Analysis of the BMW Group using tools like SWOT analysis, PEST analysis and Porter's Value Chain. There is a slight focus on the Asian market. This short essay was written for an INTERNATIO…Full description
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A new format for the medium-class car. The medium-class car has been given a new forwardlooking format: the compact BMWs. They are the logical conclusion of the concept introduced by BMW in 1966- an efficient, high-performance car with compact dimensions. The new, comRact BMW: not a larger small car - but a smaller large car.
With their new power unit and drive mechanism ... their safety features ... their new driving philosophy ... their interior luxury ... and their new system of passive safety equipment, the new BMW 316, 318, 320 and 320 i models have the same robustness and technical advantages as the larger BMW models. Because of their extra-
ordinary sophistication and reliabil ity, these high-qual ity detai ls have been transferred to the medium-class models, developed a stage further, and completely re-adapted. We have designed the new BMWs so that they are ahead of their time. Which ensures that they are not less advanced than their drivers.
The balance between the extremes of the large car and the small car - BMW. window to produce a balance between overall dimensions ftt=:;:;;;~+~:::::i4:=~=:'.::::~ and interior space - resu It i ng in economy outside, and generosity inside. The new compact BMW is a A clear, external difference in comprom ise between two the. two categories, BMW 316 seemingly contradictory extre- and 318, and BMW 320 and mes in motor car design: the 320 i, can be seen in the car that is too large for normal halogen twin-headlamp units of the two-litre models. With the use in traffic, and the car that is too small for safety. The compact BMW is the answer. It is ideally suited to traffic, yet at the same time incorporates a high degree of technical safety - it is an extremely safe. yet a distinct and vital car. It manages to combine ideally the characteristics of a fast. comfortable touring model with those of a smaller and li velier town model. The compact BMW is avail able in four different models: the BMW 316, 318, 320 and 320 i. These different models are ta ilored to meet different requirements, while retaining the overal l identity of a range. A lthough striving for perfection in a motor car is not cheap, it is worth while. For the discerning driver. therefore. it is not so much a question of whether he buys one of the new compact BMWs, but rather. wh ich one. The unmistakable visual appearance of independence of the compact BMW is created by the combination of dynamic contours and a shape that is both straightforward and discreet. The body is of a flat and elongated design, which comb ines with the large area of
exception of the number plate. the tail is identical . It is so arranged that the tail corners of the vehicle all lie within the driver's range of vision. The reversing lights are bu il t into the large indicator units. The compact BMWs offer a high standard of design with an excellent finish - including the paintwork. Rugged durability is ensured by conscientious attention to detail in corrosion protection. In a special process, the chassis is given a corros ion resistant primer in an immersion bath during the pre limi nary treatment and the electrophore-
tic priming. It is then given a number of coats of paint. A careful and practically proven underbody protection and the special BMW system of hollow cavity seal ing, which reaches even th e furthermost corne rs, guarantee durabi lity and a high resale value. One example of this high grade finish on the detail level: the critical parts of the exhaust system - both ·inside and outside - are aluminium coated. This prolongs the life of the system considerably.
Effortless manoeuvring and parking as a result of a perfect interplay of seating and viewing positions in relation to the pedals and the steering wheel.
Air extraction through ventilation slots behind the rain guttering on lhe rear roof pillar
Seat belts can be fastened or unfastened with one hand.
Large. tinted outside wing mirror.
Rev. counter from the BMW 320 upwards. otherwise available as an optional extra.
In a BMW comfort is more than just comfort- it is safety.
Because of its advanced design and high-quali ty engineering, the compact BMW is a decisive step forward in the development of the mediumclass motor ca r: it creates a balance between sportiness and comfort. It offers more power and performance, but also refined, mature driving manners. · This new balance of forces gives the driver the ability to adapt himself quickly to any situation and also the comfort for relaxation and reserve. In this way, he has all the technical cond itions to ensure that he is an outstanding, fair and responsib le driver. SuReriority is also a matter of detail. The seats of the compact BMW models have been designed with great structural 'and material care and satisfy strict ergonomic requirements. They combine an excellent sitting position through the shape and hardness of the padding, with a perfect lateral hold of the body. The seat springing and the vehicle springing and suspension are a single functional unit and are therefore exactly interrelated .
ed reliability - an important factor in interior safety in a co ll ision. Whether yo u are yourself a driver or a passenger - the extraordinary phi losophy behind the fin ish of the com pact BMWs is obligatory for all co mfortab le seats. The high performance, high-power engine is a reliable basis for a comfortable ride, even on long journeys. Wide opening, generously dimensioned doors make getting in and out easy, while a high quality interior with tasteful attention-to-detail makes your journey a pleasant one. Parcels and the like can be placed in the illuminated glove compartment, on the instrument ledge, and on the central console. A further major co ntribution to driving comfort is the w ide range of measures included for noise level reduction. All noise sources have been examined in thorough tests, and the vibration behaviour of all details of construction has been studied. The result: a new and costly mounting for the transmission, drive mechanism and gearbox systems, together with a re-designed system of suspension for the radiator and exhaust system. The advanced, stable design of the window frames and high-quality sealing materia ls are further noise-reducing factors. For the compact BMW, a well-
The seat anchoring and the balanced range of special extras are en tire seating mechanics are of available, with which the driver can absolutely solid, ca refully-test- make his vehic le respond to his every
wish. One particular luxury element, for example, is the newly developed ZF automatic transmission system (available for the BMW 318 and 320 models) perfectly geared to the current range of power units. It has the effect of a co-pilot - doing all the hard work for the pi lot, without laking away any o f his freedom of decision. This is the foundation for the optimum matching of the new automatic transmission system to the entire drive and power transmission systems, which guarantee a high torque throughout a wide speed range.
Additional items of equipment (available as optional extras): laminated windscreen (standard in BMW 320i), heat resistant glass all round. air conditioning system from the BMW 320 upwards. rev. counter (standard on th e BMW 320). radios o f different types, 3-point automatic scat belts at the rear. metall ic paint, light alloy sports wheels, H-4 headlamps on th e OMW 316, halogen fog headlamps, log tail lamp. headlamp washer system. Sec technical data for further changes in the equipment.
