DEVELOPING LUCENA CITY AS A SPORTS TOURISM DESTINATION
An Undergraduate Thesis Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the College of Tourism, Hotel and Restaurant Management Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of science in Tourism Management
TR1110- Tourism Research, Methods and Techniques
Mrs. Sheryl Mae M. Drio Adviser
Anna Michelle C. Briones Whelmari Lyka A. Capuz
May 2017
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, it is a genuine pleasure to express our deep sense of thanks and gratitude to Mrs. Sheryl Mae Drio and Dr. Maricel D. Herrera for encouraging us to do this research. She provided us with generous guidance and above all her overwhelming attitude to help us for completing our research and we’re very thankful for all you have done for us. Finally, we would like to thank our family to their endless support, s upport, either morally, physically and financially. Friends who were always there to join us whenever we needed the help. They T hey always taught that we can do this research though it is difficult to do. And also would not possible without our Al mighty God who always guide us to do our research and his countless love. God is great for give his helping hand. Without the help of them, we would face many difficulties to survey and research.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, it is a genuine pleasure to express our deep sense of thanks and gratitude to Mrs. Sheryl Mae Drio and Dr. Maricel D. Herrera for encouraging us to do this research. She provided us with generous guidance and above all her overwhelming attitude to help us for completing our research and we’re very thankful for all you have done for us. Finally, we would like to thank our family to their endless support, s upport, either morally, physically and financially. Friends who were always there to join us whenever we needed the help. They T hey always taught that we can do this research though it is difficult to do. And also would not possible without our Al mighty God who always guide us to do our research and his countless love. God is great for give his helping hand. Without the help of them, we would face many difficulties to survey and research.
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DEDICATION
We dedicate this our thesis to our sweet and loving family whose support, guide, affection and love, encouraging us to finish our research and pray every time make us to success. To our parents who support us emotionally and financially. Along with all hard working and understanding Professor Sheryl Mae M. Drio who taught us to think and express. We also dedicate our friends who help and supported us throughout the process of our research. We appreciate that without their able guidance and dedication, will not be able to finish through the tiring process of this research. And also we dedicated to the Almighty God, without without the guidance of him we will not success this our research.
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APPROVAL SHEET
This Tourism Research, Method and Techniques hereto entitled: Developing Lucena City as a Sport Tourism Destination
Prepared and submitted by: 1. Briones, Anna Michelle C. 2. Capuz, Whelmari Lyka A. In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management has been presented and passed the Oral Examination.
SHERYL MAE M. DRIO
Adviser Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _______ on May 2017. ____________________________
___________________________
Member
Member
___________________________
Chairman Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management.
MARICEL D. HERRERA, PHD
Acting Dean, CTHRM
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page………………………………………………………………..i Acknowledgement………………………………………………………ii Dedication……………………………………………………………….iii
Approval Sheet……………………………………….…………………iv Table of Contents……………………………………………………….v List of Tables………………………………………………...………….vii Abstract………………………………………………………………….viii-ix Appendices…………………………………………..………………….86-97
CHAPTER I: The Problem and Its Setting
Introduction…………………………….……………………..1 -2
Background of the Study………….……...…………………3-4 Objectives………………………….………...……………..…4
Statement of the Problem……….…….………………….….5 Significance of the Study………….………………….….…..6 Scope and Limitation……………….…………………….…..6 Theoretical Problem…………………………………………..7 Definition of Terms….…………………………………...…...8 Chapter II: Review of Related Literature……………………………..9-62 CHAPTER III: Research Procedure and Methodology
Research Design.....................................................................63 Research Locale......................................................................63 v|P a g e
Research Instrumentation........................................................64 Research Sampling..................................................................64 Respondents............................................................................64 Data Gathering Procedure.......................................................65 Statistical Treatment Data.......................................................66-67 CHAPTER IV: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data….…..68-78 CHAPTER V: Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendation
Summary of Findings…………………………………………..79 -81 Conclusion…………………………………………………...….82 Recommendations…………………………………………..…82 -83
Implication of the study………………………………………..83 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………....84-85 CURRICULUM VITAE
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1a and 1b. Demographic profile of the respondents
Table 2a.
Mean Rating of the Respondents for the Strengths and Weaknesses of Lucena City’s Sports Tourism
Table 3a.
68-69
71-73
Proposed Plan for Developing Lucena City’s Sports Tourism
77-78
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ABSTRACT TITLE:
Developing Lucena City as a Sport Tourism Destination
RESEARCHERS:
Briones, Anna Michelle C. Capuz, Whelmari Lyka A.
Thesis Adviser:
Mrs. Sheryl Mae M. Drio
Name of Institution:
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
Year Level:
Third Year College
Year:
2017
Sport tourism is made for us to step outside of the usual things that we do as a traveler. The majority of research in sport tourism has focused in boost of the economic growth, to be well known as a major sporting event. Sports is becoming the primary reason for travel. The motivations and sport activities of tourist who travel to support a team in STCAA,PRISAA and etc. The major motivating in the sport activities was achievement or the feeling that need to be win in that game. It is a challenge for sport tourism providers to organize the exceptional demand of physically-disabled individuals. Analyzing the orientation of physically-disabled in sport tourism participation prov ides the basis for further theoretical recognition of constraints and negotiations in sp ort tourism in general, besides facilitating related providers and policy makers in understanding of strategies development to promote sporting events among individuals with disability. The major motivating in the sport activities was achievement or the feeling that need to be win in that game. Our study will be more about sports
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tourism in Lucena City. We come up with the idea of conducting a research on weather Lucena City is fit enough to handle Big events such as Sports Events. The researchers will make a survey on both the employees of Quezon Convention Center and to the players act as well.
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Problems and Its Setting
The World Tourism Organization and International Olympic Committee hosted a major international conference on sport and tourism in February 2001 (Barccelona, Spain). This conference represented a defining moment in the recognition of the relationship between sport and tourism by leading international organizations for sport and tourism. It built upon the reality of tourism demand for sport experiences, the expanding industry response to this demand, and the increasing body of academic research and publication in the field of sport tourism. Sports, particularly large scale sports event dating back to the ancient Olympic Games, have long influenced travel (Keller, 2001). However, the high numbers of travelers, currently seeking active and passive involvement in sport is a more recent development (Delpy, 1998). It is increasingly clear that the scale, complexity and potential of sports and tourism industries that hav e developed as a consequence, demand that academic and industry expertise be directed toward this field. In the past two decades, the interest in sport tourism has increased noticeably, and since the mid-1900s a rapid rise in the debate surrounding the subject of sport tourism. The goal of this article is to prov ide an overview of the subject of sport tourism. Of interest is initially the historical dating of the phenomenon and the current status of the international research into the subject.
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In addition, a detailed look will be taken at what is understood by the term sport tourism, which subjects in the recent past have influenced the propositions, and which structures have emerged in sport tourism. Finally, some experiential data will be presented, and the perspectives of sport tourism will be identified. (Bökemann, D. (1989). Bewegungsraum und Sporttourismus – Zur Herstellung
und Vermarktung von Sportmilieus am Beispiel des Skilaufs. In K. Dietrich & K. Heinemann (Eds.), Der nicht-sportliche Sport (211-224). Schorndorf. Buerki, R. et al. (2003). Climate Change and Wintersports, 5)
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Background of the Study
Sports tourism is made for us to step outside of the usual things that we do as a traveler. Stepping outside our usual environment as it actively involves in sports. In Sports Tourism, sports is becoming the primary reason for travel. Our research will be focused on Developing Lucena City as a Sports Tourism Destination. It’s a major sporting event which contributes to the Lucenahin and specifically to the Quezonian. To enhanced the image and profile of Lucena City and to become very important place in the economic activities. The impact of STACAA (Southern Tagalog Calabarzon Athletic Association), PRISAA is one of the effective events that will boost the economic growth and social welfare of the community in Lucena. Sport tourism is a combination of sport activities and travel or leisure. In what we discuss the further knowledge on how Lucena City handle a big events like what being mentioned above. Until comparatively recently historians of tourism have paid largely a little attention into sport, spite of its historically important role as a major tourist attraction. The essay begins with a brief account of recent scholarship exploring the relationship between sport tourism in the past. A more major section analysis the increasing thematic historiographical coverage relating to sports tourism supply which is now starting to emerge. This has ranging from niche sports tourism, adventure sports, nostalgia and sporting heritage tourism, the role of transport and provision of accommodation and other facilities, such as sporting museums and halls of fame to study of sporting mega-events such as the Olympics, their marketing, economics and politics, and positive and negative 3|P a g e
tourist impacts. While details of sport tourism’s supply side are beginning to come up, much less has been written on the sports tourists themselves. This study suggest that bulk of academic attention, alongside some attention given to topics such as demand, spectatorship composition and behavior at larger events, and that there are still substantial research gaps remaining to be explored.(http:www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1755182X.2013.828782)
OBJECTIVES
1. Identify the demographic profile of the respondents 2. To distinguish the strengths and weaknesses of Lucena City in sport tourism. 3. To know the proposed plan of sport tourism to develop Lucena City to be a sport tourism destination
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Statement of the Problem
The research study aims to know the assessment of sport tourism in Lucena City. It seeks to answer the following question: 1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of: -
Age
-
Gender
-
Civil status
-
Educational attainment
-
Level of Sports Tourism Awareness
2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of Lucena City’s sports tourism in terms of: -
Sports facilities
-
Accommodation
-
Accessibility
3. What sports tourism plan can be proposed to develop Lucena City to be a sports tourism destination?
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Significance of the Study
Lucena City. This study will bring awareness about the process of making Lucena City a Sports Tourism Destination.
Present Students and
Graduate. Students who want to conduct the study about the things to consider in making city a Sports Tourism Destination. This study will be useful to get an information resource in the research study.
Scope and Limitation
Due to the complexity of the concepts, this study discusses the things to be considered for a certain place to be a Sports Tourism Destination. In the study all of the details and requirements of a City that needed to meet the standards in being a Sports Tourism Destination. The study focuses in determining and gathering data on how a certain city can be able to be a Sports Tourism Destination. Through conducting a research, the researchers will be able to know what the things you need to consider to be a Sports Tourism Destination. It is based on them how the respondents answer the questionnaires honestly and veraciously and we will explain the important things in the questionnaires. The facilities and requirements needed are being discussed by the researchers.
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Conceptual Framework Input
Processing
Output
• •
1. What are things to consider in making a place be Sports Tourism Destination?
Making a survey questionnaire.
Conducting interview to the officials of Quezon
Lucena City being a Sports Tourism Destination in Quezon Province .
Convention Center.
The conceptual framework shows on how the researcher will conduct the research study. The IPO model is used by the researcher on showing the steps on formulating the research. The data of the input will get from the questionnaires of the targeted respondents of the researcher, quantitative data will be obtained. Quantitative method will be used by the researcher in analyzing all the data that will be gathered namely the descriptive method. The descriptive method will be used during evaluation of questionnaires. The output of the process will be answering the question whether Lucena City can be a Sports Tourism Destination.
