BABOK 3.0 Revision Guide 2018

DBDJA <.7 T`vfsfjk Mufn`

Wbm` 2 ji 4<=


D B D JA <.7 <.7 T@YF\FJK MPFN@ Bcft Ofkmbrlhbkf / Bdhfshà \rfvbstbvb

G^`lhlbkvbss 472= Boo rfmhts r`s`rv`n. ^hfs djja fs ukn`r th` Fktòo`ltubo prjp `rty Tfmhts ji ^`lhlbkvbss. Ljpyfkm, `nftfkm jr usfkm bky pbrt ji th` djja fs kjt p`r cftt`n.

Wbm` 4 ji 4<=


Wbm` < ji 4<=


^bdo` ji Ljkt`kts Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs A`y Ljkl`pts ............................................................... 24 Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Ljr` ljkl`pts cjnò (DBLLC) .......... ................... .......... ............ ... 24 A`y ^`rcs ............................... ................................................ .................................. .................................. ............................. ............2> T`qufr`c`kts Lobssfiflbtfjk ................................................................... 29 AB25 Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Wobkkfkm bkn Cjkftjrfkm ............... .................. ......... .............. ..... 26 2.2

Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Wobkkfkm bkn Cjkftjrfkm ^bsas .......................... 42

2.2.2

^bsa 25 Wobk Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Bpprjblh ................................ 42

2.2.4 ^bsa 45 Wobk \tba`hjon`r @kmbm`c`kt ........................................... 40 2.2.< ^bsa <5 Wobk Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Mjv`rkbkl` ................................. 46 2.2.> ^bsa >5 Wobk Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Fkijrcbtfjk Cbkbm`c`kt ........... <4 2.2.0 ^bsa 05 Fn`ktfiy Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs W`rijrcbkl` Fcprjv`c`kts . <0 2.4 Mojssbry ....................................................................................................... <8 AB45 @oflftbtfjk bkn Ljoobdjrbtfjk .............................................................. ...................................................................... ........ >4 4.2 @oflftbtfjk bkn Ljoobdjrbtfjk ^bsas .......................................................... ......................................................... >4 4.2.2 ^bsa 25 Wr`pbr` ijr @oflftbtfjk ........................................................... >< 4.2.4 ^bsa 45 Ljknult @oflftbtfjk ......................................................... ................................................................ ....... >0 4.2.< ^bsa <5 Ljkifrc @oflftbtfjk T`suots ................................................... >6 4.2.> ^bsa >5 Ljccukflbt` Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Fkijrcbtfjk .................. 02 4.2.0 ^bsa 05 Cbkbm` \tba`hjon`r Ljoobdjrbtfjk Ljoobdjrbtfjk .................................... 0< 4.4 Mojssbry ....................................................................................................... 09 <. AB<5 T`qufr`c`kts Ofi` Lylo` Cbkbm`c`kt ............................................... 97 <.2 T`qufr`c`kts Ofi` Lylo` Cbkbm`c`kt ^bsas ....................................... 92 <.2.2 ^bsa 25 ^rbl` ^ rbl` T`qufr`c`kts ............................................................. 92 <.2.4 ^bsa 45 Cbfktbfk T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`kts ........................................................ 9< <.2.< ^bsa <5 Wrfjrftfz` T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`kts ........................................................ 90 <.2.> ^bsa >5 Bss`ss T`qufr`c`kts Lhbkm`s ......................................... 98 <.2.0 ^bsa 05 Bpprjv` T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`kts ......................................................... ........................................................ =2 <.4 Mojssbry ....................................................................................................... =< >. AB>5 \trbt`my Bkboysfs .................................................................................... .................................................................................... == >.2 \trbt`my Bkboysfs ^bsas ....................................................................................................... == >.2.2 ^bsa 25 Bkboyz` Lurr`kt \tbt` .......................................................... == >.2.4 ^bsa 45 Nìfk` Iutur` \tbt` ............................................................... 8< Wbm` > ji 4<=


>.2.< ^bsa <5 Bss`ss Tfsas .......................................................................... ......................................................................... 88 >.2.> ^bsa >5 Nìfk` Lhbkm` \trbt`my ....................................................... 64 >.4 Mojssbry ....................................................................................................... 6= 0. AB05 T`qufr`c`kts Bkboysfs bkn N`sfmk Nìfkftfjk .................................. 272 0.2 T`qufr`c`kts Bkboysfs bkn N`sfmk Nìfkftfjk ^bsas ......................... 272 0.2.2 ^bsa 25 \p`lfiy bkn Cjnò T`qufr`c`kts ..................................... 272 0.2.4 ^bsa 45 Y`rfiy T`qufr`c`kts ........................................................... 279 0.2.< ^bsa <5 Ybofnbt` T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`kts ....................................................... 276 0.2.> ^bsa >5 Nìfk` T`qufr`c`kts Brlhft`ltur` Brlhft`ltur` .................................... 222 0.2.0 ^bsa 05 Nìfk` N`sfmk Jptfjks ....................................................... 220 220 0.2.9 ^bsa 95 Bkboyz` Wjt`ktfbo Ybou` bkn T`ljcc`kn \joutfjk ...... 228 0.4 Mojssbry ..................................................................................................... 244 \joutfjk @vboubtfjk .................................................................. ............................................................................................. ........................... 24< AB95 \joutfjk @vboubtfjk .................................................................................... ................................................................................... 240 9.2 \joutfjk @vboubtfjk ^bsas ....................................................................... 249 9.2.2 ^bsa 25 C`bsur` \joutfjk W`rijrcbkl` W`rijrcbkl` ........................................ 249 9.2.4 ^bsa 45 Bkboyz` W`rijrcbkl` C`bsur`s ....................................... ...................................... 246 9.2.< ^bsa <5 Bss`ss \joutfjk Ofcftbtfjks ............................................... 2<2 9.2.> ^bsa >5 Bss`ss @kt`rprfs` Ofcftbtfjks ........................................... 2<> 9.2.0 ^bsa 05 T`ljcc`kn Bltfjks tj Fklr`bs` \joutfjk Ybou` ........... 2<8 9.4 Mojssbry ..................................................................................................... 2>4 =. ^`lhkfqu`s ............................................................... ...................................................................................................... ....................................... 2>9 =.2 Bll`ptbkl` bkn @vboubtfjk Lrft`rfb ....................................................... 2>9 =.4 Dblaojm Cbkbm`c`kt ............................................................. .............................................................................. ................. 2>= =.< Dbobkl`n \ljr`lbrn ................................................................................. 207 =.> D`klhcbrafkm bkn Cbra`t Bkboysfs ...................................................... 20< =.0 Drbfkstjrcfkm ................................................................. ............................................................................................ ........................... 200 =.9 Dusfk`ss Lbpbdfofty Bkboysfs .................................................................. 20= =.= Dusfk`ss Lbs`s ............................................................ ........................................................................................ ............................ 206 =.8 Dusfk`ss Cjnò Lbkvbs .......................................................................... 292 =.6 Dusfk`ss Tuo`s Bkboysfs ........................................................ ......................................................................... ................. 29< =.27 Ljoobdjrbtfv` Mbc`s ............................................................ ............................................................................. ................. 299 =.22 Ljkl`pt Cjnòofkm .................................................................................. ................................................................................. 298 =.24 Nbtb Nfltfjkbry ........................................................... ....................................................................................... ............................ 2=7 =.2< Nbtb Iojw Nfbmrbcs ............................................................. .............................................................................. ................. 2=< =.2> Nbtb Cfkfkm .................................................................. ............................................................................................. ........................... 2=> Wbm` 0 ji 4<=


=.20 Nbtb Cjnòofkm ........................................................................................ 2=9 =.29 N`lfsfjk Bkboysfs ................................................................... ................................................................................... ................ 2=6 =.2= N`lfsfjk Cjnòofkm ................................................................................. 287 =.28 Njluc`kt Bkboysfs ............................................................... ................................................................................ ................. 284 =.26 @stfcbtfjk ................................................................................................ 28< =.47 Ifkbklfbo Bkboysfs ................................................................................... .................................................................................. 289 =.42 Ijlus Mrjups .............................................................. .......................................................................................... ............................ 286 =.44 Iukltfjkbo N`ljcpjsftfjk ..................................................................... .................................................................... 267 =.4< Mojssbry ................................................................................................... .................................................................................................. 262 =.4> Fkt`ribl` Bkboysfs ................................................................................... 26< =.40 Fkt`rvf`ws ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................ 26> =.49 Ft`c ^rblafkm .............................................................. .......................................................................................... ............................ 269 =.4= O`ssjks O`brk`n .................................................................................... 26= =.48 C`trfls bkn A`y W`rijrcbkl` Fknflbtjrs (AWFs) ............................... 266 =.46 Cfkn Cbppfkm .............................................................. .......................................................................................... ............................ 472 =.<7 Kjk-Iukltfjkbo T`qufr`c`kts Bkboysfs .............................................. 47< =.<2 Jds`rvbtfjk ............................................................................................. 470 =.<4 Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Cjnòofkm ....................................................................... ...................................................................... 479 =.<< Wrfjrftfzbtfjk Wrfjrftfzbtfjk ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................ 478 =.<> Wrjl`ss Bkboysfs .................................................................... .................................................................................... ................ 427 =.<0 Wrjl`ss Cjnòofkm .................................................................................. 422 =.<9 Wrjtjtypfkm ................................................................... .............................................................................................. ........................... 42> =.<= T`vf`ws ............................................................. .................................................................................................... ....................................... 429 =.<8 Tfsa Bkboysfs bkn Cbkbm`c`kt ........................................................... 428 =.<6 Tjo`s bkn W`rcfssfjks Cbtrfx .............................................................. 426 =.>7 Tjjt Lbus` Bkboysfs .............................................................................. ............................................................................. 442 =.>2 \ljp` Cjnòofkm ..................................................................................... 444 =.>4 \`qu`kl` Nfbmrbcs ............................................................. .............................................................................. ................. 44< =.>< \tba`hjon`r Ofst, Cbp jr W`rsjkbs ..................................................... 440 =.>> \tbt` Cjnòofkm ....................................................................................... 449 =.>0 \urv`y jr Ru`stfjkkbfr` Ru`stfjkkbfr` ................................................................... ........................................................................ ..... 44= =.>9 \]J^ Bkboysfs ....................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 446 =.>= Ps` Lbs`s bkn \l`kbrfjs .............................................................. .................................................................... ...... 4<7 =.>8 Ps`r \tjrf`s ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................ 4<< =.>6 Y`knjr Bss`ssc`kt ............................................................................... 4<> =.07 ]jrashjps ............................................................................................... .............................................................................................. 4<9 Wbm` 9 ji 4<=


Wbm` = ji 4<=


WT@IBL@

^hfs djja fs buthjr`n wfth th` fkt`ktfjk ji lr`btfkm b ljklfs` r`vfsfjk mu fn` ijr FFDB Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs djny ji akjwo`nm` (DBDJA) mufn` v<.7. ]` hbv` kjt wrftt`k thfs mufn` bs bk bot`rkbtfv` tj DBDJA v<.7. Fkst`bn ft fs wrftt`k bs succbrfz`n v`rsfjk ji DBDJA. ^h` mufn` fs c`bkt ijr prji`ssfjkbos whj br` pobkkfkm tj ukn`rtba` @LDB, LLDB jr LDBW l`rtfiflbtfjk `xbcfkbtfjk. ^hfs r`vfsfjk mufn` lbptur`s th` a`y ljkl`pts, nìfkftfjks, dus fk`ss bkboysfs prbltfl`s bs c`ktfjk`n fk th` DBDJA mufn`. ^j r`booy ukn`rstbkn th` thjumht prjl`ss d`hfkn thfs r`vfsfjk mufn`, ljksfn`r yjur ukfv`rsfty `xbc bkn th` kjt `s yju us`n tj lr`bt` ijr `v`ry `xbc. ^hfs fs `ss`ktfbooy b muf n` ljcprfsfkm ji fcpjrtbkt kjt`s. Ijr d`st r`suots, thfs r`vfsfjk mufn` cust d` pfla`n up bit`r yju hbv` mjk` thrjumh th` DBDJA mufn` jkl`. Fi yju br` pobkkfkm ijr @LDB l`rtfiflbtfjk, po`bs` r`bn ft a``pfkm fk cfkn th` akjwo`nm` br`bs w`fmhtbm`s bppoflbdo` ijr @LDB.

Wbm` 8 ji 4<=


Wbm` 6 ji 4<=


Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs A`y Ljkl`pts

Wbm` 27 ji 27 ji 4<=


Wbm` 22 ji 22 ji 4<=


Dusf k`ss Bkboysfs A`y Ljkl`pts ^hfs lhbpt`r obys njwk th` ijuknbtfjk ijr th` dusfk`ss bkboysfs djny ji akjwo`nm` mufn` dy `xpobfkfkm bkn nfslussfkm iuknbc`ktbo ljkl`pts us`n thrjumhjut th` djja. ^h` lhbpt`r ljv`rs ljr` ljkl`pts cjnò bkn `xpobfks a`y t`rcs us`n thrjumhjut th` djja.

^h` Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Ljr` Ljkl`pt Cjnò (DBLLC) n`slrfd`s th` ròbtfjkshfps bcjkm sfx ljr` ljkl`pts. Ft‖s b ljkl`ptubo irbc`wjra irbc`wjra `kljcpbssfkm twj fcpjrtbkt bsp`lts5 • •

]hbt fs dusfk`ss bkboysfs: ]hbt nj`s ft c`bk ijr dusfk`ss bkboysts frr`sp`ltfv` ji p`rsp`ltfv`, fknustry, c`thjnjojmy jr o`vò fk th` t h` jrmbkfzbtfjk

@blh ji th` ljr` ljkl`pts fk th` cjnò nj`s kjt hjon mjjn fk fsjobtfjk. @blh ljr` ljkl`pt fs nìfk`n dy th` jth`r ifv` ljr` ljkl`pts bkn lbkkjt d` iuooy ukn`rstjjn uktfo boo th` ljkl`pts br` ukn`rstjjn. Kjk` ji th` ljr` ljkl`pts fs cjr` fcpjrtbkt thbk th` jth`r.

O`t‖s ukn`rstbkn th` ljkl`pts, whflh ijrc th` ljr` ljkl`pts cjnò “ B prjdo`c jr jppjrtukfty jr b ljkstrbfkt wfth pjt`ktfbo vbou` tj b stba`hjon`r. K``n “ B • •

B k``n fs th` r`bsjk ijr ukn`rtbafkm ukn`rtbafkm bk fkftfbtfv` jr b prje`lt, fk fk sfcpo` sfcpo` t`rcs. B k``n lbus`s lhbkm`s fk th` `kt`rprfs`.

@xbcpo` B lbr bm`kly wbkts tj fcprjv` th` prjl`ssfkm tfc` bkn ìiflf`kly ji ojbk sbkltfjk sj thbt ft lbk lojs` th` sbo` ji b lbr ibst`r. ^hfs fs bk `xbcpo` ji b k``n.

Wbm` 24 ji 24 ji 4<=


“ ^h` blt ji trbksijrcbtfjk fk r`spjks` tj b k``n. B ljktrjoo`n trbksijrcbtfjk ji bk Lhbkm` “ ^h` jrmbkfzbtfjk jrmbkfzbtfjk iblfoftbt`n dy b dusfk`ss bkboyst. ^ hfs fs th` cjst iuknbc`ktb i uknbc`ktboo bsp`lt ji dusfk`ss bkboysfs bltfvfty. ^hfs lhbkm` fs kjt bdjut fknfvfnubo lhbkm` dut b lhbkm` fkftfbt`n tj bnnr`ss b k``n.

•

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Dusfk`ss Bkboyst fs r`spjksfdo` ijr iblfoftbtfkm th` lhbkm` fk bk `kt`rprfs` fk b ljktrjoo`n bkn nòfd`rbt` cbkk`r tj fcprjv` p`rijrcbkl`. ^h` lhbkm` fs b r`suot ji fcpo`c`ktfkm b sjoutfjk tj bnnr`ss th` k``ns ji ji th` `kt`rprfs`.

@xbcpo` Ljktfkufkm th` pr`vfjus `xbcpo`, th` prje`lt/lhbkm` wjuon d` th` fcpo`c`ktbtfjk ji b ojbk prjl`ssfkm bkn bpprjvbo syst`c.

“ B sp`lfifl wby ji sbtfsiyfkm jk` jr cjr` k``ns fk b ljkt`xt. ^h` sp`lfifl wby fs \joutfjk “ lhjs`k dbs`n jk bkboysfs bkn iblt ifknfkm. Ft lbk bosj d` rì`rr`n tj bs b sp`lfifl wby ji nòfv`rfkm vbou` tj b stba`hjon`r.

• •

B k``n lbk d` bnnr`ss`n fk cuotfpo` wbys ijr bk `kt`rprfs` n`p`knfkm jk th` ljkt`xt B sjoutfjk fs b sp`lfifl sjoutfjk, sjoutfjk, whflh whflh fs lhjs`k lhjs`k bs th` sjoutfjk tj bnnr`ss bnnr`ss th` k``n k``n

@xbcpo` Cuotfpo` sjoutfjks br` bvbfobdo` bvbfobdo` ijr iuoifoofkm th` k``ns ji th` t h` lbr bm`kly5 • •

Lr`btfkm b lustjcfz`n sjoutfjk Psfkm bk `xfstfkm prjnult bkn m`t ft lustjcfz`n

Dusfk`ss bkboyst hbs tj n`t`rcfk` bkn ifkn & r`ljcc`kn th` cjst bpt sjoutfjk dbs`n jk t h` ljkt`xt.

“ B mrjup jr fknfvfnubo wfth b ròbtfjkshfp tj th` lhbkm` (jr ijr whjc th` lhbkm` \tba`hjon`r “ B fs rò`vbkt), th` k``n, jr th` sjoutfjk •

• •

B mrjup jr bk fknfvfnubo whj hbs bk fcpblt jk th` lhbkm` fkftfbtfv` jr lbk fkiou`kl` th` jutljc` ji thfs fkftfbtfv`. fkftfbtfv`. \tba`hjon`rs \tba`hjon`r s lbk d` fkt`rkbo jr `xt`rkbo Dusfk`ss Bkboysts Bkboysts p`rijrc p`rijrc stba`hjon`r stba`hjon`r bkboysfs bkboysfs tj fn`ktfiy th` stba`hjon`rs stba`hjon`rs ijr th` prje`lt (lhbkm`)

@xbcpo` Ljksfn`rfkm th` ojbk prjl`ssfkm syst`c ijr th` lbr bm`kly, whj br` th` stba`hjon`rs: Ijr whjc thfs sjoutfjk fs rò`vbkt jr whj br` mjfkm tj fkiou`kl` th` lhbkm`/prje`lt: \jc` stba`hjon`rs br`5 Wbm` 2< ji 2< ji 4<=


• • •

^h` sbo`s Cbkbm`r jr irjkt jiifl` jiifl` stbii stbii n`bofkm n`bofkm wfth lustjc`r lustjc`r ^h` ojbn bpprjvfkm jiifl`r Nfr`ltjr ji Lbr Lbr bm`kly bm`kly (bs spjksjr jr sfmk jii buthjrfty)

“ ^h` wjrth, fcpjrtbkl`, jr th` usìuok`ss ji sjc`thfkm tj b stba`hjon`r wfthfk b Ybou` “ ljkt`xt •

• • •

B vbou` fs th` r`bsjk, why `kt`rprfs` `kt`rpr fs` fkv`sts fk b sjoutfjk bs bk `x`rlfs` tj bnnr`ss th` k``n. Bk `kt`rprfs` lbk tbrm`t tbkmfdo` jr fktbkmfdo` fktbkmfdo` vbou`. Fklr`bsfkm th` r`v`ku` dy 27% `v`ry y`br fs bk `xbcpo` ji tbkmfdo` vbou` Fcprjvfkm th` lustjc`r `xp`rf`kl` (dy `khbklfkm th` us`r fkt`ribl`) fs bk `xbcpo` ji fktbkmfdo` vbou`

@xbcpo` ^h` vbou` ijr th` stba`hjon`rs fs th` bdfofty tj lojs` th` sbo` n`bo ibst`r & hbvfkm b hbppf`r lustjc`r.

“ ^h` lfrlucstbkl`s thbt fkiou`kl`, br` fkiou`kl`n dy, bkn prjvfn` ukn`rstbknfkm ji Ljkt`xt “ ^h` th` lhbkm`. • •

B ljkt`xt ljkt`xt nìfk`s `v`rythfkm thbt fs rò`vbkt tj b lhbkm` dut kjt th` lhbkm` lhbkm` ftsòi. ftsòi. B ljkt`xt ljcprfs`s ljcprfs`s ji ji `kt`rprfs` dblamrjukn, dblamrjukn, n`cjmrbphfls, n`cjmrbphfls, luotur`, luotur`, prjnults, prje`lts `tl.

Ljkt`xt bkn lhbkm` fkftfbtfv` tjm`th`r pr`s`kts b ukfqu` sftubtfjk tj b dusfk`ss bkboyst.

@xbcpo` ^h` ojbk prjl`ssfkm syst`c wfoo d` nfii`r`kt fi th` lbr bm`kly fs kjt b sfkmo` ojlbtfjk bm`kly dut hbvfkm pr`s`kl` fk cuotfpo` lftf`s. ^h` sftubtfjk fk thfs lbs` n`cbkns bk fkt`rk`t `kbdo`n sjoutfjk. Ft bosj n`cbkns bpprjvbo bkn r`pjrtfkm iblfoftf`s dbs`n jk ojlbtfjks. ^hbt‖s th` fcpblt ji b ljkt`xt fk b sjoutfjk.

Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs5 ^h` DBDJA® Mufn` n`slrfd`s bkn nìfk`s dusfk`ss bkboysfs bs th`

prbltfl` ji `kbdofkm lhbkm` fk bk `kt`rprfs` dy nìfkfkm k``ns bkn r`ljcc`knfkm sjoutfjks thbt nòfv`r vbou` tj stba`hjon` st ba`hjon`rs. rs.

Wbm` 2> ji 2> ji 4<=

DBDJA <.7 T`vfsfjk Mufn` (]` hbv` kjt lhbkm`n th` nìfkftfjk us`n dy DBDJA mufn`)

Wo`bs` kjt` th` us` ji ljr` ljkl`pts fk th` nìfkftfjk. ]` hbv` nfsluss`n th`s` fk th` pr`vfjus s`ltfjk. ‘fkijrcbtfjk‖ fs sfmkfiflbkt bs jppjs`n tj `brof`r Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Fkijrcbtfjk5 ^h` us` ji t`rc ‘fkijrcbtfjk‖ us` ji wjrn ‘r`qufr`c`kts‖. ‘r`qufr`c`kts‖. Ft wfn`ks th` sljp` ji dusfk`ss bkboysfs bkboysfs wjra. Dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk fs mbth`r`n bs b r`suot ji dusfk`ss bkboysfs bltfvftf`s bkn ft lbk d`5 T`qufr`c`kts @oflftbtfjk r`suots N`sfmks \joutfjk Jptfjks \joutfjk sljp` Lhbkm` \trbt`my

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Wbm` 20 ji 20 ji 4<=


T`qufr`c`kts bkn N`sfmk5 Ft‖s fcpjrtbkt tj ukn`rstbkn th` c`bkfkm ji th`s` twj t`rcs fk

DBDJA ljkt`xt. B r`qufr`c`kt fs b usbdo` r`pr`s`ktbtfjk r`pr`s`ktbtfjk ji b k``n. k``n. B n`sfmk fs b usbdo` usbdo` r`pr`s`ktbtfjk r`pr`s`ktbtfjk ji b sjoutfjk. sjoutfjk. B n`sfmk fs us`n fk b nfii`r`kt ljkt`xt ljkt`xt fk thfs mufn`. mufn`. Fk sjitwbr` sjitwbr` pbrobkl`, pbrobkl`, n`sfmk fs rì`rr`n rì`rr`n tj bs th` sjoutfjk n`sfmk r`pr`s`ktfkm t`lhkflbo n`sfmk ofa` tbdo` strultur`s, ljn` ljcpjk`kts, ofdrbry n`sfmk, fkt`ribl` n`sfmk `tl. nfii`r`ktfbtfjk hbs d``k cbn` fk th` mufn` d`tw``k bk @kt`rprfs` bkn Jrmbkfzbtfjk5 B nfii`r`ktfbtfjk @kt`rprfs` bkn bk jrmbkfzbtfjk. jrmbkfzbtfjk. Bk `kt`rprfs` fs b syst`c ji jk` jr cjr` jrmbkfzbtfjks jrmbkfzbtfjks bkn th` sjoutfjks th`y us` tj pursu` b shbr`n s`t ji ljccjk mjbos. Bk butjkjcjus mrjup ji p`jpo` ukn`r th` cbkbm`c`kt ji b sfkmo` fknfvfnubo jr djbrn, thbt wjras tjwbrns ljccjk mjbos bkn jde`ltfv`s. Bs p`r DBDJA mufn`, bk jrmbkfzbtfjk jrmbkfzbtfjk rì`rs tj b ljcpbky whflh fs lr`bt`n tj ruk jk b ljktfkujus dbsfs. Bk `kt`rprfs` fs b cjr` h`t`rjm`k`jus mrjupfkm mrjupfkm ji jrmbkfzbtfjks, o`mbo `ktftf`s, `ktftf`s, mjv`rkc`kt djnf`s `tl. B lhbkm` cby spbk bk `kt`rprfs` mjfkm d`yjkn eust bk jrmbkfzbtfjk. Dut bk `kt`rprfs` fs b t`cpjrbry ph`kjc`kjk ljksfn`r`n ijr th` purpjs` ji b lhbkm` fkftfbtfv`, jkl` th` lhbkm` fs ljcpo`t`n, ft‖s nfsdbkn`n. @xbcpo` ji bk @kt`rprfs` bkn Lhbkm` Fk Fknfb, Mjjns bkn \`rvfl`s tbx hbs d``k fcpo`c`kt`n dy r`poblfkm th` jon cuotf-tbx syst`c. ^hfs lhbkm` fs kjt eust ijr th` tbx djny ji th` mjv`rkc`kt dut ijr boo th` pbrtk`rs bs wòo bs tbx pby`rs. ^h` mjv`rkc`kt fs kjt jkoy upmrbnfkm th` sjitwbr`, th`y hbv` bosj obuklh`n cbssfv` trbfkfkm bkn bwbr`k`ss lbcpbfmks. ^hfs lhbkm` spbks bk `kt`rprfs` ljcprfsfkm ji5 ^bx djnf`s ji mjv`rkc`kt Wbrtk`rs ^bx pby`rs Tfsa5 Tfsa fs b pjssfdfofty ji jllurr`kl` ji bk `v`kt, whflh fs ofaòy tj hbv` bk fcpblt jk th` lhbkm`, sjoutfjk jr th` `kt`rprfs`. Cbkbmfkm rfsas fkvjov`s fn`ktfiflbtfjk, bss`ssc`kt, prfjrftfzbtfjk jr rbkafkm dy dusfk`ss bkboysts bkn th` stba`hjon`rs. stba`hjon`rs. • • •

DBDJA mufn` hbs th` ijoojwfkm i joojwfkm lobssfiflbtfjk lobssfiflbtfjk ji r`qufr`c`kts5

Wbm` 29 ji 29 ji 4<=


Dusfk`ss T`qufr`c`kts5 ^h` r`qufr`c`kts stbtfkm th` prfcbry r`bsjk (s) ijr lhbkm`. ^hfs lbk

fkloun` “ fkloun` “ \tbt`c`kts \tbt`c`kts n`slrfdfkm th` mjbo, jde`ltfv`s bkn `xp`lt`n jutljc`s. @xbcpo` ]` wjuon ofa` tj butjcbt` jur blljukt jp`kfkm prjl`ss tj òfcfkbt` nupoflbt` nbtb `ktrf`s bkn r`nul` th` tfc` irbc` tj jp`k th` blljukt irjc < nbys tj b sfkmo` nby. ^hfs fs bk `xbcpo` ji dusfk`ss r`qufr`c`kt ijr b dbka. Ft fs b hfmh o`vò y`t jde`ltfv` stbt`c`kt ji purpjs`.

\tba`hjon`r T`qufr`c`kts5 \tba`hjon`rs r`qufr`c`kts br` sp`lfifl k``ns ji stba`hjon`rs.

^h`y cust d` bnnr`ss`n dy th` sjoutfjk fk jrn`r tj blhf`v` dusfk`ss r`qufr`c`kts. r`qufr`c`kts. @ss`ktfbooy DBDJA `stbdofsh`s thbt stba`hjon`rs ljoo`ltfvòy bkn `xhbustfvòy r`pr`s`kt th` dusfk`ss r`qufr`c`kts. r`qufr`c`kts.

@xbcpo` Ljktfkufkm th` blljukt jp`kfkm syst`c, b stba`hjon`r cby bsa ijr b sp`lfifl iukltfjk bs thbt ljkl`rks hfc/h`r. Ijr `xbcpo`, w` cust bsa ijr th` blljukt hjon`r‖s spjus` n`tbfos bs th` stba`hjon`r fs pbrt ji lustjc`r ròbtfjkshfp ròbtfjkshfp t`bc. Akjwfkm cjr` bdjut th` lustjc`r wfoo hòp fk cbafkm th` ljccukflbtfjks cjr` p`rsjkbofz`n.

Wbm` 2= ji 2= ji 4<=


\joutfjk T`qufr`c`kts5 n`slrfd` th` lbpbdfoftf`s bkn quboftf`s ji b sjoutfjk thbt c``ts th`

stba`hjon`r r`qufr`c r`qufr`c`kts. `kts. Ft fs suppjs`n tj d` n`tbfo`n bkn lbrry fkijrcbtfjk thbt wfoo hòp th` t`lhkjojmy t`bc fk fcpo`c`ktfkm ft. \joutfjk r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kts br` ji twj typ`s5 Iukltfjk bo T`qufr`c`kts5 T`qufr`c`kts5 n`slrfd` th` lbpbdfoftf`s thbt b sjoutfjk cust hbv` fk t`rcs ji th` d`hbvfjur d`hbvfjur bkn fkijrcbtfjk. Fk jth`r wjrns, thfs r`pr`s`kts th` wby b us`r fs mjfkm tj fkt`rblt wfth th` syst`c jr vf`w th` fkijrcbtfjk. @xbcpo` ^h` blljukt hjon`r‖s n`cjmrbphfl nbtb lbpturfkm fs b i`btur` thbt r`pr`s`kts iukltfjkbo r`qufr`c`kt.

Kjk-Iukltf Kjk-Iukltf jkbo T`qufr`c`kts5 Nj`s kjt n`slrfd` th` d`hbvfjur ji th` syst`c dut ljkl`rks th` ljknftfjks ukn`r whflh th` syst`c fs `xp`lt`n tj wjra ìi`ltfv`.

@xbcpo` Ljksfn`rfkm th` dbkafkm `kvfrjkc`kt, `kvfrjkc`kt, th` blljukt jp`kfkm syst`c shjuon d` b s`lur`n sft`. r`qufr`c`kts, whflh brfs` d`lbus` ji th` lhbkm` ^rbksftfjk T`qufr`c`kts5 Br` t`cpjrbry r`qufr`c`kts, d`ljcfkm fcpo`c`kt`n. Jkl` ljcpo`t`n, th`y br` kjt k``n`n bkn br` `xpfr`n. Boo jth`r typ`s ji r`qufr`c`kts br` cbkbm`n thrjumhjut th` lhbkm`/prje`lt. lhbkm`/prje`lt.

@xbcpo` Fk th` blljukt jp`kfkm syst`c, nbtb ijr th` `xfstfkm blljukt hjon`rs k``ns tj d` lbptur`n fktj th` k`w syst`c. ^hfs ^ hfs fs lboo`n nbtb cfmrbtfjk bkn fs bk `xbcpo` ji trbksftfjk r`qufr`c`kts. Jkl` th` cfmrbtfjk fs ifkfsh`n, ft‖s kj ojkm`r k``n`n.

Wbm` 28 ji 28 ji 4<=


Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Wobkkfkm bkn Cjkftjrfkm

Wbm` 26 ji 26 ji 4<=


Wbm` 47 ji 47 ji 4<=


AB25 Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Wobkkfkm Wobkkfkm bkn Cjkftjrfkm ^h` Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Wobkkfkm bkn Cjkftjrfkm akjwo`nm` br`b tbsas jrmbkfz` bkn ljjrnfkbt` th` ìijrts ji dusfk`ss bkboysts bkn stba`hjon`rs.

2.2 Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Wobkkfkm bkn Cjkftjrfkm ^bsas • • • • •

^bsa 25 Wobk Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Bpprjblh ^bsa 4 5 Wobk \tba`hjon`r @kmbm`c`kt ^bsa < 5 Wobk Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Mjv`rkbkl` Mjv`rkbkl` ^bsa > 5 Wobk Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Fkijrcbtfjk Cbkbm`c`kt Cbkbm`c`kt ^bsa 05 Fn`ktfiy Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs W`rijrcbkl` Fcprjv`c`kts

2.2.2 ^bsa 25 Wobk Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Bpprjblh 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

<

Fkputs

>

@o`c`kts

Nìfk` bk bpprjprfbt` c`thjn tj ljknult dusfk`ss bkboysfs bltfvftf`s Dusfk`ss bkboysfs bpprjblh`s n`slrfd` bk jv`rboo c`thjn thbt c`thjn thbt wfoo d` ijoojw`n wh`k p`rijrcfkm dusfk`ss bkboysfs bkboysfs w jra jk b j mfv`k fkftfbtfv` hjw bkn wh`k tbsas wfoo tbsas wfoo d` p`rijrc`n j nòfv`rbdo`s thbt wfoo d` prjnul`n j ➤ Dusfk`ss bkboyst cby bosj fn`ktfiy bk fkftfbo s`t ji t`lhkfqu`s tj t`lhkfqu`s tj us`. ➤ Dusfk`ss bkboysfs bpprjblh cby d` nìfk`n dy b c`thjnjojmy c`thjnjojmy jr dy jrmbkfzbtfjkbo stbknbrns whflh ljuon d` ijrcbofz`n fktj b r`p`btbdo` dusfk`ss bkboysfs prjl`ss whflh lbk d` o`v`rbm`n ijr `blh ìijrt. ➤ Dusfk`ss bkboysfs bpprjblh shjuon hfmhofmht bofmk tj jv`rboo mjbos ji th` lhbkm`, j ljjrnfkbt` ljjrnfkbt ` th` dusfk`ss bkboysfs tbsas wfth th` j bltfvftf`s bkn nòfv`rbdo`s ji th` t h` jv`rboo lhbkm`, fkloun` tbsas tj cbkbm` bky rfsas rfsas thbt ljuon j rìo`lt th` qubofty ji th` dusfk`ss bkboysfs nòfv`rbdo`s, o`v`rbm` upjk bpprjblh`s bkn sò`lt j t`lhkfqu`s t`lhkfqu`s bkn tjjos tjjos thbt hbv` hfstjrflbooy wjra`n wòo “ Dusfk`ss bkboysfs bpprjblh fs shbp`n dy th` ➤ K``ns “ prjdo`c jr jppjrtukfty jppjrtukft y ibl`n dy th` jrmbkfzbtfjk. ^hfs fs r`qufr`n bt th` tfc` ji th` pobkkfkm whflh `vjov`s thrjumhjut th` dusfk`ss bkboysfs bpprjblh. “ Wobkkfkm c`thjns ift d`tw``k ➤ Wobkkfkm Bpprjblh “ pr`nfltfv` bkn bnbptfv` bpprjblh`s. bpprjblh`s. Wobkkfkm fs bk `ss`ktfbo tbsa tj `ksur` vbou` fs nòfv`r`n tj bk ➤

Wbm` 42 ji 42 ji 4<=


➤

`kt`rprfs`. Ft hbpp`ks hbpp`ks cjr` thbk jkl` jkl` jk b mfv`k mfv`k fkftfbtfv` bs th` pobks br` upnbt`n tj bnnr`ss lhbkmfkm dusfk`ss ljknftfjks. Wr`nfltfv` Wr`nfltfv` Bpprjblh “ “ Ijlus jk cfkfcfzfkm j upirjkt ukl`rtbfkty bkn `ksurfkm thbt th` sjoutfjk fs nìfk`n dìjr` fcpo`c`ktbtfjk d`mfks fk jrn`r tj cbxfcfz` ljktrjo bkn cfkfcfz` rfsa. D`st bppof`n ijr th` prje`lts wh`r` r`qufr`c`kts lbk ìi`ltfvòy d` nìfk`n bh`bn ji fcpo`c`ktbtfjk, th` rfsa ji fkljrr`lt fcpo`c`ktbtfjk fs ukbll`ptbdoy hfmh, jr wh`k `kmbmfkm stba`hjon`rs pr`s`kts sfmkfiflbkt lhboo`km`s. Y`ry mjjn bpprjblh ijr trbnftfjkbo wbt`riboo c`thjnjojmy. Bnbpt Bn bpt fv ` Bpprjblh “ “ Ijlus jk rbpfn nòfv`ry ji j dusfk`ss vbou` fk shjrt ft`rbtfjks fk r`turk ijr bll`ptbkl` ji b hfmh`r n`mr`` ji ukl`rtbfkty r`mbrnfkm th` jv`rboo jv`rboo nòfv`ry nòfv`ry ji th` sjoutfjk. Ft fs d`st bppof`n wh`k tbafkm bk `xpojrbtjry bpprjblh tj ifkn d`st sjoutfjk jr ijr fklr`c`ktbo fcprjv`c`kt ji bk `xfstfkm sjoutfjk. Y`ry mjjn bpprjblh ijr bmfo` c`thjnjojmy. bmfo` c`thjnjojmy. Ijrcbofty bkn O`vò ji N`tbfo ji Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs nòfv`rbdo`s “ “ Dusfk`ss bkboyst k``n tj ljksfn`r th` o`vò ji ijrcbofty thbt fs bpprjprfbt` ijr th` bpprjblh Wr`nfltfv` Wr`nfltfv` bpprjblh “ “ Lboos ijr b sfmkfiflbkt j bcjukt ji ijrcbofty bkn n`tbfos. Fkijrcbtfjk Fkijrcbt fjk fs lbptur`n bt vbrfjus o`vò ji ▥ n`tbfo bkn ijoojwfkm stbknbrnfz`n t`cpobt`s sulh bs Dusfk`ss T`qufr`c`kt Njluc`kt (DTNs) bkn Iukltfjkbo T`qufr`c`kt Njluc`kt (ITNs). (ITNs) . Bltfvftf`s r`qufr`n tj ljcpo`t` ▥ nòfv`rbdo`s br` fn`ktfif`n ifrst bkn th`k nfvfn`n fktj tbsas. tbsas. ^hfs fs fkftfbt`n bkn cjstoy njk` fk Bkboy Bk boy sf s bkn N`sfmk phbs` ji trbnftfjkbo \NOL ^bsas br` p`rijrc`n fk sp`lfifl phbs`s. ▥ Bnbpt Bn bpt fv ` bpprjblh “ “ Cbknbtjry r`qufr`c`kts j njluc`ktbtfjk fs jit`k ofcft`n tj b prfjrftfz`n r`qufr`c`kts ofst. Ibvjur nìfkfkm r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks ▥ thrjumh t`bc fkt`rbltfjk fkt`rbltfjk bkn thrjumh mbth`rfkm i``ndbla jk i``ndbla jk b wjrafkm sjoutfjk fk bk fkijrcbo ijrcbt. ^hfs i``ndbla fs