The ergonomically designed bucket-type seats satisfy all conditions for comfortable seahng. I
The head-rests are height adjustable in each case. The adjustment is effected by turning the button situated on the left hand side of each seat.
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Generous illuminated glove compartment (lock optional extra) with snap closing.
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Infinitely adjustable reclining seats. easy seat adjustment on roller bearings.
The optionally extra three point automatic seat belts at the rear increase the safety of rear seat passengers.
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The chassis of the compact BMW: the art of making futuristic designs safe - always.
Every BMW has one of the most effi cient - and thereby one of the safest - chassis designs in the wo rld. The technical formu la for this is front spring struts and rear semitra iling arms. For the compact BMW, this chass is design was comp letely overhauled. As a result of this, the already outstanding driving characteristics are not only tailored to su it the new design of the vehicle, they are also clearly improved and brought up to a level approaching that of motoring perfection . As a resu lt of this process of optimisation, the compact BMW has extraordinaril y precise running characteristics at both fast and slow speeds, and under all types of road surface cond itions. In this respect, it offers a new dimension in driving ph ilosophy and comfort, even greater driving safety at critical speeds, and an unusually sporting ability. The front axle geometry was again revised and improved for the compact BMW models. New spring struts with track alignment ensure increased lateral guide forces and significantly lower steering effort, particularly during parking. A widening of the track guarantees even higher reserves of safety in critical ranges. In the rear semi-trail ing arms, springing and suspension have been combined in spring struts. An add itional link support in the differential
gear optimises the rear axle steering behaviour on corners. As a result of the very careful tuning of the springing in relation to the suspension, a new balance between sporting "hard" and comfortable "soft" was created. The new precise, but flexible, steering system ensures precise steering - even at high speeds without any nerve-wracking corrections having to be made, thereby ensuring a relaxing but fast drive. The braking system is always a match for the high powered performance of the compact BMW. It has, at the front, disc brakes with an en larged disc thickness providing better heat absorption and therefore higher resistance. The rear brakes are enlarged drum brakes. An efficient servo-assisted braking system reduces the pedal pressure required to operate the brakes and also permits a much finer selection of braking pressure. The dual circuit brake system has a pressure regulator for the rear circuit, plastic coated brake lines and a level control for the brake flu id with a level ind icator in the cockpit Testing the chassis on the hydropulse test stand with test programmes simulating different road sur-
faces and on the "torture section" of the BMW test circuit (2, 5). Front wheel suspension: individual suspension on offset (track adjustment) spring struts with helical springs and add itional rubber shock absorbers, torsion bar stabilisers. Hinged steering wheel with 2 universal joints, rack and pinion steering, and steering wheel damper on 318, 320 and 320 i (6). Differential drive with universal joint shafts with maintenance-free, homo-kinetic joints. Rear wheel suspension: ind iv id ual suspension with rubber mounted trail ing arms, spring struts with hel ical springs and additional rubber shock absorbers, link supports (1, 4, 9). Disc brakes tested and improved in a wide range of tests for improved heat absorption and higher resistance. The brake lines are additional ly protected against corrosion by a plastic coating (7, 8, 10).
The power unit of the compact BMW: an improvement on established superiority. Nowadays it is not so much the designers that set the pattern for the character and the capacity of a power unit, but more the conditions and requirements of traffic. Adaptation and adaptability are expected from drivers. And because this flexibili ty is much easier to achieve with a strong power unit than with a smaller one, the superior capacity of the BMW range of power units is not just an end in itself, but an essential pre-requ isite for mobility and, therefore, for safety. For the compact BMW mod els, the famous BMW power
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For the power units for the compact BMW models, the famous triple hemisphere swirl action combustion chamber was uprated, in order to provide a softer, even more advantageous combustion process using the same grade of petrol, a greater degree of economy with the same high output, less noise emission and particularly favourable exhaust values. In this, new cylinder heads, new pistons, DIDTA register carburettors with automatic starting systems and a new fuel injection system were all introduced. All of the power units
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The high performance power unit technology of BMW engines is not least a result of unusually wide experience in successful sporting enterprises.
BMW 320 BMW 3201
comply with the new legislation concerning lead emission. The efficient electrically and ther316 66 (90) 160 (100) mostatic~lly controlled auto318 72 (98) 165 (103) 320 80 (109) 170 (106) matic starting system ensures 320 i 92 (125) 180 (111) perfect cold running characteunits of 1.6 to 2.0 litres capacity ristics and also increases have been enlarged according- economy. ly. The unusually demanding In the BMW 320 i, the objective: normal petrol conK-Jetronicfuel injection system sumption with an increased ensures the right balance of capac ity, higher stab il ity than fuel and air at all times for the ever before, durability, economy respective driving cond itions, and driving philosophy. which-with the favourab le fuel BMW DIN (DIN km/ h kW BHP) (mph) max.
Fuel consumption ace 10 DIN 70 030 9 9 I 100 km 9 9 1 100 km 10 0 11100 km 8 8 11100 km
consumption - increases the response and the temperament of the power unit and leads to combustion with less exhaust gas emission and greater respect for the environment.
The safety features included in the compact BMW are not cheap. But the benefits obtained are invaluable.