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Definition of Terms
Abilympics- a skill competition for persons with disabilities to enhance their talent. Respondent- a person who will answer in our question as part of a survey. Sport- is defines as physical activity that will amuse oneself Sport Tourism- staying in places outside their usual environment (Gammon & Robinson, 2003) Tourism- the activity of travelling to destination Lucena City -is a first class highly urbanized city and it is the capital city of the province of Quezon, Philippines and the only first class Highly Urbanized City located in the Calabarzon Region
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES A. Sport Tourism as a Abilympics in the Philippines
The researchers relates the local Abilympics here in the Philippines. Abilympics Philippines is founded by Atty. Arturo A. Borjal in 1991. This organization is in collaboration with the National Council for the Welfare of Disabled Persons (NCWDP), Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) and Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG). It aims to coordinate with various agencies to produce participants to compete in the International Abilympics (IA). The International Abilympics (IA), otherwise known as Olympics of Abilities for person with Disabilities, traces the beginning in Japan in 1972 when Abilympics – an annual national skill competition for the disabled persons – was organized by the Japanese Association for the Employment of the Disabled (JAED). The first international contest was initiated by Japan i n cooperation with Rehabilitation International (RI) in 1981. This is in line with the United Nations’ declaration of the same year as the International Year of Disabled Persons. The 2nd International Abilympics (1985) in Bogota, Columbia paved the way for the founding of the International Abilympics Federation (IAF) through the diligence of RI President Harry Fang. The IAF led the organization of the 3 rd International Abilympics in Hongkong in 1991 where 2,000 participants from 83 countries came in for the competition and the accompanying events. As added
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highlights, the IAF introduced the leisure and living skill contest. Perth, Australia got the privilege to organize the 4 th International Abilympics in 1995 paticipated by 2000 individuals. After Australia backed out of its bid to host the 5 th International Abilympics, the Czech Republic took hold of the honor to host the event in the historic city of Prague. An estimated 2,500 delegates fr om 21 countries attended the contest, conferences and accompanying events. The Philippines Delegation to the International Abilympics has been organized by Abilympics Philippines Incorporated an IAF-accredited non-government organization led by Atty. Arturo A. Borjal. The First Philippines Team for the International Abilympics co mpeted in Hong kong in 1991, garnering one bronze medal in Accounting and three citations in Wasted Re-use. Four years after, 25-man delegation joined 12 trade skills contests and went home with 6 bronze medals in Billboard Advertising, Waste Re-use, Accounting, Jewelry Making and 3 citations in Cabinet Making, Poster Design and Electronics. In 5th International Abilympics in Prague, Czech Republic, the Philippines delegation composed of 13 competitors and 17 officials, coaches and assistants, participated in 19 contests, garnering one gold medal for waste Re-use; one silver medal for Floral Arrangement; four bronze medals for waste re-use. Tie Dye/Batik, Billboard Advertising and Cold Cooking; and two citations for Poster Design and Easter Egg Decoration.http://www.mccidonline.net/abilympicsphil/background.htm
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B. Represent the ability of person with disabilities
Ralph D. Torralba, a 27-year-old hearing impaired photographer, will represent the Philippines in the 8 th International Abilympics to be held on September 25-30, 2011 in Seoul, South Korea. Abilympics, a portmanteau of ability and Olympics, is a worldwide competition of vocational skills for persons with disabilities. Torralba will compete in the Deaf Photographers competition. Torralba was the 1st place winner of “Kakayahan 2010: Work Skills Demo of Persons with Disabilities.” He led a team of leaf photographers (Visual Shot Club) in a photo workshop and exhibit called “Silent Eyes” in November last year. He has also earned citations from various sectors here and abroad. Torralba is a member of the Canon Advocacy Team, a group of Filipino photographers who actively promotes Photography with a Difference who engage in activities benefitting persons with disabilities. The country’s representative to the last Abilympics was deaf photographer Alnoe Paler who took home two gold medals in the National frame by representing a specific personal story or case study rather than broader societal issues. Conclusions: The study of the TV news coverage of the Paralympics identified how these TV news networks shape and influence the target audience using the framing theory. Mass media studies in sport management are necessary to further explore coverage of the Paralympics and athletes with disabilities because of the media affect that might influence social change and better public’s perceptions and attitudes towards inferior groups of sport participation. Author Affiliation Kyoung Tae Kim. Southeast
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Missouri State University, Soonhwan Lee, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; and Bae, William Paterson
[email protected] http://search.proguest.com/pgrl/docview/1621829779/2FD3E5EC157A4D60PQ/9 ?accountid=36184MSEUF LIBRARY EXPRESS WORK
C. Tourism history of Sport Tourism
Until comparatively recently historians of tourism have largely paid little attention to sport, despite its historically important role as a major tourist attraction. The essay begins with a brief account of recent scholarship exploring the relationship between sport and tourism, and provides a heavily condensed chronological overview of sport tourism in the past. A more major section analyses the increasing thematic historiographical coverage relating to sports tourism supply which is now beginning to emerge. This has ranged from niche sports tourism, adventure sports, nostalgia and sporting heritage tourism, the role of transport and provision of accommodation and other facilities, such as sporting museums and halls of fame to the study of sporting mega-events such as the Olympics, their marketing, economics and politics, and positive and negative tourist impacts. While details of sport tourism’s supply side are beginning to emerge, much less has been written on the sports tourist themselves. This study suggest that the bulk of academic attention, alongside some attention to given to topics such as demand, spectatorship composition and behavior at larger events,
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and that there are still substantial research gaps remaining to be explored. Huggins, Mike (2013) Journal of Tourism History
D. Sport Development and Peace initiatives: Confluence of Sport psychology and international psychology
From a global perspective, sport has the potential to maximize the effect of humanitarian interventions by assembling diverse individuals, as players and spectators (who may be experiencing social inequality related to ethno-religious strife, ethno- nationalism conflict, gender inequity, social breakdown or clas sism), to participate in group- based sporting activities at very low cost but at high impact. Although sport development and peace (SDP) is a growing field, and research on its psychosocial effects is in its infancy, these studies represent just a glimpse of the burgeoning body of psychological science demonstrating the efficacy of athletics to impact the lives of children and adults worldwide. SDP initiative, which support reconciliation and reconstruction as well as promote personal resilience and empowerment, might be to impetus for sport psychologists and for psychologists with international and h uman rights interests to collaborate on research to propel this emerging specialty into full awareness among psychologists, social scientist, and international workers. Their combined expertise might engender a leading role for psychology in advancing international peacemaking initiatives using the research, theory and principles of sport psychology.http://www.apa.org/international/pi/2012/10/un-matters.aspx 13 | P a g e
E. Sports for the disabled people If chief executive won medals, Justin King of J. Sainsbury, super market chain, would be sporting gold in the marketing marathon for his prescient decision to concentrate sponsorship on the Paralympics rather the glitzier Olympics. The Plaudits he and other companies have received for backing what was previously seen as sideshow could help change chang e corporate attitudes to disability. Carolline Casey of Kanchi, a nonprofit organization she founded in 2004, says the cause is the new green starting in Ireland and then in Spain, Kanchi’s Abilitiy highlight companies that deal with disabled persons and customers. Now in partnership with Telefonica, a Spanish telecoms giant, it plans to hold the awards in other countries too, including Britain, Germany and Brazil. Bra zil. Jorge Perez of Manpower, an employment-services firm, says disabled people frequently have unusually high productivity. ThorkilSonne, the founder of specialist erne, a Danish firm that finds high tech jobs for autistic people says they can focus on repetitive tasks that might be boring to other workers. Britain’s electronic- espionage center, GCHQ eagerly recruits people with autism and c an make them ace code Asperger’s Asperger’s syndrome. Their ability to spot patterns can crackers. But to show their talents, disabled people must first get the job. Susan ScottParker of the Employers forum on disability, a British aud iting group, notes that many firms still fall down on basics, such as using online application forms that blind people.
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Disabled people are not just potential employees. While W hile working at Lynch, Rich Donovan, who has cerebral palsy, looked at disabled people as an emerging market and found it mud than he expected; expe cted; “1.1 billion people the size of China”. He noted two trends. A generation of people who w ho had benefited from disability laws is coming out of education and into work; second; as the boomers age, disabilities are spreading rapidly. Yet when he analyzed companies in the S&P 500 index, Mr. Donovan who now run his own firm-found that only quarter had a strategy aimed at these market mark et and only had a strategy aimed at these thes e and only 6% were doing a serious in them. He has devised a “Return Ability” “Return Ability” index, which tracks the shares of 100 firms that deals best the disabled people. Over the past five years it has outperformed the broader stock market. Later this month Bloomberg will include its financial-information terminals. Such approaches contrast with the way businesses usually look at disabled people: as charity cases or as needing lots of box-ticking compliance rules and as the source of annoying lawsuits. Good treatment can make business sense, too political ads and media firms (ECONOMIST, 2012, pp.53-54) Henry and his running partner, Joseph Kibunja, green and white track suite firmly zipped, head out into the mist for their daily run. As the main gate to the yard swings open, a chicken makes a desperate dash for freedom. Joseph darts off in per suite, only to return a moment later empty handed. “Too fast” he says.
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Not many living things are faster than Henry and Joseph. The two distance runners, continuing the proud Kenyan tradition of greatness in the sport, are medal winners, record setters and national heroes. As they jog along slippery roadways lined with lush foliage and the occasional squat house, early risers, struggling through the slop on their way to work, cheer and wave. The T he pair run across a soggy soccer field adjacent to a hill side shanty town of broken down shocks and winding alleyways reeking of urine. Henry spent his early childhood there, fatherless in a mud hut. Matching each other stride for stride, Henry and Joseph each hold one end of a short cord stretched between them. the m. Henry could never run any other way. He is blind, and Joseph acts as his eyes. Henry, 38 and Joseph, 37, chat incessantly, incess antly, Joseph does most of the talking. He has to tell Henry what’s coming ahead. An ankle twisting hole, an oncoming motor bike. In less than mile, I’m terribly winded. At about 2,000 meters, the air is too thin for my sea level lungs. I’m no athlete anyway. A friend once o nce asks me if I was clichéd 100 pounds weakling in high school. Insulted, I said absolutely not; I was a 95 pounds weakling in high school. sch ool. But Henry and I do have a couple of things in common. We both enjoy running, and we both can’t see. I’m not yet completely blind like Henry. But step by step, I’m getting there. Henry’s blindness has barely slowed him down. He has won three gold medals in three Paralympics- his first in the 5,000 meters at Sydney in 2000- setting too world records for a blind runner in the process. At these years London Paralympics, which start on August already excelled exc elled in the most strenuous of races, posting a personal best 2hour, 31minutes, and 31seconds time at the 16 | P a g e
Hamburg marathon in 2005. Such as success has made him one of the world most recognized disabled athletes. London based standard chartered, awed by Henry’s ability and his close partnership with Joseph, has use the duo in T.V
advertisements. They have also been ambassadors for the banks charitable campaign to alleviate blindness, called seeing believes. As I strive to keep pace with Henry, the road is so rutted with gullies and slippery from the rain that I can barely maintain my footing. My debilitated sight makes locating and dodging pot holes in my rain splattered glasses almost possible. Henry can’t them at all, yet he glides next to me. Imagine for a moment hurtling down an unpaved Kenyan roadway as fast as your legs could carry you- all the while blindfolded. If it sounds scary, I can attest that it is. Henry does it every day. Henry got his first taste of victory as a teenager in 1998 at a sports meet for local schools. Though Henry had already honed his running skills-darting daily between his home and a nearby stream to fetch water-he attended that day as a spectator. But when one member of his schools racing team went missing, a teacher drafted Henry to complete 5,000 meters contest in his place. Henry was at first intimidated by his taller opponents, who shoved him so ag gressively at the races start that he almost fell over. Yet, in the end, Henry, his fellow students cheering him on, zoomed past them all for a big win. As his award, a teacher poured syrup on his palms for him to lick off as a treat. He also won an orange. By high school, Henry was winning races in national competitions and he continued training after graduation. While he took on work as a cobbler to help support his family, a career as an athlete was a real possibility. Running seemed 17 | P a g e
his best chance to escape destitution, and he began dreaming of representing Kenya in marathons overseas. “When I was running, sometimes I was thinking of how I was from the slums”, he says “Through sports I’d be able to change my family.”