Wbm` 44 ji 44 ji 4<=


➤

➤

fkljrpjrbt`n fktj Wrjnult Dblaojm Dblaojm ijr fkftfbtfv`. Bltfvftf`s br` nfvfn`n fktj ft`rbtfjks wfth ▥ nòfv`rbdo`s ifrst bkn th`k th` bssjlfbt`n tbsas br` fn`ktfif`n. fn`ktfif`n. ^hfs fs ljknult`n nurfkm Dblaojm Tìfk`c`kt Tìfk`c`kt s`ssfj ks bs ks bs wòo bs \prfkt pobkkfkm pobkkfkm s`ssfjks bs pbrt ji vbrfjus irbc`wjras sulh bs \lruc wfthfk Bmfo` c`thjnjojmy c`thjnjojmy ^bsas br` p`rijrc`n ft`rbtfvòy. ▥ Jth`r ljksfn`rbtfjks ljksfn`rbtfjks thbt cby bii`lt th` bpprjblh j fkloun`5 v`ry ljcpo`x bkn rfsay lhbkm`s ▥ th` jrmbkfzbtfjk jp`rbt`s fk h`bvfoy ▥ r`muobt`n fknustrf`s ▥ ljktrblts jr bmr``c`kts k`l`ssftbt` ijrcbofty stba`hjon`rs stba`hjon`r s br` m`jmrbphflbooy ▥ nfstrfdut`n r`sjurl`s br` jutsjurl`n ▥ stbii turkjv`r fs hfmh bkn / jr jr t`bc ▥ c`cd`rs cby d` fk`xp`rf`kl`n r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kts cust d` ijrcbooy sfmk`n jii ▥ dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk fkijrcbt fjk cust d` ▥ cbfktbfk`n ojkm t`rc jr hbkn`n jv`r ijr us` jk iutur` fkftfbtfv`s Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Bltfvftf`s “ “ Fkljrpjrbtfkm dusfk`ss bkboysfs bltfvftf`s wfthfk dusfk`ss bkboysfs bpprjblh fkloun`s5 fn`ktfiyfkm bltfvftf`s bltfvftf`s r`qufr`n tj ljcpo`t` `blh j nòfv`rbdo` nòfv`rbdo` bkn th`k t h`k dr`bafkm th`c fktj tbsas nfvfnfkm th` wjra fktj wjra fktj ft`rbtfjks j Fn`ktfiyfkm th` nòfv`rbdo`s ijr `blh ft`rbtfjk bkn j th`k fn`ktfiyfkm bssjlfbt`n bltfvftf`s bkn tbsas jr usfkm b pr`vfjus sfcfobr fkftfbtfv` bs bk jutofk` bkn bppoy n`tbfo`n tbsas bkn bltfvftf`s ukfqu` tj th` lurr`kt fkftfbtfv`. ^fcfkm ji Dusfk`ss Bk Dusfk`ss Bkboy boysf sf s ]jra ]j ra “ “ Wobkkfkm Wobkkfkm fkloun`s n`t`rcfkfkm wh`th`r th` dusfk`ss bkboysfs tbsas wfoo d` p`rijrc`n prfcbrfoy fk sp`lfifl phbs`s jr ft`rbtfvòy. ^fcfkm ji dusfk`ss bkboysfs bltfvftf`s lbk bosj d` bii`lt`n dy5 bvbfobdfofty bvbfobdfofty ji th` r`sjurl`s j prfjrfty / urm`kly ji th` fkftfbtfv` j jth`r ljklurr`kt fkftfbtfv` j ljkstrbfkts sulh bs ljktrblt t`rcs jr jr r`muobtjry r`muobtjry j n`bnofk`s

Wbm` 4< ji 4< ji 4<=


Ljcpo`xfty bkn Tfsa “ Ljcpo`xfty, “ Ljcpo`xfty, sfz` ji lhbkm` bkn jv`rboo rfsa ji th` ìijrt fs tj d` ljksfn`r`n whfo` n`t`rcfkfkm bpprjblh. Ibltjrs bii`ltfkm ljcpo`xfty ljcpo`xfty br` “ “ sfz` ji th` j lhbkm`, kucd`r ji dusfk`ss br`bs jr syst`cs bii`lt`n, m`jmrbphfl bkn luoturbo ljksfn`rbtfjks, t`lhkjojmflbo ljcpo`xftf`s ljcpo`xftf`s bkn bky jth`r rfsas Ibltjrs fcpbltfkm rfsa o`vò rfsa o`vò br` “ br` “ `xp`rf`kl` `xp`rf`kl` o`vò j ji dusfk`ss bkboyst, `xt`kt ji njcbfk akjwo`nm` hòn dy th` dusfk`ss bkboyst, o`vò ji `xp`rf`kl` stba`hjon`rs hbv` fk ljccukflbtfkm th`fr k``ns, stba`hjon`r bttftun` bdjut th` lhbkm`, bcjukt ji tfc` boojlbt`n dy stba`hjon`r tj bltfvftf`s bkn bky pr`-sò`lt`n irbc`wjra, tjjo jr t`lhkfqu` fcpjs`n dy jrmbkfzbtfjkbo pjoflf`s bkn luoturbo kjrcs ji jrmbkfzbtfjk. jrmbkfzbtfjk. Ljcpo`xfty bkn rfsa lbk d` d`tt`r hbkno`n fk j bnbptfv` bpprjblh bs ljcpbr`n tj pr`nfltfv` bpprjblh. “ Dusfk`ss bkboysfs bpprjblh fs r`vf`w`n ➤ Bl l`p tbk l` “ bkn bmr``n upjk dy a`y stba`hjon`rs. Dusfk`ss bkboysfs bkboysfs prjl`ss cust d` tbfojr`n tj b strultur` wh`r` a`y stba`hjon`rs `ksur`s thbt boo dusfk`ss bkboysfs bltfvftf`s br` fn`ktfif`n, r`bofstfl vf`w ji `stfcbt`s fs lr`bt`n bkn prjpjs`n rjo`s/r`spjksfdfo rjo`s/r`spjksfdfoftf`s ftf`s br` ljrr`lt. \tba`hjon`rs \tba`hjon`rs bosj poby b vftbo rjo` fk r`vf`wfkm bkn r`vf`wfkm bkn bll`ptfkm lhbkm`s bll`ptfkm lhbkm`s tj th` bpprjblh. “ Wrjvfn`s ➤ Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs W`rijrcbkl` Bss`ssc`kt “ r`suots ji pr`vfjus bss`ssc`kts thbt shjuon d` r`vf`w`n bkn fkljrpjrbt`n “ Nìfk` th` ofcfts wfthfk whflh ➤ Dusfk`ss Wjoflf`s “ n`lfsfjks cust d` cbn`. “ @xp`rtfs` cby d` prjvfn`n irjc b ➤ @xp`rt Eunm`c`kt “ @xp`rtfs` wfn` rbkm` ji sjurl`s fklounfkm fklounfkm stba`hjon`rs jk fkftfbtfv`, fkftfbtfv`, jrmbkfzbtfjkbo l`ktr`s ji `xlòo`kl`, ljksuotbkts, bssjlfbtfjks jr fknustry mrjups bkn prfjr `xp`rf`kl`s ji dusfk`ss bkboyst bkn jth`r stba`hjon`rs. “ C`thjns, t`lhkfqu`s, ➤ C`thjnjojmf`s bkn Irbc`wjra “ prjl`nur`s, wjrafkm ljkl`pts bkn ruo`s shbp` up th` bpprjblh “ Pkn`rstbknfkm ➤ \tba`hjon`r @kmbm`c`kt Bpprjblh “ stba`hjon`rs ljkl`rks bkn fkt`r`st cby fkiou`kl` n`lfsfjks wfthfk dusfk`ss bkboysfs bpprjblh “ Fn`ktfiy pjssfdo` dusfk`ss bkboysfs ➤ Drbfkstjrcfkm “ bltfvftf`s, t`lhkfqu`s, rfsas bkn jth`r rò`vbkt ft`cs tj dufon bpprjblh ➤

0

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

9

^`lhkfqu`s

Wbm` 4> ji 4> ji 4<=


Dusfk `ss Lbs`s Lbs`s “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj ukn`rstbkn tfc`-s`ksftfvfty tfc`-s`ksftfvfty ji th` prjdo`c jr jppjrtukfty jr tj ifkn jut pbrtfluobr ukl`rtbfkty brjukn ò`c`kts ji pjssfdo` k``n jr sjoutfjk “ T`vf`w `xfstfkm jrmbkfzbtfjkbo ➤ Njluc`kt Bkboysfs “ bss`ts thbt cfmht bssfst fk pobkkfkm th` bpprjblh “ N`t`rcfk` th` tfc` ljcpjk`kt tj p`rijrc ➤ @stfcbtfjk “ N`t`rcfk` dusfk`ss bkboysfs bltfvftf`s “ Ps`n tj bss`ss hjw nfii`r`kt ➤ Ifkbklfbo Bkboysfs “ bpprjblh`s bii`lt th` vbou` nòfv`r`n “ Ps`n tj dr`ba njwk ➤ Iukltfjkbo N`ljcpjsftfjk “ ljcpo`x dusfk`ss bkboysfs prjl`ss`s fktj cjr` i`bsfdo` ljcpjk`kts Fkt`rvf`ws “ Ps`n Ps`n tj hòp dufon th` pobk wfth bk fknfvfnubo ➤ Fkt`rvf`ws “ ^rblafk m “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj trbla bky fssu`s rbfs`n nurfkm ➤ Ft`c ^rblafk pobkkfkm bltfvftf`s wfth stba`hjon`rs ➤ O`ssjks O`brk`n “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy bk `kt`rprfs`‖s pr`vfjus `xp`rf`kl` wfth pobkkfkm dusfk`ss bkboysfs bpprjblh “ Ps`n tj nìfk` bkn njluc`kt ➤ Wrjl`ss Cjnòofkm “ dusfk`ss bkboysfs bpprjblh “ Ps`n tj vbofnbt` sò`lt`n bpprjblh wfth ➤ T`vf`ws “ stba`hjon`rs “ Ps`n tj bss`ss rfsas ➤ Tfsa Bkboysfs bkn Cbkbm`c`kt “ Ps`n fk jrn`r tj sò`lt prjp`r dusfk`ss bkboysfs bpprjblh “ Ps`n tj n`t`rcfk` djuknbrf`s ji ➤ \ljp` Cjnòofkm “ sjoutfjk bs bk fkput tj pobkkfkm bkn tj `stfcbtfkm “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy pjssfdo` ➤ \urv`y jr Ru`stfjkkbfr` “ dusfk`ss bkboysfs bltfvftf`s, t`lhkfqu`s, rfsas bkn jth`r rò`vbkt ft`cs tj dufon th` bpprjblh “ Ps`n tj hòp dufon th` pobk fk b t`bc ➤ ]jrashjps “ strultur` ➤ Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt “ N`t`rcfk`s thbt th` bpprjblh fs ➤ Wrje`lt Cbkbm`r “ r`bofstfl ijr th` t h` jv`rboo slh`nuo` bkn tfcòfk`s. ➤ T`muobtjr “ Wrjvfn`s k``ns k``ns bkn jde`ltfv`s jde`ltfv`s ijr th` ➤ \pjksjr “ bpprjblh bkn cba`s sur` thbt jrmbkfzbtfjkbo jde`ltfv`s br` ijoojw`n. “ Fn`ktfif`s th` bpprjblh ➤ Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Bpprjblh “ Fn`ktfif`s bkn bltfvftf`s thbt wfoo d` p`rijrc`n fklounfkm fklounfkm whj wfoo p`rijrc th` bltfvftf`s bltfvftf`s j tfcfkm bkn s`qu`klfkm s`qu`klfkm ji th` wjra j nòfv`rbdo`s thbt wfoo d` prjnul`n j dusfk`ss bkboysfs t`lhkfqu`s t`lhkfqu `s thbt cby d` utfofz`n j ➤

=

\tba`hjon`rs

8

Jutput

2.2.4 ^bsa 45 Wobk \tba`hjon`r @kmbm`c`kt

Wbm` 40 ji 40 ji 4<=


2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

Wobk bk bpprjblh ijr `stbdofshfkm `stbdofshfkm bkn cbfktbfkfkm cbfktbfkfkm ìi`ltfv` wjrafkm ròbtfjkshfps wfth th` stba`hjon`rs. ➤

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Fkputs

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@o`c`kts

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Wobkkfkm stba`hjon`r `kmbm`c`kt `kmbm`c`kt fkvjov`s fkvjov`s ljknultfkm ljknultfkm b thjrjumh stba`hjon`r bkboysfs tj fn`ktfiy boo th` fkvjov`n stba`hjon`rs whflh hòp tj pobk ijr stba`hjon`r rfsas. Bs kucd`r ji stba`hjon`r‖s stba`hjon`r‖s fklr`bs`s, n`mr`` ji ljcpo`xfty bosj fklr`bs`s. ^h`rìjr` k`w t`lhkfqu`s t`lhkfqu`s k``n tj d` us`n tj cbkbm` stba`hjon`r `kmbm`c`kt. K``ns “ “ Pkn`rstbknfkm th` dusfk`ss k``n hòps fk fn`ktfiflbtfjk ji stba`hjon`rs. stba`hjon`rs. Ft cby `vjov` bs stba`hjon`r bkboysfs fs p`rijrc`n. Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Bpprjblh “ “ Fkljrpjrbtfkm jv`rboo dusfk`ss bkboysfs bpprjblh fktj stba`hjon`r bkboysfs, ljoobdjrbtfjk bkn ljccukflbtfjk bpprjblh`s fs r`qufr`n tj `ksur` ljksfst`kly. W`rijrc \tba`hjon`r Bkboysfs “ “ \tba`hjon`r bkboysfs fkvjov`s fn`ktfiyfkm th` stba`hjon`rs whj wfoo d` nfr`ltoy jr fknfr`ltoy fcpblt`n dy th` lhbkm` bkn th`fr lhbrblt`rfstfls bs wòo bs bkboysfkm th` fkijrcbtfjk jkl` ljoo`lt`n. Ft fs b r`p`tftfv` r`p`tftfv` bltfjk bs dusfk`ss bkboysfs bltfvftf`s ljktfku`. Dusfk`ss Bkboyst cby cfss cfss ukljv`rfkm ukljv`rfkm lrftflbo lrftflbo j k``ns fi stba`hjon`rs br` kjt fn`ktfif`n. \tba`hjon`rs k``ns ukljv`r`n obt` wfoo jit`k r`qufr` b r`vfsfjk tj th` tbsas whflh br` fk prjmr`ss jr hbv` d``k ljcpo`t`n whflh fk turk lbk fklr `bs` `bs` ljsts bkn ljsts bkn n`lr`bs`n stba`hjon`r sbtfsibltfjk. sbtfsibltfjk. B ljcpbky‖s ljcpbky‖s jrmbkfzbtfjkbo lhbrt bkn dusfk`ss j prjl`ss`s, spjksjrs bs wòo bs bky `xfstfkm ljktblts jutsfn` jrmbkfzbtfjk lbk s`rv` bs bk fkftfbo sjurl` ijr sjurl` ijr fn`ktfiyfkm fkt`rkbo bkn `xt`rkbo stba`hjon`rs. Fk bnnftfjk, bky r`muobtjry jr mjv`rkfkm djnf`s, shbr`hjon`rs, lustjc`rs bkn suppof`rs lbk bosj fkiou`kl` th` wjra bkn bssfst fk s`brlhfkm ijr `xt`rkbo stba`hjon`rs. stba`hjon`rs. Tjo`s “ “ ^hfs fs fn`ktfif`n dy dusfk`ss bkboyst tj j ukn`rstbkn wh`r` bkn hjw th` stba`hjon`rs wfoo ljktrfdut` tj th` fkftfbtfv`. fkftfbtfv`. Ijr `.m. `.m. dusfk`ss dusfk`ss jwk`rs bkn prjnult jwk`rs. Bttf Bt tf tu n`s “ “ \tba`hjon`rs wfth pjsftfv` bttftun`s j cby d` strjkm lhbcpfjks bkn mr`bt ljktrfdutjrs, dut ft cby r`qufr` ljoobdjrbtfjk bpprjblh`s thbt fklr`bs` th`fr ljjp`rbtfjk wh`k lhbkm` fs vf`w`n k`mbtfvòy. Dusfk`ss bkboyst bkboys` stba`hjon`r bttftun`s bdjut5

Wbm` 49 ji 49 ji 4<=


dusfk`ss mjbos, jde`ltfv`s ji fkftfbtfv` bkn bky prjpjs`n sjoutfjks dusfk`ss bkboysfs fk m`k`rbo ▥ th` o`vò ji fkt`r`st fk lhbkm` ▥ th` spjksjr, t`bc c`cd`rs bkn jth`r ▥ stba`hjon`rs bs wòo bs ljoobdjrbtfjk ljoobdjrbt fjk bkn b t`bc-dbs`n bpprjblh ▥ N`lfsfjk Cbafkm Buthjrfty “ “ Fn`ktfiy th` j buthjrfty o`vò b stba`hjon`r pjss`ss`s jv`r dusfk`ss bkboysfs bltfvftf`s, nòfv`rbdo`s bkn lhbkm`s tj dusfk`ss bkboysfs wjra. Ijr `xbcpo` fk bmfo` c`thjnjojmy, prjnult jwk`r mfvfkm buthjrfty tj prjxy prjnult jwk`r (dusfk`ss bkboyst) tj tba` t ba` n`lfsfjks. O`vò O`vò ji Wjw`r Wjw`r jr Fkiou`kl` “ Fkiou`kl` “ Pkn`rstbknfkm Pkn`rstbknfkm ji j fkiou`kl` bkn bttftun` `blh stba`hjon`r cby hbv` lbk hòp n`vòjp strbt`mf`s ijr jdtbfkfkm duy-fk bkn ljoobdjrbtfjk . Nìfk` Nìfk` \tba`hjon`r \tba`hjon`r Ljoobdjrbtfjk “ Ljoobdjrbtfjk “ Ljoobdjrbtfjk lbk d` b spjktbk`jus `v`kt dut cjst ji th` tfc`s, ft fs ljksfn`r`n ljksfn`r`n bkn pobkk`n , wfth sp`lfifl bltfvftf`s bkn jutljc`s n`t`rcfk`n bh`bn ji tfc` fk ijrc ji stba`hjon`r ljoobdjrbtfjk pobk . ^h` jde`ltfv` fs tj sò`lt th` bpprjblh`s thbt wjra d`st t j c``t th` k``ns ji `blh stba`hjon`r mrjup bkn `ksur` th`fr fkt`r`st bkn fkvjov`c`kt fs cbfktbfk`n . \jc` ljksfn`rbtfjks ljksfn`rbt fjks whfo` pobkkfkm ljoobdjrbtfjk fkloun`5 tfcfkm bkn ir`qu`kly ji ljoobdjrbtfjk ljoobdjrbtfjk j ojlbtfjk j bvbfobdo` tjjos sulh bs wfafs j nòfv`ry c`thjn sulh bs fk-p`rsjk jr vfrtubo j prì`r`kl`s ji th` stba`hjon`rs j \tba`hjon`r \tba`hjon`r Ljccukflbtfjk K``ns K``ns “ “ Njluc`kt`n fk ijrc ji stba`hjon`r ljccukflbtfjk pobk. @vboubtfjk ji ljccukflbtfjk k``ns dy dusfk`ss bkboyst fkloun`s5 whbt k``ns whbt k``ns tj d` ljccukflbt`n j whbt fs th` bpprjprfbt` nòfv`ry c`thjn (wrftt`k c`thjn (wrftt`k j jr v`rdbo) whj th` bpprjprfbt` bunf`kl` fs bunf`kl` fs j wh`k ljccukflbtfjk wh`k ljccukflbtfjk shjuon jllur j ir`qu`kly ji ir`qu`kly ji ljccukflbtfjk ljccukflbtfjk j m`jmrbphfl ojlbtfjk ji stba`hjon`rs whj wfoo j r`l`fv` ljccukflbtfjks o`vò ji n `tbfo `tbfo bpprjprfbt` bpprjprfbt` ijr th` ljccukflbtfjk j bkn stba`hjon`r bkn o`vò ji ijrcbofty ji ijrcbofty ji ljccukflbtfjks ljccukflbtfjks j ▥

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Wbm` 4= ji 4= ji 4<=


0

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

9

^`lhkfqu`s

=

\tba`hjon`rs

Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs W`rijrcbkl` Bss`ssc`kt “ “ Wrjvfn`s r`suots ji pr`vfjus bss`ssc`kts thbt shjuon d` r`vf`w`n bkn fkljrpjrbt`n “ Hòps fk bss`ssc`kt ji stba`hjon`r ➤ Lhbkm` \trbt`my “ fcpblt bkn n`vòjpc`kt ji cjr` ìi`ltfv` stba`hjon`r `kmbm`c`kt strbt`mf`s. N`slrfptfjk “ Wrjvfn`s Wrjvfn`s th` ljkt`xt fk whflh ➤ Lurr`kt \tbt` N`slrfptfjk “ th` wjra k``ns tj t j d` ljcpo`t`n. “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy stba`hjon`r ofst bkn ➤ Drbfkstjrcfkm “ th`fr rjo`s bkn r`spjksfdfoftf`s r`spjksfdfoftf`s Tuo`s Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy ➤ Dusfk`ss stba`hjon`rs whj w`r` th` sjurl` ji sjurl` ji dusfk`ss ruo`s “ Ps`n tj r`vf`w `xfstfkm ➤ Njluc`kt Bkboysfs “ jrmbkfzbtfjkbo bss`ts ijr ìi`ltfv` stba`hjon`r `kmbm`c`kt “ Fkt`rblt wfth sp`lfifl stba`hjon`rs tj mbfk ➤ Fkt`rvf`ws “ cjr` fkijrcbtfjk jr akjwo`nm` ➤ O`ssjks O`brk`n “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy bk `kt`rprfs`‖s pr`vfjus sull`ss`s bkn lhboo`km`s whfo` pobkkfkm stba`hjon`r `kmbm`c`kt Cbppfkm “ Fn`ktfiy Fn`ktfiy pjt`ktfbo stba`hjon`rs bkn hòp ➤ Cfkn Cbppfkm “ ukn`rstbkn ròbtfjkshfps d`tw``k th`c “ Ps`n tj n`t`rcfk` fi th` ➤ Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Cjnòofkm “ jrmbkfzbtfjkbo ukfts jr p`jpo` ofst`n hbv` bky ukfqu` k``ns bkn fkt`r`sts thbt shjuon d` ljksfn`r`n. Cjnòofkm “ Ps`n Ps`n tj lbt`mjrfz` stba`hjon`rs dy ➤ Wrjl`ss Cjnòofkm “ th` syst`cs thbt suppjrt th`fr dusfk`ss prjl`ss`s Cbkbm`c`kt “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy th` ➤ Tfsa Bkboysfs bkn Cbkbm`c`kt rfsas tj th` fkftfbtfv` r`suotfkm irjc stba`hjon`r stba`hjon`r bttftun`s. “ Ps`n tj n`vòjp sljp` cjnòs tj ➤ \ljp` Cjnòofkm “ shjw stba`hjon`rs thbt iboo jutsfn` th` sljp` ji sjoutfjk dut stfoo fkt`rblt wfth ft “ Ps`n tj n`pflt ➤ \tba`hjon`rs Ofst, Cbp jr W`rsjkbs “ Ps`n th` ròbtfjkshfp ji stba`hjon`rs tj th` sjoutfjk bkn tj jk` bkjth`r “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy shbr`n ➤ \urv`y jr Ru`stfjkkbfr` “ lhbrblt`rfstfls ji stba`hjon`r mrjup - Ps`n tj fkt`rblt wfth mrjups ji ➤ ]jrashjps stba`hjon`rs tj mbfk cjr` fkijrcbtfjk Lustjc`rs “ sjurl` sjurl` ji `xt`rkbo stba`hjon`rs ➤ Lustjc`rs “ ➤ Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt Ps`r “ sjurl` sjurl` ji fkt`rkbo stba`hjon`rs ➤ @kn Ps`r “ ➤ Wrje`lt Cbkbm`r “ cby r`qufr` l`rtbfk stba`hjon`rs tj ➤ T`muobtjr “ pbrtflfpbt` ➤ \pjksjr - cby r`qu`st tj fkvjov` sp`lfifl stba`hjon`rs \uppof`r “ sjurl` sjurl` ji `xt`rkbo stba`hjon`rs. stba`hjon`rs. ➤ \uppof`r “ ➤

Wbm` 48 ji 48 ji 4<=


8

Jutput

➤

\tba`hjon`r \tba`hjon`r @kmbm`c` @kmbm`c`kt kt Bpprjblh “ Bpprjblh “ Ljktbfks Ljktbfks b ofst ji stba`hjon`rs, th`fr lhbrblt`rfstfls whflh w`r` bkboys`n bkn b ofstfkm ji rjo`s bkn r`spjksfdfof r`spjksfdfoftf`s tf`s ijr th` lhbkm`.

2.2.< ^bsa <5 Wobk Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Mjv`rkbkl` 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

Nìfk` hjw n`lfsfjks br` cbn` bdjut r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks, fklounfkm r`vf`ws, lhbkm` ljktrjo, bpprjvbos bkn prfjrftfzbtfjk. ➤

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Fkputs

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@o`c`kts

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Dusfk`ss bkboysts `ksur` thbt b mjv`rkbkl` prjl`ss fs fk pobl` thbt fn`ktfif`s n`lfsfjk cba`rs, prjl`ss fkijrcbtfjk bkn mfv` b vf`w jk bpprjblh ijr bpprjvbos bkn prfjrftfzbtfjk n`lfsfjks. n`lfsfjks. Dusfk`ss bkboysts fn`ktfiy ijoojwfkm thfkms wh`k pobkkfkm th` mjv`rkbkl` bpprjblh5 hjw hj w dusfk`ss bkboysfs wjra wfoo d` bpprjblh`n j bkn prfjrftfz`n whbt whbt th` prjl`ss ijr prjpjsfkm b lhbkm` tj j dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk fs wh j hbs th` buthjrfty buthjrfty bkn r`spjksfdfofty tj j prjpjs` lhbkm`s prjpjs` lhbkm`s bkn whj shjuon d` fkvjov`n fk th` lhbkm` nfslussfjks whj hbs th` r`spjksfdfofty r`spjksfdfofty ijr bkboysfkm bkboysfkm lhbkm` j r`qu`sts whj hbs th` buthjrfty tj bpprjv` lhbkm`s bpprjv` lhbkm`s j hjw lhbkm`s wfoo d` njluc`kt`n njluc`kt`n bkn j ljccukflbt`n Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Bpprjblh “ “ Fkljrpjrbtfkm jv`rboo dusfk`ss bkboysfs bpprjblh fktj mjv`rkbkl` bpprjblh fs r`qufr`n tj `ksur` ljksfst`kly \tba`hjon`r @kmbm`c`kt Bpprjblh “ “ Fn`ktfiyfkm stba`hjon`r bkn ukn`rstbknfkm th`fr ljccukflbtfjk bkn ljoobdjrbtfjk k``ns fs usìuo tj n`t`rcfk` th`fr pbrtflfpbtfjk fk mjv`rkbkl` bpprjblh N`lfsfj N`lfsfj k Cbafkm “ Cbafkm “ ^h` ^h` n`lfsfjk cbafkm prjl`ss nìfk`s whbt hbpp`ks wh`k t`bcs lbkkjt r`blh ljks`ksus dy fn`ktfiyfkm `slbobtfjk pbths bkn a`y stba`hjon`rs hjonfkm ifkbo n`lfsfjk cbafkm cbafkm buthjrfty. buthjrfty. B stba`hjon`r stba`hjon`r cby s`rv` fk vbrfjus rjo`s fk n`lfsfjk cbafkm prjl`ss sulh bs pbrtflfpbkt fk n`lfsfjk cbafkm nfslussfjks jr sude`lt cbtt`r `xp`rt `xp`rt o`knfkm `xp`rf`kl` bkn akjwo`nm` jr b r`vf`w`r ji ji fkijrcbtfjk jr bk bpprjv`r ji ji n`lfsfjks. n`lfsfjks. ^h` r`vf`w`r ji fkijrcbtfjk bkn/jr bpprjv`r ji n`lfsfjks cfmht d` nfii`r`kt fk pr`nfltfv` bpprjblh (`.m. ]bt`riboo \NOL) bs ljcpbr`n tj bnbptfv` bpprjblh (`.m. jkoy jk` `ktfty - Wrjnult jwk`r fk Bmfo` c`thjnjojmy)

Wbm` 46 ji 46 ji 4<=

DBDJA <.7 T`vfsfjk Mufn` ➤

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Lhbkm` Ljktrjo Wrjl`ss “ “ ]h`k dusfk`ss bkboyst n`vòjp b lhbkm` ljktrjo prjl`ss, th`y5 N`t`rcfk` th` prjl`ss ijr prjl`ss ijr r`qu`stfkm lhbkm`s “ j nìfkfkm lhbkm` ljktrjo prjl`ss tj hbkno` lhbkm`s N`t`rcfk` th` ò`c`kts ji ò`c`kts ji lhbkm` r`qu`st j Ljst bkn tfc` `stfcbt`s ▥ ▥ D`kìfts ▥ Tfsas ▥ Wrfjrfty Ljurs` ji bltfjk ▥ N`t`rcfk` hjw lhbkm`s wfoo d` prfjrftfz`n “ j prfjrfty fs dbs`n jk ljcp`tfkm fkt`r`sts wfthfk fkftfbtfv` N`t`rcfk` N`t`rcf k` hjw lhbkm`s wfoo d` njluc`kt`n “ j ljkifmurbtfjk cbkbm`c`kt bkn trbl`bdfofty stbknbrns N`t`rcfk` N`t`rcf k` hjw lhbkm`s wfoo d` ljccukflbt`n “ j ljccukflbtfjk pobk ijr ljccukflbtfkm ljccukflbtfkm lhbkm`s N`t`rcfk` whj wfoo p`rijrc th` fcpblt th` fcpblt bkboysfs j “ “ fn`ktfiyfkm r`spjksfdo` pbrtf`s tj ljknult bkboysfs N`t`rcfk` whj wfoo buthjrfz` buthjrfz` lhbkm`s “ lhbkm`s “ fkloun` j b n`sfmkbtfjk ji bpprjv`rs wfth buthjrfty o`vò Wobk Wrfjrftfzbtfjk Bpprjblh “ “ ^fcòfk`s, `xp`lt`n vbou`, n`p`kn`klf`s, r`sjurl` ljkstrbfkts, bnjpt`n c`thjnjojmf`s bkn jth`r ibltjrs fkiou`kl` prfjrftfzbtfjk. Ijoojwfkm ibltjrs br` ljksfn`r`n fk prfjrftfzbtfjk prjl`ss5 ijrcbofty bkn ijrcbofty bkn rfmjur ji ji th` prfjrftfzbtfjk prjl`ss j pbrtflfpbkts whj wfoo d` fkvjov`n fk prfjrftfzbtfjk j prjl`ss ijr prjl`ss ijr n`lfnfkm hjw prfjrftfzbtfjk wfoo jllur j fklounfkm whflh t`lhkfqu`s wfoo d` us`n lrft`rfb tj lrft`rfb tj d` us`n ijr prfjrftfzbtfjk prfjrftfzbtfjk j Wobk Ijr Bpprjvbos “ “ Bk bpprjvbo ijrcbofz`s th` bmr``c`kt d`tw``k boo stba`hjon`rs thbt th` ljkt`kt bkn ljkt`kt bkn pr`s`ktbtfjk pr`s`ktbtfjk ji th` r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks br` bllurbt`, bllurbt`, bn`qubt` bn`qubt` bkn ljktbfk suiiflf`kt n`tbfo tj boojw ijr ljktfku`n prjmr`ss tj d` cbn`. ^fcfkm ^fcfkm bkn ir`qu`kly ir`qu`kly ji bpprjvbos br` j n`p`kn`kt jk th` sfz` bkn ljcpo`xfty ji th` lhbkm` bkn bssjlfbt`n rfsas ji ijr`mjfkm jr nòbyfkm bk bpprjvbo. Dusfk`ss bkboyst cust n`t`rcfk` th` typ` ji j r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmk tj d` bpprjv`n, tfcfkm ijr th` bpprjvbos, prjl`ss tj d` ijoojw`n tj mbfk bpprjvbo bkn w hj wfoo bpprjv` th` r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks.

Wbm` <7 ji <7 ji 4<=


Dusfk`ss bkboysts ljksfn`r th` jrmbkfzbtfjkbo luotur` bkn luotur` bkn typ` ji fkijrcbtfjk d`fkm fkijrcbtfjk d`fkm bpprjv`n. K`w syst`cs jr prjl`ss`s fk hfmhoy r`muobt`n fknustrf`s wfoo r`qufr` ir`qu`kt ir`qu`kt bkn rfmjrjus r`vf`w bkn bpprjvbo bpprjvbo ji v`ry n`tbfo`n sp`lfiflbtfjks. ^hfs fs ljknult`n dy lhbkm` ljktrjo djbrn fk trbnftfjkbo c`thjnjojmy wh`r`bs ft fs p`rijrc`n dy prjnult jwk`r fk bmfo`. \lh`nuo` ji `v`kts ijr bpprjvbos bkn th`fr j trblafkm c`lhbkfsc fs fkloun`n fk pobkkfkm ijr bpprjvbos. \tba`hjon`r bvbfobdfofty, bttftun` bkn j wfoofkmk`ss tj `kmbm` n`t`rcfk` `kmbm` n`t`rcfk` th` ìiflf`kly ji bpprjvbo prjl`ss. “ Wrjvfn`s ➤ Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs W`rijrcbkl` Bss`ssc`kt “ r`suots ji pr`vfjus bss`ssc`kts thbt shjuon d` r`vf`w`n bkn fkljrpjrbt`n “ Nìfk` th` ofcfts wfthfk whflh ➤ Dusfk`ss Wjoflf`s “ n`lfsfjks cust d` cbn`. “ Wrjvfn`s th` ljkt`xt wfthfk ➤ Lurr`kt \tbt` N`slrfptfjk “ whflh th` wjra k``ns tj d` ljcpo`t`n whflh lbk hòp nrfv` hjw tj cba` d`tt`r n`lfsfjks /T`muobtjry Fkijrcbtfjk Fkijrcbtfjk “ “ N`slrfd`s o`mfsobtfv` ➤ O`mbo /T`muobtjry ruo`s jr r`muobtfjks thbt cust d` ijoojw`n tj n`vòjp b irbc`wjra ijr sjukn n`lfsfjk cbafkm “ Ps`n tj m`k`rbt` bk fkftfbo ofst ji ➤ Drbfkstjrcfkm “ pjt`ktfbo stba`hjon`rs kbc`s whj cby k``n tj d` bpprjv`rs fk nìfk`n mjv`rkbkl` prjl`ss “ @vboubt` `xfstfkm mjv`rkbkl` ➤ Njluc`kt Bkboysfs “ prjl`ss`s jr t`cpobt`s “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy pjssfdo` n`lfsfjk cbafkm, ➤ Fkt`rvf`ws “ lhbkm` ljktrjo, bpprjvbo jr prfjrftfzbtfjk bpprjblh`s bkn pbrtflfpbkts wfth bk fknfvfnubo jr mrjup ^rblafkm “ “ Ps`n Ps`n tj trbla bky fssu`s thbt brfs` wh`k ➤ Ft`c ^rblafkm pobkkfkm b mjv`rkbkl` m jv`rkbkl` bpprjblh “ Ps`n tj ifkn fi pbst fkftfbtfv`s hbv` ➤ O`ssjks O`brk`n “ fn`ktfif`n vboubdo` `xp`rf`kl`s `xp`rf`kl`s wfth mjv`rkbkl` thbt lbk d` o`v`rbm`n jk lurr`kt jr iutur` fkftfbtfv`s “ Ps`n tj ukn`rstbkn rjo`s ➤ Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Cjnòofkm “ /r`spjksfdfoftf`s wfthfk th` jrmbkfzbtfjk fk bk ìijrt tj nìfk` b mjv`rkbkl` bpprjblh “ Ps`n tj njluc`kt th` prjl`ss jr ➤ Wrjl`ss Cjnòofkm “ Ps`n c`thjn ijr mjv`rkfkm dusfk`ss bkboysfs T`vf`ws “ Ps`n Ps`n tj r`vf`w th` prjpjs`n mjv`rkbkl` pobk ➤ T`vf`ws “ wfth a`y stba`hjon`rs stba`hjon`rs j

0

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

9

^`lhkfqu`s

Wbm` <2 ji <2 ji 4<=


\urv`y jr Ru`stfjkkbfr` “ “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy pjssfdo` n`lfsfjk cbafkm, lhbkm` ljktrjo, bpprjvbo jr prfjrftfzbtfjk bpprjblh`s ➤ ]jrashjps - Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy pjssfdo` n`lfsfjk cbafkm, lhbkm` ljktrjo, bpprjvbo jr prfjrftfzbtfjk bpprjblh`s @xp`rt “ Cby Cby d` pjssfdo` sjurl` ➤ Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt “ ji b r`qu`st`n lhbkm` jr cby d` fn`ktfif`n bs k``nfkm tj d` fkvjov`n fk lhbkmfkm n`lfsfjks ➤ Wrje`lt Cbkbm`r T`muobtjr “ Cby Cby fcpjs` ruo`s fcpjs` ruo`s jr r`muobtfjks thbt k``n tj ➤ T`muobtjr “ d` ljksfn`r`n fk n`t`rcfkfkm th` dusfk`ss bkboysfs mjv`rkbkl` pobk bkn lbk d` b pjssfdo` sjurl` ji b r`qu`st`n lhbkm` ➤ \pjksjr “ Wbrtflfpbt`s fk lhbkm` nfslussfjks bkn bpprjv`s prjpjs`n bpprjv`s prjpjs`n lhbkm`s. “ Fn`ktfif`s th` stba`hjon`rs ➤ Mjv`rkbkl` Bpprjblh “ whj wfoo hbv` th` r`spjksfdfofty bkn buthjrfty tj cba` n`lfsfjks, s`ttfkm prfjrftf`s bkn bpprjvfkm lhbkm`s tj dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk. Ft bosj obys njwk njwk th` prjl`ss tj cbkbm` r`qufr`c`kt bkn n`sfmk lhbkm`s blrjss th` fkftfbtfv`. ➤

=

\tba`hjon`rs

8

Jutput

2.2.> ^bsa >5 Wobk Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Fkijrcbtfjk Cbkbm`c`kt Cbkbm`c`kt 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

N`vòjp bk bpprjblh ijr hjw dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk fkijrcbt fjk wfoo d` stjr`n bkn bll`ss`n. ➤

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Dusfk`ss bkboysfs bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk fs ljcprfs`n ljcprfs`n ji ijrcbo r`qufr`c`kt njluc`kts, us`r stjrf`s bkn iukltfjkfkm prjtjtyp`s, sjoutfjk n`sfmks bs wòo bs sjoutfjk jptfjks. Fkijrcbtfjk Fkijrcbt fjk cbkbm`c`kt hòps `ksur` thbt dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk fs jrmbkfz`n fk b iukltfjkbo bkn usìuo cbkk`r, fs `bsfoy bll`ssfdo` tj bpprjprfbt` p`rsjkkò bkn fs stjr`n ijr th` k`l`ssbry o`kmth ji tfc`. tfc`. Fkijrcbtfjk cbkbm`c`kt cbkbm`c`kt `ktbfos fn`ktfiyfkm5 fn`ktfiyfkm5 hjw fkijrcbtfjk fkijrcbt fjk shjuon d` jrmbkfz`n j th` o`vò ji n`tbfo bt n`tbfo bt whflh fkijrcbtfjk shjuon d` j lbptur`n bky ròbtfjkshfps d`tw``k ròbtfjkshfps d`tw``k th` fkijrcbtfjk j hjw fkijrcbtfjk fkijrcbt fjk cby d` us`n blrjss cuotfpo` j fkftfbtfv`s hjw fkijrcbtfjk fkijrcbt fjk shjuon d` bll`ss`n bll`ss`n bkn s tjr`n j lhbrblt`rfstfls bdjut th` fkijrcbtfjk thbt cust j d` cbfktbfk`n