Safety in the motor car must obey the necessities of practice as well as the possibilities of theory. The safest vehicle in theory would be too large, too heavy - and impractical. As far as traffic is concerned, the most practical vehic le would be too small, too short and - unsafe. BMW offers a forward looking, technologically high-powered and traffic-orientated solution to this problem: the compact BMW range. Exceptional ly safe yet vital, mobile cars without any light construction compromises. For the compact BMW models, BMW developed a systematic safety procedure in one of the most modern plants in Europe for the testing and research of vehicle safety equipment, which combines the most advanced knowledge into new and compact dimen sions. The name for this technical safety procedure, wh ich is except ional for both its cost and its extent is: th e BMW Life Conservation System. Th e BMW Life Conservation System. Extremely st rong safety cell wit h specially constructed roof p illars, reinforcements above
Rigid cardan shaft tunnel and instrument panel zone (4) both prevent the engine and gearbox from penetrating into the interior of the car in the event of a frontal collision. The outer door handles are recessed and child-proof locks are fitted (5). Buckling safety steering the windscreen and rear wincolumn, safety steering wheel , dows with integrated roll-over steering mechanism situated bars, cross struts in the vic inity well away from the crumple of the instrument panel, in.the zone (6) . form of a hat rack, and behind Fuel tank in a protected positherearseat-aswellas special, tion in front of the rear axle (7). rigid longitudinal struts(1 ). The vehicle interior is designControlled, energy-absorbed to absorb energy and is ing crumpling effect at the fitted with non-inflammable front and rear, with controlled upholstery, 3-point automatic deformation of the front of the seat belts and height-adjustvehicle interrelating w ith the able head rests as standard action of the automatic front for front seats (8). seat belts (2). The safety concept of BMW: Pre-determined crumpling even the most exRensive safety zone in the bonnet w ith special features are worthwhile. They safety locking system (3) . are only paid for with money.;
Curve of the pre-programmed front deformation of the BMW 316, 318, 320 and 320 i. Coll ision speed 50 kph (31 mph). Deformation approx. 0.6 m (2 ft). Delay up to 45 g. The system-controlled, deformable, energyconsuming front part of the BMW does not just "brake" continuously. It interrupts, through pre-determined detail zones. the braking process with the aim of providing a
perfect balance with the hold-back system. At the point when the bodywork deformation of the front part is at its greatest, and therefore when the delaying forces are at their lowest (bottom of the curve), the occupants of the car are held by their seat belts, producing a delay that is acceptable for both the vehicle and its occupants.
•Crash tests to optimise the deformation behaviour or the front and rear vehicle ends
Controlled crumpling behaviour of the bonnet. which buckles outwards and not back into the interior or the vehicle.
Safety on overturning by means or integrated roll-over bars and reinforced cross struts on the 1nstrumen1panel. hat shelf and behind the rear seat.
Collapsible steering column and steerrng system protected outside of the crumpling zone.
The onteroor design os based around technieal safety features - the instrument panel controls berng elastic and deformable.
Specially constructedcardan tunnel and rigid front face prevent the engine and gearbox from being pushed into the passenger compartment on the event of a frontal co11is10n The 1llustrat10n shows the BMW 320 and ots system of engine suspens10n
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Systematic safety by a standard combination of he1ght·ad1ustable head rests. .idrusted by the touch of a button. and three-point automatic safety bells
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Special bonnet locking system with safety hooks.
In extreme situations, a BMW does not give up, but gives in. Systematically.
Lateral overturn - testing lhe stnbtlity ol the salety cell.
Strength tests on the front panel. the seal, and seat belt anchoring points.
Testing the strength of roof struts and roll-over bars - simulating overturning.
Testing the strength of a side door.
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Collision simulation al slow speeds on the pendulum.
Testing the safety equipment in the cockpit through simulated collisions using lest sleds.
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Load-testing the integrated unit seal/headrest.
In the compact BMW range, the exact relationships between all possible vehicle deformations and the effectiveness of safety measures are tested and improved to the point of perfection in unusual and systematic collision tests. The objective was not just to produce high performance and effective safety and detail constructions, but also to develop a system compris ing a combination of precise, interreacting ind ividua l elements, which effectively comp lement each other in sequence. The deformable front part, for example, interrupts (through pre-determined detail zones) the delaying process in a frontal collis ion in such a manner that an ideal balance of function and hold-back system is obtained. The front part was designed for this purpose and provided with specific buckling points and special crumpling zones in the front wings and wheel housings. To deal w ith side-on collosions or overturning, the compact BMW has a speciall ydesigned, exceptionally stable cell w ith systematically calculated and ca refully tested reinforcing. The roof pillars of the strengthened chass is cell have been completely revised and considerably strengthened .The roof is fitted with an integrated rol l-over bar, and special bearing elements are incorporated above the w indscreen and the rear window.
Repetition impact lest on the upholstered. energy-absorbing instrument panel section.
The doors have window frames, wh ich provide a further roll-over safety feature for the safety cell.
Expertly trained specialists in BMW servic ing departments
All of these technica l achievements have their price. But the 12rice is not the price of the car - it is the price of your safety-' The jgy of motoring" The driver of the compact BMW two-door model will not only take his pleasure in the precise mechanics of the design, the careful finish and the efficiency of the most up-todate interrelated individual components. He wi ll also appreciate the independent superiority that stems from the best possible comb ination of man and machine, which resu lts in the total mastery of the car's lively mobility on the road. The high-quality standard of finish ... unique attention to detail . .. and a first-class service network are your
guarantee of the compact BMW's worth. Superiority always matures - but never ages. This, too, is one of the pleasures of driving.
around the enti re world are a guarantee that BMW cars are treated and serviced with the same expertise and professional care with which they were designed and built.