Then disaster struck. In March 1995 at 20 years of age, Henry suffered a stroke. He appeared to recover-until the faithful morning of May 12. His mother angrily woke him, annoyed that he had overslept and not milked the cow before breakfast. Henry protested. It was still dark outside, so early? Within a few minutes, it became apparent to Henry that the sun had risen, but he couldn’t see it. Doctors eventually determined that he stroke had damaged his optic nerves. Over a mere night’s sleep, he had gone 95% blind. What little sight he had left vanished soon after. Henry’s road back began at a low-vision clinic in a kikuyu hospital. His mother, desperate to find a cure for Henry, dragged him to doctor after doctor, eventually finding german specialist Petra Verweyen. She coul dn’t restore Henry’s sight, but she did have ideas on how to restore his soul. Verweyen, with the aid of some tasty cakes, got Henry to talk openly about his blindness. Slowly, he rebuilt his self-confidence. Schuman Michael, Time Magazine 2012, pp. 36-41 G. The genesis of a new body of sport tourism literature: a systematic review of surf tourism research
Surf tourism is a rapidly expanding market segment of the wider sport tourism industry and the purpose of this study is to provide an analytical interpretation of
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surf tourism research. Published and unpublished literature from 1997 through to 2011 was collected through searching a variety of academic databases and communicating directly with the authors themselves. A systematic review was employed to identify and analyze the types of research emerging from international journals, universities, governments, and the not-for-profit sector. The study indicates a genesis in sport tourism literature, representing a new and available body of surf tourism research. We find that this new area of research has arisen mainly from the grey literature through the works of graduate students and consultants. Surfing events, artificial surfing reefs, and the sustainability of surf sites and host communities are among the most prolific areas under discussion and key arguments include socioeconomics, coastal management, and sustainable tourism. Approximately 10% of countries in the wor ld with coastal surfing resources have been studied, and this and other findings indicate the potential for new areas of research in domestic and international tourism. A bibliography provides 156 documentary materials compiled for the systematic review.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14775085.2013.766528 H. Studying Sport Tourism Event and Destination Images on Intent to Travel
A destination’s image can be influenced by the hosting of a sport tourism event and the attributes associated with this event. Sport events can add to the attractiveness of a destination for new markets and first-time visitors (Dimanche, 2003). Tourism literature has acknowledged the importance of destination image and its role on destination awareness and decision making process (e.g. Baloglu
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& McCleary, 1999; Dann, 1996). Destinations can enhance their image by hosting sport events that attract first time and repeat sport tourists using cobranding, brand leverage and bundling techniques (Chalip & McGuirty, 2004). The problem of this research is to examine whether sport tourism event image and its link to destination image will add power in predicting intentions to return to a destination. In the field of tourism, understanding the factors that influence intentions to travel to a destination has been a key area of research. In the field of sport tourism, Cunningham and Kwon (2003) focused on spectators’ intentions to attend a sporting event in the future utilizing the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) (Ajzen, 1991). The TPB is a well-established theory of behavioral intentions that aims to understand actions that are mainly under the volitional control of the individual and to account for those behaviors that are not under the volitional control by including the concept of perceived behavioral control in the theory. In short, the theory suggests that intentions to engage in a behavior mediate the impact of attitudes, subjective norms (SN) and perce ived behavioral control (PBC) on actual behavior. In the context of recreation and leisure, two studies (Ajzen & Driver, 1992; Hrubes, Ajzen & Daigle, 2001) supported the applicability of the theory of planned behavior when studying activities such as hunting, biking, jogging and boating. The study aims to apply the theory on people who travel to participate actively in organized sport tourism events such as bike tours, running, walking, skiing, kayaking, and rafting where there may be some type of competition. For this market segment, there is lack of studies that present a clear theoretical framework that captures the factors that influence
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participants’ intentions to return to the destination. Research has shown that
some of these factors involve destination image and experience, past experience with events and destinations, subjective norms.https://www.easm.net/download/2006/fa3a6ad4af8e501ea51b1b7ba7ce2 192.pdf I. The carbon footprint of active sport tourists: an empirical analysis of skiers and boarders
This study estimated the annual carbon footprint of active sport tourists caused by snow-sport-related travel in the context of day trips, vacations, training courses, and competitions in 2015. Information about individual travel behaviour, sport profile, environmental consciousness, and socio-economic characteristics was collected using a nationwide online survey of adult skiers and boarders living in Germany (n = 523). The average annual carbon footprint of snow sport tourists was 431.6 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions in 2015. Boarders had a higher carbon footprint than skiers. Regression analyses revealed that income and number of snow days had a significant positive effect on annual carbon footprint, while environmental consciousness was insignificant. This finding can be explained with the value –action gap and the low-cost hypothesis, suggesting that environmental attitudes were not associated with pro-env ironmental behaviour in terms of a lower carbon footprint because snow-sport-related travel was perceived as a high-cost situation by respondents. Segmenting respondents by snow-sport-related travel behaviour yielded two clusters, frequent travellers (56% boarders) and occasional riders (43% skiers), which differed with regard to 21 | P a g e
annual carbon footprint, club membership, number of snow days, and performance level. This study contributes to the literature on active sport tourism and carbon footprinting.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2017.1313706
J. Recreational angling tournaments: participants' expenditures
Fishing tournaments are a common feature in recreational angling across a wide range of target species in both fresh and salt waters. Tournaments are organised for a number of purposes, including as commercial enterprises; as fund-raising initiatives for angling clubs; for economic development purposes (e.g. tourism); as well as improve participants' skill levels. Most tournaments are confined to geographically small areas and usually occur over a small number of days, which can mean a pulse of economically significant activity in the local area. This paper analyses the nature of expenditure associated with angling tournaments, including travel, food and accommodation, and angling-related expenditures as a function of socio-economic and angler characteristics. Analysis based on 106 tournaments across Ireland during 2013 finds a clear 80/20 segmentation between ‘high’- and ‘low’-spend anglers and that the segmentation occurs across all fish target species considered. The analysis also finds that British coarse anglers participating at Irish angling tournaments spend considerably more than other anglers irrespective of target species or angler country of origin.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2017.1313706 K. Sport Tourism a Powerful Tool 22 | P a g e
Mega and small-scale sport tourism has the potential to contribute to the social, cultural, economic and infrastructural development of the host country or city. Sport tourism involves the travel of persons for non-business reasons to participate and or observe s porting activities. Mega sporting events include the hosting of World Cups for such sports such as football, cricket, and rugby. Small scale sporting events include triathlons, marathons and a leg of the formula one grand prix. Accor ding to Zauhar (2003) sport tourism inv olves a number of activities. In addition to either participating or observing sporting events, persons who travel for sport tourism may also have a vested interest in visiting state-of-the-art sporting facilities such as stadiums. These may include for example, Lords cricket ground in England, Roland Garros in Paris, Maracana Stadium in Brazil and the Millennium rugby stadium in Wales. In addition to the iconic sporting stadiums appeal, sport tourists may also show an interest in sporting hall of fames and sport museums such as the Legends of Barbados cricket museum. Sport tourists may not always be interested in traditional competitive sports and may find adventurous activities far more inviting and appealing to their leisure taste. Some of these adventurous activities may include bungee jumping stations, zip line canopy tours, hiking trails, water adventures such snorkeling and golf.
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Sport tourism offers several economic benefits to local communities, the region and or the country. An estimated 680,000 persons from overseas attended the 2012 London Olympics and Paralympics. These v isitors generated enormous economic activity through different forms of expenditure on sporting and non -sporting activities. There was an increase demand for various forms of accommodationhotels and guest houses. Similarly there was an increase in demand for sporting paraphernalia such replica tee shirts, sneakers etc. Non-sporting products expenditure included food, beverages, phones, cameras, and other electronic accessories that are associated with travelers. Accor ding to Hassen (2003) the 2003 Cricket W orld generated 1.3 billion Rands for the South African economy. Sport tourism provides the host country with high media coverage. This coverage will cover not only the sporting event but also provide important information about the country’s cultural and entertainment
locations as well as an overall country profile. Such information would have been provided when the Caribbean played host to two cricket world cups in 2007 and 2010 respectively. Additionally, Trinidad and Tobago would have benefitted from the media coverage when it hosted the 2001 FIFA U17 World Cup for boys and the 2010 FIFA World Cup for girls.
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Accor ding to Morrison (2005) mega sporting events prov ide a platfor m to incorporate social and cultural features of the host community/city/country into the overall tourist experience. These events are good occasions to showcase the cultural heritage of the country such as its history, historical sites, food, music, art, architecture, and overall what makes the host unique and interesting to want to return in the immediate future. Sport tourism do not only result from the v isiting and expenditure from tourists but also involves the development of local infrastructure such as stadia, hotels, transportation networks, roads, telecommunication, airports and other infrastructure. Such developments will provide long term benefits to communities where they have been established. The potential benefits of sports tourism can only be realized if several challenges are overcome especially in the developing world. In countries where crime and matters of security are a major concern persons considering to travel to these destination maybe discouraged to engage in any form of sport tourism. Additionally, the allegations of corruption and financial scandals may also serve as a discouragement. The overall success of any sporting tourism event is dependent upon management. Poor management due to financial impropriety, poor planning, lack of efficient customer service, and a host of other management’s drawbacks
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may serve as a major Achilles heel for the success of any sport tourism event. Accor ding to UN Secr etary General Ban Ki -moon (2011) sport tourism has the potential to being powerful tool for development and progress. However, for this to be accomplished to reap the benefits of sports tourism proper planning and management of events have to be undertaken.http://www.guardian.co.tt/sport/2015-03-02/sport-tourism-powerfultool L. Tourism Development Strategies
As primary industries around the world make a shift, due largely in part to post-industrial progression, there are a number of global economies that are engaging in the restructuring process in pursuit of economic growth and diversity. Thus, in this pattern, the service industry has received a significant boost as there have been changes in mobility of capital, wealth distribution and consumer preferences. In this context, international tourism has flourished as an economic driver in the developing and developed world and is one of the strategies that destinations are using to mould their modern economy. International development agencies and governments throughout the world have been utilizing tourism development as it is seen as a somewhat inexpensive strategy that can boost local culture and environments as well as promote economic prosperity. However, shows concern as some destinations believe that tourism can be a ‘development panacea’. While there can be economic gains, they may not be
worth negative social and environmental impacts. Stakeholders must also 26 | P a g e
question whether tourism will be a sustainable long-term development strategy benefiting and empowering host communities. Currently, the development and implementation of tourism strategies have had some problematic implications. There are often concerns ov er the consistency of policy and strategy formation and its subsequent practical implementation issues in the dynamic tourism market (Albrecht, 2010). T hus, policies and strategies may need to be continuously revised and amended as tourism markets, environments and demands change as the tourism industry evolves. Acknowledge that within the tourism industry and at the core of strategy development, dealing with constant change becomes a challenge for strategy developers forcing them to adapt by making full use of their resources whilst being flexible within an industry that is highly competitive, unstable and acco unts for various stakeholders. The author’s further note that developing a tourism strategy for a destination cannot be approached in a singular way of thought as tourism strategies can be “both plans for the future and patterns from the past”. Given the paucity of research on strategy development for tourism this review of the literature includes research that covers strategic planning for tourism development on the business side of the industry (the supply of the industry via tourism businesses and organizations) as well as the planning and strategic implementation to satisfy the consumer side (the tourist demand and evolving tastes) of the global industry. As an economic sector, the tourism industry is made up of multiple reliable levels of tourism strategy that are o perational at several levels in a destination, such as local, regional and national. 27 | P a g e
Furthermore, as a contemporary aspect of modern tourism research, a number of case studies have been done within the realm of sustainable tourism strategic planning. These case studies illustrated the current research done on specific regional and national destinations and how they have planned, developed and implemented a development strategy for their tourism product. These studies included stakeholder analysis and investigations of the ways in which their tourism products have been implemented in terms of resort development, events and sustainable tourism development. However, despite some of this thorough case specific research, notes that there usually needs to be a distinction made as to the research done on strategic planning (long term destination planning and implementation goals) as opposed to strategy making or development (strategy development for certain aspects of the destination, e.g. sport or tourism strategies). In this light, this research will be examining the strateg y development process for current tourism destinations and its relation to hosting sport events whilst ultimately contributing to the destination’s progressive growth and development. Additionally, there were also instances of analysis of current long term strategic plans that have been implemented for events in niche tourism segments such as sport tourism development strategies. Some research was also done with respect to the development of tourism strategies that complement the existing industry in a destination to ensure economic diversification in developing countries, the tourism impact issues in remote destinations, as well as the challenges of tourism strategy implementation in periphery tourism destinations.
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https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/handle/10012/9812/McComie_Kenwyn_P eter.pdf;sequence=3 M. Considering Sport Tourism Development
Sport programs and events are usually envisioned as a strategy to foster communal communication. Moreover, it has been suggested that sport events can allow individuals to alter their attitudes and behaviours, as well as break down barriers between groups for a common goal (Brown et al., 2003). Thus, the linkages between sport and tourism have progressed both in their respective industries and academic fields. Notes that sport tourism on a global scale is headed in the right direction as illustrated by the reputation of such sporting events as the Olympic Games and the different World Cups/Championships of Soccer/Football, Rugby and Cricket. However, contends that a ho listic view of the sport tourism concept should also include “professional and amateur, competitive and non-competitive, social, recreational, and informal activities, as well as leisure, business, and day-trip tourism, to fall within its scope.” The sport tourism industry has progressed substantially and so have the expectations of sport tourists, developing their needs and wants for more complex incidences of sport tourism. Hence, as researchers advance knowledge in this area, they should consider sport tourism events as an overall experience. Sport is often considered a vehicle for development heavily leaned upon by the tourism industry. Within the context of tourism development, sport tourism can be approached as a traditional development paradigm in terms of economic, social and ecological growth. Although, can also be seen as an evolutionary process 29 | P a g e
that is a dynamic industry as a part of social, cultural, political, economic and environmental facets of a society that is constantly fluctuating. Moreover, contend that development should not only be about growth but also about the positive impact it may have on a country, region or destination and should also be measured via the ideals of sustainability by including all stakeholders in the process of trying to achieve sustainable tourism development goals (social, economic, cultural, political and environmental). In a broader context, sustainable sport tourism events should be striving to achieve sustainable goals via the triple bottom line approach. However, there can be issues with this approach as sport tourism events attracts large numbers of tourists that can have negative long term effects on the environment and there is no guarantee that there will be positive social and economic benefits to the host community argues that there are even more sustainable dimensions to be considered in development via sport tourism such as moral, legal, technical and political aspects. Sport tourism events need to be managed and planned accordingly as with any other tourism attraction. Thus, there needs to be proper management of change in order for decision making stakeholders and event planners to meet their objectives. Often times, development can spawn planning and development issues that affect the process; these can be internal and external factors that hinder development. As a tourism product, sport events can become commoditised by an intrusion of global market factors and processes which can affect its representation whilst also fostering h omogenisation of sport culture through globalization. These globalization forces push sport tourism destinations that host events to position themselves as a global destination that compresses international networks and can traverse national boundaries (Mowforth &
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Munt, 1998). Conversely, due to sport’s widespread outreach, organizational fragmentation and viable partnerships become more complex to seek out and maintain. It becomes quite difficult to maintain successful goal-oriented relationships and alliances with a range of stakeholder involvement.