Wbm` <4 ji <4 ji 4<=


<

Fkputs

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@o`c`kts

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Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Bpprjblh “ “ Fkljrpjrbtfkm jv`rboo dusfk`ss bkboysfs bpprjblh fktj mjv`rkbkl` bpprjblh fs r`qufr`n tj `ksur` ljksfst`kly \tba`hjon`r @kmbm`c`kt Bpprjblh “ “ Fn`ktfiyfkm stba`hjon`r bkn ukn`rstbknfkm th`fr ljccukflbtfjk bkn ljoobdjrbtfjk k``ns fs usìuo tj n`t`rcfk` th`fr pbrtflfpbtfjk fk mjv`rkbkl` bpprjblh Mjv`rkbkl` Bpprjblh “ “ Nìfk`s hjw lhbkm`s br` cbkbm`n tj r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks, hjw n`lfsfjks bkn bpprjvbos ijr dusfk`ss bkboysfs nòfv`rbdo`s wfoo d` cbn` bkn hjw prfjrftf`s wfoo d` s`t Jrmbkfzbtfjk ji Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Fkijrcbtfjk “ Dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk cust d` jrmbkfz`n fk b cbkk`r thbt boojws ijr ìiflf`kt bll`ss bkn us`, us` , cust d` strultur`n tj d` `bsfoy ojlbt`n, ojlbt`n , cust kjt ljkioflt wfth jth`r fkijrcbtfjk bkn cust kjt d` nupoflbt`n. nupoflbt`n . O`vò ji Bdstrbltf jk “ jk “ O`vò O`vò ji bdstrbltfjk n`slrfd`s th` dr`bnth bkn n`pth ji th` fkijrcbtfjk d`fkm prjvfn`n. K``ns ji stba`hjon`rs, ljcpo`xfty ji whbt fs d`fkm `xpobfk`n bkn th` fcpjrtbkl` ji th` lhbkm` fs ljksfn`r`n fk n`t`rcfkfkm th` o`vò ji th` n`tbfo prjvfn`n tj `blh stba`hjon`r. Wobk ^rbl`bdfofty Bpprjblh “ “ ^rbl`bdfofty bpprjblh fs dbs`n jk5 th` ljcpo`xfty ji th ` njcbfk njcbfk j th` kucd`r ji vf`ws ji r`qufr`c`kts thbt wfoo j d` prjnul`n bky r`qufr`c`kt ròbt`n rfsas, jrmbkfzbtfjkbo j stbknbrns, bppoflbdo` r`muobtjry r`qufr `c`kts `c`kts bk ukn`rstbknfkm ji th` ljsts ljsts bkn d`kìfts j fkvjov`n wfth trblfkm Wobk ijr T`qufr`c`kts Tùs` “ “ Dusfk`ss bkboyst fn`ktfif`s hjw d`st tj strultur`, stjr` bkn bll`ss r`qufr`c`kts sj th`y br` usbdo` bkn bll`ssfdo` ijr iutur`. T`qufr`c`kts cust d` lo`broy kbc`n, nìfk`n bkn stjr`n fk b r`pjsftjry thbt fs bvbfobdo` tj jth`r dusfk`ss bkboysts. T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`kts thbt br` pjt`ktfbo lbknfnbt`s ijr ojkm t`rc us` br` ji ijoojwfkm typ`s5 r`muobtjry r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kts j ljktrbltubo jdofmbtfjks jdofmbtfjks j qubofty stbknbrns j s`rvfl` o`vò bmr``c`kts j dusfk`ss ruo`s j dusfk`ss prjl`ss`s j r`qufr`c`kts n`slrfdfkm prjnults th` `kt`rprfs` `kt`rprfs` j prjnul`s

Wbm` << ji << ji 4<=


\tjrbm` bkn Bll`ss “ “ \tjrbm` n`lfsfjks n`p`kn jk cbky ibltjrs sulh bs wh j cust bll`ss th` fkijrcbtfjk, hjw jit`k th`y jit`k th`y k``n tj bll`ss ft, bkn whbt ljknftfjks cust d` pr`s`kt ijr bll`ss. Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo stbknbrns stbknbrns bkn tjjo bvbfobdfofty j wfoo bosj fkiou`kl` stjrbm` bkn bll`ss n`lfsfjks. ^jjos cby shbp` th` sò`ltfjk ji dusfk`ss j bkboysfs t`lhkfqu`s , kjtbtfjks kjtbtfjks tj d` us`n bkn th` wby thbt fkijrc btfjk fs jrm bkfz`n bkfz`n . ^h` r`pjsftjry cust d` bdo` tj fknflbt` fknflbt` th` stbtus j ji bky stjr`n fkijrcbtfjk, bkn boojw ijr cjnfiflbtfjk ji cjnfiflbtfjk ji thbt fkijrcbtfjk jv`r tfc`. “ T`qufr`c`kts bttrfdut`s ➤ T`qufr`c`kts Bttrfdut`s “ prjvfn` fkijrcbtfjk fkijrcbtfjk bdjut r`qufr`c`kts, bkn bfn fk th` jkmjfkm cbkbm`c`kt ji th` r`qufr`c`kts thrjumhjut th` lhbkm`. D`tt`r trbn`-jiis d`tw``k d`tw``k r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kts bkn fn`ktfiflbtfjk ji stba`hjon`rs bii`lt`n dy pjt`ktfbo lhbkm`s lbk d` blhf`v`n vfb r`qufr`c`kts bttrfdut`s. Ljccjkoy us`n r`qufr`c`kts bttrfdut`s fkloun`5 Bdsj Bd sj ou t` Tì`r `kl ` “ “ Wrjvfn`s b ukfqu` j fn`ktfif`r Buth Bu th jr “ jr “ Kbc` Kbc` ji th` p`rsjk tj d` ljksuot`n fk j lbs` ji bcdfmujus jr uklo`br r`qufr`c`kts ijukn obt`r Ljcpo`xfty “ “ Fknflbt`s hjw nfiifluot th` j r`qufr`c`kt wfoo d` tj fcpo`c`kt Jwk`rshfp “ Fknfvfnubo “ Fknfvfnubo jr mrjup thbt k``ns th` j r`qufr`c`kt Wrfjrfty “ “ Tòbtfv` fcpjrtbkl` ji r`qufr`c`kts. j Tì`rs tj th` ròbtfv` vbou` ji b r`qufr`c`kt jr s`qu`kl` ji fcpo`c`ktbtfjk fcpo`c`ktbtfjk Tfsas “ “ Fn`ktfif`s ukl`rtbfk `v`kts fcpbltfkm j r`qufr`c`kts \jurl` “ \jurl` “ Fn`ktfif`s Fn`ktfif`s jrfmfk ji r`qufr`c`kt j \tbdfofty “ \tbdfofty “ Fknflbt`s Fknflbt`s th` cbturfty ji r`qufr`c`kts j \tbtus “ \tbtus “ Fknflbt`s Fknflbt`s th` stbt` ji r`qufr`c`kt j Prm`kly “ Prm`kly “ Fknflbt`s Fknflbt`s hjw sjjk th` r`qufr`c`kt fs j k``n`n “ Wrjvfn`s ➤ Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs W`rijrcbkl` Bss`ssc`kt “ r`suots ji pr`vfjus bss`ssc`kts thbt shjuon d` r`vf`w`n bkn fkljrpjrbt`n “ Nìfk` th` ofcfts wfthfk whflh ➤ Dusfk`ss Wjoflf`s “ n`lfsfjks cust d` cbn`. Cbkbm`c`kt ^jjos “ ^hfs “ ^hfs rì`rs tj th` tjjo ➤ Fkijrcbtfjk Cbkbm`c`kt thbt fs us`n tj stjr`, r`trf`v` bkn shbr` dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk. @xbcpo`s “ “ sfcpo` whft`djbrn, ljcpo`x mojdbo wfaf, r`qufr`c`kts cbkbm`c`kt tjjo ➤

0

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

Wbm` <> ji <> ji 4<=


O`mbo/T`muobtjry Fkijrcbtfjk “ “ O`mfsobtfv` ruo`s jr r`muobtfjks tj d` ijoojw`n ijr cbkbmfkm dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk. Ps`n tj hòp stba`hjon`rs ukljv`r th`fr Drbfkstjrcfkm “ Ps`n ➤ Drbfkstjrcfkm “ dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk cbkbm`c`kt k``ns Ps`n tj hòp sp`lfifl stba`hjon`rs ukljv`r Fkt`rvf`ws “ Ps`n ➤ Fkt`rvf`ws “ th`fr dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk cbkbm`c`kt k``ns “ Ps`n tj trbla fssu`s wfth lurr`kt ➤ Ft`c ^rblafkm “ fkijrcbtfjk cbkbm`c`kt prjl`ss`s “ Ps`n tj lr`bt` b sjurl` ji ➤ O`ssjks O`brk`n “ fkijrcbtfjk ijr bkboyzfkm bpprjblh`s ijr ìiflf`ktoy cbkbmfkm dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy bkn lbt`mjrfz` th` ➤ Cfkn Cbppfkm “ afkns ji fkijrcbtfjk thbt k``n tj d` cbkbm`n “ Ps`n tj njluc`kt prjl`ss jr ➤ Wrjl`ss Cjnòofkm “ c`thjn ijr cbkbmfkm dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk Ru`stfjkkbfr` “ Ps`n Ps`n tj bsa stba`hjon`rs tj ➤ \urv`y jr Ru`stfjkkbfr` “ prjvfn` fkput fktj nìfkfkm dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk cbkbm`c`kt “ Ps`n tj ukljv`r dusfk`ss bkboysfs ➤ ]jrashjps “ fkijrcbtfjk cbkbm`c`kt cbkbm`c`kt k``ns fk b mrjup m rjup s`ttfkm ➤ Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt “ Nìfk`s ruo`s bkn prjl`ss`s ròbt`n tj ➤ T`muobtjr “ fkijrcbtfjk cbkbm`c`kt “ T`vf`ws, ljcc`kts bkn bpprjv`s dusfk`ss ➤ \pjksjr “ bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk “ Fkloun`s th` ➤ Fkijrcbtfjk Cbkbm`c`kt Bpprjblh “ nìfk`n bpprjblh ijr hjw dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk wfoo d` stjrf`n, bll`ss`n bkn utfofz`n nurfkm th` lhbkm` bkn bit`r th` lhbkm` fs ljcpo`t`. ➤

9

^`lhkfqu`s

=

\tba`hjon`rs

8

Jutput

2.2.0 ^bsa 05 Fn`ktfiy Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs W`rijrcbkl` Fcprjv`c`kts 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

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<

Fkputs

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Bss`ss dusfk`ss bkboysfs wjra bkn tj pobk tj fcprjv` prjl`ss`s wh`k r`qufr`n. W`rijrcbkl` W`rijrcb kl` bkboysfs fs bk jkmjfkm tbsa thrjumhjut bk fkftfbtfv`. ^h` fcprjv`c`kts fcprjv`c`kts fn`ktfif`n bs pbrt ji thfs prjl`ss wfoo d`ljc` mufnòfk`s ijr iutur` i utur` tbsa `x`lutfjk. ^j cjkftjr bkn fcprjv` p`rijrcbkl`, ft fs k`l`ssbry tj `stbdofsh th` `stbdofsh th` p`rijrcbkl` p`rijrcbkl` c`bsur`s j ljknult th` ljknult th` p`rijrcbkl` bkboysfs bkboysfs j r`pjrt jk r`pjrt jk th` r`suots ji th` bkboysfs j fn`ktfiy bky fn`ktfiy bky k`l`ssbry pr`v`ktfv` bkn ljrr`ltfv` j bltfjks Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Bpprjblh “ “ Fn`ktfif`s dusfk`ss bkboysfs nòfv`rbdo`s thbt wfoo d` prjnul`n, bltfvftf`s thbt

Wbm` <0 ji <0 ji 4<=


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@o`c`kts

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k``n tj d` p`rijrc`n (fklounfkm whj bkn wh`k) bkn t`lhkfqu`s thbt wfoo d` us`n W`rijrcbkl`s Jde`ltfv`s (`xt`rkbo) “ “ N`slrfd`s th` n`sfr`n p`rijrcbkl` jutljc`s thbt bk `kt`rprfs` fs hjpfkm tj blhf`v` W`rijrcbkl` Bkboysfs “ “ T`pjrts jk dusfk`ss bkboysfs p`rijrcbkl` lbk d` fkijrcbo bkn v`rdbo, v`rdbo , jr th`y cby fkloun` ijrcbo ijrcbo njluc`ktbtfjk bkn br` n`sfmk`n bkn tbfojr`n tbfojr`n tj c``t th` k``ns ji th` vbrfjus typ`s ji r`vf`w`rs. Bs s`s sc `kt C`bsur`s C`bsu r`s “ “ Dusfk`ss bkboyst cby o`v`rbm` c`bsur`s fi th`y br` `xfstfkm jr cby bosj òflft irjc stba`hjon`rs. stba`hjon`rs. W`rijrcbkl` W`rijrcb kl` c`bsur`s cby d` dbs`n jk j nòfv `rbdo`s nu` nbt`s nbt`s bs sp`lfif`n fk ▥ th` dusfk`ss bkboysfs pobk c`trfls sulh c`trfls sulh bs ir`qu`kly ji lhbkm`s tj ▥ wjra prjnults, kucd`r ji r`vf`w lylo`s r`qufr`n, tbsa ìiflf`kly jr quboftbtfv` i``ndbla irjc stba`hjon`rs ▥ bkn p``rs r`mbrnfkm dusfk`ss bkboyst‖s nòfv`rbdo`s C`bsur`s cby d` djth quboftbtfv` quboftbtfv` bkn j qubktftbtfv` Ruboftbtfv` c`bsur`s Ruboftbtfv` c`bsur`s br` sude`ltfv` bkn sude`ltfv` bkn lbk d` j h`bvfoy fkiou`kl`n dy th` stba`hjon`r‖s bttftun`s, p`rl`ptfjks bkn jth`r sude`ltfv` lrft`rfb. lrft`rfb. \jc` pjssfdo` c`bsur`s br` 5 j Bllurbly bkn Ljcpo`t`k`ss Ljcpo`t`k`ss ▥ ▥ Akjwo`nm` ▥ @ii`ltfv`k`ss Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo \uppjrt ▥ ▥ \fmkfiflbkl` ▥ \trbt`mfl ▥ ^fcòfk`ss Bkboy Bk boy z` T`suot T`su ot s “ “ ^h` bkboysfs cby d` p`rijrc`n jk th` dusfk`ss bkboysfs prjl`ss, r`sjurl`s fkvjov`n bkn nòfv`rbdo`s. nòfv`rbdo`s . L`rtbfk djnf`s ofa` ofk` cbkbm`rs, L`ktr` ji @xlòo`kl` cby prjvfn` bss`ssc`kts bkn ljc` up wfth thjs` whj hbv` buthjrfty tj s`t t h` tbrm`ts ijr c`bsurfkm p`rijrcbkl`. T`ljcc`kn Bltfjks ijr Fcprjv`c`kt “ “ Dusfk`ss Bkboyst `kmbm`s bpprjprfbt` stba`hjon`rs stba`hjon`rs tj fn`ktfiy th` bltfjks. ^h`s` bltfjks bltfjks br` ofaòy ofaòy tj r`suot fk fk lhbkm`s tj dusfk`ss bkboysfs bpprjblh, r`p`btbdo` prjl`ss`s bkn tjjos. Bltfjks ljuon ljuon d` bs ijoojws5 ijoojws5

Wbm` <9 ji <9 ji 4<=


Wr`v`ktfv` “ Wr`v`ktfv` “ r`nul`s r`nul`s th` prjdbdfofty ji bk `v`kt wfth b k`mbtfv` fcpblt Ljrr`ltfv` “ “ `stbdofsh`s wbys tj r`nul` th` j k`mbtfv` fcpblt ji bk `v`kt Fcprjv`c`kt j Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Jrmbkfzbt fjkbo W`rijrcbkl` \tbknbrns “ “ Fkloun` p`rijrcbkl` c`trfls jr `xp`ltbtfjks ijr dusfk`ss bkboysfs wjra cbknbt`n dy th` jrmbkfzbtfjk. Drbfkstjrcfkm “ “ Ps`n tj m`k`rbt` fn`bs ijr fcprjv`c`kt jppjrtukftf`s jppjrtukftf`s Fkt`rvf`ws “ “ Ps`n tj mbth`r bss`ssc`kts ji dusfk`ss bkboysfs p`rijrcbkl` Ft`c ^rblafkm “ “ Ps`n tj trbla fssu`s jllurrfkm nurfkm p`rijrcbkl` ji dusfk`ss bkboysfs O`ssjks O`brk`n “ “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy r`ljcc`kn`n lhbkm`s tj jrmbkfzbtfjkbo prjl`ss bss`ts thbt lbk d` fkljrpjrbt`n fktj lurr`kt bkn iutur` wjra C`trfls bkn A`y W`rijrcbkl` Fknflbtjrs (AWFs) “ Fn`ktfiy c`trfls bpprjprfbt` ijr bss`ssfkm dusfk`ss bkboysfs p`rijrcbkl` bkn hjw th`y cby d` trbla`n Jds`rvbtfjk “ “ Ps`n tj wftk`ss dusfk`ss bkboysfs p`rijrcbkl` Wrjl`ss Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj bkboyz` `xfstfkm dusfk`ss bkboysfs prjl`ss`s bkn fn`ktfiy jppjrtukftf`s ijr fcprjv`c`kt Wrjl`ss Cjnòofkm “ “ Ps`n tj nìfk` dusfk`ss bkboysfs prjl`ss`s bkn ukn`rstbkn hjw tj fcprjv` thjs` prjl`ss`s tj r`nul` prjdo`cs irjc hbkn-jiis bkn fcprjv` lylo` tfc`s T`vf`ws “ T`vf`ws “ Ps`n Ps`n tj t j fn`ktfiy lhbkm`s tj dusfk`ss bkboysfs bkboysfs prjl`ss`s bkn nòfv`rbdo`s thbt lbk d` fkljrpjrbt`n fktj iutur` wjra Tfsa Bkboysfs bkn Cbkbm`c`kt “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy bkn cbkbm` pjt`ktfbo ljknftfjks bkn `v`kts thbt cby fcpblt dusfk`ss bkboysfs p`rijrcbkl` Tjjt Lbus` Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj hòp fn`ktfiy th` ukn`royfkm lbus` ji ibfour`s jr nfiifluotf`s fk blljcpofshfkm dusfk`ss bkboysfs wjra \urv`y jr Ru`stfjkkbfr` “ “ Ps`n tj mbth`r i``ndbla irjc stba`hjon`rs bdjut th`fr sbtfsibltfjk wfth dusfk`ss bkboysfs bltfvftf`s bkn nòfv`rbdo`s nòfv`rbdo`s ]jrashjps “ “ Ps`n tj mbth`r bss`ssc`kts ji dusfk`ss bkboysfs p`rijrcbkl` bkn m`k`rbt` fn`bs ijr fcprjv`c`kt jppjrtukftf`s jppjrtukftf`s Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt Wrje`lt Cbkbm`r j

0

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

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9

^`lhkfqu`s

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=

\tba`hjon`rs

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Wbm` <= ji <= ji 4<=


Jutput

8

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\pjksjr “ “ Cby r`qufr` r`pjrts r`pjrts jk dusfk`ss bkboysfs p`rijrcbkl` tj bnnr`ss th` prjdo`cs fn`ktfif`n. Dusfk`ss bkboyst cbkbm`r ljuon d` b spjksjr tjj. Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs W`rijrcbkl` Bss`ssc`kt “ Fkloun`s b ljcpbrfsjk ji pobkk`n v`rsus bltubo p`rijrcbkl` j fn`ktfiyfkm rjjt lbus` ji vbrfbkl`s irjc th` j `xp`lt`n p`rijrcbkl` prjpjs`n bpprjblh`s tj bnnr`ss fssu`s j jth`r ifknfkms tj hòp ukn`rstbkn th` p`rijrcbkl` j ji dusfk`ss bkboysfs p`rijrcbkl`

2.4 Mojssbry ➤

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Wr`nfltfv` “ Wr`nfltfv` “ Wr`nfltfv` Wr`nfltfv` rì`rs tj bk bpprjblh whflh w` lbk pr`nflt bkn blt blljrnfkmoy. ^hfs fs cjstoy bppof`n ijr trbnftfjkbo/]bt`riboo \NOL wh`r` th`r` fs b ofk`br bkn strultur`n strultu r`n pobk tj prjnult b n`lfn`n jutljc` wfthfk b n`lfn`n tfcìrbc`. Bs pbrt ji ji thfs bpprjblh, tfc` bkn sljp` ljcpjk`kt r`cbfks stbtfl bkn pr`-n`lfn`n. Bnbpt Bn bpt fv ` “ Bnbptfv` “ Bnbptfv` rì`rs tj bk bpprjblh wh`r` th` prje`lt a``ps jk `vjovfkm bkn lhbkmfkm ljknftfjks br` `kljukt`r`n bs pbrt ji th` prjl`ss. prjl`ss. ^hfs fs cjstoy bppof`n ijr Bmfo` \NOL wh`r` th`r` fs bk ukstrultur`n pobk bkn ukn`t`rcfk`n tfcòfk`s tfcòfk`s tj boojw uotfcbt` io`xfdfofty fk nfr`ltfkm th` ljurs` ji prje`lt. ^fc` bkn sljp` ljcpjk`kt r`cbfks io`xfdo` bkn boojw`n tj d` lustjcfz`n dbs`n jk k``n. Mjv`rkbkl` “ Mjv`rkbkl` “ Ft Ft fs bk bltfjk ji mjv`rkfkm bkn cjkftjrfkm dy lr`btfkm pjoflf`s, ruo`s bs wòo bs r`muobtfjks bkn prjp`roy cbkbmfkm th`c. Lurr`kt \tbt` “ \tbt` “ ^hfs fs ‟bs‟bs-fs– stbt` jk whflh bkboysfs fs ljknult`n bkn cby k``n b lhbkm` irjc dusfk`ss p`rsp`ltfv` Iutur ` \tbt` “ \tbt` “ ^hfs fs ‟tj‟tj-d`– stbt` fk whflh dusfk`ss i jr`s``s jr`s``s ftsòi fk upljcfkm iutur`. ^hfs fs th` stbt` whflh fs bk jutljc` ji lbrryfkm jut dusfk`ss bkboysfs bkboysfs bltfvftf`s. Bmfo Bm fo ` “ “ B c`thjnjojmy whflh fs lhbrblt`rfz`n dy nfvfsfjk ji wjra fktj shjrt phbs`s bkn ir`qu`ktoy nòfv`r th` wjra fk ijrc i jrc ji shjrt ft`rbtfjks. \lruc “ \lruc “ Ft`rbtfv` Ft`rbtfv` bkn fklr`c`ktbo bmfo` n`vòjpc`kt irbc`wjra ijr cbkbmfkm prjnult n`vòjpc`kt. Wrjnult Dblaojm “ B “ B ofst ji fn`bs irjc stba`hjon`rs, dusfk`ss spjksjrs bkn jwk`rs bs pbrt ji bmfo` c`thjnjojmy tjwbrns bk fkftfbtfv`. Dblaojm Tìfk`c`kt \`ssfjks “ “ B s`ssfjk fk whflh bmfo` t`bc nfsluss`s prjnult dblaojm wfth prjnult jwk`r bkn try tj rìfk` ft tj cba` ft suftbdo` ijr ljcc`klfkm wjra jk th` sbc`. \prfkt Wobkkfkm “ B “ B slruc l`r`cjky wh`r` t`bc nfsluss`s bkn pobks th` wjra ijr th` shjrt ft`rbtfjk (sj lboo`n sprfkt).

Wbm` <8 ji <8 ji 4<=


Wbm` <6 ji <6 ji 4<=


@oflftbtfjk bkn Ljoobdjrbtfjk

Wbm` >7 ji >7 ji 4<=


Wbm` >2 ji >2 ji 4<=


AB45 @oflftbtfjk bkn Ljoobdjrbtfjk ^h` @oflftbtfjk bkn Ljoobdjrbtfjk akjwo`nm` br`b n`slrfd`s th` tbsas t hbt dusfk`ss bkboysts p`rijrc tj jdtbfk bkn mbth`r fkijrcbtfjk irjc stba`hjon`rs bkn ljkifrc th` r`suots. @oflftbtfjk fs th` nrbwfkm ijrth jr r`l`fvfkm r`l`fvfkm ji th` fkijrcbtfjk irjc stba`hjon`rs jr jth`r sjurl`s whflh cfmht fkvjov` fkt`rbltfkm wfth stba`hjon`rs nfr`ltoy, p`rijrcfkm r`s`brlh bltfvftf`s, ljknultfkm `xp`rfc`kts jr usfkm `xfstfkm fkijrcbtfjk tj nfsljv`r r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmk fkijrcbtfjk. Ljoobdjrbtfjk fs th` blt ji twj jr cjr` p`jpo` wjrafkm tjm`th`r tjwbrns b ljccjk mjbo. mjbo . @oflftbtfjk bkn ljoobdjrbtfjk wjra fs k`v`r b phbs` rbth`r ft fs bk jkmjfkm bltfvfty bs ojkm bs dusfk`ss bkboysfs wjra fs jllurrfkm. @oflftbtfjk bltfvftf`s lbk d` pobkk`n, pobkk`n, ukpobkk`n jr ukpobkk`n jr djth. djth . Wobkk`n bltfvftf`s br` jrmbkfz`n fk bnvbkl` wh`r` ukpobkk`n bltfvftf`s br` ‘eust fk tfc`‖ ljoobdjrbtfjk jr ljkv`rsbtfjks. Fkijrcbtfjk n`rfv`n irjc ukpobkk`n bltfvfty cby r`qufr` n``p`r `xpojrbtfjk `xpojrbtfjk thrjumh b pobkk`n bltfvfty. @oflftfkm dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk fs kjt bk fsjobt`n bltfvfty bkn cby trfmm`r bnnftfjkbo bkboysfs ijr n`tbfos tj ifoo fk mbps jr fklr`bs` ukn`rstbknfkm. ukn`rstbknfkm. ^h` usbm` bkn bppoflbtfjk ji `blh ji th` ljr` ljkl`pts wfthfk th` ljkt`xt ji @oflftbtfjk bkn Ljoobdjrbtfjk fs bs ijoojws5 •

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Lhbkm` “ Lhbkm` “ Ps` Ps` b vbrf`ty ji òflftbtfjk t`lhkfqu`s tj iuooy fn`ktfiy th` lhbrblt`rfstfls ji th` lhbkm` fklounfkm ljkl`rks thbt stba`hjon`rs hbv` bdjut th` lhbkm`. K``n “ “ @oflft, ljkifrc bkn ljccukflbt` k``ns bkn suppjrtfkm dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk. \joutfjk “ “ @oflft, ljkifrc bkn ljccukflbt` k`l`ssbry jr n`sfr`n lhbrblt`rfstfls ji prjpjs`n sjoutfjks. \tba`hjon`r “ \tba`hjon`r “ Cbkbm` Cbkbm` th` ljoobdjrbtfjk wfth th` stba`hjon`rs whj pbrtflfpbt` fk th` dusfk`ss bkboysfs wjra. Ybou` “ “ Ljoobdjrbt` wfth stba`hjon`rs tj bss`ss th` ròbtfv` vbou` ji fkijrcbtfjk prjvfn`n thrjumh òflftbtfjk, bkn bppoy b vbrf`ty ji t`lhkfqu`s tj ljkifrc bkn ljccukflbt` thbt vbou`. Ljkt`xt “ Ljkt`xt “ Bppoy Bppoy b vbrf`ty ji òflftbtfjk t`lhkfqu`s tj fn`ktfiy th` fkijrcbtfjk bdjut th` ljkt`xt thbt cby bii`lt th` lhbkm`.

4.2 @oflftbtfjk bkn Ljoobdjrbtfjk ^bsas • • • • •

^bsa 25 Wr`pbr` ijr @oflftbtfjk ^bsa 45 Ljknult @oflftbtfjk ^bsa < 5 Ljkifrc @oflftbtfjk @oflftbtfjk T`suots ^bsa >5 Ljccukflbt` Dusfk`ss Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Fkijrcbtfjk ^bsa 05 Cbkbm` \tba`hjon`r Ljoobdjrbtfjk Ljoobdjrbtfjk

Wbm` >4 ji >4 ji 4<=


4.2.2 ^bsa 25 Wr`pbr` ijr @oflftbtfjk 2

Wurpjs`

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N`slrfptfjk

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Fkputs

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^j ukn`rstbkn th` sljp` ji th` òflftbtfjk bltfvfty, sò`lt bpprjprfbt` t`lhkfqu`s bkn pobk ijr bpprjprfbt` suppjrtfkm cbt`rfbos bkn r`sjurl`s.

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@o`c`kts

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^h` pr`pbrbtfjk ijr òflftbtfjk fs njk` dy nìfkfkm th` n`sfr`n jutljc`s jutljc`s ji th` bltfvfty, ljksfn`rfkm th` stba`hjon`rs stba`hjon`rs fkvjov`n bkn th` mjbos mjbos ji th` fkftfbtfv`. ^hfs fkloun`s n`lfnfkm jk5 wjra prjnults prjnults thbt wfoo d` prjnul`n usfkm j r`suots, t`lhkfqu`s thbt t`lhkfqu`s thbt br` d`st suft`n tj prjnult r`suots, j `stbdofshfkm th` òflftbtfjk ojmfstfls, ojmfstfls , j fn`ktfiyfkm bky suppjrtfkm cbt`rfbos k``n`n, cbt`rfbos k``n`n, j ukn`rstbknfkm ukn`rstbknfkm lfrlucstbkl`s lfrlucstbkl`s tj ijst`r j ljoobdjrbtfjk nurfkm ljoobdjrbtfjk nurfkm bk òflftbtfjk bltfvfty K``ns “ “ Wrjvfn`s mufnbkl` ijr pr`pbrbtfjk fk t`rcs ji sljp` bkn purpjs` ji òflftbtfjk bltfvftf`s. bltfvftf`s. \tba`hjon`r @kmbm`c`kt Bpprjblh “ Pkn`rstbknfkm “ Pkn`rstbknfkm stba`hjon`r‖s ljccukflbtfjk bkn ljoobdjrbtfjk k``ns tj hòp pobk bkn pr`pbr` ijr òflftbtfjk `v`kts. Pkn`rstbkn th` \ljp` ji @oflftbtfjk “ “ Dusfk`ss bkboysts ljksfn`rs dusfk`ss njcbfk, jv`rboo ljrpjrbt` luotur`, stba`hjon`r bkn th`fr ojlbtfjks, `xp`lt`n jutputs th` òflftbtfjk bltfvftf`s wfoo i``n, safoos ji th` dusfk`ss bkboysfs prbltftfjk`r, strbt`my, sjoutfjk bpprjblh, sljp` ji iutur` sjoutfjk bkn pjssfdo` sjurl`s ji th` dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk tj n`t`rcfk` th` typ` ji th` dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk bkn t`lhkfqu`s thbt cby d` us`n. Pkn`rstbknfkm Pkn`rstbknfkm th` sljp` sljp` ji òflftbtfjk òflftbtfjk bltfvfty bltfvfty j hòps tj a``p th` bltfvfty wfthfk fkt`kn`n sljp` bkn tj r`ljmkfz` fi p`jpo` p`jpo` bkn cbt`rfbo cbt`rfbo br` bvbfobdo` bs wòo bs wh`k th` bltfvfty fs ljcpo`t`. ljcpo`t`. \ò`lt @oflftbtfjk ^`lhkfqu`s “ “ Lhjjsfkm th` rfmht t`lhkfqu`s bkn `ksurfkm `blh t`lhkfqu` fs p`rijrc`n ljrr`ltoy fs `xtr`còy fcpjrtbkt tj sull`ss ji òflftbtfjk bltfvfty. ]h`k sò`ltfkm òflftbtfjk t`lhkfqu`s, dusfk`ss dusfk`ss bkboysts ljksfn`r t`lhkfqu`s whflh br` ljccjk tj sfcfobr fkftfbtfv`s, jr thjs` whflh br` sp`lfiflbooy suft`n tj suft`n tj th` sftubtfjk bkn tbsas k``n`n tbsas k``n`n tj pr`pbr`, `x`lut` bkn ljcpo`t` `blh t`lhkfqu`. Cuotfpo` t`lhkfqu`s br` us`n nurfkm bk òflftbtfjk bltfvfty whflh n`p`kn jk5 ljst bkn ljst bkn tfc` ljkstrbfkts, tfc` ljkstrbfkts, j typ` ji typ` ji dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk sjurl`s bkn j th`fr bll`ss, luotur` ji luotur` ji jrmbkfzbtfjk bkn n`sfr`n jutljc`s , j

Wbm` >< ji >< ji 4<=


k``ns k``ns ji stba`hjon`rs, th`fr bvbfobdfofty bkn th`fr ojlbtfjk “ Ojmfstfls br` pobkk`n prfjr tj bk ➤ \`t Pp Ojmfstfls “ òflftbtfjk bltfvfty. bltfvfty. ^hfs fkloun` fn`ktfiyfkm fn`ktfiyfkm bltfvfty bltfvfty mjbos, pbrtflfpbkts bkn th`fr rjo`s, slh`nuo`n r`sjurl`s, ojlbtfjks, ljccukflbtfjk lhbkkòs, t`lhkfqu`s, obkmubm`s us`n dy stba`hjon`rs bkn cby sjc`tfc`s fkvjov` lr`btfkm bk bm`knb fi jth`r stba`hjon`rs br` fkvjov`n. \`lur` \uppjrtfkm Cbt`rfbo Cbt`rfbo “ “ Dusfk`ss Dusfk`ss bkboysts fn`ktfiy ➤ \`lur` sjurl`s sjurl`s ji fkijrcbtfjk whflh fkloun` p`jpo`, syst`cs, hfstjrflbo nbtb, cbt`rfbos bkn njluc`kts njluc`kts sulh bs `xfstfkm syst`c njluc`kts, rò`vbkt dusfk`ss ruo`s, r`muobtfjks, ljktrblts bs wòo bs suppjrtfkm cbt`rfbos fk ijrc ji jutputs ji bkboysfs wjra tj ljknult th` òflftbtfjk bltfvfty. \tba`hjon`rs “ Dusfk`ss Dusfk`ss bkboysts cby k``n tj ➤ Wr`pbr` \tba`hjon`rs “ `xpobfk b pbrtfluobr òflftbtfjk t`lhkfqu` tj stba`hjon`rs whj br` kjt fkvjov`n fk thfs bltfvfty fi th`y i`ò thbt ft fs kjt bofmk`n tj th`fr fknfvfnubo jde`ltfv`s jr br` kjt bdo` tj ukn`rstbkn ukn`rstb kn prjl`ss prjl`ss jr br` br` ljkius`n bdjut ft. ^h`r` fs b k``n tj hbv` duy-fk duy-fk irjc boo stba`hjon`rs fk jrn`r tj ljknult òflftbtfjk. òflftbtfjk. Fk jrn`r tj bvjfn fssu`s, fssu`s, Dusfk`ss bkboysts cby bsa stba`hjon`rs stba`hjon `rs tj j r`vf`w r`vf`w r`qufr`n suppjrtfkm cbt`rfbo upirjkt sj thbt òflftbtfjk bltfvfty lbk d` ljknult`n ìi`ltfvòy. Bk bm`knb cby bm`knb cby d` pudofsh`n fk bnvbkl` sj thbt j stba`hjon`rs ljc` pr`pbr`n tj th` bltfvfty Fk lbs` ji òflftbtfjk òflftbtfj k thbt fs ljknult`n vfb r`s`brlh j jr `xpojrbtfjk, dusfk`ss bkboyst fs b sjoj pbrtflfpbkt ijr ft. Bpprjblh “ \`ts \`ts th` m`k`rbo strbt`my ➤ Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Bpprjblh “ tj d` us`n tj mufn` th` dusfk`ss bkboysfs wjra whflh fkvjov`s c`thjnjojmy, typ`s ji stba`hjon`rs bkn th`fr fkvjov`c`kt, tfcfkm ji wjra bkn `xp`lt`n ijrcbt bs wòo bs o`vò ji n`tbfo ji r`suots. “ N`slrfd` th` n`sfr`n nfr`ltfjk ➤ Dusfk`ss Jde`ltfv`s “ k``n`n tj blhf`v` th` iutur` stbt`. “ Hòps fk ➤ @xfstfkm Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Fkijrcbtfjk “ pr`pbrfkm ijr òflftbtfjk dy prjvfnfkm b d`tt`r ukn`rstbknfkm ukn`rstbknfkm ji mjbos “ N`slrfd`s th` vbou` tj d` r`bofz`n dy ➤ Wjt`ktfbo Ybou` “ fcpo`c`ktfkm fcpo`c`ktfkm th` prjpjs`n iutur` stbt`. “ Ps`n tj ljoobdjrbtfvòy fn`ktfiy bkn ➤ Drbfkstjrcfkm “ r`blh ljks`ksus bdjut sjurl`s thbt k``n tj d` ljksuot`n bkn t`lhkfqu`s thbt cfmht d` cjst ìi`ltfv`. j

0

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

9

^`lhkfqu`s

Wbm` >> ji >> ji 4<=


Nbtb Cfkfkm “ “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy fkijrcbtfjk jr pbtt`rks whflh r`qufr` iurth`r fkv`stfmbtfjk. “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy bkn bss`ss ➤ Njluc`kt Bkboysfs “ lbknfnbt` sjurl`s ji suppjrtfkm cbt`rfbos. “ Ps`n tj `stfcbt` th` tfc` bkn ìijrt ➤ @stfcbtfjk “ r`qufr`n ijr òflftbtfjk bkn bssjlfbt`n ljst. Fkt`rvf`ws “ Ps`n Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy ljkl`rks bdjut th` pobkk`n ➤ Fkt`rvf`ws “ òflftbtfjk bkn lbk d` us`n tj t j s`à buthjrfty tj prjl``n. “ Ps`n tj ljoobdjrbtfvòy fn`ktfiy bkn ➤ Cfkn Cbppfkm “ r`blh ljks`ksus bdjut sjurl`s thbt k``n tj d` ljksuot`n bkn t`lhkfqu`s thbt cfmht d` cjst ìi`ltfv`. “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy, ➤ Tfsa Bkboysfs bkn Cbkbm`c`kt “ bss`ss bkn cbkbm` ljknftfjks thbt ljuon nfsrupt th` òflftbtfjk jr bii`lt th` qubofty bkn vbofnfty ji òflftbtfjk r`suots. \tba`hjon`r Ofst, Cbp jr W`rsjkbs W`rsjkbs “ “ Ps`n Ps`n tj n`t`rcfk` ➤ \tba`hjon`r whj shjuon d` ljksuot`n whfo` pr`pbrfkm ijr òflftbtfjk bkn whj shjuon pbrtflfpbt` fk th` `v`kt. ➤ Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt ➤ Wrje`lt Cbkbm`r “ Hbs th` buthjrfty buthjrfty tj bpprjv` jr n`ky b ➤ \pjksjr “ pobkk`n òflftbtfjk `v`kt bkn tj buthjrfz` bkn r`qufr` pbrtflfpbtfjk ji pbrtflfpbtfjk ji l`rtbfk stba`hjon`rs. stba`hjon`rs. “ Ps`n ijr `blh òflftbtfjk ➤ @oflftbtfjk Bltfvfty Wobk “ bltfvfty tj fkloun` ojmfstfls, sljp`, sò`lt`n t`lhkfqu`s bkn suppjrtfkm cbt`rfbos. ➤