Technical Data BMW316 Bodywork Measurements, Weights
BMW318
BMW320
BMW320i 1)
Two-door saloon. torsionally rigid safety cetl. pre-determined shock·absorbong zones 1n the fronl and reas.1nlegral roll-over bar. proiec11ng bonnet with safely IOck Length 4355 mm (t7t 111). Width t6t0 mm (63 on), hetghl (unladen) t380 mm (54 1n). wheelbase 2563 mm (100 on). lurmng corcle t0.3 m (406 in). dOof Oj)('llong Width t0t5 mm (40 on). shoulde< width (front) t3t5 mm (52 on). d1llo (rear) t300 mm (5t 1n). headroom lront 900 mm (35 on). rear 870 mm (34 on). sc.1l vodlh front 550 mm (22 on). rear t320 mm (52 on). seat depth front 480 mm (t91n). rear 480 mm (t9 1n) Track Wldlh. front t386 mm <55 1n). Track Width. front 1364 mm (!>4 on). rear t377 mm (54 on) reao 1399 mm !55 1n) Luggage compartment absolute approx 460 I (16 cu !I). acc. to VOA apPfOX 404 I (14 cull) Fuet tank capacity 52I(t144 galSJ including 7 I reserve (1 54 gals) We.ghl unladen: t010 kg (2227 lb) We.ghl unlade.i 1010 kg (2227 lb) WCtglh unlade11: 1030 kg (227t lb) Weight unladen t050 kg (:>3t5 lb) (au1oma11c· t030 kg. 2:>7t lbl (automaloc 1050 kg. 2315 lbJ Pe646 lb). automallc transrmss1on models 1000 kg (2205 lb) to a gradient ot 12"4: unbraked 500 kg (1102 11>T.iJ<.~m11lCus11on chamber. ovcrhmd camshaft. parallel 1nclrned overhead valves on V·arrangcmcnl. prcssure 001 c11cu1a11on w1lh Eaton pUmp and fuU·flow Ori triter (Automatic gea1box w1lh 011 cOolen Five main crankshall bearings w1lh four counler weights Five main crankshafl bearings with eight counte1-we1ghts. and add1liona1 engine damper DIDTA 32/32 down draught carburellor with auloma11c starling Bosch K·Jetromc mechanical luCI 1n1ec11011 Capacity 1573 cc Capacity 1766 cc Capacity t990 cc. stroke 80 mm. bore 89 mm stroke 71 mm. bo1e 64 mm stroke 71 mm. bo1e 89 mm Outpul 66 kW (90 DIN BHP) Output 72 kW (98 DIN Bl IP) Output BO kW (109 DIN BHP) Output 92 kW (125 QIN Bl IP) at 5800rpm at57001pm al 6000 rpm at 5800 1pm To1que 125 Nm (12.5 kpm) Torque t45 Nm (14 5 kpm) To1quc 160 Nm (16 kpm) Torque 175 Nm (17.5 kpm) al 4000rpm at 4350 rpm at 3700 rpm al 4000 rpm Com1J1css1on 8 1· 1 Comp1cssion 9 3 1 Compression 8.3 : 1 Compression 8 3 1 Alternator t2 Volts. 630 Watts Allema101 1? Volls. 110 Watts Ballery 12 Volts. 36 Ah Bauery 12 Volts. 44 Ah 01st11bulor with rev-limiter and cen111tuga1 advance Hydraulically aclualed s1ngle·plale dry clutch with plate sp11ng, to1srona1 damper and automatic ad1ustment. Opllonal automatic transmission (only 318 and 320J. fluid clutch with 101que converle1 Final drive 4 .1 1 _ Fmal dnvc 3 9 · t Final drive 3.64 t 4·Speed synchromesh gearbox 13764.112022.111 1.320. IV t 0. R 4 096 5·speed gearbox available as op1rona1 extra: split universal roont sh.111 with flexibly mounted central t>eanng and 2 unove1sa1 roonts; rear whee< drive through double un1veisat roon1 shaft wolh ma1nte11ance./ree h0mo·k1nctic roonts Max speed 160 km/h (100 mph) Max speed 165 km/h (103 mph) Max speed 170 km/h (106 mph) Max speed 180 km/h (11 t mph) !automatic 165 kllVh. 103 mph) e< 98 ROZ
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Engine
Transmission
Performa.1ce
Suspension and brakes
Exterior fittings
Interior fittings
Optional extras
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Front suspensron 1ndepende11t wheel suspensoon on 1ncl1n<.'ump<·•~ r.xlenclin() round tile side ol lhe car and rubber s1de·rubb1ng st11ps. bonnet woth sp11ng 1elcase and special safety lock with catch hooks. lully rctrochng r.r.rnk w111(lows at llw lront, 1inte<1 wing m11101. chrome-plated exhaust pipe, petrol tank lock (as horn 318) 2 reversing l1ghls. automatic headlight cxllncho11 when sw1tch1no oll 10111tio11. healed rear window ______________..IH_alOJl.en H 4 hcndh!JhlS ----~O.;..o_u_bl_e_H ;.;a_l_og_e_n_h_e_a_ d_ llg_h_ts----------Laminated gluss windscreen Hollow cav11y conservahon. underbody prolecllon Instruments and operating elements arranged 1n a scm1·c11cle around the d11vc1. easily readable and clearly mounted 1nslrumen1s w1lh a quaoll crock (ond a rev counle1 on the 320 and 3201). fuel and cooling water temperature g11ul)cs.111p rccorclc1. lwo wiper speeds. pe11od1c w1p1n9 and screen washCr system operated horn lhe s1ee11ng wheel. infinitely ad1ustable 01ange 1nslrumen1 panel 1llum1nation. add1hona1 warning lights for fuel. handbrake ·on· and brake fluid level, 4 ·Spoke str•c11ng wheel (380 mm (15 in) diameter) w1lh padded boss and 4 horn bullons. on the 3201 foam·padded wheel nm Heating and venldalion: water temperature cont1olled fresh a11 heating wolh l1ncly ad1ustable heater system: quiet lhree-speed blower. delloster outlets lor wind~ and side w1ndows. lresh au input through guiles at the side and in the centre. with separale adrustment for driver and lront seal passengcr. heating diagram 1llum1nalion. a11 extraclion through slots 1n rear roof pdlars __ Front recr1n1ng seats with 1nf1nole ad)USlmcnt. easy length ad1ustmen1 on roller bcanngs. he1ght·ad1ustable head rests. conirofled by a push·bullon and detachable. 3·pornt automatic seat bells wilh covered reel. door arm rests with integral grab hand eon the passenger side. rea1 rool grab handles with clothes hooks Fully carpeted 1nlenor. carpet on lhe rear shetl, eas1ty accessible storage lacr1111es 1n lhe 1hum1naled glove compartment. on the dashboa1d and 1n the central console. cigar lrghte1. safety ashtray on the instrument panel <•tum1naled as horn lhe modet 3t8). 2 ashtrays 1n the rear. anb·dazzte salely rea•·view m11101. door IOcks W•lh safety anll·burst slrikeis. storage spaces on the 11gh1 and lell 1n lhe luggage compa1lme111. tOol box on boot lid. non-slip mat lor ;ugg;1g" C()(llJ~lltmcnt Parking hght switch. ontenor light with door conta~t SW<1'he!.. 1nducc1 luggage compartment 1um1na1oon. socket f0< rechargeable hand lamp (optoona• extra) on the glove compartment ol the 3201 Light allOy sports wheels. 185170 HR 13 sleet radials (standard on BMW 3201) Front stabol.ser re.nlorced and rear slabo'!Scr'. HD suspensron· trMcr suspensron·. limited slop difleiootral Automate gea1box (318 and 320) Leatherette uphOlsteiy. sporting steering '"'1eel 3601380 mm 0 (14115111)". foam padded steering wheel (3201 seuesr. 3-poon1 automatic safety ~ts al lhe •ear. Reca10 seats. au cond1tromng with heal protechng glass alf 1ound and laminated vondscreen (320 and 320•). velour f10o1 mats. lockable glove compartment (wilh same key). row front seats Laminated windscreen (standard on 3201). heat resistant grass alf round with laminated windscreen, steel cranl
According lo the requirements of particular export markets alterna11ons rn models. standard and opllonal equipment. as desc11bed 1n lhe text and 1llus1ralions. may occur Precise 1nformat1on should be obtained from your BMW d1sl11butor or importer
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BMW - sheer driving pleasure
1175 VM Pnnted rn Western Germany
IMW 320i. The successor to the car that started a cult.