https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/handle/10012/9812/McComie_Kenwyn_P eter.pdf;sequence=3
N. Formulating a Sport Tourism Development Strategy
The acknowledgment of using sport events as a strategy for tourism development has initiated a range of organizations, societies and destinations involved in ‘sport-for-development public-private partnerships’. As a niche subset of tourism, sport tourism contributes to socio-economic growth a nd has significant potential to continue to add to a destination’s economic diversity. Similar to other facets of the tourism industry, sport ev ents as tourism attractions need to be appropriately planned and managed for the subsequent benefits to materialize which may include a dedicated strategic plan similar to or aligned with a destination’s overarching tourism development strategy. Swart and Bob (2007) also note the importance of forming relationships and creating linkages to reap the mutual benefits by establishing alliances between the sport and tourism sectors. They further discuss the significance of “coordinating planning and the sharing of resources and information amongst all stakeholders, and identifying opportunities and mechanisms for maximizing the tourism benefits of sport activities are critical”. Highlight the common amalgamation of separate fields, sport and tourism, are usually managed by different government agencies which also incorporate other related
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businesses in sport tourism development strategies. Support this no tion further describing the most significant stakeholder in the sp ort tourism strategy development process as the government agency responsible for policy development, highlighting the need for a systematic strategy direction and not just informal planning. However, discusses the need for greater investigation into the motivations of governments for investing in the strategy and policy making process for hosting events tourism. Thus, the planning process needs proper direction with a great significance placed on DMO’s and tourism agencies collaborating with government’s and sport organisations for the advancement of a sport tourism strategy. Similar to the lack of research on sport tourism strategy development, there is limited research highlighting the DMO’s role in the strategy development or planning process for hosting sport tourism events.
https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/handle/10012/9812/McComie_Kenwyn_P eter.pdf;sequence=3
O. Towards a critical sport heritage: implications for sport tourism
This paper reflects upon the development and increased acceptance for heritage becoming a key component of sport tourism research. The original sport heritage typology, as posited by Ramshaw and Gammon [2005, More than just Nostalgia? Exploring the heritage/sport tourism nexus. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 10(4), 229 –241], is re-examined through a more critical lens, revealing additional dimensions that help augment its key components. More specifically, it is argued that future studies should consider the more intangible features of sport heritage, as well as acknowledging the expanding global nature of sport and its impact upon fandom. Also, the case is made for research to explore the dissonance
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inherent in much of sports heritage, as well as determining where the power lies in allocating and championing current sport heritages. Lastly, the more general implications to the field of sport tourism are offered with particular regard to motivation, place, and consumption.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2016.126227 5 P. Predicting Behavioral Intentions of Active Event Sport Tourist: The Case of a Small-scale Recurring Sport Event
With the growth in the opportunities for amateur athletes to take part in competitive events it is becoming apparent that there is a ne ed to separate active sport tourist into two types: non-event (e.g. golf, skiing) and event. Active event sport tourism constitutes travel to take part in various organized events from the hallmark New York and London Marathons to the pervasive small scale sports events hosted by communities' worldwide. Understanding the v ariables that influence active sport tourism behaviors within the context of recurring smaller scale sport events has not been widely observed in the sport and tourism literature. This study investigated whether past participation, attitudes toward event participation, satisfaction with the sport event and destination image predict intentions to participate in a sport event again. Data were collected from 112 active event sport tourist of a small recurring sport event: the Senior Games. Mail and online questionnaires were used based on participant event registration mode. Path analysis was used to evaluate the model of this study. The results revealed mediation effects of attitudes between satisfaction and intentions to
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participate in the event again and destination image and intentions. The importance of collaborations between destination marketers and event organizers is discussed along with the significance of satisfaction as a driver of attitude formation and behavioral intentions.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2010.498261 Q. Expenditure-based segmentation of sport tourist
Destinations throughout the USA and world compete against each other for the opportunity to host professional and amateur sporting events. The primary motivation for these destinations is the anticipated economic impact generated by sport tourist expenditures while attending sporting events. Although the economic impact of sporting events has been widely studied, the analysis of individuals' expenditures has been neglected. Since tourists expenditures are considered one of the most important variables in the economic analysis of a destination's tourism industry, segmenting tourists based on ex penditures is a valuable alternative to more common segmentation approaches. In this study, sport tourist attending a Professional Golfers' Association of A merica tournament were divided into three groups (low, medium, and high spenders) based on their total per day spending. The mean per day total expenditures of the low-spender segment were $69.21, the medium spenders' mean total per day expenditures were $219.25, and the high-spender segment averaged $759.03 in total per day expenditures. The results indicate that a significant difference exists between the three expenditure-based segments of sport tourist spectators in terms of 34 | P a g e
spending patterns, trip characteristics, and trip preferences. Expenditure-based segmentation of sport tourist spectators provides important information that event organizers and local tourism stakeholders can utilize in developing effective and efficient short- and long-term management and marketing strategies.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2011.635017
R. Sport Heritage and Tourism
The relationship between sport, heritage, and tourism is strong, and the breadth and depth of research that explores this relationship is significant. This collection adds to the heritage sport tourism literature by considering several new perspectives. In particular, authors have examined sport heritage as a vehicle for understanding and memorializing conflict, as a tool for both celebrating achievement and marginalizing people, as a field of dissonance that often does not conform to tourism promotion and marketing, as a topic that generates, commends, commodities, and discards “living” heritage, and as a means for discovering, or imagining, genealogical roots. Ultimately, sport heritage illuminates many of the issues, challenges, and debates in heritage and heritage tourism more broadly, while also demonstrating that, through its constant making remaking, sport heritage rarely fossilizes.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1743873X.2014.904320
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S. Marketing Sport Tourism: Creating Synergy between Sport and Destination
Marketing sport tourism requires sport and the host destination to be crossleveraged to optimize the quality of experiences that the sport tourist obtains. Different forms of sport tourism (spectating, participating, venerating sport sites) are therefore potential complements, and the quality of infrastructure and services at the destination provide essential support for the overall sport tourism experience. Opportunities to socialize with tourist who share a sport interest can also enhance sport tourist experience. Cross-leveraging of sport and destinations is facilitated when vertical and horizontal alliances are formed among sport and tourism providers. Further research is needed to explore the social and psychological worlds of sport tourist, and to identify effective leveraging tactics.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17430430500102150
T. Involved-Detachment: A Balance of Passion and Reason in Feminisms and Gender-related Research in Sport, Tourism and Sport Tourism
This paper discusses the contribution of Norbert Elias's theory of involvementdetachment for feminist research and gender-related studies in the fields of sport, tourism and sport tourism. A brief overview of scholarly work on gender in studies sport, tourism and sport tourism is presented. T he paper outlines the key features of feminist criticisms about conventional methods of acquiring and establishing knowledge in the sciences and considers the ways that feminists
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approach issues of epistemology. The significance of passionate scholarship in feminist theorizing is discussed. The theory of involvement-detachment is introduced as part of Elias's perspective on the advancement of knowledge about social life. Problems and issues of involvement-detachment are explored in terms of some of the gender-related literature about sport, tourism and sport tourism.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775080701654762 U. Defining sport tourism: a content analysis of an evolving epistemology
This paper conducts a systematic evaluation of one of the primary journals in the field of sport tourism research since its establishment in 1993. Drawing on extant literature with varying disciplinary approaches, this meta-review traces the development of key concepts and definitions underlying an evolving epistemology connected to sport tourism, as evidenced within the Journal of Sport and Tourism (JS&T). It does so by examining research specific to content previously unexplored. The study first conducted a content analysis based upon a keyword search, focusing on phrases in which sport and tourism appeared together. The study reviewed all texts, including articles, bo ok chapters and editorials (n = 517), for the years 1993 –2014. We then constructed a thematic analysis based upon the most common defining elements found within these texts. These extracted definitions were analyzed according to their paradigmatic elements. Based on these findings, this paper suggests the need to further define the epistemological boundaries of sport tourism for the twenty-first centuryhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2016.1229212
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U. Sport Tourism or event tourism: are they one and the same?
Sport tourism has become the subject of an increasing level of both academic and government interest. It is perceived to be important because of its economic contribution as well as other influences such as the impact on community well‐ being and the sense of pride that sport tourism may engender. The concept, however, is fraught by definitional issues and this paper provides a discussion for developing a more succinct definition and framework for sport tourism to add to the debate. It is argued here sport tourism is essentially event tourism and, as such, it is governed by the issues that affect events and event management.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/147750804200032025 0
V. Sport Tourism: an exploration of the travel motivations and constraints of Omani tourist
The purposes of this research were to examine the most important travel motivations for Omani tourist to attend sporting events, and to identify tr avel constraints which impeded them from travelling to attend sporting events. Questionnaires were used to collect data from 166 Omani tourist attended sporting events. Research findings showed that enjoy stadium atmosphere; support my team; spend my time without worrying about my study/work; spend time with my friends and family; and escape from the ordinary or routine environment at home were the most important travel motivations for Omani tourist to attend sporting events. The study also revealed that financial challenges (a lack of money); lack of time and opportunities to travel; and work and study commitments were the main travel constraints that inhibit Omani 38 | P a g e
tourist from travelling to attend sporting events. Finally, other useful statistical findings regarding participants’ travel behaviour are reported.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13032917.2017.1308388#m etrics-content W. Sport, Tourism and Authenticity
The thesis underpinning the theoretical discussions presented in this paper is that sport has unique advantages over other types of cultural tourist attractions when considered in the context of commodification and authenticity. Leiper's tourist attraction system is used to situate sport as an attraction and to argue that sport is a reflection of local culture. Sport attractions are then critically considered in relation to the concepts of commodification and authenticity. Key characteristics of sport attractions include: (1) the uncertainty of outcomes; (2) the role of athletic display; (3) the kinaesthetic nature of sport activities; and (4) the visceral nature of many types of sporting engagements. The combination of these traits increases the likelihood that sport attractions are, more than many other types of tourist attractions, able to withstand the processes of commodification and, therefore, are more likely to provide sport tourists with authentic experiences.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/16184740500190652
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X. The Olympic Truce: Sport promoting peace, development and international cooperation
The Olympic and Paralympic Games of summer 2012 demonstrated the value of international friendship and cooperation among the participating athletes and the countries they represented. These organized sports have enjoyed an honored tradition of promoting peaceful international relations among diverse peoples as nations compete without strife and in spite of geopolitical differences. Standing on the shoulders of the Olympic Games franchise, there is a growing body of literature supporting the value of sport in enhancing the well-being of individuals, communities and societies (Beutler, 2008; Darnell, 2010; Giulianotti, 2011). In the 21st century, the United Nations (U.N.) has become increasingly committed to communicating its vision of global human rights through the implementation of athletic programs that promote peacemaking initiatives, tolerance and reconciliation while decreasing tensions, inequity and prejudice (Giulianotti, 2011; UNOSDP, 2011). The U.N. Office on Sport for Development and Peace (UNOSDP) supports sport and athletic programs that impact development and peace. Many of the U.N.'s programs are coordinated through the U.N. Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace and the U.N. Communications Working Group on Sport for Development and P eace. Over time, these groups have been engaged in supporting the Summer and Winter Olympic Games, the Paralympics, the World Cup and the Youth Olympic Games (Beutler, 2008). These games are noted for assembling individuals and
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countries, some with opposing philosophies about war, peace, negotiations, resources and power, in the name of friendly and peaceful rivalry, through sporting events.
Y. The Olympic Truce
Secretary General Ban Ki-moon carried the Olympic Torch during the final leg of its journey to the 2012 Olympics. He was in London to participate in a meeting commemorating the Olympic Truce and Sport for Social Change. In 1993, the General Assembly of the U.N. revived the Olympic Truce, an ancient tradition dating back to the 9th century B.C. Originated by Greece, the Olympic Truce provides safe passage for athletes, families and pilgrims traveling to the Olympic Games. For seven days before, during and seven days after the Olympic Games, in the spirit of peaceful cooperation, participating countries agree d to cease all conflicts (U.N. News Centre, 2012). On Oct. 17, 2011, the 66th Session of the General Assembly adopted Resolution 66/5: "Building a peaceful and better world through sport and the Olympic ideal" sponsored by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (United Nations, 2011a). The Olympic Truce was signed by all 193 Member States of the U.N., agreeing to observe the Olympic Truce for a 45 day period from the opening ceremony of the XXX Olympic Games to the closing ceremony of the XIV Paralympic Games, which followed in London (July 27 through Sept. 9, 2012).