=

\tba`hjon`rs

8

Jutput

4.2.4 ^bsa 45 Ljknult @oflftbtfjk 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

^j nrbw jut, `xpojr` bkn fn`ktfiy fkijrcbtfjk fkijrcbtf jk rò`vbkt tj th` lhbkm`. ➤

➤

\tba`hjon`rs cby ljoobdjrbt` fk òflftbtfjk dy pbrtflfpbtfkm bkn fkt`rbltfkm bs pbrt ji bltfvfty jr dy r`s`brlhfkm, stunyfkm bkn prjvfnfkm i``ndbla jk njluc`kts, cjnòs bkn fkt`ribl`s. ^h`r` br` br` < ljccjk typ`s ji ji òflftbtfjk5 òflftbtfjk5 Ljoobdjrbtfv` “ “ Nfr`lt fkt`rbltfjk wfth j stba`hjon`rs bkn ròf`s jk th`fr `xp`rf`kl`s, `xp`rtfs` bkn eunm`c`kt. T`s`brlh “ “ Fkvjov`s syst`cbtflbooy nfsljv`rfkm j bkn stunyfkm fkijrcbtfjk irjc cbt`rfbos jr sjurl`s thbt br` kjt nfr`ltoy akjwk dy stba`hjon`rs fkvjov`n fkvjov`n fk th` lhbkm`. @xp`rfc`kts “ “ Fkvjov`s fn`ktfiyfkm fkijrcbtfjk j thbt vfb sjc` afkn ji ljktrjoo`n t`st sulh bs

Wbm` >0 ji >0 ji 4<=


<

Fkputs

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>

@o`c`kts

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0

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

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9

^`lhkfqu`s

➤

jds`rvbtfjkbo stunf`s, prjjis ji ljkl`pt bkn prjtjtyp`s. @oflftbtfjk Bltfvfty Wobk “ “ Fkloun`s th` pobkk`n òflftbtfjk bltfvftf`s bkn t`lhkfqu`s, bltfvfty ojmfstfl, sljp` bkn bvbfobdo` sjurl`s ijr dblamrjukn fkijrcbtfjk. Mufn` @oflftbtfjk Bltfvfty “ “ ^h` ijrcbt ji dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk nìfk`n fk pobkkfkm hòps `ksur` thbt th` òflftbtfjk bltfvftf`s br` prjnulfkm fkt`kn`n fkijrcbtfjk bt th` n`sfr`n o`vò ji n`tbfo. Fk jrn`r tj hòp mufn` bk iblfoftbt` iblfoft bt` tjwbrns th` j `xp`lt`n jutljc`s, dusfk`ss bkboysts ljksfn`r5 òflftbtfjk bltfvfty mjbos bkn bm`knb, ▥ sljp` ji th` lhbkm` ▥ th` ijrcs ji jutput m`k`rbt`n, ▥ jth`r r`pr`s`ktbtfjks r`pr`s`ktbtfjks thbt bltfvfty r`suots ▥ wfoo suppjrt, fkt`mrbtfjk ji jutput fktj whbt fs bor`bny ▥ akjwk, sjurl` prjvfn`r ji fkijrcbtfjk, ljksuc`r ▥ ji fkijrcbtfjk bkn th` prjl`ss dy whflh thbt fkijrcbtfjk wfoo d` us`n. Lbptur` Lbptur` @oflft btfjk Jutljc`s “ Jk “ Jk dbsfs ji th` sljp`, òflftbtfjk fs ljknult`n ft`rbtfvòy bkn fk cuotfpo` pbrbooò jr fk s`qu`kl` s`ssfjks. Lbpturfkm th` òflftbtfjk jutljc`s hòps tj `ksur` thbt th` fkijrcbtfjk prjnul`n nurfkm òflftbtfjk fs r`ljrn`n ijr obt`r rì`r`kl` bkn us`. ^h`s` jutljc`s br` njluc`kt`n fk r`qufr`c`kts cbkbm`c`kt tjjos. Dy usfkm b tjjo, w` lbk cba` sur` thbt r`qufr`c`kts wfoo d` bvbfobdo` ijr iutur` us` tjj. Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Bkboysfs Bpprjblh Bpprjblh “ “ Fkiou`kl`s hjw `blh òflftbtfjk bltfvfty fs p`rijrc`n, bs ft fn`ktfif`s th` typ`s ji jutputs thbt wfoo d` k``n`n dbs`n jk th` bpprjblh. @xfstfkm Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Fkijrcbtfjk “ “ Cby mufn` th` qu`stfjks pjs`n nurfkm òflftbtfjk bkn th` bpprjblh tj nrbw jut fkijrcbtfjk irjc vbrfjus stba`hjon`rs. \tba`hjon`r \tba`hjon` r @kmbm`c`kt Bpprjblh “ “ Wrjvfn`s ljoobdjrbtfjk bkn ljccukflbtfjk bpprjblh`s thbt cfmht d` ìi`ltfv` nurfkm òflftbtfjk. òflftbtfjk. \uppjrtfkm Cbt`rfbos “ Cbt`rfbos “ Fkloun`s Fkloun`s bky cbt`rfbos tj pr`pbr` ijr òflftbtfjk bs wòo bs bky fkijrcbtfjk, tjjos jr `qufpc`kt tj d` us`n nurfkm òflftbtfjk. D`klhcbrafkm bkn Cbra`t Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n bs b sjurl` ji dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk dy ljcpbrfkm ft wfth sjc` `xt`rkbo dbsòfk` sulh bs b stbknbrn lr`bt`n dy fknustry bssjlfbtfjk. Cbra`t bkboysfs fs us`n tj n`t`rcfk` whbt lustjc`rs wbkt bkn whbt ljcp`tftjrs prjvfn`. Wbm` >9 ji >9 ji 4<=


Drbfkstjrcfkm “ “ Ps`n tj m`k`rbt`, jrmbkfz` bkn prfjrftfz` kucd`r ji fn`bs irjc b mrjup ji stba`hjon`rs fk shjrt p`rfjn. “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy th` ruo`s ➤ Dusfk`ss Tuo`s Bkboysfs “ thbt mjv`rk n`lfsfjks fk bk jrmbkfzbtfjk. “ Ps`n tj n`vòjp b d`tt`r ➤ Ljoobdjrbtfv` Mbc`s “ ukn`rstbknfkm ji b prjdo`c jr tj stfcuobt` lr`btfv` sjoutfjks. Cjnòofkm “ Ps`n Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy a`y t`rcs bkn fn`b ➤ Ljkl`pt Cjnòofkm “ ji fcpjrtbkl` bkn nìfk` ròbtfjkshfps d`tw``k th`c. “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy rò`vbkt fkijrcbtfjk bkn ➤ Nbtb Cfkfkm “ Ps`n pbtt`rks. “ Ps`n tj ukn`rstbkn `ktfty ròbtfjkshfps ➤ Nbtb Cjnòofk m “ Ps`n nurfkm òflftbtfjk. “ Ps`n tj r`vf`w `xfstfkm syst`cs, ➤ Njluc`kt Bkboysfs “ Ps`n pjoflf`s bkn stbknbrns. “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy bkn ukn`rstbkn fn`bs ➤ Ijlus Mrjups “ Ps`n bkn bttftun`s irjc b mrjup. Bkboysf s “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj ukn`rstbkn th` fkt`rbltfjk ➤ Fkt`ribl` Bkboysf d`tw``k twj `ktftf`s sulh bs twj syst`cs, p`jpo` jr rjo`s. “ Ps`n tj bsa qu`stfjks tj ukljv`r k``ns, ➤ Fkt`rvf`ws “ fn`ktfiy prjdo`cs jr nfsljv`r jppjrtukftf`s. jppjrtukftf`s. “ Ps`n tj m`k`rbt`, jrmbkfz` bkn ➤ Cfkn Cbppfkm “ prfjrftfz` cbky fn`bs fk shjrt tfc`. “ Ps`n tj mbfk fksfmht bdjut hjw th` wjra ➤ Jds`rvbtfjk “ Ps`n fs lurr`ktoy njk`. “ Ps`n tj ukn`rstbkn lurr`kt ➤ Wrjl`ss Bkboysfs “ prjl`ss`s bkn tj fn`ktfiy jppjrtukftf`s ijr fcprjv`c`kt fk thjs` prjl`ss`s. “ Ps`n tj òflft prjl`ss`s wfth ➤ Wrjl`ss Cjnòofkm “ stba`hjon`rs nurfkm òflftbtfjk bltfvftf`s. “ Ps`n tj òflft bkn vbofnbt` stba `hjon`r‖s ➤ Wrjtjtypfkm “ k``ns thjumh bk ft`rbtfv` prjl`ss thbt lr`bt`s b r`qufr`c`kts cjnò. “ Ps`n tj òflft dusfk`ss ➤ \urv`y jr Ru`stfjkkbfr` “ bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk irjc b mrjup ji p`jpo` fk b strultur`n wby bkn fk shjrt p`rfjn ji tfc`. ]jrashjps “ Ps`n Ps`n tj òflft dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk ➤ ]jrashjps “ irjc b mrjup ji p`jpo` fk b ljoobdjrbtfv`, iblfoftbt`n wby. “ ]foo prjvfn` prjvfn` vboubdo` dusfk`ss bkboysfs ➤ Lustjc`r “ fkijrcbtfjk nurfkm òflftbtfjk. ➤ Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt ➤ @kn Ps`r ➤ Fcpo`c`ktbtfjk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt \pjksjr “ Buthjrfz`s Buthjrfz`s bkn `ksur`s thbt th` stba`hjon`rs ➤ \pjksjr “ k`l`ssbry tj pbrtflfpbt` fk òflftbtfjk br` fkvjov`n. ➤

=

\tba`hjon`rs

Wbm` >= ji >= ji 4<=


8

Jutput

➤

Bky stba`hjon`rs stba`hjon `rs @oflftbtfjk T`suots (ukljkifrc`n) “ “ Lbptur`n fkijrcbtfjk fk b ijrcbt thbt fs sp`lfifl tj th` òflftbtfjk bltfvfty.

Wbm` >8 ji >8 ji 4<=


4.2.< ^bsa <5 Ljkifrc @oflftbtfjk T`suots 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

^j lh`la th` fkijrcbtfjk mbth`r`n nurfkm bk òflftbtfjk òflftbtf jk s`ssfjk ijr bllurbly bkn ljksfst`kly wfth bky jth`r fkijrcbtfjk. ➤

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Fkputs

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>

@o`c`kts

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0

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

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9

^`lhkfqu`s

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=

\tba`hjon`rs

➤

@oflft`n fkijrcbtfjk fs ljcpbr`n ljcpbr`n bmbfkst th`fr sjurl` bkn jth`r òflftbtfjk r`suots r`suots bkn ljkifrc`n ljkifrc`n tj fn`ktfiy bky prjdo`cs prjdo`cs bkn r`sjov` r`sjov` th`c dìjr` r`sjurl`s br` ljccftt`n ljccftt `n tj usfkm th` fkijrcbtfjk. Ljccfttfkm r`sjurl`s tj dusfk`ss bkboysfs bltfvftf`s dbs`n jk ukljkifrc`n òflftbtfjk r`suots cby c`bk stba`hjon`r `xp`ltbtfjks br` kjt c`t. Ljkifrcfkm th` òflftbtfjk òflftbtfjk r`suots fs b culh culh o`ss rfmjrjus bkn ijrcbo r`vf`w thbk ft jllurs nurfkm bkboysfs. @oflftbtfjk T`suots (ukljkifrc`n) “ “ Lbptur` fkijrcbtfjk fk b ijrcbt sp`lfifl tj th` òflftbtfjk bltfvfty. Ljcpbr` @oflftbtfjk T`suots Bmbfkst \jurl` Fkijrcbtfjk “ “ Ijoojw up c``tfkms lbk d` brrbkm`n dy dusfk`ss bkboyst tj ljrr`lt bkn v`rfiy òflftbtfjk r`suots. Jk jth`r hbkn, ft lbk d` njk` fkn`p`kn`ktoy tjj dy stba`hjon`rs. Ljcpbr` @oflftbtfjk T`suots Bmbfkst Jth`r @oflft @oflft btfjk T`suots “ “ T`suots ljoo`lt`n thrjumh cuotfpo` òflftbtfjk bltfvftf`s br` ljcpbr`n tj ifkn jut fi th` fkijrcbtfjk mbth`r`n fs ljksfst`kt bkn bllurbtòy r`pr`s`kt`n. Ybrfbtfjks fk r`suots br` fn`ktfif`n bkn r`sjov`n fk ljoobdjrbtfjk wfth st ba`hjon`rs. ba`hjon`rs. Fk sjc` sjc` lbs`s, lbs`s, hfstjrflbo hfstjrflbo nbtb fs fs bosj bosj ljcpbr`n ljcpbr`n tj j ljkifrc r`l`ktoy ljoo`lt`n òflftbtfjk r`suots. Fkljksfst`klf`s Fkljksfst `klf`s br` ukljv`r`n wh`k dusfk`ss j sp`lfiflbtfjks bkn cjnòs br` lr`bt`n whflh lbk d` r`cjv`n dy fcprjvfkm ljoobdjrbtfjk wfth stba`hjon`rs. @oflftbtfjk Bltfvfty Wobk “ Wobk “ Ps`n Ps`n tj mufn` whflh bot`rkbtfv` sjurl`s bkn whflh òflftbtfjk r`suots br` tj d` ljcpbr`n. @xfstfkm Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Fkijrcbtfjk “ Fkijrcbtfjk “ Lbk Lbk d` us`n tj ljkifrc th` r`suots bkn nrbw jut cjr` n`tbfo`n fkijrcbtfjk. Njluc`kt Bkboysfs “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj ljkifrc òflftbtfjk r`suots bmbfkst `xfstfkm njluc`kts. Fkt`rvf`ws “ “ Ps`n tj ljkifrc th` dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk thbt fs ljoo`lt`n fs ljrr`lt. T`vf`ws “ Fkijrcbo “ Fkijrcbo jr ijrcbo r`vf`ws tj ljkifrc jk th` s`t ji òflftbtfjk r`suots. ]jrashjps “ “ Ps`n tj ljknult r`vf`ws ji th` nrbit`n òflftbtfjk r`suots usfkm bky o`vò ji ijrcbofty. Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt

Wbm` >6 ji >6 ji 4<=


8

Jutput

➤

Bky \tba`hjon`r Fkt`mrbt`n jutput thbt @oflftbtfjk T`suots (ljkifrc`n) “ (ljkifrc`n) “ Fkt`mrbt`n th` dusfk`ss bkboyst bkn jth`r stba`hjon`rs bmr`` ljrr`ltoy rìo`lts lbptur`n fkijrcbtfjk bkn ljkifrcs ft fs rò`vbkt bkn usìuo bs bk fkput tj iurth`r wjra.

Wbm` 07 ji 07 ji 4<=


4.2.> ^bsa >5 Ljccukflbt` Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Fkijrcbtfjk 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

^j `ksur` thbt th` stba`hjon`rs hbv` b shbr`n ukn`rstbknfkm ji dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk. ➤

➤

➤

➤

<

Fkputs

➤

➤

>

@o`c`kts

➤

Bpprjprfbt` fkijrcbtfjk cust d` ljccukflbt`n tj stba`hjon`rs bt th` rfmht tfc` tfc` bkn fk ijrcbts thbt ijrcbts thbt c``t th`fr k``ns. Ljksfn`rbtfjk fs mfv`k tj `xpr`ssfkm `xpr`ssfkm th` fkijrcbtfjk fkijrcbtfjk fk fk obkmubm`, tjk` bkn styo` styo` thbt fs bpprjprfbt` tj th` bunf`kl`. bunf`kl`. Ljccukflbtfjk Ljccukflb tfjk ji fkijrcbtfjk fs usubooy df-nfr`ltfjkbo bkn ft`rbtfv`. ft`rbtfv`. Ft fkvjov`s fkvjov`s n`t`rcfkfkm r`lfpf`kts, `xpobfkfkm th` ljkt`kt, prjvfnfkm rfmht ljkt`xt bkn `xp`ltfkm bk jutljc` jut ji ft. Dusfk`ss bkboysts blts jk bky bky nfslr`pbklf`s nfslr`pbklf`s thbt br` fn`ktfif`n bkn bkn wjras jk r`sjovfkm th`c. th`c. ^hfs ljuon ljuon d` bosj nu` tj th` c`thjn ji nòfv`rfkm th` fkijrcbtfjk bs stba`hjon`rs cby kjt d` bdo` tj ukn`rstbkn ft. Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Fkijrcbtfjk “ “ Bky afkn ji fkijrcbtfjk bt bky o`vò ji n`tbfo thbt fs us`n bs bk fkput jr jutput ji dusfk`ss dusfk`ss bkboysfs bkboysfs wjra. ^hfs fs b d`st fkput fkput wh`k th` k``n fs tj d` ljccukflbt`n bs fkijrcbtfjk tj stba`hjon`rs. \tba`hjon`r @kmbm`c`kt Bpprjblh “ “ N`slrfd`s stba`hjon`r mrjups, rjo`s, bkn m`k`rbo k``ns r`mbrnfkm ljccukflbtfjk ji dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk. N`t`rcfk` N`t`rcfk` Jde`ltfv`s bkn Ijrcbt ji Ljccukfl btfjk “ ^h` “ ^h` prfcbry mjbo ji n`vòjpfkm b pblabm` fs tj ljkv`y fkijrcbtfjk lo`broy lo`broy bkn fk usbdo` usbdo` ijrcbt ijr ljktfkufkm lhbkm` bltfvftf`s. Dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk fkijrcbt fjk pblabm`s cby d` j pr`pbr`n ijr b kucd`r ji r`bsjks sulh bs dòjw5 ji r`qufr`c`kts bkn ▥ ljccukflbtfjk n`sfmks tj stba`hjon`rs, `broy bss`ssc`kt ji qubofty bkn pobkkfkm, ▥ `vboubtfjk ji pjssfdo` bot`rkbtfv`s, ▥ ijrcbo r`vf`ws bkn bpprjvbos, ▥ fkputs tj sjoutfjk n`sfmk, ▥ ljkijrcbkl` tj ljktrbltubo jr r`muobtjry ▥ jdofmbtfjks bkn cbfkt`kbkl` ijr rùs`. ▥ ^h` pblabm` cust hbv` ljcdfkbtfjk ji cbt`rfbo j whflh lbk ljkv`y b ljh`sfv` bkn ìi`ltfv` c`ssbm` bs b whjo`. \ulh pblabm`s lbk d` stjr`n fk nfii`r`kt jkofk` jr jiiofk` r`pjsftjrf`s fklounfkm njluc`kts bkn tjjos. Wjssfdo` ijrc ji pblabm`s fkloun`5 j Wbm` 02 ji 02 ji 4<=


Ijrcbo Njluc`ktbtfjk “ “ Psubooy dbs`n jk t`cpobt` us`n dy jrmbkfzbtfjk tj prjvfn` b stbdo`, `bsy tj us`, ojkm t`rc r`ljrn ji fkijrcbtfjk. Fkijrcbo Njluc`ktbtfjk “ “ Njluc`kt`n ▥ bs pbrt ji lhbkm` prjl`ss dut kjt bs pbrt ji ijrcbo jrmbkfzbtfjkbo jrmbkfzbtfjkbo prjl`ss. Wr`s`ktbtfjks “ B “ B hfmh o`vò jv`rvf`w tj ▥ shjw ukn`rstbknfkm ji mjbos ji b lhbkm`, iukltfjks ji b sjoutfjk jr suppjrt`n fkijrcbtfjk ijr n`lfsfjk cbafkm purpjs`. Ljccukflbt` Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Wblabm` “ “ ^h` purpjs` ji ljccukflbtfkm th` dusfk`ss bkboysfs pblabm` fs tj prjvfn` bpprjprfbt` o`vò ji n`tbfo bdjut th` lhbkm` lhbkm` sj th`y lbk ukn`rstbkn th` fkijrcbtfjk ft ljktbfks. \tba`hjon`rs br` mfv`k th` jppjrtukfty tj r`vf`w th` pblabm`, ljcc`kt bs wòo bs rbfs` bky ljkl`rks th`y cby hbv`. Ljccukflbtfjk Ljccukflbtf jk lbk d` d` njk` vfb ijoojwfkm wbys5 Mrjup Ljoobdjrbtfjk “ “ Ljccukflbt` th` j pblabm` tj b mrjup ji stba`hjon`rs bt sbc` tfc`. ^hfs boojws fcc`nfbt` nfslussfjk bdjut fkijrcbtfjk bkn fssu`s. Fknfvfnubo Ljoobdjrbtfjk “ Ljoobdjrbtfjk “ Ps`n Ps`n tj ljccukflbt` j th` pblabm` tj b sfkmo` stba`hjon`r bt b tfc`. Y`ry d`kìflfbo wh`k bk fknfvfnubo ukn`rstbknfkm fs r`qufr`n. @cbfo @cbfo jr jth`r kjk-v`rdbo c`thjns “ c`thjns “ D`st D`st wh`k j tj ljccukflbt` hfmhoy cbtur`n bkn sòi`xpobkbtjry fkijrcbtfjk tj suppjrt ft. Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Bpprjblh “ Bpprjblh “ N`slrfd`s N`slrfd`s hjw th` vbrfjus fkijrcbtfjk fkijrcbt fjk wfoo d` nfss`cfkbt`n. Fkloun`s o`vò ji n`tbfos, ijrcbofty, ljccukflbtfjk ir`qu`kly bkn fts fcpblt jk m`jmrbphflbooy m`jmrbphflbooy nfstrfdut`n stba`hjon`rs. Fkijrcbtfjk Fkijrcbt fjk Cbkbm`c`kt Bpprjblh “ “ Hòps n`t`rcfk` hjw th` fkijrcbtfjk wfoo d` pblabm`n bkn ljccukflbt`n tj stba`hjon`rs. stba`hjon`rs. Fkt`rvf`ws “ “ Ps`n tj fknfvfnubooy ljccukflbt` fkijrcbtfjk tj stba`hjon`rs. stba`hjon`rs. T`vf`ws “ “ Ps`n tj prjvfn` stba`hjon`rs wfth bk jppjrtukfty tj `xpr`ss i``ndbla, r`qu`st lhbkm`s, bmr`` jr prjvfn` bpprjvbos. T`vf`ws lbk d` us`n nurfkm mrjup jr fknfvfnubo ljoobdjrbtfjk. ljoobdjrbtfjk. ]jrashjps “ “ D`st ift ijr mrjup ljoobdjrbtfjk bkn prjvfn`s stba`hjon`rs wfth bk jppjrtukfty tj `xpr`ss i``ndbla bkn tj ukn`rstbkn bneustc`kts, r`spjks`s, bltfjks, mbfkfkm ljks`ksus bkn prjvfnfkm bpprjvbos. ▥

➤

0

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

➤

➤

9

^`lhkfqu`s

➤ ➤

➤

Wbm` 04 ji 04 ji 4<=


=

\tba`hjon`rs

8

Jutput

@kn Ps`r ➤ Lustjc`r ➤ Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt ➤ Fcpo`c`ktbtfjk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt ➤ ^`st`r ➤ Bky stba`hjon`r (ljccukflbt`n) “ Ft Ft fs ➤ Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Fkijrcbtfjk (ljccukflbt`n) “ ljksfn`r`n bs ljccukflbt`n wh`k tbrm`t bunf`kl` r`blh`s tj b stbt` ji ukn`rstbknfkm ji fts ljkt`kt bkn fcpoflbtfjks. ➤

4.2.0 ^bsa 05 Cbkbm` \tba`hjon`r Ljoobdjrbtfjk 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

^j `kljurbm` stba`hjon`rs tj wjra tjwbrns b ljccjk mjbo. ➤ ➤

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<

Fkputs

➤

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Cbkbmfkm stba`hjon`r ljoobdjrbtfjk fs bk jkmjfkm bltfvfty. K`w stba`hjon`rs stba`h jon`rs lbk d` fn`ktfif`n bt bky pjfkt pjfkt nurfkm bk fkftfbtfv`. fkftfbtfv`. Bs k`w stba`hjon`rs br` fn`ktfif`n, fn`ktfif`n, th`fr th`fr rjo`, fkiou`kl` bkn ròbtfjkshfp tj th` fkftfbtfv` br` bkboyz`n. @blh stba`hjon`r‖s rjo`, r`spjksfdfofty, r`spjksfdfofty, fkiou`kl`, bttftun`, bkn buthjrfty cby lhbkm` jv`r tfc`. Dusfk`ss bkboysts cbkbm`s stba`hjon`r ljoobdjrbtfjk tj lbpftbofz` lbpftbofz` jk pjsftfv` r`bltfjks bkn cftfmbt` cftfmbt` jr bvjfn k`mbtfv` r`bltfjks. \tba`hjon`r‖s \tba`hjon` r‖s bttftun` bttftun ` k``n tj d` cjkftjr`n bkn bss`ss`n tj n`t`rcfk` fi ft fs bii`ltfkm th`fr pbrtflfpbtfjk fk fk dusfk`ss bkboysfs bkboysfs bltfvftf`s. bltfvftf`s. Jutljc`s ji pjjr ròbtfjkshfps wfth stba`hjon`rs ljuon d` bs ijoojws5 ibfour` tj prjvfn` qubofty fkijrcbtfjk, j strjkm k`mbtfv` r`bltfjks tj s`tdblas bkn j jdstblo`s, r`sfstbkl` tj lhbkm`, j obla ji suppjrt bkn pbrtflfpbtfjk pbrtflfpbt fjk fk dusfk`ss j bkboysfs wjra bkn fmkjrbkl` ji dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk. B strjkm, pjsftfv` bkn bkn trust-dbs`n trust-dbs`n ròbtfjkshfps ròbtfjkshfps k``n tj d` cbkbm`n wfth stba`hjon`rs whj5 prjvfn`s s`rvfl` tj dusfk`ss bkboyst j n`p`kns jk th` s`rvfl`s prjvfn`n dy dusfk`ss j bkboyst pbrtflfpbt` fk `x`lutfjk ji ji dusfk`ss bkboysfs bkboysfs j tbsas. \tba`hjon`r @kmbm`c`kt Bpprjblh “ “ N`slrfd`s th` typ` ji `xp`lt`n `kmbm`c`kt wfth stba`hjon`rs bkn hjw th`y cfmht k``n tj d` cbkbm`n. Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs W`rijrcbkl` Bss`ssc`kt “ Wrjvfn`s a`y fkijrcbtfjk bdjut ìi`ltfv`k`ss ji dusfk`ss Wbm` 0< ji 0< ji 4<=


>

@o`c`kts

➤

➤

➤

0

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

➤

➤ ➤

bkboysfs tbsas d`fkm `x`lut`n, fklounfkm thjs` ijlus`n jk stba`hjon`r `kmbm`c`kt. \tba`hjon`rs cby Mbfk Mbfk Bmr``c`kt jk Ljccft c`kts “ c`kts “ \tba`hjon`rs d` pbrtflfpbtfkm fk bltfvftf`s thbt fkvjov` fkv`stfkm tfc` bkn ljccftc`kts irjc r`sjurl`s. r`sjurl`s. ^hfs k``ns tj d` fn`ktfif`n fn`ktfif`n bkn bmr``n upjk bs `broy bs pjssfdo`. @xpoflft ukn`rstbknfkm ji `xp`ltbtfjks bkn j n`sfr`n jutljc`s ji th` ljccftc`kt k``n tj d` ljccukflbt`n ijrcbooy jr jr fkijrcbooy. fkijrcbooy. Fk lbs` ji ji fssu`s wfth th` t`rcs bkn ljknftfjks ji th` ljccftc`kts, ìi`ltfv` k`mjtfbtfjk, ljccukflbtfjk bkn ljkioflt-r`sjoutfjk safoos k``n tj d` us`n. Cjkftjr \tba`hjon`r @kmbm`c`kt “ Dusfk`ss “ Dusfk`ss bkboysts ljktfkubooy cjkftjr pbrtflfpbtfjk bkn p`rijrcbkl` ji stba`hjon`rs bs wòo bs rfsas. Ljktfkujus cjkftjrfkm ji pbrtflfpbtfjk bkn j p`rijrcbkl` `ksur`s thbt5 rfmht sude`lt cbtt`r `xp`rts br` ▥ pbrtflfpbtfkm pbrtflfpbtfkm ìi`ltfvòy, ìi`ltfvòy, stba`hjon`r bttftun`s bkn fkt`r`st fkt`r`st br` ▥ fcprjvfkm, òflftbtfjk r`suots br` ljkifrc`n ljkifrc`n wfthfk ▥ tfc`, bmr``c`kts bkn ljccftc`kts br` ▥ cbfktbfk`n Ijoojwfkm typ`s ji rfsas br` cjkftjr`n5 j stba`hjon`rs d`fkm nfv`rt`n tj jth`r wjra, ▥ òflftbtfjk bltfvftf`s kjt prjvfnfkm prjvfnfkm qubofty ji ▥ fkijrcbtfjk r`qufr`n, nòby`n bpprjvbos ▥ Ljoobdjrbtfjk “ “ \tba`hjon`rs br` cjr` suppjrtfv` ji lhbkm` fi dusfk`ss bkboysts ljoobdjrbt` wfth th`c tj boojw th` iojw ji fkijrcbtfjk, fn`bs bkn fkkjvbtfjks. Ljoobdjrbtfjk fkvjov`s r`muobr bkn ir`qu`kt ljccukflbtfjk fk ijrc ji ir`` iojw ji fkijrcbtfjk brjukn jdstblo`s bkn tj prjcjt` b shbr`n ìijrt tj r`sjov` prjdo`cs bkn blhf`v` n`sfr`n jutljc`s. Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Bpprjblh “ Bpprjblh “ N`slrfd`s N`slrfd`s th` kbtur` bkn o`vò ji ljoobdjrbtfjk r`qufr`n irjc `blh stba`hjon`r mrjup. Dusfk`ss Jde`ltfv`s “ “ N`slrfd` th` n`sfr`n nfr`ltfjk k``n`n tj blhf`v` th` iutur` stbt`. Iutur` \tbt` N`slrfptfjk “ “ Nìfk`s th` iutur` stbt` bkn `xp`lt`n vbou` ft nòfv`rs whfo` a``pfkm ijlus jk ljccjk mjbo.

Wbm` 0> ji 0> ji 4<=


➤

9

^`lhkfqu`s

➤

➤

➤ ➤

= 8

\tba`hjon`rs Jutput

➤ ➤

T`ljcc`kn`n Bltfjks “ Bltfjks “ Ljccukflbtfkm Ljccukflbtfkm whbt shjuon d` njk` tj fcprjv` th` vbou` ji th` sjoutfjk lbk hòp tj mbovbkfz` suppjrt bkn ijlus jk ljccjk mjbo. Tfsa Bkboysfs T`suots “ “ \tba`hjon`r ròbt`n rfsas wfoo k``n tj d` bnnr`ss`n tj `ksur` stba`hjon`r ljoobdjrbtfjk bltfvftf`s br` sull`ssiuo. Ljoobdjrbtfv` Mbc`s “ Mbc`s “ Ps`n Ps`n tj stfcuobt` t`bcwjra bkn ljoobdjrbtfjk dy fcc`rsfkm pbrtflfpbkts pbrtflfpbkts fk b sbi` bkn iuk sftubtfjk tj `xpojr` bkn shbr` th` akjwo`nm`. a kjwo`nm`. O`ssjks O`brk`n “ Ps`n tj ukn`rstbkn stba`hjon`r‖s sbtfsibltfjk jr nfssbtfsibltfjk bkn jii`r th`c bk jppjrtukfty tj hòp fcprjv` th` wjrafkm ròbtfjkshfps. Tfsa Bkboysfs bkn Cbkbm`c`kt “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy bkn cbkbm` rfsas. \tba`hjon`r Ofst, Cbp, jr W`rsjkbs “ “ Ps`n tj n`t`rcfk` whj fs bvbfobdo` tj pbrtflfpbt` fk dusfk`ss bkboysfs wjra bkn whj k``ns tj d` ljksuot`n bdjut nfii`r`kt afkns ji dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk. Boo \tba`hjon`rs \tba`hjon `rs \tba`hjon`r @kmbm`c`kt “ @kmbm`c`kt “ ]foofkmk`ss ]foofkmk`ss ji stba`hjon`rs tj `kmbm` fk dusfk`ss bkboysfs bkboysfs bltfvftf`s bkn fkt`rblt wfth th` dusfk`ss bkboyst wh`k k`l`ssbry.

Wbm` 00 ji 00 ji 4<=


4.4 Mojssbry ➤

T`qufr`c`kts Cbkbm`c`kt ^jjos “ “ ^jjos prjvfn` b ljktfkujus prjl`ss ji cbkbmfkm r`qufr`c`kts bkn cbkbmfkm th`c thrjumhjut ofi`lylo` ji thjs` r`qufr`c`kts. r`qufr`c`kts. Ljupo` ji `xbcpo`s `xbcpo`s ji sulh tjjos br`5 FDC Tbtfjkbo Tjs`, FTF\ Dusfk`ss Brlhft`lt bkn @kt`rprfs` Brlhft`lt.