In 1966, the engineers of the :avarian MotorWorks in Mun~ch, :iermany- race car designers 1y profession and by nature itroduced an extraordinary new :ind of car. A small, sober- looking sedan - with the performance charac3ristics of a t rue European .ports car. A car, practical and econonical, yet so exceptional that for 1e next decade it fairly domi1ated ·' its class on the great race
courses of the world. It was called the BMW 1600. And in an era when wider, longer and chromier were the criteria by which expensive cars were judged, some cons idered the 2002 heretical. But to many serious drivers in all parts of the world, the BMW 2002 came to represent an ethic. To people who preferred performance, efficiency and engineering intelligence to superficial
opulence, it symbolized a new mentality of building cars. This year, the engineers of the Bavarian Motor Works - after nine painstaking years of development- are pleased to introduce the successor to the venerab le 2002. A techno logical, evolutionary improvement on a car many experts said could not be improved upon. The new BMW 320i. The BMW ethic is still intact.
Optional· steel sunroof tight alloy wheels
Why people who own a BMW enjoy driving more than you do.
The BMW owner comes in a far wider va riety than the BMW. Presidents, diplomats, princes, dukes, senators, astronauts, doctors, lawyers, judges, captains of industry, motion picture stars, directors, merchants, accountants and business executives of all types and varieties. Diverse as BMW owners may be, however, virtually all have one thing in common: a glassyeyed, unabashed affection for the ir car. An affection that paradoxically seems to increase as the years and miles go by. What makes the BMW 320 i so different from other cars? There is an obsolescence built into most cars - and most particularly smal l, practical family sedans-that has nothing to do with the way they're built. It's called boredom and it has to do with the way they drive. Most cars simply are not built to perform in such a way that driving becomes an end - not merely an uninspired means of transportation. The BMW 320i, on the other hand , is. In a time when the concept of the automobile has taken many irrelevant side roads, the engineers at the Bavarian Motor
Works concentrate on building the best driving machine it is physically and technically possible to build. Unwavering intheiradherence to the basic BMW phi losophy that extraord inary performance is the only thing that makes an expensive car worth the money. And the result? "The reaction to a BMW is always the same," say the editors of Motor Trend magazine. "The first time driver takes the wheel and after a few mi les no other automobile like this will ever be quite as good again." A car first engineered, then styled . At the Bavarian Motor Works the hand of the stylist is guided by the dictates of the engineer. Hence, on the BMW 320 i, you will find no artful ly sculptured sheet metal, no opera windows - a car first engineered, then styled. There is nothing on or in the BMW 320 i that does not contribute meaningfully to performance, safety or comfort. Its shape is classic, uncomplicated and aerodynamically sound . Its belt line low, to bring down the center of gravity and provide an astonishing amount
of visibility in all directi ons. Perhaps the engineers of the Bavarian Motor Works did not invent the phrase, "form fo llows function" . But, say theed ito rs of Motor Trend magazine, "Among all the world's automakers, BMW is perhaps th e foremost practitioner of the philosophy." Construction: Germanic thoroughness to the nth degree. Th e BMW 320 i was not produced on a typica l assembly line.
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In fact, construction of a sing le car can take as long as 5 days. Each car goes through an exacting process of cavity sealing , electrophoretic priming, painting, hand examination, sanding and repainting. Not just once, but as many times as our rather obstinate quality control inspectors deem necessary to achieve a perfect quality of fit and finish.
The technology of control.
The cockpit of the BMW 320 i is carefully engineered for total, effortless control. The end result of extensive biomechanical testing and research. Thorough study has been made of driver physiology, of the critical interrelation between seat location, visual position, steering wheel angle, controls and instruments.
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Al l switches and instruments are arranged conveniently within the driver's field of vi sion. All are marked clearly and, at night, il luminated by an optically beneficial orange light. The instrument panel is constructed in a concave manner, curving around the driver. So, regardless of the position of the driver or the driver's arm length , all controls are reachable comfortably, quickly and safely. Consequently, when you drive the BMW 320 i for the first ti me you will experience a unique sensation of being part of the car itself. A unique feeling of total and complete control, which, if you're
accustomed to domestic luxury sedans, will be completely and pleasantly new to you. Heating and ventilation.A Rian not an afterthought. Perhaps a car's heating and ventilation system cannot be ranked as one of its vital systems of control. But an insufficient heating and ventilation system can most certainly be ranked as one of a car's most distracting shortcomings. In the 320i. thorough consideration has been given to interior air current and the strategic placement of heating and ventilation outlets. Fresh-air ventilation is achieved without drafts; heat is produced quickly(a42°/o greater output than the 2002) and temperature is infinitely variable.