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We applaud the work of Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and his officials, notably his Special Adviser on Sport for Development and Peace, Wilfried Lemke, and his team. With IOC President Jacques Rogge, they are finding new ways to develop communities and build peace through sport. In particular, we are grateful for their promotion of gender equality, inclusion of people living with disabilities, prevention of HIV and AIDS and other diseases, environmental sustainability, and peace and conflict resolution (UNOSDP, 2011, p. 10). Lord Sebastian Coe, Chairman of the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, General Assembly, New York, USA, 17, October, 2011 While the reality of the Truce remains an ideal, it provides the U.N. and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) an opportunity to underscore th e power of the sport development and peace (SDP) initiative to reduce violence and enhance the well-being of vulnerable people throughout the world. Yet, during this Truce period, Syrian officials violated the Truce agreement and the world watched in horror the siege of Aleppo, Syria by Syrian troops. The support of the sporting community's IOC added another voice to the growing international community's attempt to protect the citizens of Syria and address its growing humanitarian crisis. Z. Sport and geopolitics
Faced with so many compelling 21st century challenges, why should the world community invest time and resources in sporting activities? In an effort to bring urgency to compelling global issues, the U.N. establishes international
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days, years and decades to focus the world community's attention and resources. Since the U.N.'s International Year of Sport and Physical Education in 2005, momentum for the utilization of sport and physical activ ity has been building. There is substantial available evidence that sport programs contribute to sustainable development and peace building through initiatives coordinated by the U.N., government agencies, and NGOs. There is increasing recognition of the efficacy of humanitarian programs that employ sports as one of their tools for development in geopolitical and cultural contexts. From a global perspective, sport has the potential to maximize the effect of humanitarian interventions by assembling diverse individuals, as players and spectators (who may be experiencing social inequality related to ethno-religious strife, ethno-nationalism conflict, gender inequity, social breakdown or classism), to participate in groupbased sporting activities at very low cost but at high impact. The egalitarian spirit of sport offers "a meritocratic activity and a space from social injustices... People that come from different backgrounds... they're all the same level. No one cares at all if your mother died of AIDS or cares if you're raising your three kids at home even though you're only 13 years old...They care about getting the ball in the net and whether or not you're a good basketball player...It offers a brief respite through which to level the metaphorical playing field" (Giulianotti, 2011, pp. 6364). As a consequence, the U.N. Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) now recognizes sport as a human right, asserting that the foundational principles of sport — teamwork, fairness, respect for the opposition
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and honoring the rules of the game — are all consistent with the Charter of the United Nations. The U.N. utilizes sport creatively not only to promote peace a nd international cooperation, but additionally for fundraising and raising public awareness regarding pressing human rights issues. For instance, numerous celebrity Goodwill Ambassadors support the programs of the UNOSDP, including tennis star Maria Sharapova (Russia) and footballers Renaldo (Brazil) and Didier Drogba (Cote d'Ivoire), among many others. The value of sport, then, is seen in its role in addressing the U.N.'s Millennium Development Goals (MDG's) b y promoting the following initiatives: Health and disease prevention poverty reduction Universal education gender equality Conflict prevention and resolution Response to trauma Community mobilization Sporting programs have been implemented effectively with vulnerable populations including refugees, persons with disabilities, persons living with HIV/AIDS, child soldiers and others. Local leadership and community resources may drive the process, allowing for girls as well as boys, women as well as men, to design and benefit from community-based initiatives. For example, a study of South African women demonstrated that respect for local tradition and cultural
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considerations may forge greater sustainability and gender equality. Local leadership initiatives are often supplemented by international support. For instance, over two dozen organizations within the U.N. system (e.g., UNICEF) are actively engaged in facilitating sport at grassroots levels worldwide. The U.N. system is joined by the IOC, International Labor Organization (ILO), and numerous non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in designing sports-related programs to respond to emerging international crises (Darnell, 2010). The result, then, is the growing popularity and power of sport on the global human rights agenda.http://www.apa.org/international/pi/2012/10/un-matters.aspx
Journal of Sport and Health Science
Journal of Sport and Health Science (JSHS), launched in May 2012, is a peerreviewed scholarly journal dedicated to the advancement of sport/exercise/health sciences. By publishing original research, scholarly reviews, opinion papers, and research highlights/commentaries, JSHS aims to build a communication platform for international researchers to effectively share scholarly achievements. With a distinguished editorial board, JSHS is dedicated to maintaining high academic standards, integrity, and excellence by publishing scholarly work of the highest quality in the sub-disciplines of sport/exercise/health sciences. Fields of particular interest to the journal include (but not limited to): • Sport medicine • Sport and exercise physiology • Public health promotion
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• Biomechanics • Sport and exercise biochemistry and nutrition • Sport and exercise psychology • Motor behavior • Coaching • Physical education • Traditional Chinese sports and wellbeing • Growth and maturation Elsevier(2012).
https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-sport-and-health-science
Security Models in Mega Sport Events between Safety and Human Rights From this perspective, sport mega-events (SMEs) have become global occasions of economic, political, and social importance, for its impact on tourism (Degen, 2004; Euchner, 1999), and international status (Ahlert, 2006). To observe the aspects of SMEs, social development and cultural politics were delighted by (Close, Askew, & Xin, 2006; Marivoet, 2006; Roche, 2000, 2003;Whitson & Horne, 2006). “Sport mega-event security, in itself, is a complex assemblage of social control mechanisms that is undergoing profound change, notably in terms of costs, personnel, the rising influence of private security, the perceived dangers of terrorism, and the focus on indigenous crime” (Giulianotti & Klauser, 2010). We should be alert that critical infrastructure (CI) is a vital component to develop any security strategy. This strategy must be based on continuous prevention regardless if the event takes place, or not because the reduction of certain
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pattern makes EMs more comfortable vis-à-vis the international instances. International Sport Institutions (ISI; i.e., IOC, FIFA, NFL) coerce complying with the basic requirements to hold an event, which give a packed confidence of safety and security in mega events. However, prototypes must respect the psychological states of spectators, because they are attending a show and provide an excellent customer service in sport events. The security process in the airports, for example, cannot be compared with the one of entering the venues. Even if the physical objective and the manipulation are the same, the traveler is somehow forced to make his/her trip; however, the sport spectator attends the games for fun, and the security measures should not affect this purpose and intervene with the human rights standards. These norms are valid for different event sizes and for multiple levels of broadcasting. According to Gibson (1998), event sport tourism refers to tourists who travel to watch sporting events. Examples of ev ent sport tourism may include events, such as, the Olympic Games, World Cup, Professional Golf Association (PGA) tournaments, and events related to professional sport teams or top U.S. college basketball and football teams. To frame the theory context of our study, we consider SME with two essential grounds. First, the socially contested domain, that is develop the co ncept of the security field, as derived particularly from the sociology of Bourdieu (1990, 1993, pp. 72-76; see Wacquant, 1989), and as adapted and extended by Crossley (2002, p. 674). Second, risk theories here would include the concept of “reflexive modernization” (Beck, 1992; Lash, Szerszynski, &Wynne, 1996), Foucauldi an
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thinking regarding new forms of“governmentality” for shaping public actions (O’ Malley,2004), and new perceptions or cultural senses of risk within late-modern societies (Boyne, 2003; Lupton, 1999; Slovic, 2000; Tulloch, 2006). “Risk theory in this regard helps to clarify and to explicate a wide range of social processes associated with sport mega-event securitization: for example, how specific security risks and “risk groups” are identified by relevant stakeholders at different sport mega-events, how security institutions(both public and private) implement specific risk-management techniques within particular contexts and how risk legacies remain in post sport mega-event contexts” (Giulianotti & Klauser, 2010). Critical Infrastructure Moteff & Parfomak (2004) define “critical infrastructure as systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems and assets would have a debilitating impact on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination of these matters.” As such, critical infrastructure is a highly complex phenomenon. In fact, critical infrastructure for sport venues is interconnected with other systems: facilities, technologies, networks, assets and services essential to the health, safety, security, or economic well-being of citizens, and the effective functioning of government. That is why, it is necessary for sport managers to be updated with the protection strategies provided by the government; unfortunately, “few sporting event organizers use strategic risk management plans. The main
hindrance appears to be a lack of information and expertise available on risk management for sporting events. Risk management plans varied to a large
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extent, which may be due to the absence of accepted national standards for managing risk for sporting events and to the heterogeneous nature of sporting events” (Eisenhauer, 2005).
The major gap in CI lies in the difference in security strategies between the public sector managed by the government and the private sector owned by individuals or institutions. Whereas, “over 85 percent of the critical infrastructure in the United States is controlled by the private sector”(Forest, 2004), it seems that only 15 percent of the facility controlled by the government obeys to strict norms and control. Indeed, it is worth highlighting that the National Strategy and Action Plan for CI establishes a risk-based approach for strengthening the resiliency and demands billion of dollars. Sport facilities also need an enormous seg ment to mend its vulnerabilities. “It has been estimated that organizers of sporting events worldwide spend over $2 billion perannum on security, although in years where “blanket security” is required for major events,this figure can rise to $6 billion”
(Coaffee & Wood, 2006). Safety and Security in Mega Events Governments fear terrorist attacks and political demonstrations during sport mega events, mainly when we consider all Olympics have witnessed terrorist threats, “because there have been 168 terrorist attacks related to sport between 1972 and 2004” (Clark, 2004; Kennelly, 2005). “Since 9/11,the increased threat of terrorism has brought risk management to the forefront of mega-sport-event
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planning and has resulted in a range of new security measures for sport spectators and tougher safety standards for organizers” (Toohey & Taylor, 2008). More importantly, protecting CIs must endure with the effective training of staff members and provide the necessary training to enhance performances in skill development processes. Training should frame incidents’ management,risk management and practices of protective measures, safety and security strategies, and business continuity and recovery principles. As “ threats of terrorism and political violence are often not only seen as to endanger the athletes, spectators and local population but also as a symbolic and political embarrassment—and hence financial risk — for host nations and organizing institutions” (Giulianotti & Klauser, 2010).
Atkinson and Young (2002) provide a general explanation of the nexus between sport and terrorism: for many reasons, individual terrorists or terrorist organizations might find suitable targets in athletes participating in ga mes, spectators attending the events, or selected corporate sponsors of sports contests. Especially in those situations where athletic contests dra w sizable international audiences in geographical settings already embroiled in strife, sport can be utilized as a vehicle for political sparring and waging and disseminating forms of political violence against others. Whereas usually audiences attend sport mega events for a noble cause, such as, to apprehend peace principals and to spread camaraderie among people coming from all over the world. This kind of image gets disfigured in the presence of a terrorist act, because an act of terrorism leads to the opposite facade of
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people’s desire and turns the situation into a deeply dramatic scenario.
Researchers are actually focused on the link between sport events and terrorism; “most of these studies have been located in discourses of sport sociology,
psychology, and criminology, investigating the cognitive, affective, and ov ert behavioral aspects of violence. Implications drawn for sport management have primarily been associated with crowd control, risk management and athlete management” (Rubin, 2004; Whisenant,2003).(connect these lines)
For this particular reason, “terrorists also plan their acts to get as much media exposure as possible, thus giving attention to their cause”(Whisenant, 2003). The Olympics have grown with the increase of television broadcasting, “it is logical that terrorists will choose methods of mass destruction, such as bombings, and target transport or places where people gather, such as sport stadia. These reasons explain why mega sport events, such as the Olympic Games, are seen as possible terrorist targets” (Toohey andTaylor, 2008). As a consequence, “more recently, the Olympic security paradigm has shifted. It now augments the rings of steel attitude, to one that has also encouraged resilience, both physically and managerially, through more counter terrorism measures and dispersing security responsibilities to different agencies and governments, rather than just organizing committees”(Coaffee & Wood, 2006). First, security from the gate should prevent unauthorized entrance to the venue and perform the following duties: keep prohibited items out of the venue, secure perimeters around the venue, conduct security inspections, verify tickets and authenticate credentials. This is a final check that follows extra-large security
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procedures: no fly zone, protecting access from water, precautions through roads, control of high buildings, preventing electronic and internet attacks, and‘sweeping’ all facilities designated to athletes, media people and spectators.
