EXPERIMENT 1 BASIC LABORATORY LABORATORY TECHNIQUES TECHNIQUE S
OBJECTIVES 1) To learn the !al"tat"#e an$ !ant"tat"#e a%&e't% o( 'oon la*orator+ e!"&ent, -) To e.&o%e to the (a'tor% that a((e't the a''!ra'+ o( an e.&er"ent,
INTRO/UCTION
Che"%tr+ "% an e.&er"ental %'"en'e,The e.&er"ent that 0a% 'arr"e$ o!t nee$ 'are(!l o*%er#at"on% an$ !%"n oo$ la*orator+ te'hn"!e%, Ma%ter+ o( the te'hn"!e%2 'on'e&t%2 an$ 'al'!lat"on% 'o#ere$ "n the la*orator+ 'o!r%e 0"ll &ro#"$e the (o!n$at"on (or (!t!re 'he"%tr+, 3e+ te'hn"!e% %!'h a% a%% ea%!reent2 #ol!e tran%(er2 %ol!t"on &re&arat"on an$ $"l!t"on2 t"trat"on2 an$ !al"tat"#e anal+%"% !%t *e $one %a(el+ *alan'"n &re'"%"on an$ %&ee$, The &ro&er !%e o( e!"&ent (or the ea%!reent o( #ar"o!% &h+%"'al &ro&ert"e% "% #er+ "&ortant, Th"% a+ "n'l!$e "nter&olat"on an$ e%t"at"n *et0een the the ar4% on a %'ale5 !%"n a&&ro&r"ate n!*er o( %"n"("'ant ("!re% "n re&ort"n ea%!re$ !ant"t"e%
a)Vol!etr"' (la%4 One o( the o%t *a%"' &"e'e% e!"&ent !%e$ "n ea%!r"n #ol!e "% #ol!etr"' (la%4, A #ol!etr"' (la%4 6ea%!r"n (la%4 or ra$!ate$ (la%4) "% a &"e'e o( la*orator+ o( la*orator+ la%%0are2 la%%0are2 a t+&e o( la*orator+ (la%4 2 'al"*rate$ to 'onta"n a &re'"%e #ol!e at a &art"'!lar te&erat!re, Vol!etr"' (la%4% are !%e$ (or &re'"%e $"l!t"on% an$ &re&arat"on &re&arat "on o( %tan$ar$ %ol!t"on%, %ol!t"on%, The%e (la%4% are !%!all+ &ear7%ha&e$2 0"th 0"th a (lat *otto2 an$ a$e o( la%% or &la%t"', The ar4"n "n$"'ate% the #ol!e o( l"!"$ 'onta"ne$ 0hen ("lle$ !& to that &o"nt,The #ol!etr"' (la%4 !%t al0a+% 0a%h an$ &re7r"n%e 0"th the %ol#ent %ol#ent *e(ore !%"n "t,
B), P"&ette A &"&ette or 'he"'al $ro&&er "% a la*orator+ tool 'oonl+ !%e$ to tran%&ort ea%!re$ #ol!e o( l"!"$,P"&ette 'oe "n %e#eral $e%"ne$ (or #ar"o!% &!r&o%e% 0"th $"((erent le#el o( a''!ran'+ an$ &re'"%"on, Man+ &"&ette t+&e% 0or4 *+ 'reat"n a &art"al #a'!! a*o#e the l"!"$7hol$"n 'ha*er an$ %ele't"#el+ relea%"n th"% #a'!! to $ra0 !& an$ $"%&en%e l"!"$,Mea%!reent a''!ran'+ #ar"e% reatl+ $e&en$"n on the %t+le, The &"&ette !%t al0a+% 0a%h an$ &re7r"n%e 0"th the %ol#ent *e(ore !%"n "t,