3 High beam light, oil pressure and battery charge warning lights. 4 Illuminated push-button for rear window defroster, pull switch for parking and low beam headlights, adjustment for panel illumination. 5 Combined switch for directional signals, high b~am flasher and main beam. 6 Tachometer. 7 Illuminated push-button for hazzard lights. 8 Combined switch for twospeed windshield wipers and washers, delay mechanism. 9 Four-spoke, padded safety steering wheel with four horn buttons. 10 Fresh-air outlet at the side and individually adjustable in the center with separate adjustments for driver and passenger 1 Air outlets for side window de- side. frosting and fresh air ventilation. 11 Infinitely adjustable heating and ventilating system and 2 Directional indicator, handthree-speed blower. brake and brake flu id level and 12 Quartz clock. fuel reserve warning lights.
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Optional: light alloy wheels
Exceplional visibilily lhrough large window areas wilh a minimum of "blind spo1s".
Posilion of seal, pedals and sleering wheel enables cfforllcss parking.
Adjustable fresh-air-oullel. separate ad1ustments for driver and passenger side .
Oplional: air-conditioning.
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Vent windows rear.
Seal bell can be easily fastened or unfastened with one hand.
Largo outside rear vision mirror for the driver.
Generous, illuminaled glove compartment.
Superb engineering shouldn't be confined to a car's mechanical parts.
The interior of the conventional sedan is designed to serve as a sort of isolation chamber. A way of separating the driver from all awareness of the world outside, alI feel of the road beneath and, most particularly, from the mechanical functioni ngs of the car itself. A state of being many automotive experts cons ider unwise if not downright unsafe. Perhaps because of our long involvement in international road racing - where the integration of man and machine is not an alien concept - we at the Bavarian Motor Works have a wholly d ifferent approach to interior design. An approach that includes the driver as an integral part of the car itself - the human part that completes and comp lements the mechanical circuit. So, whi le the interior of the conventional sedan remains the domain of the stylist, every aspect of the BMW 320 i has been purposefully engineered to facili tate total, precise contro l and help prevent driver fatigue. Tastefu lly appointed, yet emi-
nently functional. All seats have a molded shape to provide firm lateral support in high-speed tu rns. Individual seats are mounted on roller bearings for ease of adjustment, forward and back, with variable-angle seat back supports. All instruments and contro ls are strategically positioned, clearly visible, readily accessable. Comr:iact needn't mean cramr:ied . Engineering that fails to take into consideration that a car compact or not - must provide ample space for people fa ils utterly. While on the outside the BMW 320 i has the sensible dimensions of the ideal city car; on the inside it can only be described as generou s. Slightly longer than the 2002, the 320 i provides an amazing amount of room fo r passengers. Even in the rear, where most compact cars are at their most compact, there's no cramping of knees, no squashing of heads.
And in the trunk, the 320 i surpasses even the roomy 2002 in storage space. Sufficient for more than a modest amount of luggage, golf clubs, ski equipment and what have you.
Th e following extras (avaiiable at additional charge) will enable you to equip your BMW 320 i according to your ind ividual preferences without altering the basic character or functionality of the automobile. Recaro sport seats in front, sport steering wheel, light-alloy wheels, limited slip differential, air-conditioning,radiosof different types, metallic paint, manual sunroof and automati c transm ission.
Reclining molded seats provide firm lateral support in high speed curves.
Door storage space.
Co-drivers seat unlockable from drover's position.
Seats anatomically designed with three point salety belts
Optional: mechanically-operated steel sunroof in normal position,
or in vent position.
Leatherette upholstery on demand.
Optional: Recaro-seats and sport steering wheel.
You drive a BMW, it does not drive you.
If you've ever had the suspicion, say, while rounding a particularly tight curve , that you were not the master of your machine, you will thoroughly appreciate the uncanny roadholding capabi lities of t he BMW 320 i. Sin ce road- hold ing - driver control - is largely a f unction of a car's suspension system, it only follows that a superior suspension system will give you better control. And, to be a bit blunt, the BMW 320 i gives you a superior suspens ion system. Superior because it is more fi nely tuned than ever. A n evolut ionary imp rovement- even over the 2002 suspension system which literally served as a model for all modern design. Instead of the "solid-rear-axle" systems found in all domestic - and many foreign - sedans, BMW suspension is fully independent on all four wheels. McPherson struts and eccentrically mounted coil springs in front, semitrail ing arms and coil springs in back. And this, combined with a multijointed rear axle, puts a minimum amount of "unsprung" weight on the wheels, and allows each wheel to adapt itself independently to every driving and road cond ition. With a smoothness and a precision that will spoil you for any other car. For the enthusiast, a technical summarY. of significant refinements: While the basic principles of the BMW suspension system remain the same, significant evolutionary improvements have been incorporated into the design of the BMW 320i. Riding comfort has been improved by increasing coil action both front and rear (1.02" in front ; 1.37" in the rear) . A refi ned front axle geometry, new spring struts, a w ider track (1.73" in front ; 2.24" in the rear), and front and rear stabil izer bars provide increased
lateral "g"forces and faster cornering and reduced steering effort. An additional link support on the differential gear optimizes rear axle guidance in corners. New rack-and-pinion steering insures precise steering-even at critical speeds. The 320i has a servo-assisted, twin-circuit braking system. (Larger vented disc-brakes in front, larger dru m brakes in the rear. A pressure regulated rear circu it and plastic-coated brake lines to minimize corrosion.) The twin system is designed to provide adequate braking power - actually above the legally prescribed limit - even if one of its two circuits should fail. Testing the chassis on the hydropulse test stand, simulating different road surfaces, and on the "torture section" of the BMW test circuit (2,5).
Front wheel suspension: individual suspension on offset (staggered trailing effect) spring struts with helical springs and additional rubber shock absorbers, torsion bar stabilizers. Hinged steering wheel with 2 universal joints, rack-and-pinion steering , and steering wheel damper (4). Differential drive with universal joint shafts with maintenance-free, homokinetic joints. Rear wheel suspension: ind ividual suspension with rubbermounted trailing arms, spring struts with helical springs and additional rubber springing torsion bar stabilizer, link supports (1, 6, 9). Disc-brakes tested and improved in a wide range of tests for improved heat absorption and higher resistance (3, 7, 8, 10). The brake lines are protected against corrosion by a plastic coating (1, 7).
