrew.
Xote.— The
and to both singular and plural from those of the singular masculine only when the termination has changed from vowel to consonant, or the reverse. For the same reason, JK and nx (though masc.) take the suffixes 'n, 'H and xn because, besuffixes to plural masculines
feniinines differ
fore suffixes, these nouns have the old case-ending-
In T'lJX,
1/.
Hebrew
anal-
has been followed.
og-y
Stem-Changes
125. ^-
(D. 20:49); Kj'^^^; tl'^- nj"?^;^
2.
n.
-13V
(1:5);
(3:.3);
I'.
n3NI(24:47); pSN* (32:30); D;!
See
d.
T(N.
124.
'^^J'^
H;in(a3:14); ^'p;in (E.
<.
1
Nouns.
in the Inflection of
3:5);
(2:5).
J^^CHIp
pODj;
(12:2);
(E. 26:33).
(25:1.3).
1.
35:17);
r|T
(4:11);
fiDT
(9:2);
>nnM27:33).
Reiiiark.-r[D5'7 (Dan. 2:30); N*5J-)' (D. 23:1); NDT(24:9); }<|)nD "
(N. 7:9/. 3.
[»n-)(L.21:9); N*J|1-) (L.
a.
1:7);
p^pfS
N^^HD
(E. 19:6);
(L.
l:5);^nyn3(Ezr! 7:1.3). »j;-|i
h.
n^
(4:2);
(27:16);
Xm* (E. N^I^l
21:19);
r\m
(E. 15:26);
(E. 2:17); f;;V(37:16) /o/-
y:\^ {hfx^K.l^'Jm'} (E. nVP 2:11)^ HNnVD (39:1); ^N^VO (22:17).
4.
1
In B. A. the forms X£3p,
HMp
are assumed
(§
(41:55). 100. 1. h.).
^HJ
f^jt^-l;
(27:9);
fln>*4P
An Auamaio
80
Method.
[?
125.
Masculine nouns may best be classified according to the value of the ultimate vowel, since the jienult. vowel,
There are four classes
changeable.
Nouns which have an unchangeable
1.
changes
in inflection^ (? 124.
Nouns which
2.
there
if
occur
iu>
either originally had one short stem-v(twel. or,
helping vowel
a
un-
is
There are
ultima.
found,
occasionally
is
^Dp
nouns '^pp-
'^^
•
In the orig-
in Ai'amaic.
inal monosyllables, the ultimate takes the char,
(chiefly)
one.
1.).
by volatilization, have assumed that form
but
is
:
vowel
in the Abs.,
giving in Onkelos
^- ^« »o""S '?Dp-
These changes
:
Tn strong stems,
(I.
'?Dp, 'PPpi '^Pp' K.— Original and this rule ing, thei-e Is
Lamedh
^^'^
all
endings are affixed to the original
S'wa being vocalic before
dissyllables proitedy
is observetliiii
B. A.
retain vocal
]ilural affixes.
S'wa before
sing-, affi.xes,
In the Targ-iims, however, with some wiiver.
perhaps a preponderance of examples (shown by Daghes-leue in
aspirates)
which violate the rule and follow Segholate law.
For
this
reason, the two stems have been included under one class.
Tn ?"5
h.
:iiid
^"^
"]
c.
B. A. prefers
kelos.
stems, the second radical
is
doubled bo-
Some
the usage in strong stems. J7"J7 forms follow sufl'er no change in Onand In *\"^ and ''"^ stems, *
fore affixes.
*
in the stem to
In J^"'? stems, the stem-vowel
(f.
—
(§ 124. 1.
»
is
N.
2.).
volatilized except befor-
grave suffixes in the singular. 8.
is
Nouns with changeable
((.
before
all affixes
ultima.
The
latter is volatilized
except the grave suffixes in the singular, where
it
restored to avoid two vocal S'was. A.'
The same, from stems
}<"'?.
appear as a consonant before singular
named solute
1
in '
(i.
is
In the
i>lural, **[3r3
r (II.
a.).
*
radical
))nii/
with the exceptions
often becomes ^JOp
treated in two ways before
Hut - may be used for
Here the third affixes,
:
i" the ab
'i.