Wbm` 09 ji 09 ji 4<=


Wbm` 0= ji 0= ji 4<=


T`qufr`c`kts Ofi` Lylo` Cbkbm`c`kt

Wbm` 08 ji 08 ji 4<=


Wbm` 06 ji 06 ji 4<=


<. AB<5 T`qufr`c`kts Ofi` Lylo` Cbkbm`c`kt T`qufr`c`kts Ofi` Lylo` Cbkbm`c`kt akjwo`nm` br`b n`slrfd`s th` tbsas thbt dusfk`ss bkboysts p`rijrc fk jrn`r tj cbkbm` bkn cbkbm` bkn cbfktbfk r`qufr`c`kts cbfktbfk r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmk fkijrcbtfjk irjc fkl`ptfjk tj r`tfr`c`kt. ^h` purpjs` ji r`qufr`c`kts ofi` lylo` cbkbm`c`kt fs tj cbfktbfk trbl`bdfofty d`tw``k dusfk`ss, stba`hjon`r bkn sjoutfjk r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks bkn sjoutfjk fcpo`c`kts th`c. Ft bosj fkvjov`s ljktrjo jk th` r`qufr`c`kts bkn fts fcpo`c`ktbtfjk fk bltubo sjoutfjk. T`qufr`c`kts ofi` lylo` d`mfks d`mfks wfth r`pr`s`ktbtfjk ji dusfk`ss k``n bs b r`qufr`c`kt, ljktfku`s thrjumh ljktfku`s thrjumh th` n`vòjpc`kt ji b sjoutfjk bkn `kns wh`k b sjoutfjk bkn r`qufr`c`kts thbt r`pr`s`kt ft br` r`tfr`n. r`tfr`n . T`qufr`c`kts ljktfku` tj prjvfn` vbou` fi cbkbm`n prjp`roy bkn fts cbkbm`c`kt nj`s kjt `kn jkl` th` sjoutfjk sjoutfjk fs fcpo`c`kt`n. fcpo`c`kt`n. Ft fs bk jkmjfkm jkmjfkm bltfvfty. T`qufr`c`kts cby d` fk cuotfpo` stbt`s bt stbt`s bt jk` tfc`. ^h` usbm` bkn bppoflbtfjk ji `blh ji th` ljr` ljkl`pts wfthfk th` ljkt`xt ji T`qufr`c`kts Ofi` Lylo` Cbkbm`c`kt fs bs ijoojws5 i joojws5 •

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Lhbkm` “ Lhbkm` “ Cbkbm` Cbkbm` hjw prjpjs`n lhbkm`s tj r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks br` `vboubt`n nurfkm bk fkftfbtfv` K``n “ K``n “ ^rbl`, ^rbl`, prfjrftfz` bkn cbfktbfk r`qufr`c`kts tj `ksur` thbt t h` k``n fs c`t \joutfjk “ \joutfjk “ ^rbl` ^rbl` r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks tj sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kts tj `ksur` thbt th` sjoutfjk sbtfsif`s th` k``n \tba`hjon`r “ “ ]jra lojsòy wfth a`y stba`hjon`rs tj cbfktbfk ukn`rstbknfkm, bmr``c`kt, bkn bpprjvbo ji r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks Ybou` “ Ybou` “ Cbfktbfk Cbfktbfk r`qufr`c`kts ijr rùs` fk iutur` Ljkt`xt “ Ljkt`xt “ Bkboys` Bkboys` th` ljkt`xt tj suppjrt trblfkm bkn prfjrftfzbtfjk bltfvftf`s

Wbm` 97 ji 97 ji 4<=


<.2 T`qufr`c`kts Ofi` Lylo` Cbkbm`c`kt ^bsas ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤

^bsa 25 ^rbl` T`qufr`c`kts ^bsa 4 5 Cbfktbfk T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`kts ^bsa < 5 Wrfjrftfz` Wrfjrftfz` T`qufr`c`kts ^bsa > 5 Bss`ss T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`kts Lhbkm`s ^bsa 05 Bpprjv` T`qufr`c`kts

<.2.2 ^bsa 25 ^rbl` T`qufr`c`kts 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`kt s bkn n`sfmks bt nfii`r`kt o`vòs br` bofmk`n tj jk` bkjth`r bkn tj cbkbm` th` ìi`lts ji lhbkm` tj jk` o`vò jk ròbt`n r`qufr`c`kts. r`qufr`c`kts. ➤

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Fkputs

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T`qufr`c`kts trbl`bdfofty fn`ktfif`s bkn bkn njluc`kts njluc`kts th` ofk`bm` ji `blh r`qufr`c`kt, fklounfkm fts dblawbrn trbl`bdfofty, fts ijrwbrn ijrwbrn trbl`bdfofty, bkn fts ròbtfjkshfp tj jth`r r`qufr`c`kts. r`qufr`c`kts. ^rbl`bdfofty ^rbl`bdfofty fs us`n tj hòp `ksur` thbt th` sjoutfjk ljkijrcs tj r`qufr`c`kts bkn tj bssfst fk sljp`, lhbkm`, rfsa, tfc`, ljst, ljccukflbtfjk cbkbm`c`kt, cbkbm`c`kt , tj n`t`lt bky cfssfkm iukltfjkbofty iukltfjkbofty bkn tj fn`ktfiy fi th` fcpo`c`kt`n iukltfjkbofty fs kjt suppjrt`n suppjrt`n dy bky r`qufr`c`kt. Fk bnnftfjk, bnnftfjk, ft bosj bosj suppjrts djth r`qufr`c`kts boojlbtfjk bkn rò`bs` pobkkfkm pobkkfkm dy prjvfnfkm b nfr`lt ofk` ji sfmht irjc r`qufr`c`kt tj `xpr`ss`n k``n. T`qufr`c`kts “ “ Cby d` trbl`n tj jth`r r`qufr`c`kts, sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kts, vfsubos, dusfk`ss ruo`s bkn jth`r wjra prjnults N`sfmks “ N`sfmks “ Cby Cby d` trbl`n tj jth`r r`qufr`c`kts, r`qufr`c`kts, sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kts bkn jth`r wjra prjnults O`vò ji Ijrcbofty “ “ Ybou` nòfv`r`n dy trblfkm r`qufr`c`kts, r`qufr`c`kts, kbtur` bkn us` ji trbl`bdfofty ròbtfjkshfps lr`bt`n hòp hòp tj n`lfn` n`lfn` th` ijrcbofty o`vò. o`vò. ]h`k th` r`qufr`c`kts bkn ròbt`n ròbtfjkshfps mrjws, ìijrt tj trbl` th`c bosj fklr`bs`s sfmkfiflbktoy. Tòbtfjkshfps “ “ \`v`rbo typ`s ji ròbtfjkshfps thbt dusfk`ss bkboyst ljksfn`rs wh`k nìfkfkm trbl`bdfofty bpprjblh5 N`rfv` “ “ Ps`n wh`k b r`qufr`c`kt fs n`rfv`n j irjc bkjth`r bkjth`r r`qufr`c`kt. Ijr `.m., `.m., b sjoutfjk r`qufr`c`kt n`rfv`n irjc b dusfk`ss jr b stba`hjon`r r`qufr`c`k r `qufr`c`ktt N`p`kns “ “ Ps`n wh`k jk` r`qufr`c`kt fs j n`p`kn`kt jk bkjth`r. ^yp`s ji n`p`kn`kly ròbtfjkshfps fkloun`5

Wbm` 92 ji 92 ji 4<=


K`l`ssfty “ “ ]h`k ft cba`s s`ks` tj fcpo`c`kt b pbrtfluobr r`qufr`c`kt fi b ròbt`n r`qufr`c`kt fs bosj fcpo`c`kt`n @iijrt “ ]h`k “ ]h`k b r`qufr`c`kt fs `bsf`r tj t j ▥ fcpo`c`kt fi b ròbt`n r`qufr`c`kt fs bosj fcpo`c`kt`n \btfsiy “ “ Tòbtfjkshfp d`tw``k bk j fcpo`c`ktbtfjk fcpo`c`ktbtfjk ò`c`kt bkn th` r`qufr`c`kts ft fs sbtfsiyfkm Ybofnbt` “ “ Tòbtfjkshfp d`tw``k b r`qufr`c`kt j bkn bkjth`r ò`c`kt tj fn`ktfiy wh`th`r sjoutfjk iuoifos th` r`qufr`c`k r `qufr`c`kt. t. ^rbl`bdfofty T`pjsftjry “ “ Ft fs r`ljcc`kn`n tj us` T`qufr`c`kts cbkbm`c`kt tjjos tj r`bp d`kìfts wh`k w` br` trblfkm b obrm` kucd`r ji r`qufr`c`kts bs ljcpbr`n tj cbkubo bpprjblh`s. \jc` `xbcpo`s ji ji r`qufr`c`kts cbkbm`c`kt tjjos br` FDC Tbtfjkbo Tjs`, EFTB, Tbooy, `tl. Njcbfk Akjwo`nm` “ “ Akjwo`nm` ji bkn `xp`rtfs` fk dusfk`ss njcbfk k``n`n tj suppjrt trbl`bdfofty trbl`bdfofty Fkijrcbtfjk Cbkbm`c`kt Cbkbm`c`kt Bpprjblh “ Bpprjblh “ Wrjvfn`s Wrjvfn`s n`lfsfjks ijrc pobkkfkm bltfvftf`s O`mbo / T`muobtjry T`muobtjry Fkijrcbtfjk Fkijrcbtfjk “ “ N`slrfd`s o`mfsobtfv` ruo`s jr r`muobtfjks thbt cust d` ijoojw`n T`qufr`c`kts Cbkbm`c`kt Cbkbm`c`kt ^jjos/T`pjsftjry “ “ Ps`n tj stjr` bkn cbkbm` dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk Dusfk `ss Tuo`s Tuo`s Bkboysfs “ Bkboysfs “ Ps`n Ps`n tj trbl` dusfk`ss ruo`s tj r`qufr`c`kts Iukltfjkbo N`ljcpjsftfjk “ “ Ps`n tj dr`ba njwk sjoutfjk sljp` fktj scboo`r ljcpjk`kts ijr boojlbtfjk Wrjl`ss Cjnòofkm “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj vfsubooy shjw iutur` stbt` prjl`ss bkn trblfkm r`qufr`c`kts tj th` sbc` \ljp` Cjnòofkm “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj vfsubooy n`pflt sljp` tj th` br`b ji sljp` th` r`qufr`c`kt suppjrts Lustjc`rs Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt @kn Ps`r Fcpo`c`ktbtfjk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt Jp`rbtfjkbo \uppjrt Wrje`lt Cbkbm`r \pjksjr “ \pjksjr “ T`qufr`n T`qufr`n tj bpprjv` th` bpprjv` th` vbrfjus ròbtfjkshfps \uppof`rs ^`st`r “ “ K``n tj ukn`rstbkn hjw hj w bkn wh`r` r`qufr`c`kts br` fcpo`c`kt`n wh`k lr`btfkm t`st pobks bkn t`st lbs`s ▥

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Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

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9

^`lhkfqu`s

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\tba`hjon`rs

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Wbm` 94 ji 94 ji 4<=


8

Jutput

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T`qufr`c`kts (^rbl`n) “ “ Hbv` lo`broy nìfk`n ròbtfjkshfps tj jth`r r`qufr`c`kts, r`qufr`c`kts, sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kts, jr rò`bs`s, phbs`s jr ft`rbtfjks wfthfk b sjoutfjk sljp` N`sfmks (^rbl`n) - Hbv` lo`broy nìfk`n ròbtfjkshfps tj jth`r r`qufr`c`kts, r`qufr`c`kts, sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kts, jr rò`bs`s, phbs`s jr ft`rbtfjks wfthfk b sjoutfjk sljp`

<.2.4 ^bsa 45 Cbfktbfk T`qufr`c`kts 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

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T`tbfk r`qufr`c`kt bllurbly bkn ljksfst`kly ljksfst` kly thrjumhjut bkn d`yjkn th` lhbkm` nurfkm `ktfr` r`qufr`c`kts ofi`lylo` tj suppjrt fts rùs` fk jth`r sjoutfjks

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^j cbxfcfz` th` d`kìfts ji cbfktbfkfkm bkn rùsfkm r`qufr`c`kts, r`qufr`c`kts, th` r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kts shjuon d`5 ljksfst`ktoy r`pr`s`kt`n j r`vf`w`n bkn bpprjv`n ijr cbfkt`kbkl` usfkm b j stbknbrnfz`n prjl`ss thbt nìfk`s prjp`r bll`ss rfmhts bkn `ksur`s qubofty `bsfoy bll`ssfdo` bkn ukn`rstbknbdo` ukn`rstbk nbdo` j T`qufr`c`kts “ “ Fkloun`s mjbos, jde`ltfv`s, dusfk`ss, stba`hjon`r, sjoutfjk bkn trbksftfjk r`qufr`c`kts thbt k``n tj d` cbfktbfk`n thrjumhjut ofi`lylo` N`sfmks “ N`sfmks “ Cbfktbfk`n Cbfktbfk`n thrjumhjut ofi`lylo` bs k``n`n Cbfktbfk T`qufr`c`kts “ “ Bit`r bk bpprjv`n lhbkm`, r`qufr`c`kts br` a`pt ljrr`lt ljrr`lt bkn lurr`kt lurr`kt ijr iutur` fkftfbtfv`s. fkftfbtfv`s . ^hfs fs blhf`v`n vfb r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kt s cbkbm`c`kt tjjos. T`qufr`c`kts k``n tj d` lo`broy kbc`n, kbc`n , j obdòo`n , nìfk`n nìfk`n bkn `bsfoy bll`ssfdo` tj stba`hjon`rs. Tòbtfjkshfps bcjkm r`qufr`c`kts, s`ts ji j r`qufr`c`kts bkn bssjlfbt`n dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk fs cbfktbfk`n tj `ksur` th` ljkt`xt bkn jrfmfkbo fkt`kt ji r`qufr`c`kt fs pr`s`rv`n. T`pjsftjrf`s wfth bll`pt`n tbxjkjcf`s bssfst tbxjkjcf`s bssfst fk j `stbdofshfkm bkn cbfktbfkfkm ofkas d`tw``k cbfktbfk`n r`qufr`c`kts, bkn iblfoftbt` r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks trbl`bdfofty. Cbfktbfk Bttrfdut`s “ Bttrfdut`s sulh bs r`qufr`c`kt‖s r`qufr`c`kt‖s sjurl`, sjurl`, prfjrfty prfjrfty bkn ljcpo`xfty bfn ljcpo`xfty bfn fk cbkbmfkm `blh r`qufr`c`kt thrjumhjut ofi`lylo`. Tùsfkm T`qufr`c`kts “ “ T`qufr`c`kts ijr iutur` fkftfbtfv`s k``n tj d` kbc`n, obdòo`n, nìfk`n bkn stjr`n fk b cbkk`r `bsfoy bll`ssfdo` tj stba`hjon`rs. T`qufr`c`kts bt hfmh`r o`vò ji bdstrbltfjk cby d` wrftt`k wfth ofcft`n rì`r`kl` tj sp`lfifl sjoutfjks Wbm` 9< ji 9< ji 4<=


0 9

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos ^`lhkfqu`s

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\tba`hjon`rs

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Jutput

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wh`r`bs thjs` r`pr`s`kt`n fk m`k`rbo cbkk`r t`kn t`kn tj d` cjr` rùsbdo`. T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`kt s thbt br` fkt`kn`n ijr rùs` rìo`lt th` lurr`kt stbt` stbt` ji th` jrmbkfzbtfjk. T`qufr`c`kts lbk d` rùs`n5 wfthfk th` lurr`kt fkftfbtfv` j wfthfk sfcfobr fkftfbtfv`s j wfthfk sfcfobr n`pbrtc`kts j thrjumhjut `ktfr` jrmbkfzbtfjk jrmbkfzbtfjk j Fkijrcbtfjk Cbkbm`c`kt Bpprjblh “ “ Fknflbt`s hjw r`qufr`c`kts wfoo d` cbkbm`n ijr rùs` Dusfk`ss Tuo`s Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy dusfk`ss ruo`s thbt cby d` sfcfobr blrjss th` `kt`rprfs` tj iblfoftbt` rùs` Nbtb Iojw Iojw Nfbmr bcs “ bcs “ Ps`n Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy fkijrcbtfjk iojw Nbtb Cjnòofk m “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy nbtb strultur` thbt cby d` sfcfobr blrjss `kt`rprfs` tj iblfoftbt` rùs` Njluc`kt Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj bkboyz` `xfstfkm njluc`ktbtfjk ijr rùsfkm r`qufr`c`kts Iukltfjkbo N`ljcpjsftfjk “ “ Fn`ktfiy r`qufr`c`kts bssjlfbt`n wfth ljcpjk`kts bkn bvbfobdo` ijr rùs` Wrjl`ss Cjnòofkm “ “ Fn`ktfiy r`qufr`c`kts bssjlfbt`n wfth prjl`ss`s thbt br` bvbfobdo` bvbfobdo` ijr rùs` Ps` Lbs`s bkn \l`kbrfjs “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy b sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kt thbt cby d` utfofz`n dy cjr` thbk jk` sjoutfjk Ps`r Ps`r \tjrf`s “ \tjrf`s “ Fn`ktfiy Fn`ktfiy r`qufr`c`kts bssjlfbt`n wfth th` stjry thbt cby d` bvbfobdo` ijr rùs` Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt Fcpo`c`ktbtfjk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt “ “ Ptfofz`n cbfktbfk`n r`qufr`c`kts wh`k n`vòjpfkm r`mr`ssfjk t`sts t`sts bkn ljknultfkm fcpblt bkboysfs ijr bk `khbkl`c`kt Jp`rbtfjkbo \uppjrt T`muobtjr ^`st`r T`qufr`c`kts (cbfktbfk`n) “ “ Nìfk`n jkl` bkn bvbfobdo` ijr ojkm t`bc usbm` usbm ` bs jrmbkfzbtfjkbo jrmbkfzbtfjkbo prj l`ss bss`ts bss`ts tj d` us`n fk iutur` fkftfbtfv`s. B r`q uf r`c `kt thbt wbs kjt bpprjv`n jr fcpo`c`kt`n cby d` cbfktbfk`n ijr pjssfdo` iutur` fkftfbtfv` . N`sfmks N`sfmks (cbfktbfk`n) (cbfktbfk`n) “ “ Cby Cby d` rùsbdo` jkl` nìfk`n.

Wbm` 9> ji 9> ji 4<=


<.2.< ^bsa <5 Wrfjrftfz` T`qufr`c`kts 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

Tbka T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`kts fk th` jrn`r ji ròbtfv` fcpjrtbkl` ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤

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Fkputs

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Wrfjrftfzbtfjk fs th` blt ji rbkafkm rbkafkm r`qufr`c`kts tj n`t`rcfk` th`fr ròbtfv` fcpjrtbkl` tj stba`hjon`rs. Wrfjrfty lbk rì`r tj ròbtfv` vbou` ji vbou` ji b r`qufr`c`kt, jr tj th` s`qu`kl` fk s`qu`kl` fk whflh ft wfoo d` fcpo`c`kt`n. Ft fs fs bk jkmjfkm jkmjfkm prjl`ss wfth prfjrftf`s lhbkmfkm bs ljkt`xt lhbkm`s Fkt`r n`p`kn`klf`s d`tw``k r`qufr`c`kts br` fn`ktfif`n bkn us`n bs dbsfs i jr prfjrftfzbtfjk. Ft fs lrftflbo `x`rlfs` thbt s`às tj `ksur` th` cbxfcuc cbxfcuc vbou` fs vbou` fs blhf`v`n. T`qufr`c`kts “ “ Bky r`qufr`c`kts fk ijrc ji t`xt, cbtrfl`s jr nfbmrbcs thbt br` r`bny tj t j prfjrftfz` N`sfmks “ N`sfmks “ Bky Bky n`sfmk fk ijrc thbt br` r`bny tj prfjrftfz`. Dbsfs ijr Wrfjrftfzbtfjk “ ^ypflbo “ ^ypflbo ibltjrs thbt fkiou`kl` prfjrftfzbtfjk fkloun`5 D`kìft “ “ Bnvbktbm` bllru`n tj stba`hjon`rs bs j b r`suot ji r`qufr`c`kt fcpo`c`ktbtfjk bs c`bsur`n bmbfkst th` mjbos bkn jde`ltfv`s ijr th` lhbkm`. Ljkioflt r`sjoutfjk bkn k`mjtfbtfjk cby d` `cpojy`n tj ljc` tj ljks`ksus jk jv`rboo d`kìft. W`kboty “ “ Ljks`qu`kl`s thbt r`suot irjc kjt j fcpo`c`ktfkm fcpo`c`ktf km b mfv`k r`qufr`c`kt. Ft cby bosj rì`r tj th` k`mbtfv` ljks`qu`kl` ljks`qu`kl` ji kjt fcpo`c`ktfkm b r`qufr`c`kt thbt fcprjv`s lustjc`r `xp`rf`kl`. Ljst “ Ljst “ @iijrt @iijrt bkn r`sjurl`s k``n`n tj fcpo`c`kt j th` r`qufr`c`kt. Tfsa “ “ Pkl`rtbfkty bdjut r`qufr`c`kt kjt d``k j c`t bt boo jr r`qufr`c`kt kjt nòfv`rfkm pjt`ktfbo vbou`. B prjji ji ji ljkl`pt fk ijrc ji ji prjtjtyp` jr prjtjtyp` jr spfa` spfa` fs lr`bt`n tj mbfk ljkifn`kl` fk hfmh rfsa jptfjks. N`p`kn`klf`s “ “ Tòbtfjkshfps d`tw``k th` j r`qufr`c`kts wh`r` jk` r`qufr`c`kt lbkkjt d` iuoifoo`n uko`ss th` jth`r r`qufr`c`kt fs iuoifoo`n. ^fc` \`ksftfvfty “ “ B nbt` bit`r whflh j fcpo`c`ktbtfjk ji sp`lfifl r`qufr`c`kt ojs`s vbou`. \tbdfofty “ “ Ofaòfhjjn thbt th` r`qufr`c`kt wfoo j lhbkm` nu` tj k``n tj nj iurth`r bkboysfs jr d`lbus` stba`hjon`rs hbv` kjt r`blh`n b ljks`ksus bdjut ft

Wbm` 90 ji 90 ji 4<=


T`muobtjry jr Wjofly Ljcpofbkl` “ T`qufr`c`kts tj c``t r`muobtjry jr pjofly n`cbkns whflh cby tba` pr`l`n`kl` jv`r stba`hjon`r fkt`r`sts. ➤ Lhboo`km`s ji Wrfjrftfzbtfjk “ Tòbtfv` vbou` fs bss`ss`n bs pbrt ji prfjrftfzbtfjk. ^h`r` br` lhbkl`s thbt stba`hjon`rs cfmht prfjrftfz` boo r`qufr`c`kts bs hfmh jr cby fknflbt` prfjrfty tj fkiou`kl` th` r`suot blljrnfkm tj th`fr n`sfr`n jutljc`. Wrfjrf tfzbtfjk “ tfzbtfjk “ Wrfjrftf`s Wrfjrftf`s cby shfit bs ljkt`xt ➤ Ljktfkubo Wrfjrf `vjov`s bkn bs cjr` fkijrcbtfjk fkijrcbtfjk d`ljc`s bvbfobdo`. Fkftfbooy prfjrftfzbtfjk fs njk` bt hfmh`r o`vò ji bdstrbltfjk bkn jkl` r`qufr`c`kts br` iurth`r rìfk`n, ft fs njk` bt cjr` mrbkuobr o`vò. “ Jdofmbtfjks jr dusfk`ss pjoflf`s ➤ Dusfk`ss Ljkstrbfkts “ thbt cby nìfk` prfjrftf`s “ Wrjvfn`s fkijrcbtfjk jk ljsts, ➤ Lhbkm` \trbt`my “ tfcòfk`s bkn vbou` r`bofzbtfjk whflh br` us`n tj n`t`rcfk` prfjrfty ji r`qufr`c`kts Akjwo`nm` “ Pkn`rstbknfkm Pkn`rstbknfkm ji dusfk`ss njcbfk ➤ Njcbfk Akjwo`nm` “ tj suppjrt prfjrftfzbtfjk “ Jutofk`s th` bpprjblh ijr ➤ Mjv`rkbkl` Bpprjblh “ prfjrftfzfkm r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kts Brlhft`ltur` “ “ Pkn`rstbkn th` ➤ T`qufr`c`kts ròbtfjkshfps wfth wjra prjnults bkn jth`r r`qufr`c`kts Cbkbm`c`kt ^jjos/T`pjsftjry ➤ T`qufr`c`kts Cbkbm`c`kt ➤ \joutfjk \ljp` “ Ljcpbr` r`qufr`c`kts wfthfk ➤ Dblaojm Cbkbm`c`kt “ dblaojm tj d` prfjrftfz`n Lbs` “ “ Bss`ss Bss`ss r`qufr`c`kts bmbfkst fn`ktfif`n ➤ Dusfk `ss Lbs` dusfk`ss mjbos bkn jde`ltfv`s Bkboysfs “ Fn`ktfiy Fn`ktfiy hfmh vbou` r`qufr`c`kts ➤ N`lfsfjk Bkboysfs “ “ Wrjnul` `stfcbt`s whflh lbk d` dbs` ijr ➤ @stfcbtfjk “ prfjrftfzbtfjk “ Bss`ss th` ifkbklfbo vbou` ji th` ➤ Ifkbklfbo Bkboysfs “ r`qufr`c`kts s`t bkn hjw tfcfkm ji nòfv`ry wfoo bii`lt thbt vbou`. “ Mbfk bk ukn`rstbknfkm ji b scboo mrjup ji ➤ Fkt`rvf`ws “ Mbfk stba`hjon`rs thbt lbk prjvfn` b dbs` ijr prfjrftfzbtfjk prfjrftfzbtfjk ^rblafkm “ ^rbla “ ^rbla fssu`s rbfs`n dy stba`hjon`rs ➤ Ft`c ^rblafkm “ Iblfoftbt` prjl`ss ji prfjrftfzbtfjk. prfjrftfzbtfjk. ➤ Wrfjrftfzbtfjk “ Iblfoftbt` “ Pkn`rstbkn th` rfsas ➤ Tfsa Bkboysfs bkn Cbkbm`c`kt “ Pkn`rstbkn ijr th` dbsfs ji prfjrftfzbtfjk ➤ ]jrashjps “ Mbfk bk ukn`rstbknfkm ji stba`hjon`r‖s dbsfs ji prfjrftfzbtfjk ➤ Lustjc`r j

0

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

9

^`lhkfqu`s

=

\tba`hjon`rs

Wbm` 99 ji 99 ji 4<=


@kn Ps`r “ “ Y`rfif`s thbt prfjrftfz`n r`qufr`c`kts wfoo nòfv`r vbou` irjc vbou` irjc b lustjc`r ➤ Fcpo`c`ktbtfjk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt ➤ Wrje`lt Cbkbm`r ➤ T`muobtjr ➤ \pjksjr “ Tbka`n r`qufr`c`kts ➤ T`qufr`c`kts (prfjrftfz`n) “ bvbfobdo` ijr bnnftfjkbo wjra dy cbafkm sur` thbt r`qufr`c`kts wfth tjp cjst vbou` br` vbou` br` bnnr`ss`n ifrst. “ Tbka`n n`sfmks bvbfobdo` ijr ➤ N`sfmks (prfjrftfz`n) “ bnnftfjkbo wjra. ➤

8

Jutput

Wbm` 9= ji 9= ji 4<=


<.2.> ^bsa >5 Bss`ss T`qufr`c`kts Lhbkm`s 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

^j `vboubt` th` fcpoflbtfjks r`qufr`c`kts bn n`sfmks ➤ ➤

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Fkputs

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ji

prjpjs`n

lhbkm`s

tj

^hfs tbsa fs p`rijrc`n bs k`w k``ns k``ns jr pjssfdo` sjoutfjks br` fn`ktfif`n. Bss`ssc`kt Bss`ssc` kt fs k``n`n tj n`t`rcfk` wh`th`r b prjpjs`n lhbkm` wfoo fklr`bs` dusfk `ss vbou` vbou` ji th` sjoutfjk bkn th` k`l`ssbry bltfjk thbt bltfjk thbt k``n tj d` tba`k ijr bppoyfkm th` sbc`. Ft fs fs utcjst k`l`ssbry tj trbl` dbla trbl` dbla b prjpjs`n lhbkm` tj b k``n tj ukn`rstbkn ukn`rstbkn th` dblamrjukn. dblamrjukn. ]h`k bss`ssfkm lhbkm`s, prjpjs`n prjpjs`n lhbkm` fs ljksfn`r`n fi ft5 bofmks wfth jv`rboo strbt`my j bii`lts vbou` nòfv`r`n tj dusfk`ss jr stba`hjon`r stba`hjon` r j mrjup fcpblts th` tfc` tfc` jr jr r`sjurl`s r`sjurl`s r`qufr`n tj nòfv`r nòfv`r j vbou` bot`rs bky rfsas, jppjrtukftf`s jppjrtukftf`s jr ljkstrbfkts ljkstrbfkts j bssjlfbt`n wfth jv`rboo fkftfbtfv` Wrjpjs`n Lhbkm` “ “ Lbk d` fn`ktfif`n bt bky tfc` bkn fcpblt bky bsp`lt ji dusfk`ss bkboysfs wjra jr nòfv`rbdo`s nòfv`rbdo`s ljcpo`t`n tj nbt`. T`qufr`c`kts “ T`qufr`c`kts “ Fn`ktfiy Fn`ktfiy th` fcpblt ji prjpjs`n lhbkm` N`sfmks “ “ Bss`ss`n tj fn`ktfiy fcpblt ji b prjpjs`n cjnfiflbtfjk. Bs s`s sc `kt Ijr cbo ft y “ “ Ijrcbofty ji bss`ssc`kt prjl`ss wfoo d` n`t`rcfk`n dbs`n jk th` fkijrcbtfjk bvbfobdo`, th` fcpjrtbkl` ji th` lhbkm` bkn mjv`rkbkl` prjl`ss. Wr`nfltfv` Bpprjblh “ “ Ft r`qufr`s b ijrcbo j bss`ssc`kt bss`ssc` kt ji prjpjs`n lhbkm`s. ^h`r` fs b hfmh lhbkl` ji r`wjra ji r`wjra ji bor`bny ljcpo`t`n wjra nu` tj fcpblt ji lhbkm` bs ft fs ijoojwfkm ijoojwfk m b st`p dy st`p bpprjblh fk wbt`riboo lylo`. Bnbpt Bn bpt fv ` Bpp B pp rj blh “ Ft “ Ft r`qufr`s o`ss ijrcbofty j fk bss`ssc`kt ji prjpjs`n lhbkm`s. Ft`rbtfv` Ft`rbtf v` bkn fklr`c`ktbo fcpo`c`ktbtfjk t`lhkfqu` ( bmfo` irbc`wjras) irbc`wjras ) hòps tj cfkfcfz` th` fcpblt ji lhbkm`s bkn fk turk cby r`nul` th` k``n ijr ijrcbo fcpblt bss`ssc`kt. bss`ssc`kt. Fcpblt Bkboysfs “ “ ^hfs fs ljknult`n tj bss`ss bss`ss bkn `vboubt` th` `vboubt` th` ìi`lt ji b lhbkm` ijr whflh trbl`bdfofty fs ljksfn`r`n bs b usìuo tjjo. Fcpblt ji prjpjs`n lhbkm` cust d` bss`ss`n dy ljksfn`rfkm5 D`kìft “ D`kìft “ D`kìft D`kìft thbt wfoo d` mbfk`n dy bll`ptfkm j b lhbkm` Wbm` 98 ji 98 ji 4<=


Ljst “ Ljst “ ^jtbo ^jtbo ljst tj cba` th` lhbkm`s Fcpblt “ “ Lustjc`r jr dusfk`ss prjl`ss`s thbt j br` bii`lt`n dy th` lhbkm` \lh`nuo` “ “ Fcpblt tj `xfstfkm nòfv`ry j ljccftc`kts Prm`kly “ Prm`kly “ O`vò O`vò ji fcpjrtbkl` ji th` lhbkm` j “ Boo fcpblts bkn r`sjoutfjks ➤ Fcpblt T`sjoutfjk “ r`suotfkm irjc th` lhbkm` br` tj d` njluc`kt`n bkn ljccukflbt`n tj boo stba`hjon`rs. stba`hjon`rs. \trbt`my “ N`slrfd`s th` purpjs` bkn nfr`ltfjk ➤ Lhbkm` \trbt`my “ ji lhbkm`s bs wòo bs fn`ktfiy lrftflbo ljcpjk`kts ijr lhbkm`. “ Akjwo`nm` ji dusfk`ss njcbfk ➤ Njcbfk Akjwo`nm` “ k``n`n tj bss`ss prjpjs`n r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kts lhbkm`s. Bpprjblh “ Wrjvfn`s Wrjvfn`s mufnbkl` r`mbrnfkm th` ➤ Mjv`rkbkl` Bpprjblh “ lhbkm` ljktrjo bkn n`lfsfjk-cbafkm prjl`ss`s T`muobtjry Fkijrcbtfjk Fkijrcbtfjk “ “ N`slrfd`s o`mfsobtfv` ➤ O`mbo / T`muobtjry ruo`s jr r`muobtfjks thbt cust d` ijoojw`n. “ @xbcfk` bkn bkboyz` ➤ T`qufr`c`kts Brlhft`ltur` “ r`qufr`c`kt ròbtfjkshfps tj n`t`rcfk` whflh r`qufr`c`kt wfoo d` fcpblt`n dy r`qu`st`n r`qufr`c`kt lhbkm`. “ Ljksfn`r`n tj iuooy ukn`rstbkn th` ➤ \joutfjk \ljp` “ fcpblt ji prjpjs`n lhbkm`. Lbs`s “ T`qufr`n “ T`qufr`n ijr eustfiflbtfjk ji prjpjs`n ➤ Dusfk `ss Lbs`s lhbkm` “ Ps`n tj bss`ss lhbkm`s tj ➤ Dusfk`ss Tuo`s Bkboysfs “ Ps`n dusfk`ss pjoflf`s bkn n`vòjp r`vfs`n mufnbkl`. “ Hòp tj iblfoftbt` th` lhbkm` ➤ N`lfsfjk Bkboysfs “ cbkbm`c`kt prjl`ss “ Bkboyz` bky `xfstfkm njluc`kts ➤ Njluc`kt Bkboysfs “ Bkboyz` thbt iblfoftbt` ukn`rstbknfkm ji th` fcpblt ji lhbkm` “ N`t`rcfk` th` sfz` ji th` lhbkm` ➤ @stfcbtfjk “ N`t`rcfk` “ Ifkbklfbo fcpblt ji b prjpjs`n ➤ Ifkbklfbo Bkboysfs “ lhbkm` “ Fn`ktfiy fkt`ribl`s thbt lbk d` ➤ Fkt`ribl` Bkboysfs “ bii`lt`n dy lhbkm` Fkt`rvf`ws “ Ps`n Ps`n tj mbfk ukn`rstbknfkm ukn`rstbknf km ji fcpblt jk th` ➤ Fkt`rvf`ws “ jrmbkfzbtfjk jrmbkfzbtfjk bkn fts bss`ts “ Ps`n tj trbla bky fssu`s jr ljkioflts ➤ Ft`c ^rblafkm “ nfsljv`r`n nurfkm fcpblt bkboysfs “ N`t`rcfk` th` o`vò ➤ Tfsa Bkboysfs bkn Cbkbm`c`kt “ ji rfsa bssjlfbt`n wfth th` lhbkm` ]jrashjps “ Pkn`rstbkn Pkn`rstbkn th` fcpblt ji lhbkm` fk mrjup ➤ ]jrashjps “ s`ttfkm Lustjc`r “ Wrjvfn`s Wrjvfn`s i``ndbla jk i``ndbla jk th` fcpblt ji lhbkm` ➤ Lustjc`r “ wfoo hbv` jk vbou`. j

0

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

9

^`lhkfqu`s

=

\tba`hjon`rs

Wbm` 96 ji 96 ji 4<=


Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt ➤ @kn Ps`r ➤ Jp`rbtfjkbo \uppjrt ➤ Wrje`lt Cbkbm`r ➤ T`muobtjr ➤ \pjksjr ➤ ^`st`r Lhbkm` Bss`ssc`kt “ ➤ T`qufr`c`kts T`ljcc`knbtfjk tj bpprjv`, bpprjv`, cjnfiy jr n`ky b prjpjs`n lhbkm` tj r`qufr`c`kts. “ T`ljcc`knbtfjk tj ➤ N`sfmks Lhbkm` Bss`ssc`kt “ bpprjv`, cjnfiy jr n`ky b prjpjs`n lhbkm` tj jk` jr cjr` n`sfmk ljcpjk`kts. ➤

8

Jutput

Wbm` =7 ji =7 ji 4<=


<.2.0 ^bsa 05 Bpprjv` T`qufr`c`kts 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

Jdtbfk bmr``c`kt jk bkn bpprjvbo ji r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kt s bkn n`sfmks tj prjl``n jk dusfk`ss bkboysfs wjra bkn/jr sjoutfjk ljkstrultfjk. ➤

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Lo`br ljccukflbtfjk ljccukflbtfjk ji r`qufr`c`kts, n`sfmks bkn jth`r dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk tj a`y stba`hjon`rs stba`hjon`rs fs r`spjksfdo` ijr bpprjvfkm thbt fkijrcbtfjk Dusfk`ss Bkboysts Bkboysts wjra wfth a`y stba`hjon`rs tj mbfk ljks`ksus jk k`w bkn lhbkm`n r`qufr`c`kts, ljccukflbt` th` jutljc` ji nfslussfjk bkn trbla bs wòo bs cbkbm` th` bpprjvbo. bpprjvbo. Wr`nfltfv` bpprjblh bpprjblh p`rijrc p`rijrc bpprjvbos bpprjvbos bt th` `kn ji phbs` jr phbs` jr nurfkm pobkk`n ljktrjo c``tfkms. Bnbptfv` bpprjblh typflbooy bpprjv` r`qufr`c`kt wh`k th` sjoutfjk cbtlhfkm thjs` r`qufr`c`kts fs r`bny tj d` tba`k fktj ljkstrultfjk phbs`. T`qufr`c`kts (v`rfif`n) “ “ B s`t ji r`qufr`c`kts thbt hbv` d``k cbtlhfkm suiiflf`kt qubofty tj d` us`n ijr iurth`r wjra N`sfmks “ N`sfmks “ B B s`t ji n`sfmks thbt br` r`bny tj d` us`n ijr iurth`r sp`lfiflbtfjk bkn n`vòjpc`kt. n`vòjpc`kt. Pkn`rstbkn \tba`hjon`r Tjo`s “ Tjo`s “ Dusfk`ss Dusfk`ss bkboysts br` r`spjksfdo` ijr jdtbfkfkm stba`hjon`r bpprjvbos bkn cust d` bdo` tj fn`ktfiy th` pbrtf`s hjonfkm n`lfsfjk-cbafkm r`spjksfdfofty r`spjksfdfofty v`rsus thjs` hbvfkm buthjrfty ijr sfmk-jii blrjss th` fkftfbtfv`. @xbcpo` ji sbc` fk bmfo` wjron fs prjnult jwk`r v`rsus `xt`rkbo stba`hjon`rs. stba`hjon`rs. Ljkioflt bkn Fssu` Cbkbm`c`kt “ “ \tba`hjon`r mrjups hbv` b vbryfkm vbryfkm pjfkt ji vf`w bkn ljkiofltfkm prfjrftf`s. prfjrftf`s. B ljkioflt cby brfs` bcjkm stba`hjon`rs nu` tj vbryfkm fkt`rpr`tbtfjks ji r`qufr`c`kts. r`qufr`c`kts. Ljkioflt r`sjoutfjk r`sjoutfjk bkn fssu` cbkbm`c`kt cbkbm`c`kt cby j jllur quft` jit`k whfo` jit`k whfo` bfcfkm tj s`lur` sfmk jii. Mbfk Mbfk Ljks`ksus “ Ljks`ksus “ Dusfk`ss Dusfk`ss bkboysts br` r`spjksfdo` ijr `ksurfkm thbt stba`hjon`rs wfth bpprjvbo buthjrfty ukn`rstbkn bkn bll`pt r`qufr`c`kts. r`qufr`c`kts. ^h` bpprjvbo cby ljkifrc thbt stba`hjon`rs s`` suiiflf`kt vbou` thbt vbou` thbt wfoo d` lr`bt`n dy eustfiyfkm fkv`stc`kt fk b sjoutfjk. Tfsas k``n tj d` fn`ktfif`n bkn fn`ktfif`n bkn cbkbm`n vfb cbkbm`n vfb cftfmbtfjk pobk fk lbs` ji obla ji bmr``c`kt. ^rbla bkn Ljccukflbt` Bpprjvbo “ “ T`qufr`c`kts cbfkt`kbkl` bkn trblafkm tjjo fs us`n t j r`ljrn bpprjvbo n`lfsfjks bkn tj a``p bllurbt` r`ljrns ji lurr`kt bpprjvbo stbtus. Bunft hfstjry ji lhbkm`s tj r`qufr`c`kts rì`rs tj ijoojwfkm5 whbt wbs lhbkm`n j Wbm` =2 ji =2 ji 4<=


whj cbn` th` lhbkm`s th` r`bsjk ijr lhbkm` j wh`k wbs th` lhbkm` cbn` j “ Wrjvfn`s fkijrcbtfjk fk cbkbmfkm ➤ Lhbkm` \trbt`my “ stba`hjon`r ljks`ksus r`mbrnfkm stba`hjon`r k``ns. “ Fn`ktfiy th` stba`hjon`rs whj ➤ Mjv`rkbkl` Bpprjblh “ hbv` buthjrfty bkn r`spjksfdfofty tj bpprjv` dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk T`muobtjry Fkijrcbtfjk “ “ O`mfsobtfv` ruo`s tj d` ➤ O`mbo / T`muobtjry ijoojw`n. Cbkbm`c`kt ^jjos/ ^jjos/ T`pjsftjry T`pjsftjry “ “ ^jjo tj ➤ T`qufr`c`kt Cbkbm`c`kt r`ljrn r`qufr`c`kts bpprjvbos “ Cust d` ljksfn`r`n whfo` bpprjvfkm ➤ \joutfjk \ljp` “ r`qufr`c`kts. @vbo ubtfj fj k Lrft`r Lrf t`r fb “ “ Ps`n tj nìfk` ➤ Bl l`p tbk l` bkn @vboubt bpprjvbo lrft`rfb “ Ps`n tj r`sjov` fssu`s bkn mbfk ➤ N`lfsfjk Bkboysfs “ bmr``c`kt “ Ps`n tj trbla fssu`s fn`ktfif`n nurfkm ➤ Ft`c ^rblafkm “ bmr``c`kt prjl`ss T`vf`ws - Ps`n tj `vboubt` r`qufr`c`kts ➤ T`vf`ws ]jrashjps “ Ps`n Ps`n tj iblfoftbt` jdtbfkfkm bpprjvbos bpprjvbos ➤ ]jrashjps “ “ Cby poby bk bltfv` rjo` fk r`vf`wfkm r`vf`wfkm bkn ➤ Lustjc`r “ bpprjvfkm r`qufr`c`kts bpprjvfkm r`qufr`c`kts tj `ksur` k``ns br` c`t ➤ Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt Ps`r “ W`jpo` W`jpo` whj us ` th` sjoutfjk ➤ @kn Ps`r “ ➤ Jp`rbtfjkbo \uppjrt ➤ Wrje`lt Cbkbm`r ➤ T`muobtjr ➤ \pjksjr ➤ ^`st`r “ T`qufr`c`kts whflh br` ➤ T`qufr`c`kts (bpprjv`n) “ bmr``n tj dy stba`hjon`rs bkn br` r`bny i jr us`. “ Bmr``n dy stba`hjon`rs bkn ➤ N`sfmks (bpprjv`n) “ r`bny ijr us`. j

0

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

9

^`lhkfqu`s

=

\tba`hjon`rs

8

Jutput

Wbm` =4 ji =4 ji 4<=


<.4 Mojssbry ➤

➤ ➤

^rbl`bdfofty “ ^rbl`bdfofty “ ^rbl`bdfofty ^rbl`bdfofty prjvfn`s th` bdfofty ji trblafkm th` ròbtfjkshfps d`tw``k d`tw``k s`ts ji r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks. n`sfmks. Ft hòps tj suppjrt lhbkm` ljktrjo dy `ksurfkm `ksurfkm sjurl` ji th` r`qufr`c`kt lbk d` fn`ktfif`n bkn thjs` pjt`ktfbooy bii`lt`n dy b lhbkm` br` akjwk. Ijrwbrn ^rbl`bdfoft ^rbl`bdfoft y “ ^hfs “ ^hfs rì`rs tj trblfkm r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks tj th` sjoutfjk thbt wfoo fcpo`c`kt th`c. Dblawbrn ^rbl`b ^rbl`bdfoft dfoft y “ ^hfs “ ^hfs rì`rs tj trblfkm r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks dbla tj stba`hjon`r k``ns bkn ròbt`n mjbos bkn jde`ltfv`s ijr v`rfiflbtfjk purpjs`.