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A racing engine in a sensible sedan.
The performance capabilities of the BMWengineare legendary. Under the hood of the BMW 320 i is the same basic engine that powers the BMW Formula II race cars that have tota ll y dominated their c lass for more than a decade. A 2-liter, f uel-injected masterpiece of engineering that somehow manages to combine the seemingly incompatible: efficiency, economy, unfailing reliability and extraordinary performance over a wide range of speeds and driving conditions. The technical explanation? Bosch K-Jetronic fuel-injection determines the precise amount of fuel to be injected (a significant improvement not available on the 2002). Then, hemispheric, swirlaction combustion chambers enlarged for softer still more efficient combustion -fan the fuel-air mixture so completely and efficiently that this comb ustion process of the 320i requires no catalytic converter to meet government emission standards. A thermostatically controlled ignition system, improved cylinder heads and pistons further improve combustion and thermal efficiency.
And five main bearings and eight crankshaft counterbalance weigths- unusual refinements give the whole operation a turbine-like smoothness, a characteristic sound, that never ceases to impress experts and innocents alike. The BMW 2002 engine set the standard by which 2-li ter power plants are measured; the BMW 320i engine exceeds it.
The power plant of the 320i is not only the end result of voluminous amounts of technical and physical research, but of the countless hours on the great racing circuits of the world.
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Safety..A judicious combination of brute strength and agility.
The automotive commun ity seems to be divided into two separate camps concerning automotive safety. There are those who say tank-like strength is the answer. Others who say catlike agility. At the Bavarian Motor Works , it is our contention that the most intelligent answer is a comb ination of both. So, while no car is made stronger than the BMW 320 i, its extraordinary handling and performance characteristics help provide the driver with the means and the split-second control necessary to avoid an accident as well as survive one.
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,,___ _ 1. A steel passenger safety cell with specially constructed roof pillars, reinforced front and rear window frames with integrated roll-bar, cross-struts in the instrument panel area and behind the rear seat, as well as rigid longitud inal struts.
a-- - - - - - - - 7. The fuel tank is in a protected position in front of the rear axle. .___ __ _
5. Outer door handles are recessed - and all doors are equipped with safety locks. .__.:::::.____;_ _ __ 10. Tinted windshield for antiglare.
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8. The interior is equipped with non -flammable upholstery, automatic seat belts and height-adjustable headrests on front seats.
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However, shou ld an accident prove unavoidable the engineers at BMW have developed yet another - and perhaps even more innovative solution: a determined deformation system to absorb the brunt of the impact and help minimize injury. This remarkable system is aptly called the BMW Life Saving System.
wheel column is situated well outside the " crush zone", behind the front axle. ~~-- 4. Rigid drive shaft tunnel and
instrument panel prevent the engine and the gearbox from penetrating the interior in the event of a frontal collision. 3. The hood is constructed to fold on impact, leaving the windshield intact and inc orporates a special safety locking system. 2. Controlled,determined,energyabsorbing "crush zone", inter re lated with the time lapse of the front automatic seat belt action.
9. Energy absorbing bumpers.
Crash tests to optimize the deformation of the fronVrear "crush zones".
8 Height -adjustable headrests.
The hood 1s designed to buckle out and not back into the windshield
3 Special hood safety lock.
Integral roll-over bar with longitudinal and transverse reinforcement.
Collapsable steering column and steering system placed outside the "'crush zone"'.
8 Instrument panel and controls are elastic and deformable.
Occupant protection by stiff fron t bulkhead and propeller-shalt tunnel.
The BMW life saving system.
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Testing the stability of the passenger safety cell during a lateral roll-over.
In a simulated overturn. roof stru t and roll bar strength is tested .
Strength tests of the fron t panel, scat bell and scat bell anchoring points.
Testing the strcnnth ol a side door.
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Collision simu lation at slow speeds on the "Pendulum''.
"Sled" used to test cockpi t safety equipment .
" Load-testing" the seat and headrest.
Repetition impact test of th e energy-absorbing instrument panel.
quence of the passengers during an accident has been exactly adapted to the retardation action and the effectiveness of the belts.) The BMW body testing fac il ity is one of the most modern and innovative in Europe. In highly specia lized test stations - w ith the help of extremeley sophisticated testing equipmen t -the ent ire structure - as well as all structural details - are exami ned during rollovers, front/rear, front/side, front/front and transverse co llisions for their stress resistance and reactions.
Curve of the pre-programmed front deformation of the 320i. Collision speed 50 kmh (31 mph). Deformation approx. 0.7 m (2,2ft.). Delay up to 50g. The system-controlled, deformable, energy-consuming front part of th e BMW does not just "brake" continuously. It interrupts, through pre-determined detail zones, the braking process with the aim of
providing a perfect balance with the hold-back system. At th e point when the bodywork deformation o f the front part is at its greatest, and therefore when the delaying forces are at their lowest (bottom of the curve), the occupants of the car are held by th eir seat belts, producing a delay that is acceptable for both the vehicle and its occupants.
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The BMW 320 i was not designed merely to meet t he legal requ irements, but to exceed them. Surely few automob ile manu facturers have spent more t ime, or exerted more effort in the fie ld of automotive safety than the Bavarian Motor Works of Munich , Germany. At BMW, the subject of automotive safety was a matter of serious concern many years before it became fash ionable. Systemat ic coll ision research
enables our engineers to determ ine the exact chronologica l connection between a ll poss ible types of automobi le deformation and their relationship to various safety devices. (In this way, to cite one technical example, the crush behavior of the BMW 320 i was optimal ly synchronized w ith the response time lag of the front automatic seat belts. By means of the structurally programmed valley in the retardation curve for the front part, the motion se-
• Service, as efficient and reli able as the car itself. BMW owners can get rapid ro utine servicing, perfect engine tuning, and pinpoint accuracy in the d iagnosis and solving of possib le prob lems. BMW service and original spare parts are available coast to coast in the United States and in over 100 countries around the world.