An
liio]
(1)
in
Onkelos -^
(2)
ill
B. A., V
Xot**.— Final
'
Gciitilics,
4.
is
hoiiihtenod aiul
is
is
has been
firquciMu lost from
XTD^;;
(K-
Xnjjn^
(E. 2G:6).
N^Dn (1
8.
1
:2):
:51:14);
(E. 25:4)
inserted.
*
The
.
third radic;il
The cmpliatic cndinu
FEMI NINES. Paradigm M.]
XnTn^j;
jlj/p?
;
Nn'?'Dn
(E. 31:15);
(0. 84:8)
:
Jj/p^
N*nm!p
fE. 28:28);
tVm'3!
[;jn'
(D. .11:11)
2(;:1);
(,E.
kVnr^^
;
(L. 2:1).-
".
iy'?pnNM88:ll):
(>.
N*n;*"(L.13:2); kVnn;;(L.ia:(J); jnjj (24:63); pnNM30:.38);
N*nN;'70 4.
is
lost.
LCf.
1'.
in
—
(Cr. S 135. 2. d.\.
before affixes.
J>(
«1
lost.
H"; stems.
patronymics and ordinals
75/.
1.
^
retained and lielping^
appears as the consonant lilnral
Method.
Aka.aiak-
HNnili tt;
(1:!>):
f^t^-lN* (E. 22:23).
^24:11); ^r}):r\ (13:8).
(E. 2:22)
;
NnHV!: " t
(16:1)
:
:
rj^l^lj
Itt:
(31:1.5)
NHHytD tt~:'
;
(E. 1:19).
^px (D. 23:18)
Remarks.-.,,
n^nn^DX /'
:
N*n£3^D (E.
2():4)
;
(L.
fjfip
5:4);
<20:i7).
nn::vp(N.
10:25);
N»nnra (32:8);
fnra(32:7); kXnnc'p
(N. 10:25). r.
n"T
(E.20:4);
mt:'!
(D. 4:16)
;
NHOr
(!>.
6:251
:
^nViN*
(E. 7:28).
Feminine nouns may best be
changeable. 1.
by
There are four classes
same
is
always
:
Nouns whose ultima begins with
a vowel.
number
classified accordin;:' to the
of consonants in the ultima, since the vowel of the
a single consonant, precede
This consonant must close the preceding syllable be-
fore liaht affixes in the siny.
There are no further chanaes.
An ARA3IAIC Method. Soaliolatc fonnatioiis, in wliicli the ultimate vowel
2.
vowel 8.
is
thrown forward, giving forms as in
Nouns whose ultima opens with
vocal S'wa.
The
latter
affixes in the sing.
lini's 4. is
We
must give place
to a full vowel before all
divide into
Nouns from strong
stems.
Nouns from stems
^"7, in whicli
becomes
1.
a second consonant having
h.
or
is volatil-
Sometimes the characteristic
before light affixes in the sing.
izi'il
*
[^ li:'
^
treated as in mascu-
is
1.
Gentilics, etc.
Cf.
restored.
Of
t\\(i
Remarks.
a.
A
U
125. 4; 122.
In
N.
fciitlnihc there is an
few nouns ending
all
forms with
emphatic state
in
exchange
Ji{
affixes.
plural. ^{ for ^ in
T
the i)lural and a few for H-
vt
This
is
the return of an older ending.
?in\sv ^r\ni<.T
/*.
iS'was
:
Feminines
i)i
treat
*
sometimes give place r.
Feminines
in
with r]nn3iS*(i'':i-"i'.
1
^
as a consonant.
to a full vowel.
restore
Vjn
tlie
In the i»lural. two
Of. ? 90, Foot-note. jilural.
Cf.
^I^N
<
1-:1)
^
i;^:i.j
An Akamaic Method. 132.
As
Anomalous Nouns.
a su|jplcnioiit to tho last sections, the rollowiiig-
forms maj' be found
Onkelof
iisef
8;^
comparison of luuisual
An Aramaic Method.
84
loS.
[g
Special Remarks on Numerals.
755.
LCf. Parartigni N.] 1.
p.3tr'
ram
(5:8);
pt^'Pm nN'J
J^^'y'D
81:32);
NnWJ (N. 31:52):
(L. 27:7);
All
1.