Indeed, “in planning and executing an attack, terrorists spend a lot of time selecting the target, analyzing and assessing opportunities and vulnerabilities as well as conducting their own research to secure the attack’s successful execution. Considering the time frame and activities associated with hosting the event, the threat to the World Cup starts with the building and renovation of sport facilities. On a strategic level, being able to gain access to plans of stadiums and actual access to facilities during the event takes time and careful planning, but contributes to the success full execution of an attack” (Botha, 2010). Although infusing the event preparation with high level of security, such pact could be the reason for jamming the host country to gain the organization,the high expenses may be the cause for this failure. Johnson (2008) affirms that “successful security operations at recent games raise questions about whether
the high levels of expenditure are proportionate to the level of threat. The security budget is often cited as a reason why many cities will not host the Games. It has also been used by one city to justify their decision not to host the Winter Olympics even after it had been awarded”. Customer Service in Sporting Venues Enhancing customer service by event managers (EMs) is now included in the requirements of human rights institutions, for spectators may not be treated as criminals when attending a sport show. The moment of entering a game venue is
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one of the most sensitive sensations for spectators. This feeling amplifies with the size of the event; therefore, the more important the event is, the greater its historical dimension becomes for the spectator. That is why, dealing with this situation is delicate, because EMs aim at delivering excellent customer serv ice while ensuring strict security rules. Most researchers agree that “one way that a sport event can be differentiated from another event is on the basis of providing a high quality of service. One could argue that it is the only way for event planners to gain a competitive advantage” (Dwyer & Fredline, 2008). The expectations of spectators regarding the event service are associated with the importance of the event itself and with the EM before preparing their customers for admittance procedures to enter the venue. Therefore, “providing the visitor with a superior experience is based upon the event planners’ ability to help coordinate or provide a bundle of high quality services that meet or exceed the expectations of the guests visiting the city. Sport tourism is a serv ice industry which is influenced by the quality of services provided”(Kouthouris & Alexandris, 2005). Customer Satisfaction “Customer satisfaction is defined as a pleasurable fulfillment response toward a
good, service, benefit, or reward” (Oliver, 1997). Customer satisfaction has been considered as an interpreter of intentions to attend future sporting events (Cronin et al., 2000; Kwon, Trail, &Anderson; 2005; Wakefield & Blodgett, 1996), it has been understood in relation to service quality (Cronin & Taylor, 1992; Dobholkar, Shepherd,& Thorpe, 2000; Parasuraman, Zeithaml, & Berry, 1994), and increases the likelihood of enhanced customer loyalty (Cronin et al., 2000;
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Oliver,1997). Greenwell et al. (2002) examined how customers’ perceptions of as port facility within the context of service experience influence customer satisfaction. The findings suggest the customers’ perceptions of the physical facility were moderately associated with customer satisfaction. Putting everyone who wanted access to the venue through a magnetic detector and searching their bags (mag-and-bag) is actually quietly accepted because sport customers know well that sport venues are not excluded from terrorist attacks and everyone will be subject to airport-type security with mag-and-bag and X-ray machines. “These processes functioned according to an agreed level of service; for example, a person queuing for security checking should not wait longer than three minutes. The level of service achieved depended on allocating adequate resources to that process, for example, by allocating 20mag-and-bag security gates to a venue entry”. (Beis et al., 2006). Although event spectators recognize that these security measures are first established for their protection, they are concerned about the class of people dealing with them at the gates, spectators are undoubtedly anxious when treated by police officers, or military soldiers. Therefore, the major concern of spectators is no longer the way they have been welcomed, nor the security check time, it is rather that civilians have to do with officials while attending a show. The recent security procedures and techniques are far from being complex,for instance, “in terms of the Olympic Games, the variety of tactics used have included the deployment of Olympic police and military units to dedicated Olympic units to patrol the host city and country; the creation of Olympic Intelligence Centers to
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monitor information and coordinate responses; the formation of international Olympic Security task forces to share information between nations; the increasing use of surveillance, including digital surveillance to augment people; and the implementation of progressively more complex technology to prevent unauthorized access” (Johnson, 2008). Service quality Service quality is the conformity to the standard required by ISI. The organization committee has a propensity to achieve all the requirements and to satisfy the customer’s perceptions of that service. The consumer satisfaction literature views
these expectations as predictions about what is likely to happen during an impending transaction, whereas the service quality literature views them as desires or wants expressed by the consumer(Kandampully, 2002). Grönroos (1984) defines service quality as “the outcome of an evaluation process where the consumer compares his expectations with the service he perceived he has received.”
Debates lay many concepts to measure service quality. Grönroos (1984)solicited technical quality for what the consumer receives and functional quality to answer how the consumer receives the service. Burns, Graefe, &Absher (2003) focused on the disagreement whether the consumer’s‘desires’ or ‘ideal standard’ should be measured. Lehtinen and Lehtinen (1991) proposed two approaches to the analysis of service quality and its dimensions. The first approach contains three dimensions consisting of physical quality, interactive quality, and corporate quality. The
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second approach to the analysis of service quality and its dimensions was composed of two dimensions: process quality and output quality. A positive experience for spectators let them return for future games. Therefore, EMS make spectators enjoy spending time at the stadium. Various attributes are crucial to attain the constancy of spectators in attending games: quality and outcome of the game, cleanliness of the arena, security in the parking area, seat location, parking location, and cleanliness of the restrooms (Kelley & Turley, 2001). However, venue access is actually a pillar in service quality. Venue access is also different from an event to another and from a country system to another and is mainly managed each time by staff, by civilian employees in the reception, or by official security people. According to Kelley & Turley (2001), service quality attributes are employees, price, facility access, concessions, fan comfort, game experience, show time, convenience, and smoking. The evaluation of service quality depends on knowing and comparing price, employee action, ambiance stimulation, program evaluation, privilege appreciation and security. Chelladurai and Chang (2000) cite three targets of quality evaluations: a) the core service, b) the physical context such as the physical facilities and equipment in which the s ervice is provided, and c) the interpersonal interactions in the performance of the service. Authors classify service quality in special dimensions, but focus on the outcome quality in determining the overall service quality with searc h and experience outcome quality. Brady and Cronin’s (2001) model of service quality has three primary dimensions: a) interaction quality, b) physical environment quality, and c)
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outcome quality. Ko and Pastore (2004) propose a dimensional model of service quality in the recreation industry composed of program quality, interaction quality, and outcome quality. Human Rights “Anti-terrorism laws in a democratic state ruled by law only serve their purpose if
they improve the ability of the state to defend itself against terr orist attacks, without excessively restricting the civil rights of the citizens” (Meyer, 2004). The controversy over the balance between liberty and security highlights that jeopardizing freedom for the sake of security creates the tension between security policies and freedom security prevailing over liberty. “The vague definition of public order and thus what may breach it jeopardizes not only the ideally equal implementation of the law in a given territory, but also the pr otection of civil rights and liberties in that the consequent weakening of the principle of legality entails that of the principle of proportionality and in some cases th e principle of accountability” (Tsoukala, 2007). Liberties are not established by the law and rules only, but are applied by agents who may not conform their practices to those rules; it is not about a misinterpretation but about entity philosophy of priorities’categorization, “while the defenders of human rights see in this shift the symptom of an ongoing redefinition of the power relations between the executive and the people or the (re)positioning of the state and civil agents in the political and security fields (or both), the executive branch refuses to see in it any jeopardizing of civil rights and liberties” (Tsoukala,2007).
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Besides economic and sport developments, a mega event serves as a historical landmark and brings prestige and prosperity to the host country.“Research into mega-events and developing nations has been centered about questions of development, place promotion, signaling, identity building and human rights and political liberalization” (Black and Bezanson 2004; Black and van der Westhuizen 2004). Hosting sport mega events is the responsibility of the government. In case of errors, such burden has been criticized from the international opinion and has also been disparaged by domestic politicians. “Because absolute security cannot be attained, politicians worry about leaving gaps in pr evention, because this could have the side effect of making them take responsibility for the harms inflicted the next time. Therefore, politicians tend to maximize their security preparation, at the price of more restrictions on citizens’ freedoms and civil rights than are necessary for effective prevention” (Meyer, 2004). The protection of human rights must be imbedded in the strategy for the effective combat against terrorism and it cannot be successful safety if there is a lack of respect for human beings and the values of freedom. “The subject of counterterrorism and human rights has attracted considerable interest since the establishment of the Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) in 2001. In Security Council (2003) and later resolutions, the Council has said that States must ensure that any measures taken to combat terrorism comply with all their obligations under international law, and should adopt such measures in
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accordance with international law, in particular international human rights, refugee, and humanitarian law” (CTC, 2003). Precarious balance between security and freedom The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (5th Amendment in the USA) obliges the state to prove criminal behavior and not to take any action against a person suspected of a crime, so everyone is presumed innocent until proven guilty. Ashworth (1998) has rightly suggested that the notion of balance is a rhetorical device of which one must be extremely wary. “Balance” is self-evidently a worthy goal and, thus, acts as a substitute for real argument. Waldron (2003) has identified a problematic connotation of quantity and precision in the language of balance, including the assumption that the relation between security and liberty is a zero-sum game. Perhaps a separate definition of security and liberty cannot find an intersection that satisfies both; however, we do not need to identify security with liberty. An American hurdler explains, “Every step you take, there are guards with machine guns in the Olympic Village, I know they’re there to protect you, but it’s scary. I’m not used to it, so it makes me cringe a little bit. It wasn’t like this at all in Sydney” (May, 2004). Foucault (1991, 1997, 2000a, 2000b) has shown how liberalism enacts another form of political rationality that sets mechanisms for a ‘society of security’ in place rather than resist the push to security in the name of liberty. Johnson (2008) further supported: “The Atlanta bombing demonstrated that massive security investments cannot guarantee the safety of the public”Authors, politicians,
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managers, and philosophers have been conferring to challenge the idea of an equilibrium between security and liberty “to different political projects for the shaping of the modern state, the value of security remained the same. The difference between absolutism and liberalism is, therefore, not that where o ne stresses security the other stresses liberty; the difference does not lie in the tipping of a mythical ‘balance’ between liberty and security in one direction rather than another. Rather, the difference lies in the fact that absolutists saw no need to identify security with liberty” (Neocleous, 2007). “Much of the discussion concerning the theory and practices surrounding security centers on the relationship between these and their consequences for liberty. Either explicitly or implicitly, the assumption is that we must accept that we have to forgo a certain amount of liberty in our desire for security. The general claim is that in seeking security, states need to constantly limit the liberties of citizens, and that the democratic society is one which has always aimed to strike the right ‘balance’ between liberty and security” (Neocleous, 2007). Is ‘Vancouver 2010’ a soft Model? Security became the main condition to host the Olympic Games and oth er large scale sporting events. Winning these games’ elections for any country is also conditioned by the promotion of human rights and liberties, such events are great occasions to push dictatorship regimes, leading to an improvement in the human rights movement. “The human rights organization ‘Human Rights Watch’ hopes, that the attention
China will get as a result of the Olympic Games will help to improve the human
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rights situation” (OG & HR, 2008). Gill &Worden (2009) state as an example: “Given the serious ongoing human rights concerns in Russia, we respectfully
reiterate our call for the IOC to establish a standing human rights committee or similar mechanism to monitor the adherence by Olympic host c ountries to basic human rights standards.” The venue of Salt Lake City Winter Games was heavily populated by officials from the army, the police and many security companies. It is very understandable that ‘there is too much security’ because the Games were hosted a few months after 9/11. “The Athens security operations cost€1 billion, and represented more than 10% of the total direct costs. The expenditure was almost four times greater than for Sydney. There were approximately twice as many security personnel available in 2004 compared to the summer games four years before” (Johnson, 2008). ‘Athens2004’ meant a higher level of security than ever before provided for the games. However, unlike Greece, Italy’s ‘Turin 2006’ has more than enough military personnel and special forces to deal with the threat of all possible terrorist attacks, ranging from bombs to planes and even weapons of mass destruction. The Chinese government in “Beijing 2008” has implemented extraordinary security measures, including the mobilization of the military. “Security has not been thought to require special justification because in many
ways it seems preferable to punishment” (Zedner, 2003). The cited Olympics were known as “hard security models” adoption,either the Games were after 9/11, or the political system is based on military management (i.e., China under a communist regime).
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Vancouver Winter Games opted for what we call a “mild security model” because the security company charged in flowing spectators to the venues (Contemporary Security Canada) and used civilians to perform mag-and-bag and X-Ray machines. Thus, spectators, while entering to watch the games, are not facing military people or police officers (Figure 1). The second‘layer or belt’ is managed by security supervisors. Then, the role of the police officer (third layer) comes in case of prohibited items found with the intention to infiltrate the venue. In this situation, a male factor is treated with the right corps, and human rights rule is respected. The timing goal set up for the security procedures in the gate is thirty seconds perspectator. The training of screeners, X-Ray operators, and their supervisors was based on ensuring full security vocation while providing gentle spectator access through their portals with the finest performances and an excellent customer service. http://thesportjournal.org/article/security-models-inmega-sport-events-between-safety-and-human-rights-case-of-vancouver-2010/
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CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH PROCEDURE AND METHODOLOGY Research Design
In the study, the method uses by the researchers is descriptive and qualitative. It provides true piece of information that the researchers know how to classify the procedure of making a place Sports Tourism destination. It will be descriptive in order to classify and talk about the procedure. Researchers will plan an interview in Lucena City based on the problems and respondents will involve in Lucena City. To describe and analyzing the attributes of sport events in Lucena City and the variable will going to apply in the study.
Research Locale
The researcher will be conduct in Lucena City. The selected personnel and officials the who will be the focus of the study, because of the ability to accomplish and to get information on how the officials of this city can promote Lucena City and convince the officials of Sports events that Lucena City is a perfect place to be a Sports Tourism Destination.
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Sampling Research
The study used a purposive sampling technique and selecting respondents of the study. The respondents are the employees of the Quezon Convention Center and the athletes in Lucena City.
Research Instrument
Construct type of questionnaire was used in order to begin the study. It was composed of four parts. It was written in English Language. First part is determined the demographic profile of the athletes in Lucena City in terms of age, gender, civil and the level of awareness in Sports Tourism. The second part is about asking questions which regards to our study. And the third part is the future plan to meet the goal of Lucena City being a Sports Tourism Destination in Quezon province.
Respondent of the study
The respondents of the study will be the officials and p ersonnel in charge in Lucena City. This study will prove the assessment of Sport Tourism in Lucena city. The research will have a total of 100 respondents. The people in Lucena City who has enough knowledge in Sports Tourism can also be the respondents in this study. We are getting as many as people who is aware in Sports to answer all our questions and that can help us to make this proposal a successful one.
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Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers will conduct a letter for Offices of Lucena City and give to the Dean for having an approval. The letter and the questionnaire will be check by the thesis adviser. The researchers will conduct an interview to the respondents of Lucena City as soon as possible. The Researchers will going to conduct a survey by providing questionnaire to the respondents. This questionnaire is composed of different parts that are related to the topic which is Sports Tourism. Part 1 of the questionnaire composed of the demographic profile of the respondents, Part 2 contains the strength and weaknesses of Lucena City Sports Tourism in terms of sports facilities accommodation and accessibility and Part 3 is about the what tourism Plan can be proposed to develop Lucena City to be a Sports Tourism Destination.