C) B!rette A *!rette "% a #ert"'al '+l"n$r"'al &"e'e o( la*orator+ la%%0are 0"th a #ol!etr"' ra$!at"on on "t% (!ll lenth an$ &re'"%"on ta& or %to&'o'42on the *otto,It "% !%e$ to $"%&en%e 4no0n ao!nt% o( a l"!"$ reaent "n e.&er"ent% (or 0h"'h &re'"%"on "% ne'e%%ar+2%!'h a% a t"trat"on e.&er"ent,B!rette are e.treel+ a''!rate a 897L *!rette ha% a toleran'e o( 9,1L or 9,9: L,The $"((eren'e *et0een %tart"n an$ ("nal #ol!e "% the ao!nt $"%&en%e$,The %&a'"n *et0een the l"ne% 0"ll allo0 +o! to e%t"ate the #ol!e to the neare%t 9,91L,Th!%2 t+&"'al *!rette rea$"n% 0o!l$ *e t0o $e'"al &o"nt% (or e.a&le2;,-9L or 1:,8L are not a''e&ta*le,
APPARATUS 1) Anal+t"'al *alan'e -) B!rette <) P"&ette 6-9l) =) Vol!etr"' (la%4 6-8l) 8) Theroeter :) P"&ette ("ller >) Retort %tan$ ?) B!rette 'la& ;) /ro&&er
CHEMICAL /"%t"lle$ 0ater
PROCE/URE A, CALIBRATION O@ VOLUMETRIC @LAS3 1, A -8 L #ol!etr"' (la%4 "% 'leane$,The #ol!e (la%4 "% 0e"he$ a''!ratel+ !%"n anal+t"'al *alan'e,The a%% o( e&t+ #ol!etr"' (la%4 0a% re'or$e$, -, /"%t"lle$ 0ater 0a% a$$e$ !nt"l the 'al"*rat"on ar4 an$ $ro&&er 0a% !%e$ to a$$ the la%t (e0 $ro&% o( $"%t"lle$ 0ater,The #ol!etr"' (la%4 "% 0e"he$ aa"n *+ !%"n the %ae anal+t"'al *alan'e,Ma%% o( $"%t"lle$ 0ater an$ #ol!etr"' (la%4 0a% re'or$e$, <, The te&erat!re o( the $"%t"lle$ 0ater 0a% re'or$e$, =, The a't!al #ol!e o( the #ol!etr"' (la%4 0a% $eter"ne$ (ro the ta*le 1,
B, CALIBRRATION O@ PIPETTE 1, A 89l *ea4er 0a% 'leane$ an$ $r"e$ an$ 0a% 0e"he$ a''!ratel+ *+ !%"n anal+t"'al *alan'e,Ma%% o( e&t+ *ea4er 0a% re'or$e$, -, -9l &"&ette 0a% 'leane$ an$ r"n%e$ 0"th $"%t"lle$ 0ater, <, B+ !%"n the &ro'e$!re% that ha#e *een $"%'!%%e$ "n the "ntro$!'t"on &art2 the &"&ette 0a% ("lle$ *+ the $"%t"lle$ 0ater, =, /"%t"lle$ 0ater 0a% $ra"ne$ "nto the *ea4er an$ 0e"he$, Ma%% o( $"%t"lle$ 0ater an$ *ea4er 0a% re'or$e$, 8, Ste& 17= 0a% re&eate$ one ore t"e an$ te&erat!re o$ $"%t"lle$ 0ater 0a% re'or$e$, :, The a't!al #ol!e o( the &"&ette "% $eter"ne$ (ro ta*le 1,
C) CALIBRATION O@ BURETTE 1) A 89 L *ea4er 0a% 'leane$ an$ $r"e$ 0e"he$ a''!ratel+ !%"n anal+t"'al *alan'e,The a%% o( e&t+ *ea4er 0a% re'or$e$, -) The *!rette 0a% 'leane$ an$ r"n%e$ *+ !