HNrp n^"(o;6); p^^r nb'j; Nwrri nj<*j
jnNVJ
For the nominal stems,
(N.
'•)\^^_ ti'^r^fl
(L.23:6).
to ten, sec
S lltl.
cf. '2.
is
In
S 106,
ulJ^O
etc.;
Above
r.
taken, in joining the ixnits to
is
755. [Cf.
(.3:15);
^nl^'^j;^ (4:16;
r\'7,
for the Syntax,
ten, cardinals are
§ 144.
Paradigm
(II.
H^rp
(3:19);
mp
^1^;;
Prepositions are used with suffixes as in Hebrew. is
134-137).
>yi
O.]
3:28); ^'^1^'^»;; (28:13);
lengthened form of '7^
'For the or-
used for ordinals,
Prepositions.
(Dan. 2:16);
Dan.
tlie
Cardinals
seen the relic of a dual.
XIII. }^eptn-ate Pai-tieles.
n^S
p;;'7p
and state of both elements.
over nineteen need no remark.
1.
Hn"^
'w^i
Cardinals up to nineteen have both a masculine and a
tens, in regard to the gender
up
(32:14);
N!3V n"ntr>* ntTrOnDI
feminine form, but some liberty
rtinals
('3%S*
I^Dt^'
nr
often emidoyed.
(Dan. 2:42);
(27:37).
In Unkelos a
SYNTAX.
Xote.— Aramaic Syntax
is,
The
Hebrew.
in Roncral, like the
chioJ vari-
ations are g-iven in the following principles.
The Perfect.
755.
Tho
l\rfirf expresses completed action, as in Hebrew.
For
its
special uses, see the Hebi'ew Grranunars. 1.
Xn.pn
n
D'pn
nP1.
(cf.
Ill
U
•
•
beoi weighed (Dan. 5:27);
f^">" /*«*^ "-liicli.
*"[(.P
was
ichm..
written (Dan. 5:25); .
.had been read (Ezr.
B. A. the P'il stem
.*
The Imperfect.
139. 4:2
Dan.
15:20
:
;
Biblical it
as a passive \» the Qfil Perfect
is us;m1
58. 2. h.; 65. 2. a.].
Dan.
A
ih-i'Uti I xaic (Perf.)
T/i<
/riiifj art>>ii'
4:28).
and
([ini)f.).
.
.
it
friijhti'ui'd
.and
in
me
(Impf.).
haste went (Perf.). etc.
Aramaic occasioually uses the Impf.
in
narration where
can hardly be distinguished in meaning from the Perf. Thfre
is
no
Waw
Aramaic and there are no
conversive in
special
forms
for Cohortative and Jussive.
The Infinitive.
740. 1-
T|^D
t^'^^P'^
|Ty
k^'? ^f
Jninln'?
ni.t:^£5'l \T\'p\
make known
its
2.
nnn npp
8.
"Iinj^ (4:10!.
p
meaning
(2:i7):
pSrp'?
to
''^
•
•
me
a\s*ni
PTHIlI
'^"t ^''»*'^ t"
•
-n
^''^^^''t'' t'"^''''
may
that tlmj
(-3:"^');
read .... and
(Dan. 5:15);
p3^p p5;i "-<<'-I^ 'v<^f
(§:'
)
proceed /rom
thf/
Inot/ar
An Akamaic Method.
88
7 with
Tlie 1186 of
1.
tlic
Tri fiiiitive,
dcnotina: purpose,
[I
141.
is
very
f'i\'(|iuMiti2j_Araiiiau-. Ill
1^.
t\\
v\v
t ills
i
?>.
)iikolos.
(
dea
nr
Tiif.
Ill tlie
1*"T' T
•
•
-it:N*
'-•'"'^''''''f
nin jn?
N*JI/*l3 fin'?
^'?^'^
l^^np It is to
•fin'?
•
thm
n
y<' (f.) A'"<>h- (31:6).
(31 :8); .