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Statistical Treatment of Data
After all the data and questionnaires was completed, the data and questionnaires were briefly reviewed, analyzed, coded and tallied. Data were presented in graphs and tables The formula: P = f / n x 100 Where: P
=
Percentage
F
=
Frequency
N
=
Total Number of Respondents
For the second part of the questionnaire, weighed mean was used in computing the result of the responses in the prepared questionnaires. The formula for weighed mean was: =
∑
where: – mean ∑ -
sum of x
n – number of sample Where: In order to arrive to definite interpretation of result for each item, mean range was assigned on each scale thus:
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Scale Range Descriptive Analysis
Point Score
Range Interval
Verbal Description
5
4.21 – 5.00
Strongly Agree (SA)
4
3.41 - 4.20
Agree (A)
3
2.61 – 3.40
Uncertain (U)
2
1.81 – 2.60
Disagree (D)
1
1.00 – 1.80
Strongly Disagree (SD)
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CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter comes out with the data gathered with the use of the questionnaire from the different athletes in Lucena City. Data are presented in tabular form for immediate analysis and interpretation.
Sub-Problem No. 1: What is the demographic profile of the respondents? Table 1a Demographic Profile of the Respondents Variable
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Age
18
45
28.7
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Table 1b Percent Variables
Indicators
Male
Frequency
age
7
7%
93
93%
Total
100
100%
Single
59
59%
Married
41
41%
100
100%
High School Graduate
5
5%
Educational
College (on schooling)
20
20%
Attainment
College Graduate
75
75%
100
100%
Gender
Civil Status
Female
Total
Total
Table 1 shows the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of age, gender, civil status and educational attainment. In terms of age, the youngest respondent respond ent is 18 years old while the oldest is 45 with the mean age of 28.7 years. 69 | P a g e
In terms of gender, 7 or 7% of the total number of respondents were male, while 93 or 93% or majority of the respondents were female. In terms of civil status, majority of the respondents were single having a frequency of 59 or 59% while 41 or 41% were married. As to educational attainment, majority of the respondents were college graduate having 75 or 75% of the total size of population. 20 or 20% were still college students (on-schooling) while only 5 or 5% were high school graduates. This means that most of the respondents were married. In terms of educational attainment, most of them were college graduate. Majority of the respondents of this research study were female. Sub Problem No. 2 What are the respondent’s assessment respondent’s assessment to the different sports tourist destination in Lucena City’s sports City’s sports tourism in terms of its basketball court/facilities, badminton court/facilities and swimming pool/facilities?
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Table 2a Assessment of Different Sports Tourism in Lucena City
DESCRIPTIVE BASKETBALL COURT/FACILITIES
N
MEAN
MEANING
100
4.68
Strongly Agree
100
3.2
Uncertain
100
1.79
Strongly Disagree
100
4.19
Agree
100
4.59
Strongly Agree
100
4.46
Strongly Agree
100
4.98
Strongly Agree
1. It is equipped with clocks, score sheets, scoreboard(s), alternating possession arrows, and whistle-operated stop-clock systems. 2. It can accommodate huge amount of audience when there is sporting events. 3. The name and logo of the home team is usually painted on or around the center circle. 4. It has a rectangular, flat, hard surface, free from obstructions. 5. Its light was in the right position so it will not hinder the players’ and officials’ vision 6. It has facilities that include two medical stations for first-aid purposes, one for athletes and one for the public. 7. The surface of the playing area is perfectly level
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8. It has storage rooms that are large enough to hold all the equipment necessary for the various sports
100
4.34
Strongly Agree DESCRIPTIVE
BADMINTON COURT/FACILITIES
N
MEAN
MEANING
100
1.81
Disagree
100
4.21
Strongly Agree
100
4.12
Agree
100
4.57
Strongly Agree
100
5
Strongly Agree
100
3.68
Agree
100
4.71
Strongly Agree
100
5
Strongly Agree
1. It has excellent flooring made of Tara flex which serves as a cushion. 2. It has easily distinguishable and coloured white or yellow lines marking out the court 3. It has effective illumination of the shuttlecock and court markings to aid players and to assist match officials in the execution of their duties 4. It has seated viewing area for spectators, waiting players and team officials. 5. It has stretch enough net having a dark color with a white cloth on top of it. 6. It has walls that are medium to dark shades with a matt finish in order to contrast with the shuttlecock. 7. Its surface texture, color and reflectance value is consistent over the full hall. 8. It is very accessible to tourists/athletes
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DESCRIPTIVE SWIMMING POOL/FACILITIES
N
MEAN
MEANING
100
5
Strongly Agree
100
2.81
Uncertain
100
3.62
Agree
100
4.85
Strongly Agree
100
5
Strongly Agree
100
4.22
Strongly Agree
100
4.5
Agree
1. The water is of sufficient clarity for the bottom of the pool to be visible. 2. It has safety materials to minimize potential of injury to person or equipment from stepping on or tripping over electrical or speaker lines. 3. It has electronic officiating equipment that can be able to display the rank order and scores for all divers before and after each dive. 4. The springboards are provided with movable fulcrums easily adjustable by the diver. 5. It has lane markings of a dark contrasting color, placed on the floor of the pool in the center of each lane. 6. It has electronic officiating equipment that records the judge’s awards for each diver and determines the final score for each dive as required. 7. It has an unobstructed view of the finish wall at all times during the race/swimming competition.
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8. High quality microphones and microphone stations
100
3.97
Agree
for announcements and ceremonies
The table above shows that in terms of lucena City ’s basketball court/facilities, highest mean rating of 4.98 was given to The surface of the playing area is perfectly level which is within the range of strongly agree. It is followed by It is equipped with clocks, score sheets, scoreboard(s), alternating possession arrows, and whistle-operated stop-clock systems with a mean rating of 4.68 which is within the range of strongly agree. Next to it is its light was in the right position so it will not hinder the players’ and officials’ vision with a mean rating of 4.59 which is within the range of Strongly Agree. It is followed by It has facilities that include two medical stations for first-aid purposes, one for athletes and one for the public with a mean rating of 4.46 which is within the range of strongly agree. Next is It has storage rooms that are large enough to hold all the equipment necessary for the various sports with a mean rating of 4.34 which is within the range of strongly agree. It is followed by It has a rectangular, flat, hard surface, free from obstructions with a mean rating of 4.19 which is within the range of agree. Next to it is it can accommodate huge amount of audience when there is sporting events with a mean rating of 3.2 which is within the range of uncertain. The last is the name and logo of the home team is usually painted on or around the center circle that got the lowest mean rating of 1.79 which is within the range of strongly disagrees.
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In terms of Lucena City’s badminton court/facilities, it has stretch enough net having a dark color with a white cloth on top of it and It is very accessible to tourists/athletes both got highest mean rating of 5 which is within the ran ge of strongly agree. It is being followed by its surface texture, color and reflectance value is consistent over the full hall with a mean rating of 4.71 which is within the range of strongly agree. Next is it has seated viewing area for spectators, waiting players and team officials with a mean rating of 4.57 which is within the range of strongly agree. It is followed by It has easily distinguishable an d coloured white or yellow lines marking out the court with a mean rating of4.21 which is within the range of strongly agree. Next is it has effective illumination of the shuttlecock and court markings to aid players and to assist match officials in the execution of their duties with a mean rating of 4.12 which is within the range of agree. Next is It has walls that are medium to dark shades with matt finish in order to contrast with the shuttlecock with a mean rating of 3.68 which is within the range of agree. The last one is It has excellent flooring made of Tara flex which serves as a cushion that got the lowest mean rating of 1.81 which is within the range of disagree. In terms of swimming pool/facilities, The water is of sufficient clarity for the bottom of the pool to be visible and It has lane markings of a dark contrasting color, placed on the floor of the pool in the center of each lane both got the highest mean rating of 5 which is within the range of strongly agree. It is followed by The springboards are provided with movable fulcrums easily adjustable by the diver with a mean rating of 4.85 which is within the range of strongly agree. It is followed by It has an unobstructed view of the finish wall at all times during the
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race/swimming competition with a mean rating of 4.5 which is within the ran ge of strongly agree. It is followed by It has electronic officiating equipment that records the judge’s awards for each diver and determines the final score for each dive as required with a mean rating of 4.22 which is within the range of strongly agree. Next is High quality microphones and microphone stations for announcements and ceremonies with a mean rating of 3.97 which is within the range of agree. It is followed by It has electronic officiating equipment that can be able to display the rank order and scores for all divers before and after each dive with a mean rating of 3.62 which is within the range of agree. The last on that got the lowest mean rating of 2.81 is It has safety materials to minimize potential of injury to person or equipment from stepping on or tripping over electrical or speaker lines with a lowest mean rating of 2.81 which is within the range of uncertain. Based on findings, there are three variables that got the highest mean rating of 5, they were The surface of the playing area is perfectly level which is within the range of strongly agree which came from Basketball court/facilities category while the other two were The water is of sufficient clarity for the bottom of the pool to be visible and It has lane markings of a dark contrasting color, placed on the floor of the pool in the center of each lane which came from swimming category.
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PROPOSED PLAN Project Title: “DEVELOPING LUCENA CITY AS A SPORTS TOURISM
DESTINATION” Project Scope: Lucena City, Quezon Project Status: This is a continuous project. Project Beneficiaries: For the tourist, local community and the city itself. Project Background:
Development of sports tourism and facilities in the City of Lucena b y means of identifying its strengths and weaknesses and provide proposed plan to enhance the present sports tourism which the City has. Project Justification:
Lucena City sports tourism needs to maintain its sports facilities. There is a need for improvement of their badminton court because it doesn’t have excellent flooring made of Tara flex which serves as a cushion, since it is convenient, non-slip and fitted for badminton. Project Objectives:
a.) identify the strengths and weaknesses of Lucena Sports Tourism b.) Provide proposed plan to developed sports tourism c.) Enhance the image of Lucena City trough Sports Tourism.
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Project Description:
The project will be conducted with the help of local government unit in the community especially the athletes of Lucena City.
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CHAPTER V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the summary of findings of study. Conclusion and recommendation are also presented based on the findings and interpretations after the analysis of collected data.
S u b - P r o b l e m 1 : S u b - Pr o b l e m N o . 1 : W h a t i s t h e d e m o g r a p h i c p r o f i l e o f t h e respondents?
In terms of age, the youngest respondent is 18 years old while the oldest is 45 with the mean age of 28.7 years. In terms of gender, 7 or 7% of the total number of respondents were male, while 93 or 93% or majority of the respondents were female. In terms of civil status, majority of the respondents were single having a frequency of 59 or 59% while 41 or 41% were married. As to educational attainment, majority of the respondents were college graduate having 75 or 75% of the total size of population. 20 or 20% were still college students (on-schooling) while only 5 or 5% were high school graduates. This means that most of the respondents were married. In terms of educational attainment, most of them were college graduate. Majority of the respondents of this research study were female.
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S u b P r o b l e m N o . 2 What are the respondent’s assessment to the different
sports tourist destination in Lucena City’s sports tourism in terms of its basketball court/facilities, badminton court/facilities and swimming pool/facilities?
Based on findings, there are three variables that got the highest mean rating of 5, they were The surface of the playing area is perfectly level which is within the range of strongly agree which came from Basketball court/facilities category while the other two were The water is of sufficient clarity for the bottom of the pool to be visible and It has lane markings of a dark contrasting color, placed on the floor of the pool in the center of each lane which came from swimming category.
S u b - p r o b l e m N o . 3 : W h a t s p o r t s t o u r i s m p l a n c a n b e p r o p o s e d t o d e v e lo p Lucena City to be a sports tou rism destination?
In terms of the basketball court/facilities of Lucena City, it should be maintain since most of the respondents assessments were positive. As to its badminton Court/facilities, majority of the respondents has negative impact with regards to the flooring of the badminton court. Most of the badminton courts in Lucena is made up of concrete flooring. This is NOT acceptable for the playing of Badminton and injuries can be caused with this type of floor. This type of floor can be improved by covering the existing hard floor. Taraflex flooring is convenient, non-slip and fitted for badminton since it reduces the shock from jumping by as much as 45%. For this reason, any international badminton court
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would have taraflex flooring. With regards to swimming pool, it should have safety materials to minimize potential injury to person or equipment from stepping on or tripping over electrical or speaker lines.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. Safety materials of swimming pool/facilities to minimize potential of injury to person or equipment from stepping on or tripping over electrical or speaker lines were uncertain to majority of the respondent. 2. Badminton court/facilities were very accessible to tourists and athletes w hich is one of the strengths of this sports tourism of Lucena City. 3. Badminton court doesn’t have excellent flooring made of Tara flex which serves as a cushion. RECOMMENDATION
Based on the findings and conclusions, the researcher recommends the following: 1. Since it was found out from this research study that badminton court doesn’ t have excellent flooring made of Tara flex which serves as a cushion, the researcher recommends to the local government of Lucena City to take into consideration the application of Taraflex flooring since it is convenient, non-slip
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and fitted for badminton since it reduces the shock from jumping by as much 45%. 2. With regards to swimming pool, it should have safety materials to minimize potential injury to person or equipment from stepping on or tripping over electrical or speaker lines. Implication of the Study
The benefit of our study to the people especially the local community of the Lucena City is they will be able to know the details and requirements needed by the City to meet the standards of being a sports tourism destination. As well as they will be able to identify on what particular sports tourism they have that needs to enhanced to serve better the tourist and athletes. By means of this, they may now have plans/strategies on how to develop the City into a sports tourism destination. This may bring opportunity to the people through promoting and establishing small businesses especially during sport s fest/competition that will be held on the City.