Technical Data BMW 320 i Dimensions and Weights
Two-door sedan, with rigid safety cell passenger compartment with crush zones in the front and rear, integrated center roll bar. Length : 177.5". Width: 63.4". Height (unloaded): 54.3". Wheelbase: 100.9". Track front: 54.5", rear: 55.1". Turni ng circle dia.: 34.1 II. Door cutouts: 40.0" wide. Two front bucket seats: 21.6 " wide each. Rear bench seal: 52.0". Widlh al shoulder height front 51.8", rear 51.2". Trunk capacity: approx. 16.2 cu. fl. ,
Fuel lank capacity: approx. 15.3 U.S. gal .. including 1.6 U.S. gal. reserve. GVWR 3530 lbs. GAWR front 1730 lbs. 1840 lbs. rear Service load 880 lbs.
Engine, Power, Transmission, Performance
Four cylinder four-stroke in-line watercooled engine, longitudinally mounted, light alloy cylinder head, transverse flow !)rinciple, hemispherical swirl-action combustion chambers, overhead camshaft with three main bearings, inclined overhead valves in V-arrangemenl, crankshafl wilh live main bearings and eighl counterbalances, pressure oi l ci rculation , full flow oil filter with regulation valve. Additional engine damper. Bosch K-Jelronic fuel injection, manairox system wilh air injection (Thermal-Reactor on California version only).
Ignition distributor with centrifugal advance and vacuum retard system . Th ree-phase current allernalor 55 amp, 770 wall, banery 12 volls 55 amp hrs. Hydraulically actuated single-plate dry clutch with plate spring, torsional damper and aulomalic adjustment. Optional automatic transmission: fluid clutch with torque converter. Gearbox: a. 4-speed manual transmission with synchromesh I 3.764 II 2.022 11 11.320 IV 1.000 R 4.096 b. Automatic transmission 3-speed is optional equipment I 2.478 II 1.478 1111.000 R 2.090 Final drive ralio 3.64:1 (hypoid gears)
1990 c.c./121.3 cu.in. 3.150" 3.504" 110 hp (SAE nel) al 5800 rpm 105 hp (SAE nel) al 5800 rpm, Calilornia version only 112 fl. lb. (SAE) at 3750 rpm Torque 108.5 fl. lb. (SAE) al 3750 rpm, Calilornia version only Compression ratio 8.1 :1
Capacity Stroke Bore Power
Chassis and Brakes
Equipment
Optional Equipment
Front wheel suspension: individual wheel suspension on telescoping staggered legs (staggered trai ling eflecl) wi\h helical springs plus additional rubber springing, torsion bar stabilizer. Rear wheel suspension: ind ividual wheel suspension with rubbermounted wishbones, telescoping pre-loaded legs with helical springs plus additional rubber springing, torsion bar stabilizer, l)nk support. Collapsible salety steering column wilh 2 universal joints, rack-and-pinion steering, overall steering ratio 21 .1:1 , steering damper.
Exterior: Energy-absorbing bumpers wilh rubber moldings, braced against hydraulic shock absorbers. Twin headlights (automatical ly switched oft wilh ignition), two back-up lights, rear window defroster, pop-out rear windows, tinted glass al l around wilh dark green border on top of windshield, chromeplaled exhaust pipe tip. Cavity seat. undercoating. Heating and ventilation: Fresh air healing wilh easily adjustable healer system, low-noise, three-speed blower, defrosier, ou llets for windshield and side windows, fresh air intake through grills al the side and individual adjustable in the center, with separate adjustment for driver and front seat passenger, illuminated healing controls, flow-through ventil.ation. Interior: Instruments and operating elements arranged in a semicircle around the driver, easily readable and clearly mounted instruments with a tachometer, fuel and. temperature gauges, odometer with lrip recorder, adjustable.orange light instrument panel, automatic windshield wiper/washer system with stalk conlrots, intermittent operation and two-speed wiper, additional warning lights for fuel reserve. handbrake and braking system, heated rear window, generator, oi l pressure and "Fasten Seat Bells" (Reactor Service and EGA Service on California version
Split universal joint shall wilh flexibly mounted central bearing and 2 universal joints; rear wheel drive through dpuble universal joint shall with maintenance-free homokinelic ·joints. Maximum speed: 106 mph (Automatic 104 mph) Regular gasoline: 91 RON
Steel sporl wheels: 51/i-J x 13 H 2 Steel balled radial tires: 185170 SR 13 Twin-circuit power assisted braking system with servo unit and rear axle brake pressure regulating device . Front: ventilated fixed -caliper disc brakes with automatic adjustment, diameter 10.04". Rear: simplex leading and trailing shoe drums, drum diameter 9.84", mechanically operated handbrake.
only) four-spoke padded steering wheel with safety impact pad and four horn contacts. Fronl reclining bucket seals, easy leng th adjustment on roller bearings, height-adjustable head rests in front. controlled by a push-bullon and detachable, three-point automatic seal bells with covered reel in front and rear, lwo-poinl automatic seat bell rear in lhe middle, armrests on doors with integ rated handg rips on the lronl passenger side. rear hand grips suspended from root wilh clothes hooks. Ful l carpeting. carpel on the rear shell, clolh or letherene upholstery, storage in lockable (and lighted) glove compartment, on lhe dashbord in the center console and in lhe pockets on the doors, cigaretle lighter, illuminated safely ashtray in the instrument panel, two ashtrays in lhe rear, anti-g lare rearview mirror, door locks wilh safety wedges. Luggage compartment: storage space ri ght and lell, loot kil in trunk lid, carpeted trunk. Interi or lighl wilh door contact switches. ind irect luggage compartment i llumination, socket for rechargeable hand lamp (accessory) in the glove compartment.
Sole U.S. Importer: BMW of North America, Inc. Montvale, N.J. 07645 12541 Beatrice Street Los Angeles, California 90066 Alleralions in models, standard a.nd optional equipmen1. as described in the text and illustralions. may occur. Precise information shou ld be obtained lrom your BMW distributor or importer.
The ultimate driving machine
7 t 10204 25 1/ 77 VM Printed 1n Wesl Germany
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