.gicing accoinit
a night
to he
hept (E. 12:42);
is
noun or
often used, with a subject
express continuance in present or past time.
may be
[l 140.).
affi.ced to either participle.
not found in the Bible (see its
Till'
use with the Perf.
passive
I'art. is
pro-
Cf. its use
the Tariiums, fragments of the subject pronouns,
That
-ndiis.
icere vriting (Dan. 5:5);
that might, he..
if
of thei
This mode of
I 72.).
an(:l j[nri2f^'f {*^
it-ca-LriiiiiJls_owii i>eciiliar nieaiiiiiii
4. ill
.and they
be noted
iiittection is 3.
(39:8);
trnstvorthy (Pan. 2:45).
2d or 1st person,
and
iiill.
6:3).
for the Inf. after a finite verb Ill
.
!.n"' >^ai
That the Participle
iHniii, to
.
pn)^T
(30:26);
dn*
pDH*-
them (Dan.
2.
the verbal
it
The Participle.
-IpSJ came forth.
3.
"ri^^
nuiy take before
T
ri)'*"'.! ^^"'"
1.
^
fn.
-•
4.
Participle.
N'? i"y master dors not know
l^nDV
to
nite verhs to inft^ mi'/'ii
prcjturcd, appointcil, as an auxiliary
141.
h
by the
fi
denote_cantirm
)>*'/,//
Tariiuius, the Inf. witli
"l*j~IJ,* '•1,''^^'^)
is iiliiiitt
used before
is
t]u^j
-
(ifteiierr x)ir('ssed
is
adjective
the
A fttM
iiiciii iiiii;.
in
i'^ '^"'^^'V
fr'^'P'^"*'.
into tlu' condiiiiation
.
used, as in Ilcltrew. foi'tlu' Latin Part,
I
3LW
J^j^llljlX
±
N;nNMl:l); N**^-JM1:S); N>;»pn ".
'ijn ]\)t^r\,
''
"lp'1
:i
4.
t
Ik'
>iOIIII.
States of Nouns.
142. 1.
<>1'
(1:6):
'c:'X»pn
(l:2i»i.
fT;;'? (24:11); »dp! Nnp(i:io).
mOD (20:16);
\p,p;n ND^?^
".
pplDJsn N*7;^3(31:0);
/'.
'"irln3"l(4:2()):
N^NH
npn
(14:9).
pCnn'?
(3:21).
n\n'?NM31:5).
NT^n n mil (Dan. 3:25). 1.
The
Eiiipliatic state
was
iHuni with tlie definite article in
many nouns
are
found
originall.y
used
in
Aramaic
Hebrew, and whih;, in the Targums,
in this state,
which are used without idea
(h'finiteness (see I 123. 3). its use in B. A. is limited to cases
Hebrew would allow inite in other 2.
a.
As
tlie article.
ways must not be
like a
Hebrew,
in
a
of
where
noun made
def-
in the emi>hatic state.
In the Targums, even in Onkelos, the construct state
is
oc-
casionally used for the emphatic.
3.
]iy
h.
Sometimes the construct
'/.
In Aramaic, the genitive relation
is
the inseparable sign of relation
used for the tihmlate.
"1.
is
quite often pointed out
This occurs where
it is
de-
sired to indicate to the eye the definite {ov indefinite) chai'acter of
the
first /'.
witli 4.
of related
nouns and
A pleonastic
the second noun, In
IJ.
A.
1
suffix, is
is
a sign of syntactical decay.
agreeing in person, gender and number
occasionally used after
has assumed the separable form
preceded by a pleonastic
suffix.
tlie first.
^'^
and
is
very often
An Aramaic Method.
90
'JP*J1 ^'? t*'t^'0 N*JN* (48:4);
The iudication
is
ptrram fwni 1.
a.
(Dan.
noun
same, usually precede tilts
found
in the
nN*p ^;)?n
(5:i7)
ppp;
;
h.
2:1!)).
Taiuuuis
p.r5n>:(7:i2):
(3:8).
in the it in
0)a-
(which
ji/iiraJ
is
an adj. and used
and, while tliey
the absolute state.
atti-il»-
may fo/har
the
In combinatidns of
and higher numbers, the higher are expressed
noun only
is
Tj^S (Dan.
Numerals.
The Cardinals above
utively) take the
tili^^,
frequent in the Biblical idiom.
744.