%"n $"%t"lle$ 0ater an$ the *!rette 0a% ("lle$ 0"th $"%t"lle$ 0ater !nt"l the ero ar4, <) 8 L o( 0ater (ro the *!rette 0a% $ra"ne$ "nto the *ea4er an$ 0e"he$ a% %oon a% &o%%"*le,Ma%% 0a% re'or$e$, =) Ste& < 0a% re&eate$ *+ $ra"n"n 0ater (ro the *!rette !nt"l the (ollo0"n *!rette rea$"n *e'oe 19 L218 L an$ -9 L,8L o( $"%t"lle$ 0ater ha$ *een a$$e$ (ro the *!rette ea'h t"e,The a%% o( $"%t"lle$ 0ater 0"th *ea4er, 8) The a%% o( $"%t"lle$ 0ater 0"th *ea4er 0a% re'or$e$ a(ter a$$"n 8L o( 0ater,The te&erat!re o( $"%t"lle$ 0ater 0a% re'or$e$, :) The a't!al #ol!e (or e#er+ a$$"t"on o( 8 L o( $"%t"lle$ 0ater 0a% $eter"ne$ (ro ta*le 1,
RESULT 1) /ATA A) Cal"*rat"on o( #ol!etr"' (la%4 Ma%% o( e&t+ #ol!etr"' (la%46) Ma%% o( #ol!etr"' (la%4 $"%t"lle$ 0ater6) Ma%% o( $"%t"lle$ 0ater 6) Te&erat!re o( $"%t"lle$ 0ater 6 oC) /en%"t+ o( 0ater 6(ro Ta*le 1) 6L)
1;,;1-==,::<: -=,>81= <1 1,998<
B) Cal"*rat"on o( P"&ette 61) <>,8?<9 8:,8:1: 1?,;>?: <1 1,998<
Ma%% o( e&t+ *ea4er6) Ma%% o( *ea4er $"%t"lle$ 0ater6) Ma%% o( $"%t"lle$ 0ater 6) Te&erat!re o( $"%t"lle$ 0ater 6o C ) /en%"t+ o( 0ater6(ro Ta*le 1)6L)
6-) <:,;-;: 8:,<:1= 1;,=<1? <1 1,998<
C) Cal"*rat"on o( *!rette Ma%% o( e&t+ *ea4er 6)
D <:,;-:8
Te&erat!re o( $"%t"lle$ 0ater
D <9 o C
/en%"t+ o( 0ater 6 (ro Ta*le 1 ) 6L)
D 1,998<
A(ter the a$$"t"on o( $"%t"lle$ 0ater D Rea$"n o( *!rette
Ma%% o( *ea4er
Ma%% o( $"%t"lle$
Ma%% o( $"%t"lle$ 0ater
6L)
$"%t"lle$ 0ater6)
0ater6)
(or ea'h 8 L *!rette
8 19 18 -9
=9,;11= =:,;9>? 81,;9=8:,;188
<,;?=; ;,;?1< 1=,;>> 1;,;?;
rea$"n 6) <,;?=; 8,;;:= =,;;8> 8,91-9
CALCULATIONS a) /eter"ne the a't!al #ol!e o( the #ol!etr"' (la%4 *a%e$ on 'al'!lat"on,
/en%"t+ a%% Vol!e 1,998< -=,>81= Vol!e Vol!e -=,:-9; L
*) /eter"ne the a't!al #ol!e o( the &"&ette *a%e$ on the 'al'!lat"on (or e.&er"ent 6") an$ 6""),
6")
/en%"t+ a%% Vol!e
1,998< 1?,;>?: Vol!e Vol!e 1?,?>?8 L
6"")
/en%"t+ a%% Vol!e 1,998< 1;,=<1? Vol!e
Vol!e 1;,<-;= L
') /eter"ne the a't!al #ol!e o( $"%t"lle$ 0ater "n l (or ea'h o( 8 l *!rette rea$"n *a%e$ on 'al'!lat"on,
Rea$"n o( *!rette 6l) 978 8719 19718 187-9
Vol!e o( 0ater 6l) <,;:<; 8,;:=? =,;:;= =,;?8:
/"%'!%%"onD The re%!lt% that 0a% o*ta"ne$ "n th"% e.&er"ent 0ere $"((erent (ro 0hat the theor+ %a"$, The #ol!e (or the #ol!etr"' (la%4 ha$ %l"ht r!n 0h"'h the #ol!e that ha#e *een 'al'!late$ 0a% -=,:-9; L 0h"le the theor+ 0a% %!&&o%e$ to *e -8 L, The #ol!e (or the &"&ette al%o $oe% not a''!rate 0h"'h the 'al'!late$ #ol!e (or the ("r%t atte&t 0a% 1?,?>?8 L an$ the %e'on$ atte&t 0a% 1;,<-;= L 0hen the theoret"'al #ol!e 0a% -8L, S!&&o%e$l+2 ea'h t"e the *!rette #ol!e reo#e$ 0a% 8L *!t the 'al'!late$ #ol!e that ha#e *een reo#e$ 0a% le%% than 8L, Th"% a+ *e 'a!%e$ *+ &aralla. error 0h"'h the &o%"t"on o( the e+e% 0a% not &er&en$"'!lar to the %'ale 0h"le the rea$"n 0a% ta4en, Not onl+ that2 the re%!lt a+ *e a((e'te$ *e'a!%e o( the #ol!e o( $"%t"lle$ 0ater 0h"'h a+ *e !n$er or o#er the en"%'!% le#el,
An%0er o( the !e%t"on%D 1) Ho0 $o +o! o#er'oe or re$!'e the &ro*le o( ran$o error an$ %+%teat"' error 0h"le $o"n an e.&er"entF
To o#er'oe or re$!'e the &ro*le o( ran$o error an$ %+%teat"' error 0h"le $o"n an e.&er"ent "% *+ re&eat"n the e.&er"ent an$ a#era"n o#er the re%!lt,
-) In 0hat %"t!at"on $o +o! !%e a #ol!etr"' (la%42 'on"'al (la%42 &"&ette an$ ra$!ate$ '+l"n$erF E.&la"n +o!r an%0er (ro the a''!ra'+ a%&e't% o( the%e a&&arat!%, Vol!etr"' (la%4% are !%e$ (or &re'"%e $"l!t"on% an$ &re&arat"on o( %tan$ar$ %ol!t"on% Con"'al (la%4 !%e$ (or t"trat"on an$ %!"ta*le (or *o"l"n l"!"$% ,P"&ette are 'oonl+ !%e$ to tran%&ort ea%!re$ #ol!e o( l"!"$,The ra$!ate$ '+l"n$er "% !%e$ (or ea%!r"n #ol!e% o( l"!"$%,There(ore2the+ are not (or !ant"tat"#e anal+%"% *!t (or eneral &!r&o%e%,
<) E.&la"n ho0 to rea$ a *!rette, Ghat are the (a'tor% to *e 'on%"$ere$ 0h"le !%"n *!retteF The (a'tor% to *e 'on%"$ere$ 0h"le !%"n *!rette% "% o!r e+e% !%t *e &er&en$"'!lar $"to the *!rette 'ol!n,
CONCLUSION At the en$ o( the e.&er"ent the *a%"' la*orator+ a&&arat!% "n ea%!r"n a%%2 #ol!e2 te&erat!re an$ $en%"t+ ha$ *een learne$, The a''!ra'+ an$ &re'"%"on o( the re%!lt% an$ &ro&er 0a+ "n re&ort"n "n %"n"("'ant ("!re% "% "&ortant "n !%"n th"% ea%!reent,In $o"n la*orator+ e.&er"ent2a 'are(!l an$ 4een o*%er#at"on &l!% &ro&er an$ r"ht la*orator+ te'hn"!e% an$ o&erat"on% are re!"re$ to o*ta"n 'orre't re%!lt%,
RE@ERENCES
1) http://mit-ot.blogspot.com/2012/05/chm12l-experiment-no-1-basiclaboratory.html
2) htt&%Den,0"4"&e$"a,or0"4"Vol!etr"'(la%4
UNIVERSITI TE3NOLOI MARA BASIC CHEMISTRY 6CHM 1
ROUP MEMBERSD NAME SITI NUR RUQAYYAH BT MOH/ SAMSHUL NUR SYAHIRAH BT AB/UL MALE3 AINA NA/IA BT RAA3 I@@AH HAGANI BT MOH/ BA/RUM
MATRIC NO -918?>=9--918??;?:? -918?;<9<-918-1==?-