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References: Journal:
Huggins, Mike (2013) Journal of Tourism History Schuman Michael, Time Magazine 2012, pp. 36-41 Online Sources:
Bökemann, D. (1989). Bewegungsraum und Sporttourismus – Zur Herstellung und Vermarktung von Sportmilieus am Beispiel des Skilaufs. In K. Dietrich & K. Heinemann (Eds.), Der nicht-sportliche Sport (211-224). Schorndorf. Buerki, R. et al. (2003). Climate Change and Wintersports, 5 (http:www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1755182X.2013.828782)
http://www.mccidonline.net/abilympicsphil/background.htm
[email protected] http://search.proguest.com/pgrl/docview/1621829779/2FD3E5EC157A4D60PQ/9 ?accountid=36184MSEUF LIBRARY EXPRESS WORK http://www.apa.org/international/pi/2012/10/un-matters.aspx http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14775085.2013.766528 https://www.easm.net/download/2006/fa3a6ad4af8e501ea51b1b7ba7ce2192.pdf http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2017.1313706 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2017.1313706 83 | P a g e
http://www.guardian.co.tt/sport/2015-03-02/sport-tourism-powerful-tool https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/handle/10012/9812/McComie_Kenwyn_P eter.pdf;sequence=3 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2016.1262275 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2010.498261 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2011.635017 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1743873X.2014.904320 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17430430500102150 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775080701654762 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2016.1229212 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1477508042000320250 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13032917.2017.1308388#metricscontent http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/16184740500190652
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A Letter of Transmittal for Gathering Data
March 21, 2017 Dear Sir/Ma’am Greetings! We, the 3rd Year Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management (BSTM) students of the Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City are currently taking up the subject Tourism Research, Methods and Techniques (TR1110). We are presently conducting an Undergraduate thesis entitled “Quezon Convention Center as a center of sport tourism in Quezon Province”. Our research studies aims to; a) To improve the accommodation of Lucena City to the big sports events. b) To determine the local residents respond and appreciate the sport events
that held in Lucena City c) To be able to increase tourist demand in Lucena City through Sports
Tourism d) To be able to know the capability of the city of Lucena when it comes to
handling big events such as sports events. In order to gather data for this study, we are requesting you to please answer our questionnaire. Thank you very much. Respectfully Yours, Anna Michelle C. Briones
Researcher
Whelmari Lyka A. Capuz
Researcher
Noted by:
Mrs. Sheryl Mae M. Drio Adviser Dr. Maricel D. Herrera 86 | P a g e
Acting Dean of CTHRM
INFORMED CONSENT
In signing this document I am giving my consent to answer the questionnaire of the student researchers from Manuel s. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City. I understand that I will be a part of a study that will focus on the research about the Developing Lucena City as a Sport Tourism Destination. This study being done to determine the Developing Lucena City as a sport tourism destination in the province specifically to (1) the demographic profile of the respondents; (2) the strength and weaknesses of Lucena City’s sport tourism; (3) sport tourism plan can be proposed to develop Lucena City I understand that I will be answering the questionnaire at a time convenient to me. I will be asked some question about the Developing of Lucena City in terms of facilities in sport, the strength and weaknesses of Lucena City. I also understand that the researchers’ questionnaire will consist of question and certain information relative to the Developing Lucena City as a sport tourism destination. The answering of the questionnaire was granted freely. I have been informed that this is entirely voluntary, and that even after my permission to answer begins I can refuse to answer any specific questions or decide to terminate the answering of the questionnaire at any point. I have been told that my answers to all the question will not be given to anyone else and no reports of this study will ever be identify me in any way. I have also been informed that my participation or nonparticipation or refusal to answer questions will have no effect to me or any member of my family. I understand that I will be informed of the results of this rese arch if I ask for them and that Ms. Anna Michelle C. Briones and Ms. Whelmari Lyka A. Capuz are the persons to contact if I have any questions about the study or about my right as a study participant. I was informed that they can be reached through this number 0912-425-1410 or 0912-628-4024.
_________________________ Date
Respondent’s Signature
_________________________ Researcher’s Signature 87 | P a g e
QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE DEVELOPING LUCENA CITY AS A SPORTS TOURISM DESTINATION
PART I. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF RESPONDENTS
This part focuses on the personal profile of the respondents. Instruction: please read all the items. Put check (/) which corresponds to your choice, and write your answers on the blank.
NAME
: _______________________________
AGE
: _____________
GENDER
:
____ FEMALE ____ MALE
CIVIL STATUS:
____ SINGLE ____ MARRIED ____ WIDOWED
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
____ High School Graduate ____ College (on-schooling) ____ College Graduate
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PART II. What are the strengths and weaknesses of Lucena City’s sports tourism
in terms of Basketball, badminton, swimming facilities Directions : Below are the statements that deal with the different strengths and weaknesses of Lucena City sports tourism. Kindly use the set of answers below to indicate how true each statement is as far as you are concerned. Put a check on the column that represents your answers. 5 – Strongly Agree Disagree
4 – Agree
3 – Moderately Agree 2-Disagree
BASKETBALL COURT/FACILITIES
5
4
1 – Strongly
3
2
1
1. It is equipped with clocks, score sheets, scoreboard(s), alternating possession arrows, and whistle-operated stop-clock systems. 2. It can accommodate huge amount of audience when there is sporting events. 3. The name and logo of the home team is usually painted on or around the center circle. 4. It has a rectangular, flat, hard surface, free from obstructions. 5. Its light was in the right position so it will not hinder the players’ and officials’ vision 6. It has facilities that include two medical stations for first-aid purposes, one for athletes and one for the public. 7. The surface of the playing area is perfectly level 8. It has storage rooms that are large enough to hold all the equipment necessary for the various sports
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BADMINTON COURT/FACILITIES
5
4
3
2
1
1. It has excellent flooring made of Tara flex which serves as a cushion. 2. It has easily distinguishable and coloured white or yellow lines marking out the court 3. It has effective illumination of the shuttlecock and court markings to aid players and to assist match officials in the execution of their duties 4. It has seated viewing area for spectators, waiting players and team officials. 5. It has stretch enough net having a dark color with a white cloth on top of it. 6. t has walls that are medium to dark shades with a matt finish in order to contrast with the shuttlecock. 7. Its surface texture, color and reflectance v alue is consistent over the full hall. 8. It is very accessible to tourists/athletes
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SWIMMING POOL/FACILITIES
5
4
3
2
1
1. The water is of sufficient clarity for the bottom of the pool to be visible. 2. It has safety materials to minimize potential of injury to person or equipment from stepping on or tripping over electrical or speaker lines. 3. It has electronic officiating equipment that can be able to display the rank order and scores for all divers before and after each dive. 4. The springboards are provided with movable fulcrums easily adjustable by the diver. 5. It has lane markings of a dark contrasting color, placed on the floor of the pool in the center of each lane. 6. It has electronic officiating equipment that records the judge’s awards for each diver and determines the final score for each dive as required. 7. It has an unobstructed view of the finish wall at all times during the race/swimming competition. 8. High quality microphones and microphone stations for announcements and ceremonies PART III. What sports tourism plan can be proposed to develop Lucena City to
be a sports tourism destination?
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ANNA MICHELLE C. BRIONES Barangay. Sta. Rosa Mulanay, Quezon 09124251410
[email protected]
Career Objective:
To obtain a position in the field of Hospitality Management that would best fit my qualification and to explore other skills that will enhance my personality.
Academic Background: Tertiary
:
3rd year Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation Ibabang Dupay, Lucena City 2014- Present
Secondary :
Bondoc Peninsula Agricultural High School Barangay, Sta. Rosa Mulanay, Quezon 2010- 2014
Elementary:
Mulanay Central School Poblacion 2, Mulanay, Quezon 2005-2010
Training Courses, Conferences, and Seminar
11th Annual National Students’ Congress, MSEUF, Lucena City, February 24, 2017
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Tourism Research: Let Us Write Together, Doña Rosario Coffee Shop, MSEUF, Lucena City, February 2, 2017
Ika-Limang Pamana ng Quezonarya “Quezon Kulinarya Congress” November 17, 2016
Green Tourism: The Forest and the Environment- October 27, 2016
3rd Annual Tourism and Hospitality Student Research ConferenceSeptember 19-21, 2016
10th Annual National Tourism Student Congress- February 27, 2016
Personality Development & Customer Service Orientation and Tour Guiding Techniques Training Workshop - January 2016
26th Philippine Travel Mart- September 2015
CraftEd- March 2015
9th Annual National Tourism Student Congress- February 28, 2015
E- Program- January 28, 2015
El Turismo Society Team building “Huddle Time”- October 6, 2014
Leadership Seminar- October 4, 2014
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Achievements Most Outstanding student in Culinary Arts Lecture- March 18, 2015 Most Outstanding student in Principle Safety, Sanitation, and HygieneDecember 18, 2014 Passing in Food Processing “NCII”- April 2014 2nd Runner up in Domestic Tour Guiding
Affiliation
Union of Filipino Tourism Student June 2015-present
Personal Information Birthdate
:
April 16, 1998
Birthplace
:
Barangay, Sta. Rosa Mulanay, Quezon
Sex
:
Female
Height
:
5’2
Weight
:
52
Religion
:
Roman Catholic
Skills
:
Flexible, Leadership skills that can manage multiple priorities and work as a team and highly motivated self-starter who takes initiative with minimal supervision.
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Character References PROF. MARICEL D. HERRERA
Acting Dean College of Tourism, Hotel and Restaurant Management MSEUF, Lucena City PROF. SHERYL MAE M. DRIO
Tourism Professor College of Tourism, Hotel and Restaurant Management MSEUF, Lucena City PROF. JENIFER B. REYES
Tourism Professor College of Tourism, Hotel and Restaurant Management MSEUF, Lucena City
I hereby certify that the above information are true and correct to be the best of my knowledge.
_________________________ ANNA MICHELLE C. BRIONES Applicant
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CAPUZ, WHELMARI LYKA A.
Blk.16 Lot 26 St. Jude Phase II-B Barangay Mayao Crossing, Lucena City, Philippines Contact No. +63 912 628 4024 Email:
[email protected]
OBJECTIVE
To welcome every opportunity to grow and apply those at work in order to provide excellent quality service to Tourism Industry
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
COLLEGE:
MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION
Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management University Village, Site, Lucena City, Philippines. SECONDARY:
MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION
University Village, Site, Lucena City, Philippines. 2010-2014 ELEMENTARY:
ELVIRA RAZON RAZON ARANILLA ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Brgy. Ibabang Dupay, Lucena City, Philippines. 2003-2010
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SEMINARS AND TRAININGS ATTENDED
Tour Guiding Training (Department of Tourism)
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation February 11-13, 2016
26th
Philippine
Travel
Mart,
Philippine
Tour
Operator
Association(PHILTOA)
SMX Convention Center Manila, Mall of Asia Complex, Pasay City September 5, 2015
9th Annual National Tourism Student’s Congress
University of Batangas, Kumintang Ilaya Batangas City February 28, 2014
Leadership Training Summit
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation November 28-29, 2014
El Tourismo Society Team Building ‘’Huddle Time’’
Bukid Resort, Lucena City October 6, 2014
MSEUF Leadership Seminar
St. Bonaventure Student Center MSEUF Lucena City October 4. 2014
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ACHIEVEMENTS
Manuel S. Enverga Univesity Foundation
Binibining Nutrisyon 2015 – July 31, 2015
Latin Dance Sport Competition (3rd placer) – September 24, 2015
Ms. Intramurals (1st runner up) – September 14, 2014
Active Dance Troupe Member – March 27, 2014
Best in Conduct – August 23, 2013
Best in English Advocate – August 23, 2013
Elvira Razon Aranilla Elementary School
Ms. Foundation – September 17, 2010
Lire Band Member – March 18, 2007
Binibining Kalikasan 2005 (1st Runner Up)
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Sex
Female
Age
18 years old
Birth Date
December 25, 1997
Birth Place
Manila, Philippines
Height
5’3
Weight
48kg
Civil Status
Single
Nationality
Filipino
Language
Filipino, English, Nihongo(Japanese)
Religion
Roman Catholic
Father’s Name
Emmanuel Capuz
Occupation
Family Business 104 | P a g e