Wn pDV
NW
of the direct object by S,
(occasionally in Onkelos)
(
148.
The Noun as Object of a Verb.
745.
^
[^
first,
and the
once, at the close of the whole.
In B. A., the nse of Cardinals as adjectiTCS after the noun
more frequent than the opposite construction. \'ote.— A coniparisoii or
tlie
Hebrew and
the
Aiaiii;iii' ol' (icii. \'. will
reveal .several interesliii^- faet^ in ref^ard to mnnerals.
XVI.
^'.
pD'?
xin
f>.
N:!:r
n^ (Oan.
N*vp'ii' (L. 11:23]; 8:7);
Remark.-kX^^^P;;'7 pn'? Deserving of
1.
xoiKil
pronouns a.
With
h.
Ill
to
.special
I^HN
iiieiition
—
Xote.— For pleonastic
13:1).
the eniploynient of
tlie ^k^*-
Tliis
is
doiu'
separate forui.
it
governs.
,13
would be
}
<(iul tlic (t'n-crt objrcf
irliich It
suftixp?, stiinding- for a jjcnitivc
r/ormis.
which follows with
lf2. 3. h.: i.
146. 1-
its
the later Taff/imis^ jifrojinsfic stiffi.res (ire ofcusi'oii-
Iti
insetted between a verb
T CI), sees
is
K/r.
A., with a proiioiniiial snttix hctAveeii a proposition
Vote.— In theTargnms, XJOr Keiiiark.
N^jTH") (Hos.
*
1.
emphasize another noun or pronoun.
and the emphatic state which
(illjl
m'r\:i\r N*n"n
'iV-S;; \nl'?;r (Ezr. 4:11
the pronoun in
IJ.
tlio r*i*oiioiii».
Personal Pronouns.
745. 1-
of
^3'i*tsix:
N^yjr isnrt tt
t:-
Demonstrative Pronouns.
(2:23);
xr:a tt;*
nn t:
(k^i--
•):4):
.
n-i |" xn'?8<-n^:i tt v:
(Ezr. 5:17).
Demoiistratlrf lo'onouns (including {<\in and iVT\ denionstrativelj') maji be
unless there
Xote.— In soniftimos
is
used before the noun
to
when
which they belong,
another modifying word.
the Targums, these pronouns, in their character o(
rtiff(»r
usetl
in
pcnder from their no\m.
ail.ifctica
XVII. Tlio 147.
For the 3111(1
there
is iisinilly
Summary.
hlinlx of sentences, as well as the relations of subject
predicate in sentences,
As
S«'iil«Mi<'o.
is
no
Waw
cf.
the Hebrew.
conversive in Aramaic, the ahsohitr present
the point of time from which the completeness or incom-
pleteness of action exjiressed by the tenses
the context niiiid.
may
is to
indicate that a (h'Jfhrnt present
be reckoned is
in
;
but
the writer's
Explaiiiitioii USED
1.
Pm-cnt/iescs
(
)
IN
ol*
{imgj'HK
THE TRANSLATION.
enclose words for which there
is
im
e(|uiv;iieiit in
the Aramaic. 2.
Brackets [] enclose words which are in the Araumie. hut are to be
ii
rendered into English.
stands for
3.
)(
4.
The Hiiplwn
Jl^, (-)
the sign of the definite object.
connects those English words which,
in
Arauiaic_
form a single word.
6.
The sign of Addition (+) stands for Macjqeph. Words printed in Jfalirs render the Emphatic state.
7.
The
5.
Astei'isk stands for
Athnah
;
the Dagger, for S'gholta
Period, for Soph Pasuq preceded by Silluq.
:
the
Woi*cl-i<3r-Woi-(l
Ti'tiiijsliitioiii
OF
GENESIS I. TARGUM OF ONKELOS. created (the) Lord*
fhc-heavens and-
1.
Iii-l>c'ginning
'1.
Aud-the-earth was desolate and-enipty Sab. separated /or extended)
)(
upon
;
)(
thc-earth.
ani-darkness (was) (Ed.
+ (the)-faces-of
the-aht/s.s*
Lord (was) blowing upou+
imd-thc-wi)u7 froni+before+lthe) (tlie)-faces-of the-ioatcrs. :>.