Wbm` =< ji =< ji 4<=


Wbm` => ji => ji 4<=


\trbt`my Bkboysfs

Wbm` =0 ji =0 ji 4<=


Wbm` =9 ji =9 ji 4<=


>. AB>5 \trbt`my Bkboysfs \trbt`my Bkboysfs akjwo`nm` br`b n`slrfd`s th` dusfk`ss bkboysfs wjra thbt fs r`qufr`n tj d` lbrrf`n jut fk jrn`r tj fn`ktfiy b dusfk `ss k``n k``n , `kbdo` th` `kt`rprfs` tj bnnr`ss thbt k``n bkn bofmk th` r`suotfkm strbt`my ijr t h` lhbkm`. \trbt`mfl bkboysfs ijlus`s jk nìfkfkm th` iutur` bkn iutur` bkn trbksftfjk stbt`s trbksftfjk stbt`s k``n`n tj bnnr`ss th` dusfk`ss k``n bkn th` wjra r`qufr`n tj blhf`v` thbt stbt`. \trbt`my bkboysfs shjuon d` p`rijrc`n bs b dusfk`ss k``n fs fn`ktfif`n. fn`ktfif`n . ^hfs boojws stba`hjon`rs stba`hjon` rs tj cba` th` n`t`rcfkbtfjk n`t`rcfkbt fjk ji wh`th`r tj bnnr`ss thbt k``n jr kjt. \trbt`my bkboysfs fs bk jkmjfkm bltfvfty jkmjfkm bltfvfty thbt bss`ss`s bky lhbkm`s fk thbt k``n, fk fts ljkt`xt, jr bky k`w fkijrcbtfjk thbt cby fknflbt` b lhbkm` tj strbt`my cby d` r`qufr`n. Fk lbs` ji lhbkm` hbvfkm pr`nfltbdo` pr`nfltbdo` jutljc`, iutur` stbt` bkn pjssfdo` trbksftfjk trbksftfjk stbt`s lbk typflbooy d` nìfk`n lo`broy bkn b lo`br strbt`my lbk d` pobkk`n jut. Fk lbs` ji bk jutljc` jutljc` ji b lhbkm` thbt fs nfiifluot tj pr`nflt, strbt`my cby k``n t j ijlus cjr` jk cftfmbtfkm rfsa, t`stfkm bssucptfjks bkn lhbkmfkm th` bpprjblh uktfo dusfk`ss mjbos br` fn`ktfif`n jr uktfo th` fkftfbtfv` hbs `kn`n. B strbt`my cby d` lbptur`n fk b strbt`mfl pobk, prjnult vfs fjk, dusfk`ss lbs`, prjnult rjbncbp jr rjbncbp jr jth`r brtìblts. Psbm` bkn bppoflbtfjk ji `blh ji th` t h` ljr` ljkl`pts wfthfk th` ljkt`xt ji \trbt`my Bkboysfs fs bs ijoojws5 •

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• •

• •

Lhbkm` “ Lhbkm` “ Nìfk` Nìfk` th` iutur` stbt` bkn n`vòjp b lhbkm` strbt`my tj blhf`v` th` iutur` stbt` K``n “ Fn`ktfiy “ Fn`ktfiy k``ns wfthfk th` lurr`kt stbt` bkn prfjrftfz` k``ns tj n`t`rcfk` th` n`sfr`n iutur` stbt` \joutfjk “ \joutfjk “ Nìfk` Nìfk` th` sljp` ji th` sjoutfjk bs pbrt ji n`vòjpfkm b lhbkm` strbt`my \tba`hjon`r “ \tba`hjon`r “ Ljoobdjrbt` Ljoobdjrbt` wfth stba`hjon`rs tj ukn`rstbkn th` dusfk`ss k``n bkn tj n`vòjp b lhbkm` strbt`my bkn iutur` stbt` thbt wfoo c``t thjs` t hjs` k``ns Ybou` “ Ybou` “ @xbcfk` @xbcfk` th` pjt`ktfbo vbou` ji th` sjoutfjk tj s`` fi b lhbkm` lbk d` eustfif`n Ljkt`xt “ Ljkt`xt “ Ljksfn`r Ljksfn`r th` ljkt`xt ji th` `kt`rprfs` fk n`vòjpfkm b lhbkm` strbt`my

>.2 \trbt`my Bkboysfs ^bsas ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤

^bsa 25 Bkboyz` Lurr`kt \tbt` ^bsa 4 5 Nìfk` Iutur` \tbt` ^bsa < 5 Bss`ss Tfsas ^bsa > 5 Nìfk` Lhbkm` \trbt`my

>.2.2 ^bsa 25 Bkboyz` Lurr`kt \tbt` 2

Wurpjs`

^j ukn`rstbkn th` r`bsjks why bk `kt`rprfs` `kt`rprfs ` k``ns tj lhbkm` sjc` bsp`lt ji hjw ft jp`rbt`s bkn whbt wjuon d` nfr`ltoy jr fknfr`ltoy bii`lt`n dy lhbkm`.

Wbm` == ji == ji 4<=


4

N`slrfptfjk

<

Fkputs

>

@o`c`kts

^h` stbrtfkm pjfkt ijr bky lhbkm` fs bk ukn`rstbknfkm ji why th` lhbkm` fs lhbkm` fs k``n`n. Wjt`ktfbo lhbkm` fs trfmm`r`n dy prjdo`cs jr jppjrtukftf`s thbt lbkkjt d` bnnr`ss`n wfthjut bot`rfkm th` lurr`kt stbt`. ➤ Lhbkm` bowbys jllurs fk b ljkt`xt ji `xfstfkm stba`hjon`rs, prjl`ss`s, t`lhkjojmy bkn pjoflf`s whflh ljkstftut` th` lurr`kt lurr`kt stbt` ji th` `kt`rprfs`. `kt`rprfs`. ^h` lurr`kt stbt` fs stbt` fs `xpojr`n fk eust `kjumh n`tbfo tj vbofnbt` th` k``n ji b lhbkm` jr lhbkm` strbt`my. lurr`kt stbt` n`slrfd`s th` fcpjrtbkt fcpjrtbkt ➤ ^h` sljp` ji th` lurr`kt `xfstfkm lhbrblt`rfstfls lhbrblt`rfstfls ji th` `kvfrjkc`kt. `kvfrjkc`kt. ^h` lurr`kt stbt` ji bk `kt`rprfs` fs rbròy stbtfl stbtfl whfo` b lhbkm` fs d`fkm n`vòjp`n bkn fcpo`c`kt`n. T`suots “ Ps`n Ps`n tj nìfk` bkn ukn`rstbkn th` ➤ @oflftbtfjk T`suots “ lurr`kt stbt` “ ^h` prjdo`c jr jppjrtukfty ibl`n dy bk ➤ K``ns “ `kt`rprfs` jr jrmbkfzbtfjk jit`k obuklh`s dusfk`ss bkboysfs wjra K``ns “ “ Wrjdo`cs jr Wrjdo`cs jr jppjrtukftf`s ibl`n jppjrtukftf`s ibl`n dy ➤ Dusfk `ss K``ns `kt`rprfs` o`bnfkm tj strbt`mfl jutljc` br` t`rc`n bs dusfk`ss k``ns. Bk fssu` fssu` `kljukt`r`n fk th` jrmbkfzbtfjk usubooy trfmm`rs th` `vboubtfjk ji b dusfk`ss k``n. B dusfk`ss k``n cby d` fn`ktfif`n bt cbky j nfii`r`kt o`vòs ji `kt`rprfs`5 Blhf`vfkm b strbt`mfl mjbo vfb tjp-njwk ▥ bpprjblh. ^hfs fkloun`s fkloun`s stbrtfkm irjc th` mjbo nìfkftfjk bkn ifknfkm jut r`qufr`n st`ps tj blhf`v` ft dy nrfoofkm ft njwk tj scboo`st pjssfdo`. Wrjdo`c wfth th` lurr`kt stbt` ji b ▥ prjl`ss, iukltfjk jr syst`c vfb djttjc-up bpprjblh cfnno` cbkbm`c`kt k``nfkm ▥ Irjc bnnftfjkbo fkijrcbtfjk tj cba` sjukn n`lfsfjks tj c``t dusfk`ss jde`ltfv`s Fk ijrc ji `xt`rkbo nrfv`rs sulh bs ▥ lustjc`r n`cbkns jr dusfk`ss ljcp`tftfjk fk cbra`tpobl` ^h` nìfkftfjk ji ji dusfk`ss k``ns fs ir`qu`ktoy ir`qu `ktoy th` j cjst lrftflbo st`p lrftflbo st`p fk bky dusfk`ss bkboysfs ìijrt. B sjoutfjk cust sbtfsiy th` dusfk`ss k``ns tj d` ljksfn`r`n sull`ssiuo. ^h` bpprjblh tj n`t`rcfk` b dusfk`ss k``n j fkloun`s fn`ktfiflbtfjk ji bot`rkbtfv` sjoutfjks , fn`ktfiyfkm stba`hjon`rs stba`hjon`rs ijr ljksuotbtfjk bkn sjoutfjk bpprjblh`s thbt wfoo d` `vboubt`n. ➤

Wbm` =8 ji =8 ji 4<=


Dusfk`ss k``ns br` bowbys `xpr`ss`n irjc th` p`rsp`ltfv` ji th` `kt`rprfs`, kjt thbt ji bky pbrtfluobr stba`hjon`r . Dusfk`ss k``ns wfoo nrfv` jv`rboo bkboysfs ji th` lurr`kt stbt`. stbt`. Ibltjrs thbt dusfk`ss bkboyst cby ljksfn`r ijr th` j sjoutfjk5 bnv`rs` fcpblts th` prjdo`c fs lbusfkm ▥ wfthfk th` jrmbkfzbtfjk jrmbkfzbtfjk `xp`lt`n d`kìfts d`kìfts irjc bky bky pjt`ktfbo pjt`ktfbo ▥ sjoutfjk hjw quflaoy th` prjdo`c ljuon pjt`ktfbooy ▥ d` r`sjov`n jr th` jppjrtukfty ljuon d` tba`k th` ukn`royfkm sjurl` ji th` prjdo`c ▥ Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo \trultur` bkn Luotur` “ Ijrcbo ròbtfjkshfps d`tw``k ròbtfjkshfps d`tw``k p`jpo` wjrafkm fk bk `kt`rprfs` fs t`rc`n bs jrmbkfzbtfjkbo jrmbkfzbtfjkbo strultur`. Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo luotur` fs th` dòfìs, vbou`s bkn j kjrcs shbr`n kjrcs shbr`n dy th` c`cd`rs ji th` jrmbkfzbtfjk jrmbkfzbtfj k whflh nrfv` th` bltfjks tba`k dy th` jrmbkfzbtfjk. Dusfk`ss bkboysts p`rijrc b luoturbo bss`ssc`kt j tj5 fn`ktfiy fifi th` mjbos mjbos thbt k``n k``n tj d` d` ▥ blhf`v`n k``n bky luoturbo lhbkm`s fn`ktfiy fi stba`hjon`rs stba`hjon`rs ukn`rstbkn th` ▥ vbou` nòfv`r`n bs wòo bs rbtfjkbo` d`hfkn lurr`kt stbt` bsl`rtbfk fi lurr`kt stbt` k``ns bky ▥ lhbkm` jr fs ft fk b sbtfsibltjry stbt` Lbpbdfoftf`s bkn Wrjl`ss`s “ “ Bltfvftf`s p`rijrc`n dy `kt`rprfs` `kt`rprfs ` br` br` t`rc`n bs lbpbdfoftf`s bkn prjl`ss`s. Ft fs nu` tj th`s` lbpbdfoftf`s bkn prjl`ss`s, bk `kt`rprfs` lbk d` b ukfqu` poby`r fk b pbrtfluobr br`b. ^h`y br` c`bsur`n dy p`rijrcbkl` fknflbtjrs thbt lbk d` us`n tj bss`ss th` d`kìfts j jii th` lhbkm`. ^h`r` br` 4 vf`ws vf`ws thbt `kt`rprfs` cby bppoy5 Lbpbdfofty-L` Lbpbdfofty-L`ktrf ktrf l vf`w “ “ ^hfs fs bppof`n wh`k j ojjafkm ijr fkkjvbtfv` sjoutfjks thbt ljcdfk` `xfstfkm lbpbdfoftf`s tj prjnul` b k`w jutljc`. Ft fs v`ry usìuo tj fn`ktfiy th` mbps whfo` cbfktbfkfkm th` iukltfjkbo hf`rbrlhy ji th` lbpbdfoftf`s. Wrjl`ss-L`ktrfl Wrjl`ss-L`ktrfl vf`w “ vf`w “ ^hfs ^hfs fs bppof`n wh`k bk j `kt`rprfs` fs ojjafkm ijr wbys tj fcprjv` th` p`rijrcbkl` ji lurr`kt bltfvftf`s. ^h` prjl`ss`s prjl`ss`s br` jrmbkfz`n fk sulh b wby thbt th` lhbkm` fk iblt fklr`bs`s p`rijrcbkl`. p`rijrcbkl`. j

➤

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Wbm` =6 ji =6 ji 4<=


^`lhkjojmy bkn Fkirbstrultur` “ Fkijrcbtfjk “ Fkijrcbtfjk syst`cs us`n dy th` `kt`rprfs` suppjrt p`jpo` fk `x`lutfkm prjl`ss`s, cbafkm n`lfsfjks, bkn fk fkt`rbltfjks wfth suppof`rs bkn lustjc`rs. ^h` fkirbstrultur` fkirbstr ultur` n`slrfd`s th` `kt`rprfs`‖s `kvfrjkc`kt wfth r`sp`lt tj physflbo ljcpjk`kts bkn lbpbdfoftf`s. lbpbdfoftf`s. Wjoflf`s “ Wjoflf`s Wjoflf`s nìfk` th` sljp` ji n`lfsfjk cbafkm ➤ Wjoflf`s “ bt nfii`r`kt o`vòs o`vòs ji `kt`rprfs`. `kt`rprfs`. ^h`y m`k`rbooy m`k`rbooy bnnr`ss rjutfk` jp`rbtfjks rbth`r thbk strbt`mfl lhbkm`. ^h` sljp` ji sjoutfjk spbl` bkn bky ljkstrbfkts jk th` typ` ji bltfjk wfoo d` fcpblt`n dy fn`ktfiflbtfjk ji rò`vbkt pjoflf`s. “ Ft fs v`ry fcpjrtbkt tj ➤ Dusfk`ss Brlhft`ltur` “ ukn`rstbkn hjw th` ò`c`kts ji lurr`kt stbt` i ft tjm`th`r tj suppjrt jk` bkjth`r fk jrn`r tj r`ljcc`kn lhbkm`s thbt wfoo d` ìi`ltfv`. ìi`ltfv`. @xfstfkm dusfk`ss dusfk`ss brlhft`ltur` brlhft`ltur` fs b ljcdfkbtfjk ji dusfk`ss bkn dusfk`ss bkn stba`hjon`r k``ns. k``ns. Bss`ts - ^bkmfdo` jr fktbkmfdo` r`sjurl`s us`n ➤ Fkt`rkbo Bss`ts fk b lurr`kt stbt` br` fn`ktfif`n fn`ktfif`n bs `kt`rprfs` `kt`rprfs` bss`ts. Ijr `.m. pbt`kts, r`putbtfjk, drbkn kbc`s bkn ifkbklfbo r`sjurl`s “ Psubooy pr`s`kt ljkstrbfkts, ➤ @xt`rkbo Fkiou`kl`rs “ n`p`kn`klf`s n`p`kn`klf`s jr nrfv`rs nrfv`rs jk th` th` lurr`kt stbt`. \jurl`s fkloun`5 Fknustry \trultur` j Ljcp`tftjrs j Lustjc`rs j \uppof`rs j Wjoftflbo bkn T`muobtjry @kvfrjkc`kt @kvfrjkc`kt j ^`lhkjojmy j Cblrj`ljkjcfl Cblrj`ljkjcfl Ibltjrs j Bpprjblh “ Mufn`s Mufn`s hjw th` dusfk`ss ➤ Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Bpprjblh “ bkboyst ukn`rtba`s bk bkboysfs ji lurr`kt stbt` “ Ps`n tj ukn`rstbkn th` ➤ @kt`rprfs` Ofcftbtfjk “ lhboo`km`s thbt `xfst wfthfk th` `kt`rprfs` Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo \trbt`my “ “ B s`t ji mjbos bkn jde`ltfv`s ➤ Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo thbt prjvfn` b vfsfjk ji b iutur` stbt` “ Pkn`rstbkn lurr`kt stbt` bkn ➤ \joutfjk Ofcftbtfjk “ lhboo`km`s ji `xfstfkm sjoutfjks “ C`bsur` th` lurr`kt ➤ \joutfjk W`rijrcbkl` Mjbos “ p`rijrcbkl` ji bk `kt`rprfs` jr sjoutfjk “ N`slrfd` th` bltubo ➤ \joutfjk W`rijrcbkl` C`bsur`s “ p`rijrcbkl` ji `xfstfkm sjoutfjks T`suots “ \tba`hjon`rs ljktrfdutfkm ➤ \tba`hjon`r Bkboysfs T`suots “ tj bk ukn`rstbknfkm bkn bkboysfs ji lurr`kt stbt`. “ Wrjvfn`s bk ➤ D`klhcbrafkm bkn Cbra`t Bkboysfs “ ukn`rstbknfkm ji wh`r` th` jppjrtukftf`s ijr ➤

0

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

9

^`lhkfqu`s

Wbm` 87 ji 87 ji 4<=


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fcprjv`c`kt br` br` fk lurr`kt lurr`kt stbt`. Bvbfobdo` irbc`wjras irbc`wjras tj ljknult thfs t`lhkfqu` fkloun` 0 Ijrl` Bkboysfs, W@\^, \^@@W, LB^]J@ Dusfk`ss Lbpbdfofty Bkboysfs “ “ Fn`ktfif`s mbps bkn prfjrftfz`s th`c fk ròbtfjk tj vbou` bkn rfsa Dusfk`ss Cjnò Lbkvbs “ “ Wrjvfn`s bk ukn`rstbknfkm ji vbou` prjpjsftfjk thbt `kt`rprfs` sbtfsif`s ijr fts lustjc`rs, lrftflbo ibltjrs fk nòfv`rfkm thbt vbou` bkn r`suotfkm ljst bkn r`v`ku` str`bcs. Dusfk`ss Lbs`s “ “ Lbptur` fkijrcbtfjk r`mbrnfkm dusfk`ss k``n bkn jppjrtukfty Ljkl`pt Cjnòofkm “ Cjnòofkm “ Lbptur` Lbptur` a`y t`rcs bkn ljkl`pts fk th` dusfk`ss njcbfk bkn nìfk` th` ròbtfjkshfps d`tw``k th`c Nbtb Cfkfkm “ “ Ps`n tj jdtbfk fkijrcbtfjk jk p`rijrcbkl` ji `kt`rprfs` Njluc`kt Bkboysfs “ “ Bkboyz` bky `xfstfkm njluc`ktbtfjk bdjut th` lurr`kt stbt` Ifkbklfbo Bkboysfs “ Pkn`rstbkn “ Pkn`rstbkn th` prjiftbdfofty ji th` lurr`kt stbt` bkn ifkbklfbo lbpbdfofty tj nòfv`r lhbkm` Ijlus Mrjups “ Mrjups “ \joflfts \joflfts i``ndbla irjc lustjc`rs jr `kn us`rs Iukltfjkbo N`ljcpjsftfjk “ “ Dr`bas njwk ljcpo`x syst`cs jr ròbtfjkshfps fk lurr`kt stbt` Fkt`rvf`ws “ “ Iblfoftbt` nfbojmu` wfth stba`hjon`rs tj ukn`rstbkn th` lurr`kt stbt` bkn bky k``ns `vjovfkm irjc th` sbc` Ft`c ^rblafkm “ ^rblafkm “ ^rblas ^rblas bkn cbkbm`s fssu`s nfsljv`r`n bdjut th` lurr`kt stbt` O`ssjks O`brk`n O`brk`n “ @kbdo`s “ @kbdo`s th` bss`ssc`kt ji ibfour`s bkn jppjrtukftf`s ijr fcprjv`c`kt fk pbst fkftfbtfv`s C`trfls bkn A`y W`rijrcbkl` Fknflbtjrs “ “ Bss`ss`s p`rijrcbkl` ji th` lurr`kt stbt` ji `kt`rprfs` Cfkn Cbppfkm “ “ @xpojr` rò`vbkt bsp`lts ji lurr`kt stbt` bkn ibltjrs bii`ltfkm th` dusfk`ss dusfk`ss k``n Jds`rvbtfjk “ Jds`rvbtfjk “ Cby Cby prjvfn` fksfmhts fktj k``ns wfthfk th` lurr`kt stbt` whflh cby hbv` d``k cfss`n pr`vfjusoy Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Cjnòofkm “ “ N`slrfd`s th` rjo`s, r`spjksfdfoftf`s r`spjksfdfoftf`s bkn r`pjrtfkm r `pjrtfkm strultur` `xfstfkm fk lurr`kt stbt` jrmbkfzbtfjk jrmbkfzbtfjk Wrjl`ss Bkboysfs “ “ Fn`ktfiy jppjrtukftf`s tj fcprjv` lurr`kt stbt` Wrjl`ss Cjnòofkm “ N`slrfd`s “ N`slrfd`s hjw wjra jllurs wfthfk lurr`kt sjoutfjk Tfsa Bkboysfs bkn Cbkbm`c`kt “ “ Fn`ktfif`s rfsas tj lurr`kt stbt`

Wbm` 82 ji 82 ji 4<=

DBDJA <.7 T`vfsfjk Mufn` ➤ ➤ ➤

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\tba`hjon`rs

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8

Jutput

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Tjjt Lbus` Bkboysfs “ “ Pkn`rstbknfkm ji ukn`royfkm lbus`s ji bky prjdo`cs fk lurr`kt stbt` tj lobrfiy b k``n \ljp` Cjnòofkm “ “ Hòps nìfk` th` djuknbrf`s jk lurr`kt stbt` n`slrfptfjk \urv`y jr Ru`stfjkkbfr` “ Ru`stfjkkbfr` “ Mbfk Mbfk bk ukn`rstbknfkm ji th` lurr`kt stbt` irjc b obrm`, vbrf`n, jr nfspbrbt` mrjup ji stba`hjon`rs \]J^ \]J^ Bkboysf s “ @vboubt`s “ @vboubt`s th` str`kmths, w`bak`ss`s, jppjrtukftf`s bkn thr`bts tj lurr`kt stbt` fk `kt`rprfs` Y`knjr Bss`ssc`kt “ “ Bss`ssc`kt ji v`knjrs jk cbafkm sur` thbt ljccftc`kts br` c`t jr fi bky lhbkm`s br` k``n`n ]jrashjps “ “ @kmbm` stba`hjon`rs tj ljoobdjrbtfvòy n`slrfd` th` lurr`kt stbt` bkn th`fr k``ns Lustjc`rs “ “ Cba`s us` us ` ji `xfstfkm sjoutfjk bkn cfmht hbv` fkput bdjut fssu`s wfth fssu`s wfth b lurr`kt sjoutfjk Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt @kn Ps`r “ Ps`r “ Nfr`ltoy Nfr`ltoy us`s b us`s b sjoutfjk bkn cfmht hbv` fkput jk fssu`s wfth fssu`s wfth lurr`kt sjoutfjk Fcpo`c`ktbtfjk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt Jp`rbtfjkbo \uppjrt T`muobtjr \pjksjr \uppof`r ^`st`r Lurr`kt \tbt` N`slrfptfj N`slrfptfj k “ ^h` ljkt`xt ji `kt`rprfs`‖s sljp`, lbpbdfoftf`s, r`sjurl`s, p`rijrcbkl`, luotur`, n`p`kn`klf`s, fkirbstrultur` bn ròbtfjkshfps d`tw``k th`s` ò`c`kts Dusfk `ss T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`kts - ^h` prjdo`c, jppjrtukfty jppjrtukfty jr ljkstrbfkt whflh fs nìfk`n dbs`n jk bk ukn`rstbknfkm ji lurr`kt stbt`.

Wbm` 84 ji 84 ji 4<=


>.2.4 ^bsa 45 Nìfk` Iutur` \tbt` 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

<

Fkputs

^j n`t`rcfk` th` s`t ji k`l`ssbry ljknftfjks tj c``t dusfk`ss k``n Dusfk`ss bkboysts wjra tj `ksur` thbt th` iutur` stbt` ji stbt` ji th` `kt`rprfs` fs wòo nìfk`n, thbt ft fs blhf`vbdo` wfth th` r`sjurl`s r`sjurl`s bvbfobdo` bkn thbt a`y stba`hjon`rs stba`hjon`rs hbv` b shbr`n ljks`ksus vfsfjk ji th` jutljc`. ^h` iutur` stbt` wfoo d` nìfk`n bt b o`vò ji n`tbfo thbt5 boojws tj fn`ktfiy bkn bss`ss ljcp`tfkm strbt`mf`s j tj blhf`v` thbt iutur` stbt` prjvfn`s b lo`br nìfkftfjk ji ji th` jutljc`s thbt wfoo j sbtfsiy th` dusfk`ss k``ns n`tbfo th` sljp` ji th` sjoutfjk spbl` j boojws ijr vbou` vbou` bssjlfbt`n bssjlfbt`n wfth iutur` stbt` stbt` tj d` j bss`ss`n bkn `kbdo`s ljks`ksus tj d` blhf`v`n bcjkm a`y j stba`hjon`rs n`slrfptfjk lbk n`slrfd` th` k`w, ➤ ^h` iutur` stbt` n`slrfptfjk r`cjv`n bkn cjnfif`n ljcpjk`kts ji `kt`rprfs`. Ft lbk fkloun` lhbkm`s tj th` djuknbrf`s djuknbrf`s ji th` jrmbkfzbtfjk jr ft lbk d` sfcpo` lhbkm`s tj `xfstfkm ljcpjk`kts ji bk jrmbkfzbtfjk. jrmbkfzbtfjk. ➤ Lhbkm`s cby d` k``n`n tj vbrfjus ljcpjk`kts ji `kt`rprfs` sulh bs dusfk`ss prjl`ss`s, iukltfjks, ofk`s ji dusfk`ss, jrmbkfzbtfjk strultur`s, stbii ljcp`t`klf`s, akjwo`nm` bkn safoos, trbfkfkm, iblfoftf`s, n`satjp tjjos, jrmbkfzbtfjk ojlbtfjks, nbtb bkn fkijrcbtfjk, bppoflbtfjk syst`c bkn/jr t`lhkjojmy fkirbstrultur`. ➤ N`slrfdfkm th` iutur` stbt` boojws stba`hjon`rs tj ukn`rstbkn th` pjt`ktfbo vbou` thbt vbou` thbt lbk d` r`bofz`n irjc b sjoutfjk whflh lbk d` us`n bs pbrt ji th` n`lfsfjkcbafkm prjl`ss r`mbrnfkm th` lhbkm` strbt`my. pr`nfltbdo` bpprjblh, wh`r` jutljc` fs pr`nfltbdo` ➤ Ijr pr`nfltbdo` bpprjblh, bkn wh`r` th`r` br` obrm` kucd`r ji pjssfdo` lhbkm`s thbt lbk fklr`bs` vbou`, th` purpjs` ji iutur` stbt` bkboysfs fs tj mbth`r suiiflf`kt fkijrcbtfjk tj cba` d`st pjssfdo` lhjfl`s bcjkmst bvbfobdo` jptfjks. ^hfs bosj r`qufr`s tj ljknult ljst-d`kìft bkboysfs ji bkboysfs ji th` jptfjks. bnbptfv` bpprjblh, wh`r` ft fs nfiifluot tj pr`nflt th` ➤ Ijr bnbptfv` bpprjblh, vbou` r`bofz`n dy b lhbkm`, th` iutur` stbt` cby d` nìfk`n dy fn`ktfiflbtfjk ji bpprjprfbt` p`rijrcbkl` c`bsur`s bkn c`bsur`s bkn `xpojrfkm cuotfpo` jptfjks. jptfjks . “ Wrjdo`cs, jppjrtukftf`s jr ➤ Dusfk`ss T`qufr`c`kts “ ljkstrbfkts thbt th` iutur` stbt` wfoo bnnr`ss. ➤

Wbm` 8< ji 8< ji 4<=


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@o`c`kts

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Dusfk`ss Mjbos bkn Jde`ltfv`s “ “ Dusfk`ss mjbos bkn jde`ltfv`s n`slrfd` th` `kns thbt th` jrmbkfzbtfjk fs s`àfkm tj blhf`v`. Mjbos bkn jde`ltfv`s lbk ròbt` tj lhbkm`s thbt j th` jrmbkfzbtfjk wbkts tj blljcpofsh, blljcpofsh , jr lurr`kt ljknftfjks thbt ft wbkts tj cbfktbfk. cbfktbfk . Mjbos br` ojkm`r t`rc, jkmjfkm bkn quboftbtfv` j stbt`c`kts stbt`c`kts ji b stbt` jr ljknftfjk thbt th` jrmbkfzbtfjk jrmbkfzbtfjk fs s`àfkm tj `stbdofsh bkn cbfktbfk. L`rtbfk `xbcpo`s ji dusfk`ss mjbos br`5 Lr`bt` b k`w lbpbdfofty lbpbdfofty sulh b k`w ▥ prjnult/s`rvfl` tj mbfk ljcp`tftfv` bnvbktbm` Fcprjv` r`v`ku` dy fklr`bsfkm sbo`s jr ▥ r`nulfkm ljst Fklr`bs` lustjc`r sbtfsibltfjk ▥ Fklr`bs` `cpojy`` sbtfsibltfjk ▥ Ljcpoy wfth k`w r`muobtfjks ▥ Fcprjv` sbi`ty ▥ T`nul` tfc` tj nòfv`r b prjnult jr s`rvfl` ▥ Bs mjbos br` bkboyz`n, th`y br` ljkv`rt`n fktj j cjr` n`slrfptf v`, mrbkuobr, sp`lfifl sp`lfifl jde`ltfv`s bkn ofka`n t j c`bsur`s thbt c`bsur`s thbt cba` ft pjssfdo` tj bss`ss fi th` jde`ltfv` lbk d` blhf`v`n. B ljccjk t`st ijr bss`ssfkm jde`ltfv`s fs tj `ksur` th`y br` \CBT^5 \CBT^5 \p`lfifl “ “ n`slrfdfkm sjc`thfkm thbt hbs ▥ jds`rvbdo` jutljc` C`bsurbdo` “ “ ^rblafkm bkn c`bsurfkm ▥ th` jutljc` Bl hf `vbdo` `vbd o` “ “ ^`stfkm th` i`bsfdfofty ji ▥ Blhf ìijrt Tò`vbkt “ Bofmkfkm wfth `kt`rprfs`‖s ▥ vfsfjk, cfssfjk bkn mjbos ^fc`^fc`-Djukn`n “ Nìfk` “ Nìfk` b tfcìrbc` thbt ▥ fs ljksfst`kt wfth th` k``n @xbcpo` “ @xbcpo` “ Ijr bk jrmbkfzbtfjk fkv`stfkm h`bvfoy j fk nfmftbo fkftfbtfv`s, mjbo lbk d` tj ‟fklr`bs` trbiifl jk jkofk` pjrtbo dy `kbdofkm sòi- s`rvfl`– bkn jde`ltfv` lbk d` tj ‟fklr`bs` trbiifl dy 07% bkn r`nul` fklfn`kt lboos tj lboo l`ktr` dy 07% wfthfk 2 y`br–. \ljp` ji \joutfjk \pbl` “ “ N`lfsfjks cust d` cbn` bdjut rbkm` ji sjoutfjks thbt wfoo d` ljksfn`r`n tj c``t th` dusfk`ss dusfk`ss mjbos bkn jde`ltfv`s. jde`ltfv`s. ^h` sljp` ji th` sjoutfjk spbl` nìfk`s whflh afkns ji jptfjks wfoo d` ljksfn`r`n wh`k fkv`stfmbtfkm pjssfdo` sjoutfjks,

Wbm` 8> ji 8> ji 4<=


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fklounfkm lhbkm`s tj jrmbkfzbtfjkbo strultur` jr luotur`, lbpbdfoftf`s bkn prjl`ss`s, t`lhkjojmy bkn fkirbstrultur`, pjoflf`s, prjnults jr s`rvfl`s jr `v`k lr`btfkm jr lhbkmfkm ròbtfjkshfps wfth jrmbkfzbtfjks lurr`ktoy jutsfn` sljp` ji `kt`rprfs`. Fk lbs` ji ji cuotfpo` iutur` stbt`s c``tfkm th` j dusfk`ss k``ns, mjbos bkn jde`ltfv`s, ft fs k`l`ssbry tj n`t`rcfk` whflh jk`s tj d` ljksfn`r`n bkn thbt ljksfn`rbtfjk wfoo d` n`p`kn`kt jk jv`rboo jde`ltfv`s ji th` `kt`rprfs`, quboftbtfv` bkn qubktftbtfv` vbou` ji `blh jptfjk, th` tfc` k``n`n tj blhf`v` `blh iutur` stbt` bkn th` jppjrtukfty ljst tj `kt`rprfs`. Ljkstrbfkts “ “ Ljkstrbfkts n`slrfd` bsp`lts ji lurr`kt stbt` bkn pobkk`n iutur` stbt` thbt cby kjt d` lhbkm`n dy th` sjoutfjk jr cbknbtjry ò`c`kts ji th` n`sfmk. Ljkstrbfkts cby rìo`lt bky ji th` ijoojwfkm5 dunm`tbry r`strfltfjks, j tfc` r`strfltfjks j t`lhkjojmy & fkirbstrultur` j pjoflf`s j ofcfts jk kucd`r ji r`sjurl`s bvbfobdo` j r`strfltfjks dbs`n jk safoos ji t`bc bkn j stba`hjon`rs b r`qufr`c`kt thbt l`rtbfk stba`hjon`rs stba`hjon`r s cby kjt j d` bii`lt`n dy fcpo`c`ktbtfjk ji th` sjoutfjk ljcpofbkl` wfth r`muobtfjks bkn j bky jth`r r`strfltfjk j Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo \trult ur` bkn Luotur` “^h` “^h` ijrcbo bkn fkijrcbo wjrafkm ròbtfjkshfps thbt `xfst wfthfk th` `kt`rprfs` cby k``n tj lhbkm` tj iblfoftbt` th` n`sfr`n iutur` stbt`. Fk bnnftfjk, lhbkm`s tj r`pjrtfkm ofk`s ofk`s lbk `kljurbm` t`bcs tj wjra cjr` lojsòy tjm`th`r tj blhf`v` mjbos bkn jde`ltfv`s. Lbpbdfoftf`s bkn Wrjl`ss`s “ “ K`w jr lhbkm`n lbpbdfoftf`s lbpbdfoftf`s bkn prjl`ss`s wfoo d` k``n`n tj nòfv`r k`w k`w prjnults bkn s`rvfl`s, tj ljcpoy wfth ljcpoy wfth k`w r`muobtfjks jr tj fcprjv` th` fcprjv` th` p`rijrcbkl` ji t h` `kt`rprfs`. ^`lhkjojmy & Fkirbstrultur` “ Fkirbstrultur` “ ^h`r` ^h`r` ljuon d` t`lhkflbo ljkstrbfkts fcpjs`n jk th` n`sfmk ji sjoutfjk jk dbsfs ji `xfstfkm t`lhkjojmy bkn fkirbstrultur`. ^`lhkflbo ljkstrbfkts cby ljkstrbfkts cby n`slrfd` r`strfltfjks sulh r`strfltfjks sulh bs r`sjurl` utfofzbtfjk, c`ssbm` sfz` bkn tfcfkm, sjitwbr` sfz`, cbxfcuc kucd`r ji bkn sfz` ji ifo`s, r`ljrns bkn nbtb ò`c`kts. Ft fkloun`s fkloun`s bky F^ brlhft brlhft `ltur` stbknbrns thbt stbknbrns thbt cust d` ijoojw`n.