And-said (the) Lord, Let-be+ZyV/Ar-,- and-was+//V//
4.
And-saw
(the)
o.
Lord
)(
+ thc-ligid that+ good*; and-caused-to-di-
Lord between
vide (the)
And-called (the)
Lord
the-IigJit
and-between
to-tlie-light
ed-(he) night^; and-was+evening,
tlie-darhness.
day, and-to-the-darl-ness
and-was+morning,
eall-
dai/ (Kd.
Sab. day) one.
And-said (the) Lord, Let-be the-expanse in-(the)-midst-of
tJir-
wafers"; and-let-(it)-be dividing between tJic-ioatersio-the-ivaters 7.
And-made between
(the)
Lord
the-icaters
and-between
)(
+
the-expansef, and-caiised-to-dividc
which- (were) from-under to-thc-txpansr
the-v'atera
which (were) from-upon
io-tlic-vxpansr"
und-(it)-was+so.
And-called (the) Lord io-the-expame hcavenfr- ; and-(it)-wasH-
8.
+evening, and-(it)-was
-+-
morning, day second.
And-said (the) Lord, Let-be-eoirected
f).
fhc-ivaters
from-undiT
the-heavens to-place (Ed. Sab. place) one, and-let-be-seen flu-
dry-[land)*; and-(it)-was+so. 10.
And-called (the) Lord to-the-dri/-{kind) earth and-to-(the)-houscof+(the)-collection-of tlic-wntcrs called-(he) seas*; and-saw (the)
Lord that+good. 1 This translation was made by Dr. Bui-nham from the text of Walton. Th.> writer has inserted in parentliesos the variations of Ed. Sab. wlierovor they affect the translation; but it has been thought best to retain the renderingIroHi Walton, since the Reading-BooK was based upon tliat text. "n is never found in Ed. Sab. which exhibit* in\ariubl.\- T. •J
Appendix.
11.
9-3
And-said (the) Lord,. Let-CiUise-to-spriiiii-forth thc-carth /irrh \vliic-h-(tho)-soii-of+seed-his (or,
sdwii. tree-of fruits niakiiiu fruits to-kiiid-liis
+seed-his+iii-]iiin 12.
(is) \i\>on-\-t]i('-r(irth* ;
And-caused-to-come-furth the-airth
of+seed-his
(is)
(the) Ill 14.
which
(is)
aiid-(it)-\v:is+S(i.
(/rass,
iii-liiiii
(is)
(tlie)-s()ri-of
herb whicli-(tliei-soii-
sown to-kinds-his. and-treo making
which-(the)-son-of+seed-his
(jrans,
the son of whose seed)
to-kinds-his"-;
+ fruits and-saw
Lord that+good.
And-(it)-was+evening, and-(it)-was-f-m()rning. day third.
And-said heavens,
(the)
Lord, Let-be luminaries in-the-expnitsc
to-cause-to-divide between
o?-f/ir-
th-day and-between
th*^-
nighf^; and-let-them-be for-signs, and-for-seasons, and-for-num-
bering+with-them days
and-j^ears.
/o. And-let-them-be for-Iuminaries m-the-cxjyavsf
oi-t}i('-Ji((ic(
us to
cause-light u\wn-\-thr-('
And-niade
(the)
Lord
-(-(the)-two the-lumuiaries fhe-rjreat";
)(
)(
-{thc-luininary ihc-gvcjit to-rule xw-the-daxj ; and-)( ^thc-lniniitarj/ t/ic-sman to-rule in-the-nif/ht, and-)( the-stars. 1
7.
And-gave )(-them
Lord m-fhr-expcoise
(the)
oi-tJte-/iearnis", to-
cause-light u.pon-\-the-ca)iJi. 15.
And-to-rule in-tJie-day
between Jjord
the-Ju/lit
and-'m-th(-iii
and-between
and-to-cause-to-divide
thc-d(irl:iifss'^;
and-saw
(the)
that+good.
l!l.
And-(it)-was+evening, and-(it)-was+morning, day fourth.
20.