Wbm` 80 ji 80 ji 4<=


B v`ry mjjn `xbcpo` ji `xbcpo` ji t`lhkflbo ljkstrbfkt ljuon d` ‟\yst`c shjuon d` bdo` tj shjw 07 trbksbltfjks bt b tfc`–. ^hfs n`slrfd`s th` t`lhkflbo ljkstrbfkt jk sfz` ji ifo` r`trf`v`n dy syst`c irjc dbla`kn. Wjoflf`s “ Wjoflf`s Wjoflf`s br` b ljccjk sjurl` ji ljkstrbfkts ljkstrbfkts jk b sjoutfjk jr jk th` sjoutfjk spbl`. N`p`knfkm jk bpprjvbo o`vòs, bpprjblh us`n tj jdtbfk bpprjvbo, k`l`ssbry lrft`rfb us`n tj r`l`fv` iuknfkm, dusfk`ss pjoflf`s cby cbknbt` whbt sjoutfjks wfoo d` fcpo`c`kt`n. Dusfk`ss Brlhft`ltur` “ Brlhft`ltur` “ @o`c`kts @o`c`kts ji iutur` stbt` cust ìi`ltfvòy suppjrt jk` bkjth`r bkn boo ljktrfdut` tj c``tfkm th` dusfk`ss mjbos bkn jde`ltfv`s. Fkt`rkbo Bss`ts “ “ ]h`k bkboyzfkm r`sjurl`s, dusfk`ss bkboysts `xbcfk` th` r`sjurl`s k``n`n tj cbfktbfk th` lurr`kt stbt` bkn fcpo`c`kt th` lhbkm` strbt`my bkn n`t`rcfk` whbt r`sjurl`s lbk d` us`n bs pbrt ji n`sfr`n iutur` stbt`. Fn`ktfiy Fn`ktfiy Bssucptfjks “ Bssucptfjks “ Bssucptfjks Bssucptfjks cust d` fn`ktfif`n bkn lo`broy ukn`rstjjn, sj thbt bpprjprfbt` bpprjprfbt` n`lfsfjks lbk d` cbn` fifi th` bssucptfjk bssucptfjk obt`r prjv`s prjv`s fkvbofn. fkvbofn. ^h`s` bssucptfjks k``n tj d` t`st`n bs `broy bs pjssfdo` sj thbt b n`lfsfjk lbk d` tba`k t ba`k tj `fth`r r`nfr`lt jr t`rcfkbt` bk fkftfbtfv`. @xbcpo` “ “ ^`st `kvfrjkc`kt cust d` bvbfobdo` bt stbrt ji th` prje`lt. Wjt`ktfbo Ybou` “ “ Wjt`ktfbo vbou` cust d` `vboubt`n tj s`` fi ft fs suiiflf`kt tj eustfiy b lhbkm`. ^h` pjt`ktfbo vbou` ji th` iutur` stbt` fs th` k`t d`kìft ji th` sjout fjk bit`r jp`rbtfkm jp`rbtfkm ljs ts br` blljukt blljukt `n ijr . Ft fs pjssfdo` thbt iutur` stbt` lbk shjw b n`lr`bs` fk vbou` ijr l`rtbfk stba`hjon`r jr bt bk `kt`rprfs` o`vò. ]h`k n`t`rcfkfkm n`t`rcfkfkm th` iutur` stbt`, dusfk`ss dusfk`ss j bkboysts ljksfn`r vbryfkm pjt`ktfbo vbou` irjc5 `xt`rkbo jppjrtukftf`s jppjrtukft f`s r`v`bo`n r `v`bo`n fk ▥ bss`ssfkm `xt`rkbo fkiou`kl`s ukakjwk str`kmths ji k`w pbrtk`rs ▥ k`w t`lhkjojmf`s jr akjwo`nm` ▥ pjt`ktfbo ojss ji b ljcp`tftjr fk b cbra`t ▥ bkn cbknbt`n bnjptfjk ji b lhbkm` ▥ ljcpjk`kt Dusfk`ss lbs` ijr th` lhbkm` shjuon rìo`lt th` j pjt`ktfbo vbou` fk ijrc ji ljsts bkn d`kìfts fk lbs` ji kj lhbkm` fs cbn`. Fk cjst lbs`s, iutur` stbt` stbt` wfoo kjt bnnr`ss bnnr`ss boo ji j th` jppjrtukftf`s ji fcprjv`c`kt . ^hjs` j

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Wbm` 89 ji 89 ji 4<=


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Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

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jppjrtukftf`s thbt br` kjt bnnr`ss`n wfoo d` t ba`k bs `khbkl`c`kts fk iutur` bkboysfs. Fk bnnftfjk, th` bkboysfs shjuon ljksfn`r th` j bll`ptbdo` o`vò ji fkv`stc`kt tj fkv`stc`kt tj r`blh th` iutur` stbt`. Ft hòps tj mufn` th` sò`ltfjk sò`ltfjk ji pjssfdo` pjssfdo` strbt`mf`s. Lurr`kt \tbt` N`slrfptfjk “ “ Wrjvfn`s th` ljkt`xt wfthfk whflh th` wjra k``ns tj d` ljcpo`t`n. Ft fs jit`k us`n bs b stbrtfkm pjfkt ijr iutur` stbt`. C`trfls bkn bkn A`y W`rijrcbkl` Fknflbtjrs (AWFs) (AWFs) “ “ A`y p`rijrcbkl` fknflbtjrs bkn c`trfls wfoo n`t`rcfk` fi th` n`sfr`n iutur` stbrt hbs d``k blhf`v`n Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo \trbt`my “ “ N`slrfd`s th` bpprjblh bk jrmbkfzbtfjk jrmbkfzbtfjk wfoo tba` tj blhf`v` th` n`sfr`n iutur` stbt`. Bl l`p tbk l` bkn @vboubt @vbo ubt fj k Lrft Lrf t `rfb `rf b “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy whbt cby cba` th` iutur` stbt` bll`ptbdo` jr hjw jptfjks cby d` `vboubt`n Dbobkl`n \ljr`lbrn “ \ljr`lbrn “ Ps`n Ps`n tj s`t tbrm`ts ijr c`bsurfkm th` iutur` stbt` D`klhcbrafkm bkn Cbra`t Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj cba` n`lfsfjks bdjut iutur` stbt` dusfk`ss jde`ltfv`s Drbfkstjrcfkm “ “ Ps`n tj ljoobdjrbtfvòy ljc` up wfth fn`bs ijr th` iutur` stbt`. Dusfk`ss Lbpbdfofty Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj prfjrftfz` lbpbdfofty mbps fk ròbtfjk tj vbou` bkn rfsa Dusfk `ss Lbs`s Lbs`s “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj lbptur` th` n`sfr`n jutljc`s ji th` lhbkm` fkftfbtfv` Dusfk`ss Cjnò Lbkvbs “ “ Ps`n tj pobk strbt`my r`qufr`n tj iuoifo th` vbou` prjpjsftfjk tj lustjc`rs fk n`sfr`n iutur` stbt` N`lfsfjk Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj ljcpbr` nfii`r`kt iutur` stbt` jptfjks bkn ukn`rstbkn whflh jk` fs th` d`st N`lfsfj N`lfsfj k Cjnòofkm “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj cjnò ljcpo`x n`lfsfjks r`mbrnfkm iutur` stbt` jptfjks Ifkbklfbo Bkboysf Bkboysf s “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj `stfcbt` pjt`ktfbo ifkbklfbo r`turks tj d` nòfv`r`n dy b prjpjs`n iutur` stbt` Iukltfjkbo N`ljcpjsftfjk “ “ Ps`n tj dr`ba njwk ljcpo`x syst`cs wfthfk th` iutur` stbt` st bt` Fkt`rvf`ws “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj tboa tj stba`hjon`rs tj ukn`rstbkn th`fr iutur` stbt` th`y wbkt tj blhf`v` O`ssjks O`brk`n “ “ Ps`n tj n`t`rcfk` whflh jppjrtukftf`s ijr fcprjv`c`kt wfoo d` bnnr`ss`n bkn hjw th` lurr`kt stbt` lbk d` fcprjv`n upjk C`trfls bkn A`ys W`rijrcbkl` Fknflbtjrs (AWFs) “ Ps`n tj n`t`rcfk` wh`k th` jrmbkfzbtfjk hbs sull``n`n fk blhf`vfkm dusfk`ss jde`ltfv`s

Wbm` 8= ji 8= ji 4<=

DBDJA <.7 T`vfsfjk Mufn` ➤ ➤

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\tba`hjon`rs

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Jutput

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Cfkn Cbppfkm “ “ Ps`n tj n`vòjp fn`bs ijr th` iutur` stbt` bkn ukn`rstbkn ròbtfjkshfps ròbtfjkshfps d`tw``k th`c Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Cjnòofkm Cjnòofkm “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj n`slrfd` th` rjo`s, r`spjksfdfoftf`s, r`pjrtfkm strultur`s thbt wjuon `xfst wfthfk th` iutur` stbt` jrmbkfzbtfjk jrmbkfzbtfjk Wrjl`ss Cjnòofkm “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj n`slrfd` hjw wjra wjuon jllur fk th` iutur` stbt` Wrjtjtypfkm “ Wrjtjtypfkm “ Ps`n Ps`n tj n`slrfd` hjw wjra wjuon jllur fk th` iutur` stbt` \ljp` Cjnòofkm “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj nìfk` th` djuknbrf`s ji th` `kt`rprfs` fk th` iutur` stbt` \urv`y jr Ru`stfjkkbfr` “ “ Ps`n tj ukn`rstbkn stba`hjon`r‖s n`sfr`n iutur` th`y wbkt tj blhf`v` fklounfkm k``ns th`y wbkt tj bnnr`ss bkn n`sfr`n dusfk`ss jde`ltfv`s th`y wbkt tj c``t \]J^ Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj `vboubt` str`kmths, w`bak`ss`s, jppjrtukftf`s bkn thr`bts thbt cby d` `xpojft`n jr cftfmbt`n dy iutur` stbt` Y`knjr Bss`ssc`kt “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj bss`ss pjt`ktfbo vbou` prjvfn`n dy v`knjr sjoutfjk jptfjks ]jrashjps “ “ Ps`n tj wjra wfth stba`hjon`rs tj ljoobdjrbtfvòy ljoobdjrbtfvòy n`slrfd` th` iutur` stbt` Lustjc`rs Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt @kn Ps`r Fcpo`c`ktbtfjk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt Jp`rbtfjkbo \uppjrt Wrje`lt Cbkbm`r T`muobtjr \pjksjr “ Buth Bu th jr fz`s bkn `ksur`s iuknfkm tj iuknfkm tj suppjrt cjvfkm tjwbrns th` iutur` stbt`. \uppof`r ^`st`r Dusfk`ss Jde`ltfv`s “ “ N`sfr`n nfr`ltfjk thbt th` dusfk`ss wfsh`s tj pursu` fk jrn`r tj blhf`v` th` iutur` stbt`. Iutur` \tbt` N`slrfptfjk “ “ Iutur` stbt` n`slrfptfjk fkloun`s djuknbrf`s ji th` prjpjs`n, k`w, r`cjv`n bkn cjnfif`n ljcpjk`kts ji th` `kt`rprfs` bkn th` pjt`ktfbo vbou` `xp`lt`n irjc iutur` stbt`. Wjt`ktfbo Ybou` “ “ ^h` vbou` thbt cby d` r`bofz`n dy fcpo`c`ktfkm fcpo`c`ktfkm th` prjpjs`n iutur` stbt`.

>.2.< ^bsa <5 Bss`ss Tfsas

Wbm` 88 ji 88 ji 4<=


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N`slrfptfjk

^j ukn`rstbkn th` ukn`sfrbdo` ljks`qu`kl`s ljks`qu`kl` s ji fkt`rkbo bkn `xt`rkbo ijrl`s jk th` `kt`rprfs` nurfkm b trbksftfjk tj jr jkl` fk th` iutur` stbt`. Bk ukn`rstbknfkm ukn`rstbknfkm ji ji pjt`ktfbo fcpblt ji fcpblt ji thjs` ijrl`s lbk d` us`n tj cba` b r`ljcc`knbtfjk bdjut b ljurs` ji bltfjk. ➤

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Bss`ssfkm rfsas fkloun`s bkboyzfkm bkn cbkbmfkm th`c. cbkbmfkm th`c. Tfsas cfmht d` ròbt`n tj th` lurr`kt stbt`, b n`sfr`n iutur` stbt`, b lhbkm` ftsòi, b lhbkm` strbt`my, jr bky tbsas d`fkm p`rijrc`n dy th` `kt`rprfs`. ^h` rfsas rfsas br` bkboyz`n ijr th` pjssfdo` ljks`qu`kl`s fi ljks`qu`kl`s fi th` rfsa jllurs, fcpblt fcpblt ji thjs` ljks`qu`kl`s, ofaòfhjjn ji ofaòfhjjn ji th` rfsa bkn pjt`ktfbo tfc` irbc` wh`k irbc` wh`k th` rfsa cfmht jllur. B rfsa bss`ssc`kt lbk bss`ssc`kt lbk fkloun` lhjjsfkm tj bll`pt b rfsa fi `fth`r th` ìijrt r`qufr`n tj cjnfiy th` rfsa jr th` o`vò ji rfsa jutw`fmhs th` prjdbdo` ojss. Dusfk`ss Jde`ltfv`s “ N`slrfdfkm “ N`slrfdfkm th` n`sfr`n nfr`ltfjk k``n`n tj blhf`v` th` iutur` stbt` lbk d` us`n tj fn`ktfiy bkn nfsluss pjt`ktfbo rfsas @oflftbtfjk T`suots (ljkifrc`n) “ (ljkifrc`n) “ Pkn`rstbknfkm Pkn`rstbknfkm ji whbt th` vbrfjus stba`hjon`rs p`rl`fv` bs rfsas tj th` r`bofzbtfjk ji n`sfr`n iutur` stbt` Fkiou`kl`s “ “ Ibltjrs fksfn` th` `kt`rprfs` bkn ibltjrs jutsfn` ji th` `kt`rprfs` whflh wfoo fcpblt th` r`bofzbtfjk ji th` n`sfr`n iutur` stbt` Wjt`ktfbo Ybou` “ Ybou` “ N`slrfdfkm N`slrfdfkm th` vbou` tj d` r`bofz`n dy fcpo`c`ktfkm th` prjpjs`n iutur` stbt` prjvfn`s b d`klhcbra bmbfkst whflh rfsas lbk d` bss`ss`n. T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`kts (prfjrftf z`n) z`n) “ “ N`p`knfkm N`p`knfkm jk th`fr prfjrfty, r`qufr`c`kts wfoo fkiou`kl` th` rfsas tj d` nìfk`n bkn ukn`rstjjn bs pbrt ji sjoutfjk r`bofzbtfjk. r`bofzbtfjk. Pkakjwks “ “ ]h`k bss`ssfkm b rfsa, th`r` wfoo d` ukl`rtbfkty fk th` ofaòfhjjn ji ft jllurrfkm, bkn th` fcpblt fi fcpblt fi ft nj`s jllur. Dusfk`ss bkboyst shjuon d` bdo` tj `stfcbt` th` fcpblt ji ukakjwk `v`kts fi pjssfdo`. ^h` o`ssjks o`brk`n irjc pbst lhbkm`s lhbkm`s bkn j `xp`rt eunm`c`kt irjc stba`hjon`rs bssfst fk mufnfkm th` t`bc fk n`lfnfkm th` fcpblt bkn ofaòfhjjn ji rfsas ijr th` lurr`kt lhbkm`. Ljkstrbfkts, Bssucptfjks bkn N`p`kn`klf`s “ Fi “ Fi th` ljkstrbfkt, bssucptfjk bkn n`p`kn`kly fs ròbt`n tj bk bsp`lt ji th` lhbkm`, ft lbk d` r`stbt`n bs b rfsa dy fn`ktfiyfkm th` `v`kt jr ljknftfjk bkn ròbt`n ljks`qu`kl`s. K`mbtfv` Fcpblt tj Ybou` “ Ybou` “ Tfsas Tfsas rì`r tj ukl`rtbfktf`s thbt cby fklr`bs` th` lhbkl`s ji b k`mbtfv` fcpblt ji vbou`. Dusfk`ss bkboysts lo`broy fn`ktfiy bkn `xpr`ss Wbm` 86 ji 86 ji 4<=


0

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

`blh rfsa bkn `stfcbt` fts ofaòfhjjn ofaòfhjjn bkn fcpblt tj n`t`rcfk` th` o`vò ji rfsa. Jv`rboo rfsa rfsa o`vò lbk d` qubktfif`n fk ifkbklfbo t`rcs, jr fk bcjukt ji tfc`, ìijrt jr ìijrt jr jth`r c`bsur`s. “ Ft fs th` c`bsur` whflh shjws th` ➤ Tfsa ^jo`rbkl` “ wfoofkmk`ss tj bll`pt th` ukl`rtbfkty bmbfkst vbou` nòfv`r`n jut ji ft. ^h`r` br` thr`` drjbn wbys ji n`slrfdfkm bttftun` tjwbrns rfsa5 Tfsa-bv`rsfjk “ Tfsa-bv`rsfjk “ ^hfs ^hfs rì`rs tj b stbt` wh`r` rfsa j fs kjt bll`ptbdo`. Ft fkloun`s bvjfnfkm th` bltfjk thbt lbk lbus` rfsa jr fkv`st cjr` tj r`nul` th` lhbkl` ji rfsa. Kùtrbofty “ “ \jc` o`vòs ji rfsa fs bll`ptbdo`, j prjvfn`n th` ljurs` ji bltfjk nj`s kjt r`suot fk b ojss `v`k fi th` rfsas jllur. Tfsa-s`àfkm “ “ B stbt` wh`r` rfsa fs bll`pt`n j bmbfkst hfmh`r pjt`ktfbo vbou`. “ B lhbkm` tj lurr`kt stbt` ji ➤ T`ljcc`knbtfjk “ `kt`rprfs` jr tj th` strbt`my fs r`qufr`n fk jrn`r tj cbkbm` rfsa. ^h` r`ljcc`knbtfjk usubooy iboos fktj jk` ji th` ijoojwfkm lbt`mjrf`s5 pursu` th` d`kìfts ji th` lhbkm` r`mbrno`ss ji j rfsa, pursu` th` d`kìfts ji b lhbkm` whfo` fkv`stfkm fk j r`nulfkm rfsa, rfsa , s`à jut wbys tj fklr`bs` fklr`bs` th` d`kìfts ji b j lhbkm` tj jutw`fmh b rfsa, fn`ktfiy wbys tj cbkbm` cbkbm` bkn jptfcfz` j jppjrtukftf`s, nj kjt pursu` th` d`kìfts ji d`kìfts ji th` lhbkm`. j Bpprjblh “ Mufn`s Mufn`s hjw th` dusfk`ss ➤ Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Bpprjblh “ bkboyst bkboys`s rfsas. “ Nìfk` th` ofcfts wfthfk whflh ➤ Dusfk`ss pjoflf`s “ n`lfsfjks cust d` cbn`. “ Wrjvfn`s th` pobk tj trbksftfjk irjc ➤ Lhbkm` \trbt`my “ lurr`kt stbt` tj th` iutur` stbt` bkn blhf`v` n`sfr`n dusfk`ss jutljc`s. “ Wrjvfn`s th` ljkt`xt wfthfk ➤ Lurr`kt \tbt` N`slrfptfjk “ whflh th` wjra k``ns tj d` ljcpo`t`n. “ N`t`rcfk`s rfsas bssjlfbt`n ➤ Iutur` \tbt` N`slrfptfjk “ N`t`rcfk`s wfth th` iutur` stbt` Tfsas “ Lbk Lbk d` us`n bs b stbrtfkm pjfkt ijr cjr` ➤ Fn`ktfif`n Tfsas “ thjrjumh rfsa bss`ssc`kt. “ Pkn`rstbknfkm ➤ \tba`hjon`r @kmbm`c`kt Bpprjblh “ stba`hjon`rs hòps fn`ktfiy bkn bss`ss pjt`ktfbo fcpblt ji fkt`rkbo bkn `xt`rkbo ijrl`s.

Wbm` 67 ji 67 ji 4<=


9

^`lhkfqu`s

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\tba`hjon`rs

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Jutput

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Drbfkstjrcfkm “ Drbfkstjrcfkm “ Ps`n Ps`n tj ljoobdjrbtfvòy fn`ktfiy pjt`ktfbo rfsas ijr bss`ssc`kt Dusfk `ss Lbs`s Lbs`s “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj lbptur` rfsas bssjlfbt`n wfth bot`rkbtfv` lhbkm` strbt`mf`s. N`lfsfj N`lfsfj k Bkboysfs “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj bss`ss prjdo`cs. Njluc`kt Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj bkboyz` `xfstfkm njluc`kts ijr pjt`ktfbo rfsas, ljkstrbfkts, bssucptfjks bkn n`p`kn`klf`s Ifkbklfbo Bkboysf Bkboysf s - Ps`n tj t j ukn`rstbkn pjt`ktfbo ìi`lt ji rfsas jk th` ifkbklfbo vbou` ji sjoutfjk. Fkt`rvf`ws “ “ Ps`n tj ukn`rstbkn whbt stba`hjon`rs cfmht thfka d` rfsas bkn ròbt`n ibltjrs O`ssjks O`brk`n O`brk`n “ “ Ps`n Ps`n bs b ijuknbtfjk ji pbst fssu`s thbt cfmht d` rfsas Cfkn Cbppfkm “ Cbppfkm “ Ps`n Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy bkn lbt`mjrfz` pjt`ktfbo rfsas bkn ukn`rstbkn th`fr ròbtfjkshfps Tfsa Bkboysfs bkn Cbkbm`c`kt “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy bkn cbkbm` rfsas Tjjt Lbus` Bkboysfs “ Bkboysfs “ Ps`n Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy bkn bnnr`ss th` ukn`royfkm prjdo`c lr`btfkm b rfsa \urv`y jr Ru`stfjkkbfr` “ “ Ps`n tj ukn`rstbkn whbt stba`hjon`rs cfmht thfka d` rfsas ]jrashjps “ “ Ps`n tj ukn`rstbkn whbt stba`hjon`rs cfmht thfka d` rfsas Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt Fcpo`c`ktbtfjk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt Jp`rbtfjkbo \uppjrt Wrje`lt Cbkbm`r T`muobtjr \pjksjr “ “ K``ns tj ukn`rstbkn rfsas bs pbrt ji buthjrfzfkm bkn iuknfkm lhbkm`. iuknfkm lhbkm`. \uppof`r ^`st`r Tfsa Bkboysfs T`suots “ “ Bk ukn`rstbknfkm ji th` rfsas bssjlfbt`n wfth blhf`vfkm iutur` stbt` bkn th` cftfmbtfjk strbt`mf`s whflh wfoo d` us`n tj pr`v`kt th`c, r`nul` th` fcpblt ji rfsa jr r`nul` th` ofaòfhjjn ji th` rfsa jllurrfkm.

Wbm` 62 ji 62 ji 4<=


>.2.> ^bsa >5 Nìfk` Lhbkm` \trbt`my 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

^j n`vòjp bkn bss`ss bot`rkbtfv` bpprjblh`s tj th` lhbkm` bkn th`k sò`lt th` r`ljcc`kn`n r`ljcc`kn`n bpprjblh. ➤

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Fkputs

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@o`c`kts

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N`vòjpfkm b lhbkm` strbt`my fs sfcpo`r wh`k th` lurr`kt lurr`kt stbt` bkn th` iutur` iutur` stbt` br` bor`bny nìfk`n d`lbus` th`y prjvfn` sjc` ljkt`xt ji t h` lhbkm`. ^h` lhbkm` strbt`my lo`broy n`slrfd`s th` kbtur` ji th` lhbkm` fk t`rcs ji5 ljkt`xt ji th` lhbkm` j fn`ktfif`n bot`rkbtfv` lhbkm` strbt`mf`s j eustfiflbtfjk eustfi flbtfjk ijr why b pbrtfluobr lhbkm` strbt`my fs j th` d`st bpprjblh fkv`stc`kt bkn r`sjurl`s r`qufr`n tj wjra tjwbrn j th` iutur` stbt` hjw th` `kt`rprfs` wfoo r`bofz` r`bofz` vbou` vbou` bit`r th` j sjoutfjk fs nòfv`r`n a`y stba`hjon`rs fk th` lhbkm` bkn j trbksftfjk stbt`s bojkm th` wby j ^h` lhbkm` strbt`my cfmht cfmht d` pr`s`kt`n bs pbrt pbrt ji dusfk`ss lbs`, \tbt`c`kt ji ]jra (\J]), bk `kt`rprfs`‖s strbt`mfl pobk jr fk jth`r ijrcbts. Ybrfjus strbt`mf`s br` fn`ktfif`n fn`ktfif`n bs pbrt ji nìfkfkm lhbkm` strbt`my bkn dbs`n jk ljccjk n`lfsfjk p`rtbfkfkm tj b sftubtfjk, b pbrtfluobr strbt`my fs sò`lt`n bkn bppof`n. ^hfs shjuon d` prjvfnfkm fkijrcbtfjk jk whflh pbrts ji ljcpo`t`n sjoutfjk fs mjfkm tj prjvfn` vbou` bkn k``ns b lhbkm`. Lurr`kt \tbt` N`slrfptfj N`slrfptfj k “Wrjvfn`s “Wrjvfn`s ljkt`xt bdjut th` lurr`kt stbt` bkn fkloun`s bss`ssc`kts ji fkt`rkbo bkn `xt`rkbo fkiou`kl`s tj th` `kt`rprfs` ukn`r ljksfn`rbtfjk Iutur` \tbt` N`slrfptfjk “ “ Wrjvfn`s ljkt`xt bdjut th` n`sfr`n iutur` stbt` Tfsa Bkboysfs T`suots “ “ N`slrfd` fn`ktfif`n rfsas bkn `xpjsur` ji `blh rfsa \tba`hjon`r @kmbm`c`kt Bpprjblh “ Pkn`rstbknfkm “ Pkn`rstbknfkm stba`hjon`r‖s ljccukflbtfjk bkn ljoobdjrbtfjk k``ns lbk hòp fn`ktfiy lhbkm` ròbt`n bltfvftf`s bkn shjuon d` fkloun`n bs pbrt ji lhbkm` strbt`my. \joutfjk \ljp` “ “ ^h` sjoutfjk fs th` jutljc` jutljc` ji b lhbkm` thbt boojws boojws bk `kt`rprfs` `kt`rprfs` tj sbtfsiy b k``n. k``n. D`st sjoutfjk bpprjblh fs sò`lt`n bkn eustfif`n bs pbrt ji bkboysfs ji cuotfpo` sjoutfjk jptfjks. ^h` sjoutfjk sljp` nìfk`s th` djuknbrf`s ji djuknbrf`s ji th` j sjoutfjk bkn `kbdo`s stba`hjon`rs tj ukn`rstbkn whflh k`w lbpbdfoftf`s th` lhbkm` wfoo nòfv`r bs

Wbm` 64 ji 64 ji 4<=


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wòo bs hjw ft wfoo `kbdo` iutur` stbt`‖s mjbos . Ft bosj nìfk`s ‘jut ji sljp`‖ sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kts. ljcpjk`kts. ^h` sjoutfjk sljp` cfmht d` n`slrfd`n fk nfii`r`kt j wbys, fklounfkm th` us` ji lbpbdfoftf`s, t`lhkjojmy, dusfk`ss ruo`s, dusfk`ss n`lfsfjks, nbtb, prjl`ss`s, r`sjurl`s, akjwo`nm` bkn safoos, cjnòs bkn n`slrfptfjks ji cbra`ts, iukltfjks, ojlbtfjks, k`twjras, jrmbkfzbtfjkbo strultur`s, wjraiojws, `v`kts, s`qu`kl`, cjtfvbtfjks jr dusfk`ss ojmfl. Mbp Bkboysfs “ B “ B mbp bkboysfs fn`ktfif`s th` nfii`r`kl` d`tw``k lurr`kt bkn lurr`kt bkn iutur` stbt` iutur` stbt` usfkm sbc` t`lhkfqu`. ^h` mbps wfoo d` bnnr`ss`n fk trbksftfjk bkn iutur` stbt`s. Mbp bkboysfs bkboysfs lbk hòp fn`ktfiy fn`ktfiy th` mbps thbt j pr`v`kt th` `kt`rprfs` irjc c``tfkm k``ns k``ns bkn blhf`vfkm mjbos. mjbos . Kj lhbkm` fs r`qufr`n fi kj lbpbdfofty mbps br` fn`ktfif`n. fn`ktfif`n. Fk jrn`r tj lr`bt` th` cfssfkm lbpbdfoftf`s, b lhbkm` strbt`my fs k``n`n. ^h` lbpbdfoftf`s bkboyz`n fk b mbp bkboysfs lbk j fkloun` prjl`ss`s, iukltfjks, ofk`s ji dusfk`ss, jrmbkfzbtfjkbo strultur`s, stbii ljcp`t`klf`s, akjwo`nm` bkn safoos, trbfkfkm, iblfoftf`s, ojlbtfjk, nbtb, bppoflbtfjk syst`cs bkn t`lhkjojmy fkirbstrultur`. @kt`rprfs` T`bnfk`ss Bss`ssc`kt “ “ ^h` r`bnfk`ss bss`ssc`kt ljksfn`rs th` `kt`rprfs`‖s lbpblfty tj cba` th` lhbkm`, us` bkn sustbfk th` sjoutfjk bkn r`bofz` vbou` irjc vbou` irjc th` sjoutfjk. sjoutfjk. ^h` bss`ssc`kt bss`ssc`kt bosj ibltjrs ibltjrs fk5 luoturbo r`bnfk`ss ji th` stba`hjon`rs j jp`rbtfjkbo jp`rbtfjkb o r`bnfk`ss fk cbafkm th` lhbkm` j tfcòfk` irjc wh`k th` lhbkm` fs fcpo`c`kt`n tj j wh`k vbou` lbk d` r`bofz`n bkn r`sjurl`s bvbfobdo` bvbfobdo` tj suppjrt th` lhbkm` ìijrt j Lhbkm` \trbt`my “ \trbt`my “ B B lhbkm` strbt`my fs b hfmh o`vò pobk ji a`y bltfvftf`s bkn bltfvftf`s bkn `v`kts thbt `v`kts thbt wfoo d` us`n tj trbksijrc th` `kt`rprfs` irjc lurr`kt stbt` tj i utur` stbt` fk ijrc ji s`qu`kl` ji prje`lts jr bs fcprjv`c`kt ìijrts. \`v`rbo jptfjks br` `xpojr`n bkn n`slrfd`n fk j `kjumh n`tbfo tj n`t`rcfk` i`bsfdfofty . Bot`rkbtfv`s tj thjs` jptfjks br` bosj fn`ktfif`n thrjumh drbfkstjrcfkm bkn ljksuotfkm sude`lt cbtt`r `xp`rts. B prì`rr`n lhbkm` strbt`my shjuon d` sò`lt`n ljksfn`rfkm5 jrmbkfzbtfjkbo jrmbkfzbtfjkb o r`bnfk`ss tj cba` th` ▥ lhbkm`

Wbm` 6< ji 6< ji 4<=


cbejr ljsts bkn fkv`stc`kts fkv`stc`kts k``n`n tfcòfk`s tj cba` th` lhbkm` ▥ bofmkc`kt tj th` dusfk`ss jde`ltfv`s ▥ tfcòfk`s ijr vbou` r`bofzbtfjk r`bofzbtfjk bkn ▥ jppjrtukfty ljsts ji th` lhbkm` strbt`my ▥ ^h` jptfjks jptfjks ljksfn`r`n bkn rè`lt`n br` bk j fcpjrtbkt ljcpjk`kt ji ifkbo strbt`my, prjvfnfkm stba`hjon`rs wfth bk ukn`rstbknfkm ji prjs bkn ljks ji vbrfjus bpprjblh`s. Fi th` fkv`stc`kt ijr cbafkm th` lhbkm` fs j ukd`brbdo` th`k th` `kt`rprfs` cby safp thfs jppjrtukfty bkn ojja tj fkv`st fk sjc`thfkm òs`. ^h` pjt`ktfbo vbou`, vbou`, fklounfkm th` ljst-d`kìft j bkboysfs fs th` a`y ljcpjk`kt tj cbafkm b dusfk`ss lbs` ijr th` lhbkm`. “ Iutur` stbt` ➤ ^rbksftfjk \tbt`s bkn Tò`bs` Wobkkfkm “ Iutur` wfoo k``n tj d` blhf`v`n jv`r tfc` rbth`r thbk thrjumh b sfkmo` lhbkm` fk cbky lbs`s, c`bkfkm thbt `kt`rprfs` wfoo hbv` tj jp`rbt` fk jk` jr cjr` trbksftfjk stbt`s. Tò`bs` pobkkfkm fs ljkl`rk`n wfth n`t`rcfkfkm j whflh r`qufr`c`kts tj fkloun` fk `blh rò`bs`, phbs` jr ft`rbtfjk ji th` lhbkm`. Dusfk`ss bkboysts bkboysts hòp iblfoftbt` iblfoftbt` rò`bs` pobkkfkm nfslussfjks tj hòp stba`hjon`rs r`blh n`lfsfjks. Ibltjrs Ibltjrs mufnfkm th`s` n`lfsfjks, br` jv`rboo j dunm`t, n`bnofk`s jr tfc` ljkstrbfkts, r`sjurl` ljkstrbfkts, trbfkfkm slh`nuo`s bkn bdfofty ji th` dusfk`ss tj bdsjrd th` lhbkm`s wfthfk b nìfk`n tfc` irbc` dy bnh`rfkm tj jrmbkfzbtfjkbo ljkstrbfkts jr pjoflf`s. ^fcfkm ^fcfkm ji th` fcpo`c`ktbtfjk fs bosj n`lfn`n fk j jrn`r tj lbus` cfkfcbo nfsruptfjk tj dusfk`ss bltfvftf`s bkn tj `ksur` thbt boo pbrtf`s ukn`rstbkn th` fcpblt ji jrmbkfzbtfjk. Bpprjblh “ Mufn`s Mufn`s hjw th` dusfk`ss ➤ Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Bpprjblh “ bkboyst nìfk`s b lhbkm` strbt`my Jptfjks “ N`slrfd` N`slrfd` th` vbrfjus wbys tj sbtfsiy th` ➤ N`sfmk Jptfjks “ dusfk`ss k``ns. “ Fn`ktfiyfkm th` pjssfdo` ➤ \joutfjk T`ljcc`knbtfjks “ sjoutfjks whflh lbk d` pursu`n fk jrn`r tj blhf`v` th` iutur` stbt` “ Ps`n tj nìfk` th` c`trfls thbt ➤ Dbobkl`n \ljr`lbrn “ Ps`n wfoo d` us`n tj t j `vboubt` lhbkm` strbt`my “ Ps`n tj cba` ➤ D`klhcbrafkm bkn Cbra`t Bkboysfs “ n`lfsfjks bdjut whflh lhbkm` strbt`my fs bpprjprfbt` “ Ps`n tj ljoobdjrbtfvòy ljc` up wfth ➤ Drbfkstjrcfkm “ fn`bs ijr lhbkm` strbt`mf`s ▥

0

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

9

^`lhkfqu`s

Wbm` 6> ji 6> ji 4<=


Dusfk`ss Lbpbdfofty Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj prfjrftfz` lbpbdfofty mbps fk ròbtfjk tj vbou` bkn rfsa Lbs`s “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj lbptur` fkijrcbtfjk bdjut th` ➤ Dusfk `ss Lbs`s r`ljcc`kn`n lhbkm` strbt`my thbt w`r` bss`ss`n dut kjt r`ljcc`kn`n Lbkvbs “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj nìfk` th` lhbkm`s ➤ Dusfk `ss Cjnò Lbkvbs k``n`n tj blhf`v` pjt`ktfbo vbou` “ Ps`n tj ljcpbr` nfii`r`kt lhbkm` ➤ N`lfsfjk Bkboysfs “ Ps`n strbt`mf`s bkn lhjjs` bk bpprjprfbt` jk` “ Ps`n tj n`t`rcfk` tfcòfk`s ijr bltfvftf`s ➤ @stfcbtfjk “ wfthfk th` lhbkm` strbt`my “ Ps`n tj ukn`rstbkn th` pjt`ktfbo ➤ Ifkbklfbo Bkboysfs “ Ps`n vbou` bssjlfbt`n wfth lhbkm` strbt`my bkn `vboubt` strbt`mf`s bmbfkst tbrm`ts ijr r`turk jk fkv`stc`kts. fkv`stc`kts. “ Ps`n tj drfkm lustjc`rs tjm`th`r tj ➤ Ijlus Mrjups “ sjoflft th`fr fkput jk sjoutfjk bkn lhbkm` strbt`my “ Ps`n tj dr`ba njwk ➤ Iukltfjkbo N`ljcpjsftfjk “ ljcpjk`kts ji th` sjoutfjk fktj pbrts Fkt`rvf`ws “ Ps`n Ps`n tj tboa tj stba`hjon`rs tj iuooy n`slrfd` ➤ Fkt`rvf`ws “ th` sjoutfjk sljp` bkn lhbkm` sljp` bkn tj ukn`rstbkn th`fr summ`stfjks summ`stfjks “ Ps`n tj ukn`rstbkn whbt w`kt ➤ O`ssjks O`brk`n “ wrjkm fk pbst lhbkm`s fk jrn`r tj fcprjv` lhbkm` strbt`my “ Ps`n tj n`vòjp bkn `xpojr` fn`bs ijr ➤ Cfkn Cbppfkm “ Ps`n lhbkm` strbt`mf`s Cjnòofkm “ “ Ps`n tj n`slrfd` ➤ Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo jrmbkfzbtfjkbo jrmbkfzbtfjkbo strultur` k`l`ssbry ijr th` lhbkm` bkn fs pbrt ji sjoutfjk “ Ps`n tj n`slrfd` hjw wjra wjuon ➤ Wrjl`ss Cjnòofkm “ Ps`n jllur fk th` sjoutfjk sljp` jr nurfkm th` lhbkm`. “ Ps`n tj nìfk` djuknbrf`s jk ➤ \ljp` Cjnòofkm “ sjoutfjk sljp` bkn lhbkm` sljp` n`slrfptfjks. “ Ps`n tj cba` n`lfsfjk bdjut whflh ➤ \]J^ Bkboysfs “ lhbkm` strbt`my fs bpprjprfbt` “ Ps`n tj n`t`rcfk` wh`th`r bky ➤ Y`knjr Bss`ssc`kt “ v`knjrs br` pbrt ji lhbkm` strbt`my ijr fcpo`c`ktbtfjk “ Ps`n tj wjra wfth stba`hjon`rs tj ➤ ]jrashjps “ ljoobdjrbtfvòy ljoobdjrbtfvòy n`vòjp lhbkm` strbt`mf`s ➤ Lustjc`r ➤ Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt ➤ @kn Ps`r ➤ Fcpo`c`ktbtfjk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt ➤ Jp`rbtfjkbo \uppjrt ➤ Wrje`lt Cbkbm`r ➤ T`muobtjr ➤

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\tba`hjon`rs

Wbm` 60 ji 60 ji 4<=


\pjksjr “ But hj rf z`s z`s bkn `ksur` iuknfkm ijr iuknfkm ijr sjoutfjk nòfv`ry bkn lhbcpfjks th` lhbcpfjks th` lhbkm`. ➤ \uppof`r ➤ ^`st`r “ Bpprjblh thbt th` jrmbkfzbtfjk wfoo ➤ Lhbkm` \trbt`my “ ijoojw tj mufn` lhbkm` “ \joutfjk sljp` thbt wfoo d` blhf`v`n ➤ \joutfjk \ljp` “ thrjumh `x`lutfjk ji th` lhbkm` strbt`my ➤

8

Jutput

Wbm` 69 ji 69 ji 4<=


>.4 Mojssbry ➤ ➤

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\trbt`my “ B “ B pobk ji bltfjk n`sfmk`n tj blhf`v` b ojkm t`rc bfc ijr bk `kt`rprfs` jr ijr b pbrtfluobr iukltfjk wfthfk `kt`rprfs`. W@\^ “ W@\^ “ W@\^ W@\^ bkboysfs rì`rs tj bk bpprjblh tj wfnòy bkboyz` th` Wjoftflbo, @ljkjcfl, bkn \jlfj-Luoturbo bkn bkn ^`lhkjojmflbo ^`lhkjojmflbo lhbkm`s fk yjur dusfk`ss dusfk`ss `kvfrjkc`kt. `kvfrjkc`kt. W@\^ bkboysfs ojjas bt hfmh o`vò ibltjrs thbt hbs pjt`ktfbo tj fkiou`kl` b n`lfsfjk, cbra`t jr bky pjt`ktfbo k`w dusfk`ss. \^@@W “ \^@@W “ \^@@W \^@@W irbc`wjra rì`rs tj \jlfbo, ^`lhkjojmflbo, @ljkjcfl, @kvfrjkc`ktbo bkn Wjoftflbo ibltjrs thbt hòp tj mbfk fksfmhts fktj pbst, lurr`kt bkn iutur` ji th` `xt`rkbo `kvfrjkc`kt n`vòjpc`kts n`vòjpc`kts nurfkm tfc` ji ukl`rtbfkty. LB^]J@ “ “ LB^]J@ blrjkyc rì`rs tj Lof`kt, Bltjrs, ^rbksijrcbtfjk, ]òtbkslhbuukm ]òtbkslhbuukm (c`bks ]jronwfn`), Jwk`r, Jwk`r, bkn @kvfrjkc`ktbo @kvfrjkc`ktbo Ljkstrbfkts. Ljkstrbfkts. Ft fs syst`c thfkafkm tjjo thbt pobl`s ijlus i jlus jk `xfstfkm syst`c jr prjl`ss`s thbt tba`s pobl` wfthfk bk jrmbkfzbtfjk bkn `ktbfos stunyfkm hjw i`btur`s wfthfk prjl`ss jr syst`c fkt`rblt fkt`rkbooy jr `xt`rkbooy. 0 Ijrl` Bkboysfs “ “ ^h` irbc`wjra boojws b dusfk`ss tj fn`ktfiy bkn bkboyz` th` fcpjrtbkt ijrl`s thbt thbt n`t`rcfk` th` prjiftbdfofty prjiftbdfofty ji bk fknustry. ^hjs` 0 ijrl`s br` “ b) “ b) Ljcp`tftfv` Tfvbory, d) ^hr`bt ji K`w @ktrbkts, l) ^ hr`bt ji \udstftut`s, n) Dbrmbfkfkm Wjw`r ji Duy`rs, `) Dbrmbfkfkm Wjw`r ji \uppof`rs.