And-said
(the)
Lord, Let-swarm the-waters swarm(s), the-sovl
the- living^'; and-(with)-^/«'-/b?t7 which-(shall-be)-flj'ing
(Ed. Sab.
upon-|-(the)-faces-of the-exjianse oi-the
let-fly) \\\)(ni-\-fhf'-iiirt]i
hcdcens (Ed. Sab. expanse-of thc-licavens). 21.
And-created (the) Lord •ci\\-\-(hi'-so{ff{.s)
to-swarm
-{-
thc-sca-monstcrs thc-grcat"; and-)(
fh(-ic(iferx to-kiiids-their
(are)-flying to-kinds-his 22.
){
the-Udng which-(were)-swarming, which caused-
And -blessed
)(-theni
;
;
and-)( all+?//('-/o?r7(.s) which-
and-saw (the) Lord that+good.
(the) Ijord.
to-say (or, saying)*
Increase
An Aramaic
96
Metikjd.
aiid-inultiply. and-fill )[-\-thc-iraters in-fhe-scds. and-ffi'-foir/ let-
inultiply in-ih( -earth. 2H. Aiui-(it)--\va8+eveiiiiiu,-, and-(it)-was+inoniiiig, clay fifth. 24.
And-said (the) Lord, Let-caiise-to-come-f'orth t/tc-living to-kiiid-hev, cattle,
the-eartJi tln'Sdiil
and-creeper, and-beast-of tlK-mrfh
tn-kind-hev*; aiid-(it)-\vas+so. 25. Aiid-niade (the)
and
)(
+
Lord )(+
(the)-beast-of the-earth to-kiiid-hcr.
tlic-cattJc to-kirid-her,
and-)(
rarth to-ki)ids-his*; and-saw (the) 2(!.
s\\-\-the-crefx>('r[i<)
(A'-t/n-
Lord that+good.
A iid-said (the)Lord, Let-iis-makemojiin-image-our, aceording-t"
>-
likeness-our"""; and-let-(them)-rule in-(the)-fishes-of thc-sna, aiid\n-f/iv-fo'ivJoi-the-he(icens. and-in-tJie-catth, and-in-all
An^.-\n-'A\\-{-thr-crrfpc lis.)
27. Ainl-ereatcd (the) (thc)
+
tlic-cartli.
which-(are)-creeping upon -f thr-tarth.
Lord )(+
in-image-his
iii;iii
;
xw-tlic-mKKjc ui-
Lord (Ed. Sab. in-(the)-iuiage-of God) created-(he)
)(-hinr".
male aud-t'em:ile ereated-(he) )(-them. 2S.
And-hlcssed )(-theni
|(the) liordt;
and-said to-theni (the) Lord.
Increase, and-multiply, and-till )[-\-fhe-i'arth, and-beconie-strong upon-her""'; and-rule in-(the)-fishes-of tlie-xra, ixud-'in-t/ic-fdirl of-
thc-hcamis, and-in-all-f ('//'-^rr^^7(.s•) wliieh-(are)-creeping upon
+
fhi'-earf/i. 2!>.
And-said (the) Lonl. Behold! f/ir-/i('rl>{x)
upon+(the)-faces-of
which
+
seed-his :50.
1-have-given to-you
which-(the)-son-of -f seed-his all
-j-
(is)
fhe-earth, and-)(
all
-f
+
all
+
tlic-fncis)
in-him(are) (the)-f'ruits-of fhe-tree \vhich-(the)-son-of'-|-
sown"; to-you
(is)
And-to-all
+
(it,
Ed. Sab. they)-shall-he
(the)-l)east(s)-of' f/ic-eart/i,
f'ov-f'ood.
and-to-all -f t/n-Jair/s
and-to-every-thing which-(is)-creeping upon
t)f-f/ii--/iriirrii.s.
fhc-rartli wliicli-in-hini thc-soul f/ic-lirnif/, (I
have given)
)(
-j-
-|-
all
+ (the)-greenness-of t/rc-Iin-h for- food""; and-(it)-was so. + all -f which (he)-had-made, and-bchold! .Vnd-saw (the) Lord and-(it)-was + evening. and-(it)-was + nmrning. right to-onc* -\-
HI.
-f-
)(
sown, which (are)
)(
:
dav sixth.
"*.'
."l
•.
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