Wbm` 6= ji 6= ji 4<=


Wbm` 68 ji 68 ji 4<=


T`qufr`c`kts Bkboysfs bkn N`sfmk Nìfkftfjk

Wbm` 66 ji 66 ji 4<=


Wbm` 277 ji 277 ji 4<=


0. AB05 T`qufr`c`kts Bkboysfs bkn N`sfmk Nìfkftfjk ^h` T`qufr`c`kts Bkboysfs bkn N`sfmk Nìfkftfjk akjwo`nm` br`b n`slrfd`s th` tbsas thbt dusfk`ss bkboysts p`rijrc tj strultur` strultur` bkn jrmbkfz` r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kts nfsljv`r`n nurfkm òflftbtfjk bltfvftf`s, sp`lfiy sp`lfiy bkn cjnò cjnò r`qufr`c`kts, vbofnbt` vbofnbt` bkn v`rfiy fkijrcbtfjk, fn`ktfiy sjoutfjk jptfjks thbt c``t dusfk`ss k``ns, bkn `stfcbt` th` pjt`ktfbo vbou` thbt vbou` thbt ljuon d` r`bofz`n ijr `blh sjoutfjk jptfjk. Ft ljv`rs th` fklr`c`ktbo fklr`c`ktbo bkn ft`rbtfv` ft`rbtfv` bltfvftf`s rbkmfkm irjc th` fkftfbo ljkl`pt bkn `xpojrbtfjk ji th` k``n thrjumh th` trbksijrcbtfjk ji thjs` k``ns fktj b pbrtfluobr r`ljcc`kn`n sjoutfjk. Dusfk`ss bkboyst‖s rjo` fs fkstruc`ktbo fk cjnòofkm k``ns, r`qufr`c`kts, n`sfmks bkn sjoutfjks bs wòo bs ljknultfkm thjrjumh bkboysfs bkn ljccukflbtfkm th`c wfth jth`r stba`hjon`rs. stba`hjon`r s. ^h` ijrc, o`vò ji n`tbfo, bkn whbt fs d`fkm cjnòo`n br` br` boo n`p`kn`kt jk th` ljkt`xt, ljkt`xt, bunf`kl` bkn bunf`kl` bkn purpjs`. purpjs`. Dusfk`ss bkboysts bkboyz` th` pjt`ktfbo vbou` ji djth r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kt s bkn n`sfmks. \joutfjk jptfjks lbk d` `vboubt`n fk jrn`r tj r`ljcc`kn th` d`st sjoutfjk jptfjk thbt c``ts th` k``n bkn drfkms th` cjst vbou` fk ljoobdjrbtfjk wfth fcpo`c`ktbtfjk sude`lt cbtt`r `xp`rt. `xp`rt . Psbm` bkn bppoflbtfjk ji ljr` ljkl`pts wfthfk th` ljkt`xt ji T`qufr`c`kts Bkboysfs bkn N`sfmk Nìfkftfjk br` bs ijoojws5 j

j

j

j

j j

Lhbkm` “ Lhbkm` “ ^rbksijrc òflftbtfjk r`suots fktj r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmk fk jrn`r tj nìfk` th` lhbkm`. K``n “ “ bkboyz` th` k``n fk jrn`r tj r`ljcc`kn b sjoutfjk thbt c``ts th` k``ns. \joutfjk “ \joutfjk “ Nìfk` Nìfk` sjoutfjk jptfjks bkn r`ljcc`kn th` jk` thbt fs cjst ofaòy tj bnnr`ss th` k``n bkn hbs cjst vbou`. \tba`hjon`r “ “ ^bfojr th` r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks sj thbt th`y br` ukn`rstbknbdo` ukn`rstbknbdo` bkn usbdo` dy `blh stba`hjon`r mrjup. Ybou` “ Ybou` “ Bkboyz` Bkboyz` bkn qubktfiy th` pjt`ktfbo vbou` ji th` sjoutfjk jptfjks. Ljkt`xt “ Ljkt`xt “ Cjnò Cjnò bkn n`slrfd` th` ljkt`xt fk ijrcbts thbt br` ukn`rstbknbdo` bkn usbdo` dy boo stba`hjon`rs.

0.2 T`qufr`c`kts Bkboysfs bkn N`sfmk Nìfkftfjk ^bsas ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤

^bsa 25 \p`lfiy bkn Cjnò T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`kts ^bsa 4 5 Y`rfiy T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`kts ^bsa < 5 Ybofnbt` T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`kts ^bsa > 5 Nìfk` T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`kts Brlhft`ltur` ^bsa 05 Nìfk` \joutfjk Jptfjks ^bsa 95 Bkboyz` Wjt`ktfbo Ybou` bkn T`ljcc`kn \joutfjk

0.2.2 ^bsa 25 \p`lfiy bkn Cjnò T`qufr`c`kts

Wbm` 272 ji 272 ji 4<=


2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

<

Fkputs

>

@o`c`kts

^j bkboyz`, sykth`sfz` bkn rìfk` òflftbtfjk òflftbtf jk r`suots fktj r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks. ^hfs tbsa n`slrfd`s th` prbltfl`s ijr bkboyzfkm òflftbtfjk bkboyzfkm òflftbtfjk r`suots bkn lr`btfkm r`pr`s`ktbtfjks ji thjs` r`suots. jutputs br` br` rì`rr`n rì`rr`n tj bs r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kts wh`k th` ➤ ^h` jutputs ijlus ji th` sp`lfiyfkm bkn cjnòofkm bltfvfty fs jk ukn`rstbknfkm th` k``n bkn ft fs rì`rr`n tj bs n`sfmks wh`k th` sbc` bltfvfty fs ijlus`n jk sjoutfjk. sjoutfjk . r`qufr`c`kt s ➤ Boo dusfk`ss nòfv`rbdo`s br` rì`rr`n tj bs r`qufr`c`kts wh`r`bs th` wjrn ‘n`sfmk‖ fs us`n us` n sp`lfiflbooy ijr t`lhkflbo n`sfmks. ➤ ^hfs tbsa lbptur`s fkijrcbtfjk bdjut bttrfdut`s jr c`tbnbtb bdjut c`tbnbtb bdjut th` r`qufr`c`kts bs wòo bs th` cjnòs us`n tj r`pr`s`kt th` r`qufr`c`kts. “ Cjnòofkm lbk d`mfk ➤ @oflftbtfjk T`suots (bky stbt`) “ wfth bky òflftbtfjk r`suot bkn cby o`bn tj th` k``n ijr cjr` òflftbtfjk tj lobrfiy jr `xpbkn upjk r`qufr`c`kts. @oflftbtfjk bkn cjnòofkm cby jllur s`qu`ktfbooy, ft`rbtfvòy jr ljklurr`ktoy. ljklurr`ktoy . “ B cjnò fs b n`slrfptfv` wby tj ➤ Cjnò T`qufr`c`kts “ B ljkv`y fkijrcbtfjk tj b sp`lfifl bunf`kl` fk jrn`r tj suppjrt bkboysfs, ljccukflbtfjk ljccukflbtfjk bkn ukn`rstbknfkm. Cjnòs cby bosj d` us`n tj ljkifrc akjwo`nm`, j fn`ktfiy fkijrcbtfjk mbps bkn fn`ktfiy nupoflbt` fkijrcbtfjk. Jk` jr cjr` ji th` ijoojwfkm cjnòofkm ijrcbts br` lhjs`k5 Cbtrfl`s “ Cbtrfl`s “ B B cbtrfx fs us`n fk cjnòofkm b ▥ r`qufr`c`kt jr s`t ji r`qufr`c`kts thbt hbv` b ljcpo`x dut ukfijrc strultur` whflh lbk d` drja`k njwk fktj ò`c`kts thbt bppoy tj `v`ry `ktry fk tbdo`. Cbtrfl`s br` us`n ijr prfjrftfzfkm r`qufr`c`kts bkn r`ljrnfkm r`qufr`c`kts bttrfdut`s bkn c`tbnbtb. Nbtb nfltfjkbrf`s, nfltfjkbrf`s, r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kts trbl`bdfofty jr mbp bkboysfs br` th` br`bs wh`r` cbtrfl`s br` bppof`n. Nfbmrbcs “ “ B nfbmrbc fs b vfsubo, jit`k ▥ pfltjrfbo, r`pr`s`ktbtfjk ji b r`qufr`c`kt. Ft fs us`n tj n`pflt ljcpo`xfty ljcpo`xfty fk b wby thbt wjuon d` nfiifluot tj nj wfth wjrns. ^h`y lbk d` us`n tj nìfk` djuknbrf`s djuknbrf`s ijr dusfk`ss njcbfks, tj lbt`mjrfz` bkn lr`bt` hf`rbrlhf`s ji ft`cs bkn tj shjw ljcpjk`kts ji jde`lts sulh bs nbtb bkn th`fr ròbtfjkshfps. ròbtfjkshfps. Cjnò lbt`mjrf`s lbk fkloun`5 j ➤

Wbm` 274 ji 274 ji 4<=


W`jpo` bkn Tjo`s “ “ T`pr`s`kt jrmbkfzbtfjks, rjo`s bkn th`fr ròbtfjkshfps wfthfk bk `kt`rprfs` bkn tj b sjoutfjk. ^`lhkfqu`s fkloun` Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Cjnòofkm, Tjo`s bkn W`rcfssfjks Cbtrfx bkn \tba`hjon`r Ofst, Cbp jr W`rsjkbs Tbtfjkbo` “ Tbtfjkbo` “ T`pr`s`kt ‟wh ‟wh y – ji b lhbkm`. ▥ ^`lhkfqu`s fkloun` N`lfsfjk Cjnòofkm, \ljp` Cjnòofkm, Dusfk`ss Cjnò Lbkvbs, Tjjt Lbus` Bkboysfs bkn Dusfk`ss Tuo`s Bkboysfs. Bl tf vf t y Iojw Io jw “ “ T`pr`s`kt T`pr`s`kt b s`qu`kl` ji s`qu`kl` ji ▥ Bltf bltfjks, `v`kts jr b ljurs` thbt cby d` tba`k. ^`lhkfqu`s fkloun` Wrjl`ss Cjnòofkm, Ps` Lbs`s bkn \l`kbrfjs, bkn Ps`r \tjrf`s. Lbpbdfofty “ “ Ijlus jk i`btur`s jr ▥ iukltfjks iukltfjks ji bk `kt`rprfs` jr b sjoutfjk. ^`lhkfqu`s fkloun` Dusfk`ss Lbpbdfofty Bkboysfs, Iukltfjkbo N`ljcpjsftfjk N`ljcpjsftfjk bkn Wrjtjtypfkm. Nbtb bkn Fkijrcbtfjk “ “ T`pr`s`kt th` ▥ lhbrblt`rfstfls bkn th` `xlhbkm` `xlhbkm` th` fkijrcbtfjk wfthfk bk `kt`rprfs` jr b sjoutfjk. ^`lhkfqu`s fkloun` Nbtb Nfltfjkbry, Nbtb Iojw Nfbmrbcs, Nbtb Cjnòofkm, Mojssbry, \tbt` Cjnòofkm, bkn Fkt`ribl` Bkboysfs. Bkboy Bk boy z` T`qufr T`qu fr `c`kts `c`k ts “ “ Bkboysfs ji r`qufr`c`kts fs n`p`kn`kt jk o`vò ji n`ljcpjsftfjk r`qufr`n, o`vò ji n`tbfo tj d` sp`lfif`n, akjwo`nm` ji stba`hjon`rs, pjt`ktfbo ijr cfsukn`rstbknfkm bkn jrmbkfzbtfjkbo stbknbrns. Fkijrcbtfjk mbth`r`n fs n`ljcpjs`n fktj ljcpjk`kts tj iurth`r `xbcfk` ijr5 bkythfkm thbt cust lhbkm` tj c``t dusfk`ss k``n j bkythfkm thbt shjuon shjuon stby stby th` sbc` tj c``t th` j dusfk`ss k``n cfssfkm ljcpjk`kts j ukk`l`ssbry ljcpjk`kts, j bky ljkstrbfkts ljkstrbfkts jr bssucptfjks bssucptfjks thbt fcpblt fcpblt th` j ljcpjk`kts T`pr`s`kt T`qufr`c`kts bkn Bttrfdut`s “ “ Bs pbrt ji sp`lfiyfkm r`qufr`c`kts, th`y lbk bosj d` lbt`mjrfz`n blljrnfkm tj th` sl h`cb n`slrfd`n fk tbsa T`qufr`c`kts Lobssfiflbtfjk Lobssfi flbtfjk \lh`cb. Lbt`mjrfzfkm r`qufr`c`kts lbk hòp `ksur` th` r`qufr`c`kts br` iuooy i uooy ukn`rstjjn, b s`t ▥

➤

➤

Wbm` 27< ji 27< ji 4<=


0

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

9

^`lhkfqu`s

ji bky typ` fs ljcpo`t`, bkn thbt th`r` fs bpprjprfbt` trbl`bdfofty d`tw``k th` typ`s. “ ^h` ➤ Fcpo`c`kt Bpprjprfbt` O`vòs ji Bdstrbltfjk “ o`vò ji r`qufr`c`kt vbrf`s dbs`n jk typ` ji typ` ji r`qufr`c`kt bkn bunf`kl` bunf`kl` ijr th` r`qufr`c`kt. r`qufr`c`kt. Ft fs bpprjprfbt` bpprjprfbt` tj prjnul` nfii`r`kt vf`wpjfkts vf`wpjfkts ji r`qufr`c`kts tj r`pr`s`kt th` sbc` k``n ijr nfii`r`kt stba`hjon`rs. \p`lfbo lbr` k``n tj d` tba`k tj cbfktbfk th` c`bkfkm bkn fkt`kt ji fkt`kt ji th` r`qufr`c`kts jv`r boo r`pr`s`ktbtfjks. Cjnòofkm Kjtbtfjks/\tbknbrns “ Kjtbtfjks/\tbknbrns “ Boojw Boojw r`qufr`c`kts bkn ➤ Cjnòofkm n`sfmks tj d` pr`lfsòy sp`lfif`n bs fs bpprjprfbt` ijr th` bunf`kl` bkn purpjs` ji th` cjnòs. “ \jitwbr` prjnults thbt iblfoftbt` ➤ Cjnòofkm ^jjos “ nrbwfkm bkn stjrfkm cbtrfl`s bkn nfbmrbcs tj r`pr`s`kt r`qufr`c`kts. Brlhft`ltur` “ “ T`qufr`c`kts bkn ➤ T`qufr`c`kts fkt`rròbtfjkshfps lbk d` us`n tj `ksur` cjnòs br` ljcpo`t` bkn ljksfst`kt. T`qufr`c`k ts Ofi` Lylo` Cbkbm`c`kt ^jjos “ \jitwbr` “ \jitwbr` ➤ T`qufr`c`kts prjnults thbt iblfoftbt` r`ljrnfkm, jrmbkfzfkm, stjrfkm bkn shbrfkm r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks. “ Djuknbrf`s ji th` sjoutfjk prjvfn` ➤ \joutfjk \ljp` “ djuknbrf`s ijr th` r `qufr`c`kts `qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmk cjnòs. ubt fj k Lrft Lrf t `rfb `rf b “ “ Ps`n tj ➤ Bl l`p tbk l` bkn @vbo ubtfj r`pr`s`kt bttrfdut`s ji r`qufr`c`kts. Lbpbdfoft dfoft y Bkboysfs “ Bkboysfs “ T`pr`s`kt T`pr`s`kt i`btur`s bkn ➤ Dusfk `ss Lbpb iukltfjks ji bk `kt`rprfs` “ N`slrfd` th` rbtfjkbo` ijr ➤ Dusfk`ss Cjnò Lbkvbs “ r`qufr`c`kts “ Bkboyz` dusfk`ss ruo`s sj ➤ Dusfk`ss Tuo`s Bkboysfs “ thbt th`y lbk d` sp`lfif`n bkn cjnòo`n bojkmsfn` r`qufr`c`kts. “ Ps`n tj nìfk` t`rcs bkn ➤ Ljkl`pt Cjnòofkm “ ròbtfjkshfps rò`vbkt tj lhbkm` bkn `kt`rprfs` “ Ps`n tj r`ljrn n`tbfos bdjut th` nbtb ➤ Nbtb Nfltfjkbry “ Ps`n fkvjov`n fk th` lhbkm` “ Ps`n tj vfsubofz` nbtb iojw ➤ Nbtb Iojw Nfbmrbcs “ r`qufr`c`kts “ Ps`n tj cjnò r`qufr`c`kts tj shjw ➤ Nbtb Cjnòofkm “ Ps`n hjw nbtb wfoo d` us`n tj c``t stba`hjon`r fkijrcbtfjk k``ns N`lfsfj k Cjnòofkm “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj r`pr`s`kt th` n`lfsfjks fk ➤ N`lfsfj b cjnò fk jrn`r tj shjw th` ò`c`kts ji n`lfsfjk cbafkm r`qufr`n N`ljcpjsftfjk “ “ Ps`n tj cjnò ➤ Iukltfjkbo r`qufr`c`kts fk jrn`r tj fn`ktfiy ljkstftu`kt pbrts ji bk jv`rboo dusfk`ss iukltfjk

Wbm` 27> ji 27> ji 4<=

DBDJA <.7 T`vfsfjk Mufn` ➤ ➤

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➤ ➤

➤

➤ ➤ ➤

➤ ➤

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=

\tba`hjon`rs

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8

Jutput

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Mojssbry “ “ Ps`n tj r`ljrn th` c`bkfkm ji rò`vbkt dusfk`ss t`rcs Fkt`ribl` Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj cjnò r`qufr`c`kts fk jrn`r tj fn`ktfiy bkn vbofnbt` fkputs bkn jutputs ji th` sjoutfjk Kjk-Iukltfjkbo T`qufr`c`kt Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj nìfk` bkn bkboyz` th` qubofty ji s`rvfl` bttrfdut`s Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Cjnòofkm “ “ Ps`n tj boojw dusfk`ss bkboysts tj cjnò th` rjo`s, r`spjksfdfoftf`s bkn ljccukflbtfjks ljccukflbtfjks wfthfk jrmbkfzbtfjk Wrjl`ss Cjnòofkm “ Cjnòofkm “ Ps`n Ps`n tj shjw th` st`ps jr bltfvftf`s thbt br` p`rijrc`n fk th` jrmbkfzbtfjk Wrjtjtypfkm “ “ Ps`n tj bssfst th` stba`hjon`rs fk vfsubofzfkm th` bpp`brbkl` bkn lbpbdfoftf`s ji b pobkk`n sjoutfjk. Tjo`s bkn W`rcfssfjks Cbtrfx “ “ Ps`n tj sp`lfiy bkn cjnò r`qufr`c`kts ljkl`rk`n wfth s`pbrbtfjk ji nutf`s bcjkm us`rs bkn `xt`rkbo fkt`ribl`s Tjjt Lbus` Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj cjnò rjjt lbus` ji b prjdo`c \ljp` Cjnòofkm “ “ Ps`n tj vfsubooy shjw b sljp` djuknbry \`qu`kl` Nfbmrbcs “ “ Ps`n tj sp`lfiy bkn cjnò r`qufr`c`kts tj shjw hjw prjl`ss`s jp`rbt` bkn fkt`rblt wfth jk` bkjth`r \tba`hjon`r \tba`hjon`r Ofst, Cbp Cbp jr W`rsjkbs W`rsjkbs “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy th` stba`hjon`rs bkn th`fr lhbrblt`rfstfls lhbrblt`rfstfls \tbt` Cjnòofkm “ Cjnòofkm “ Ps`n Ps`n tj sp`lfiy th` nfii`r`kt stbt` ji b pbrt ji th` sjoutfjk thrjumhjut b ofi` lylo` fk t`rcs ji `v`kts Ps` Lbs`s Lbs`s bkn \l`kbrfjs “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj cjnò th` n`sfr`n d`hbvfjur ji b sjoutfjk dy shjwfkm us`r fkt`rbltfjks wfth th` sjoutfjk, tj blhf`v` b sp`lfifl mjbo jr blljcpofsh b pbrtfluobr tbsa. Ps`r \tjrf`s “ “ Ps`n tj sp`lfiy r`qufr`c`kts bs b drfì stbt`c`kt stbt`c` kt bdjut whbt p`jpo` nj jr k``n tj nj wh`k usfkm sjoutfjk. Bky stba`hjon`r “ “ Dusfk`ss Bkboysts cby lhjjs` tj p`rijrc thfs tbsa th`csòv`s bkn ljccukflbt` th` r`qufr`c`kts tj stba`hjon`rs ijr th`fr r`vf`w bkn bpprjvbo. T`qufr`c`kts (sp`lfif`n bkn cjnòo`n) “ “ Bky ljcdfkbtfjk ji r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks fk ijrc ji t`xt, cbtrfl`s bkn nfbmrbcs.

Wbm` 270 ji 270 ji 4<=


0.2.4 ^bsa 45 Y`rfiy T`qufr`c`kts 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

^j `ksur` thbt r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kt s bkn n`sfmks sp`lfiflbtfjks sp`lfiflbt fjks bkn cjnòs c``t qubofty stbknbrns bkn br` usbdo` ijr th` purpjs` th`y s`rv`. ➤

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<

Fkputs

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>

@o`c`kts

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Y`rfiyfkm r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kts `ksur`s `ksur`s thbt th` r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks hbv` d``k nìfk`n nìfk`n ljrr`ltoy bkn ljkstftut`s b lh`la thbt lh`la thbt th`y br` r`bny i jr vbofnbtfjk, bkn prjvfn`s prjvfn`s th` fkijrcbtfjk k``n`n ijr iurth`r wjra tj d` p`rijrc`n. B hfmh qubofty sp`lfiflbtfjk sp`lfiflbtfjk fs b wòo wrftt`k bkn `bsfoy ukn`rstjjn dy fts fkt`kn`n bunf`kl`. bunf`kl`. B hfmh qubofty cjnò r`pr`s`kts cjnò r`pr`s`kts r`bofty. r`bofty. ^h` cjst fcpjrtbkt lhbrblt`rfstfl lhbrblt`rfs tfl fs iftk`ss ijr us` dy th` stba`hjon`rs whj wfoo us` th`c ijr b pbrtfluobr purpjs`. T`qufr`c`kts (sp`lfif`n bkn cjnòo`n) “ “ Bky r`qufr`c`kt, n`sfmk jr s`t ji thjs` cby d` v`rfif`n tj `ksur` thbt t`xt fs wòo strultur`n bkn thbt cbtrfl`s bkn cjnòofkm kjtbtfjk br` us`n ljrr`ltoy. Lhbrblt`rfstfl Lhbrblt`rfstfl s ji T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`kts bkn N`sfmks Rubofty “ “ Bll`ptbdo` qubofty r`qufr`c`kts `xhfdft cbky ji ijoojwfkm lhbrblt`rfstfls5 Bt jc fl “ “ \òi-ljktbfk`n bkn lbpbdo` ji d`fkm j ukn`rstjjn fkn`p`kn`ktoy Ljcpo`t` “ Ljcpo`t` “ @kjumh @kjumh tj mufn` iurth`r wjra bkn bt j bpprjprfbt` o`vò ji n`tbfo ijr wjra tj ljktfku`. ^h` o`vò ji ljcpo`t`k`ss r`qufr`n nfii`rs dbs`n jk p`rsp`ltfv` jr p`rsp`ltfv` jr c`thjnjojmy bkn c`thjnjojmy bkn pjfkt fk ofi` lylo` wh`r` lylo` wh`r` th` r`qufr`c`kt fs d`fkm `xbcfk`n `xbcf k`n jr r`pr`s`kt`n. Ljksfst`kt “ Bofmk`n “ Bofmk`n wfth th` fn`ktfif`n k``ns ji j th` stba`hjon`rs bkn kjt ljkiofltfkm wfth jth`r r`qufr`c`kts. Ljklfs` “ “ Ljktbfks kj `xtrbk`jus bkn j ukk`l`ssbry ljkt`kt. I`bsfdo` “ “ T`bsjkbdo` bkn pjssfdo` wfthfk th` j bmr``n upjk rfsa, slh`nuo`, dunm`t jr ljksfn`r`n i`bsfdo` `kjumh tj fkv`stfmbt` iurth`r thrjumh prjtjtyp`s. Pkbcdfmujus “ “ T`qufr`c`kt cust d` lo`broy j stbt`n fk sulh b wby tj cba` ft lo`br wh`th`r b sjoutfjk nj`s jr nj`s kjt c``t th` bssjlfbt`n k``n. ^`stbdo` “ “ Bdo` tj v`rfiy th` r`qufr`c`kt hbs j d``k iuoifoo`n.

Wbm` 279 ji 279 ji 4<=


Wrfjrftfz`n “ “ Tbka`n, mrjup`n jr k`mjtfbt`n fk t`rcs ji fcpjrtbkl` bkn vbou` bmbfkst boo jth`r r`qufr`c`kts Pkn`rstbknbdo` “ “ T`pr`s`kt`n usfkm ljccjk j t`rcfkjojmy ji th` bunf`kl` Y`rfiflbtfjk Bltfvftf`s “ “ Y`rfiflbtfjk bltfvftf`s br` typflbooy p`rijrc`n ft`rbtfvòy thrjumhjut th` r`qufr`c`kt bkboysfs prjl`ss. ^h`y fkloun`5 fkloun`5 ijr ljcpofbkl` ljcpofbkl` wfth jrmbkfzbtfjkbo j lh`lafkm p`rijrcbkl` stbknbrns ijr dusfk`ss bkboysfs, sulh bs usfkm rfmht tjjos bkn c`thjns, lh`lafkm ijr ljrr`lt us` us` ji cjnòofkm kjtbtfjks, j t`cpobt`s jr ijrcs, lh`lafkm ijr ljcpo`t`k`ss wfthfk ljcpo`t`k`ss wfthfk `blh cjnò, j ljcpbrfkm ljcpbrfkm `blh cjnò bmbfkst jth`r rò`vbkt j cjnòs, lh`lafkm ijr ò`c`kts thbt br` c`ktfjk`n fk jk` cjnò dut br` cfssfkm fk jth`r cjnòs, bkn v`rfiyfkm v`rfiyfkm thbt th` ò`c`kts br` rì`r`kl`n ljksfst`ktoy, `ksurfkm th` t`rcfkjojmy us`n fk `xpr`ssfkm th` j r`qufr`c`kt fs ukn`rstbknbdo` ukn`rstbknbdo` tj stba`hjon`rs bkn ljksfst`kt wfth th` us`n ji thjs` t`rcs wfthfk th` jrmbkfzbtfjk bkn bnnfkm `xbcpo`s wh`r` bpprjprfbt` ijr lobrfiflbtfjk. lobrfiflbtfjk. Lh`laofsts “ “ Lh`laofsts br` us`n ijr qubofty ljktrjo wh`k v`rfiyfkm r`qufr`c`kts v`rfiyfkm r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks. ^h` purpjs` ji lh`laofst fs tj `ksur` `ksur` thbt ft`cs j n`t`rcfk`n tj d` fcpjrtbkt br` fkloun`n fk th` ifkbo r`qufr`c`kts nòfv`rbdo`s, jr thbt st`ps r`qufr`n ijr th` v`rfiflbtfjk prjl`ss br` ijoojw`n. T`qufr`c`kts Ofi` Lylo` Cbkbm`c`kt Cbkbm`c`kt ^jjos “ “ \jc` tjjos hbv` iukltfjkbofty tj lh`la ijr fssu`s ròbt`n tj cbky ji th` lhbrblt`rfstfls sulh bs btjcfl, ukbcdfmujus bkn prfjrftfz`n. Bl l`p tbk l` bkn @vboubt @vbo ubt fj k Lrf t`r fb “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj `ksur` thbt r`qufr`c`kts br` stbt`n lo`broy `kjumh tj n`vfs` b s`t ji t`sts thbt lbk prjv` thbt th` r`qufr`c`kts hbv` d``k c`t. Ft`c ^rblafkm “ “ Ps`n tj `ksur` thbt bky prjdo`cs jr fssu`s fn`ktfif`n nurfkm v`rfiflbtfjk br` cbkbm`n bkn r`sjov`n. C`trfls bkn A`y W`rijrcbkl` Fknflbtjrs (AWFs) “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy hjw tj `vboubt` th` qubofty ji r`qufr`c`kts. T`vf`ws “ T`vf`ws “ Ps`n Ps`n tj fksp`lt r`qufr`c`kts njluc`ktbtfjk tj fn`ktfiy r`qufr`c`kts thbt br` kjt ji bll`ptbdo` qubofty. qubofty. j

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0

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

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9

^`lhkfqu`s

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Wbm` 27= ji 27= ji 4<=


=

\tba`hjon`rs

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8

Jutput

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Boo \tba`hjon`rs “ Dusfk`ss “ Dusfk`ss bkboyst fk ljkeukltfjk wfth th` njcbfk bkn fcpo`c`ktbtfjk sude`lt cbtt`r `xp`rts, hbs th` prfcbry r`spjksfdfofty ijr n`t`rcfkfkm thbt th` tbsa hbs d``k ljcpo`t`n. ljcpo`t`n. T`qufr`c`kts (v`rfif`n) “ “ \`t ji r`qufr`c`kts jr n`sfmks thbt fs ji suiiflf`kt qubofty tj d` us`n bs b dbsfs ijr iurth`r wjra.

Wbm` 278 ji 278 ji 4<=


0.2.< ^bsa <5 Ybofnbt` T`qufr`c`kts 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

<

Fkputs

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@o`c`kts

0

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

^j `ksur` boo th` r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kt s bkn n`sfmks bofmk tj th` dusfk`ss r`qufr`c`kts bkn suppjrt th` nòfv`ry ji k``n`n vbou`. T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`k ts vbofnbtfjk fs bk jkmjfkm prjl`ss jkmjfkm prjl`ss tj `ksur` thbt stba`hjon`r, sjoutfjk bkn trbksftfjk r`qufr`c`kts bofmk tj th` dusfk`ss r`qufr`c`kts bkn thbt th` n`sfmks sbtfsiy th` r`qufr`c`kts. r`qufr`c`kts. mjbo ji fcpo`c`ktfkm th` r`qufr`c`kts fs tj ➤ ^h` jv`rboo mjbo blhf`v` th` stba`hjon`r‖s n`sfr`n iutur` stbt`. Ljkioflts fk k``ns, nfii`r`kl` fk vf`ws bcjkmst stba`hjon`rs lbk d` fn`ktfif`n wh`k r`qufr`c`kts br` vbofnbt`n. “ Ybofnbtfjk ➤ T`qufr`c`kts (sp`lfif`n bkn cjnòo`n) “ bppof`s tj bky typ`s typ`s ji r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks. Ybofnbtfjk bltfvftf`s cby d`mfk dìjr` dìjr` r`qufr`c`kts br` ljcpo`tòy v`rfif`n v`rfif`n dut lbkkjt d` ljcpo`t`n ljcpo`t`n dìjr` r`qufr`c`kts br` ljcpo`tòy v`rfif`n. Fn`ktfiy Bssucptfjks “ “ Fi bk jrmbkfzbtfjk fs obuklhfkm ➤ Fn`ktfiy bk ukpr`l`n`kt`n prjnult/s`rvfl`, ft cby d` k`l`ssbry tj cba` bssucptfjks bdjut lustjc`r jr stba`hjon`r r`spjks` r`spjks` bs th`r` br` kj pr`vfjus sfcfobr `xp`rf`kl`s jk whflh tj ròy. \tba`hjon`rs \tba`hjon`r s cby d` `xp`ltfkm l`rtbfk d`kìfts j irjc r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kts fcpo`c`ktbtfjk. fcpo`c`ktbtfjk. \ulh bssucptfjks k``n tj d` r`ljrn`n bkn n`tbfo`n njwk sj thbt bssjlfbt`n rfsas lbk rfsas lbk d` cbkbm`n. “ Dusfk`ss ➤ Nìfk` C`bsurbdo` @vboubtfjk Lrft`rfb “ Bkboysts nìfk` th` `vboubtfjk lrft`rfb thbt lrft`rfb thbt wfoo d` us`n tj `vboubt` hjw sull`ssiuo th` lhbkm` hbs d``k bit`r th` sjoutfjk fs fcpo`c`kt`n. Dbsòfk` c`trfls c`trfls cfmht d` `stbdofsh`n dbs`n jk lurr`kt stbt`. stbt`. ^brm`t c`trfls lbk d` n`vòjp`n tj rìo`lt th` blhf`v`c`kt ji th` dusfk`ss jde`ltfv`s jr sjc` jth`r c`bsur`c`kt ji sull`ss. ➤ @vboubt` Bofmkc`kt wfth \joutfjk \ljp` “ B r`qufr`c`kt thbt nj`s kjt nòfv`r d`kìft tj d`kìft tj b stba`hjon`r stba`hjon`r fs b strjkm lbknfnbt` ijr òfcfkbtfjk . ]h`k r`qufr`c`kts nj kjt bofmk, `fth`r th` iutur` stbt` cust d` r`-`vboubt`n bkn th` sjoutfjk sljp` lhbkm`n, jr th` r`qufr`c`kt r`cjv`n r`cjv`n irjc th` sjoutfjk sljp`. sljp`. \fcfobroy, fi b n`sfmk lbkkjt d` vbofnbt`n tj suppjrt b r`qufr`c`kt, th`r` cfmht d` b cfssfkm jr cfsukn`rstjjn r`qufr`c`kt, jr th` n`sfmk cust lhbkm`. “ @ksur` th` r`qufr`c`kts nòfv`r ➤ Dusfk`ss Jde`ltfv`s “ th` n`sfr`n dusfk`ss d`kìfts. “ Hòps tj `ksur` th` ➤ Iutur` \tbt` N`slrfptfjk “ r`qufr`c`kts thbt br` pbrt ji th` sjoutfjk sljp` nj hòp blhf`v` th` n`sfr`n iutur` stbt`. ➤

Wbm` 276 ji 276 ji 4<=


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9

^`lhkfqu`s

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\tba`hjon`rs

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8

Jutput

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Wjt`ktfbo Ybou` “ “ Lbk d` us`n b d`klhcbra bmbfkst whflh th` vbou` nòfv`r`n dy r`qufr`c`kts lbk d` bss`ss`n. \joutfjk sljp` “ “ @ksur`s th` r`qufr`c`kts thbt prjvfn` d`kìft br` wfthfk th` sljp` ji n`sfr`n sjoutfjk. Bl l`p tbk l` bkn @vboubt @vbo ubtfj fj k Lrf t`r fb “ “ Ps`n tj nìfk` th` qubofty c`trfls thbt cust d` c`t tj blhf`v` bll`ptbkl` dy b stba`hjon`r. stba`hjon`r. Njluc`kt Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy pr`vfjusoy njluc`kt`n dusfk`ss k``ns fk jrn`r tj vbofnbt` r`qufr`c`kts. Ifkbklfbo Bkboysfs “ Bkboysfs “ Ps`n Ps`n tj nìfk` th` ifkbklfbo d`kìfts bssjlfbt`n wfth r`qufr`c`kts. r`qufr`c`kts. Ft`c ^rblafkm “ “ Ps`n tj `ksur` thbt bky prjdo`cs jr fssu`s fn`ktfif`n nurfkm vbofnbtfjk br` cbkbm`n bkn r`sjov`n. C`trfls bkn A`y W`rijrcbkl` Fknflbtjrs (AWFs) “ Ps`n tj sò`lt bpprjprfbt` p`rijrcbkl` c`bsur`s ijr b sjoutfjk, sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kt jr r`qufr`c`kt T`vf`ws “ “ Ps`n tj ljkifrc wh`th`r jr kjt th` stba`hjon`r bmr``s thbt th`fr k``ns br` c`t. Tfsa Bkboysfs bkn Cbkbm`c`kt “ “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy pjssfdo` sl`kbrfjs thbt wjuon bot`r th` d`kìft nòfv`r`n dy b r`qufr`c`kt. Boo \tba`hjon`rs “ \tba`hjon`rs “ Boo Boo prje`lt stba`hjon`rs br` fkvjov`n fk thfs tbsa. Dusfk`ss bkboyst fk ljkeukltfjk wfth lustjc`r, `kn us`r bkn spjksjrs hbs th` prfcbry r`spjksfdfofty r`spjksfdfofty ijr n`t`rcfkfkm n`t`rcfkfkm wh`th`r jr kjt r`qufr`c`kts br` vbofnbt`n. T`qufr`c`kts (vbofnbt`n) “ (vbofnbt`n) “ Ybofnbt`n Ybofnbt`n r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks br` thjs` thbt lbk d` n`cjkstrbt`n tj nòfv`r d`kìft tj stba`hjon`rs bkn bofmk wfth th` dusfk`ss mjbos bkn jde`ltfv`s ji th` lhbkm`. lhbkm`. Fi b r`qufr`c`kt jr n`sfmk n`sfmk lbkkjt d` vbofnbt`n, th`k ft `fth`r nj`sk‖t d`kìft jrmbkfzbtfjk jrmbkfzbtfjk jr nj`sk‖t iboo wfthfk sjoutfjk sljp` jr djth.

Wbm` 227 ji 227 ji 4<=


0.2.> ^bsa >5 Nìfk` T`qufr`c`kts Brlhft`ltur` 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

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<

Fkputs

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^j `ksur` thbt th` r`qufr`c`kts ljoo`ltfvòy suppjrt jk` bkjth`r tj iuooy blhf`v` th` jde`ltfv`s.

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@o`c`kts

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B r`qufr`c`kts brlhft`ltur` ifts th` fknfvfnubo cjnòs bkn sp`lfiflbtfjks tjm`th`r tj `ksur` thbt boo ji th` r`qufr`c`kts ijrc b sfkmo` whjo` whjo` thbt suppjrts th` jv`rboo dusfk`ss jde`ltfv`s bkn prjnul`s b usìuo jutljc`. T`qufr`c`kts brlhft`ltur` fs us`n tj5 j ukn`rstbkn whflh cjnòs br` cjnòs br` bpprjprfbt` ▥ ijr th` njcbfk, sjoutfjk sljp`, bkn bunf`kl`, jrmbkfz` r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kt s fktj strultur`s ▥ rò`vbkt tj nfii`r`kt stba`hjon`rs stba`hjon`rs fooustrbt` fooustrbt ` hjw r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kt s bkn cjnòs ▥ fkt`rblt fkt`rblt wfth bkn ròbt`n ròbt`n tj `blh jth`r bkn shjw hjw pbrts ift tjm`th`r fktj b c`bkfkmiuo whjo`, `ksur` th` r`qufr`c`kts wjra tjm`th`r tj tj ▥ blhf`v` th` jv`rboo jde`ltfv`s, bkn trbn`-jii n`lfsfjks n`lfsfjks bdjut ▥ cba` r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kts whfo` ljksfn`rfkm th` jv`rboo jde`ltfv`s. T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`kt s brlhft`ltur` brlhft`lt ur` fs ijlus`n jk shjwfkm j hjw ò`c`kts wjra fk hbrcjky tj suppjrt dusfk`ss r`qufr`c`kts bkn tj bofmk th` vf`wpjfkt ji nfii`r`kt stba`hjon`rs. ^rbl`bdfofty ^rbl`bdfofty fs us`n tj r`pr`s`kt bkn cbkbm` j th`s` ròbtfjkshfps. Ft prjv`s thbt `v`ry r`qufr`c`kt ofkas dbla tj bk jde`ltfv` bkn shjws hjw bk jde`ltfv` wbs c`t. Fkijrcbtfjk Cbkbm` Cbkbm`c`kt c`kt Bppr jblh “ jblh “ Nìfk`s Nìfk`s hjw th` dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk wfoo d` stjr`n bkn bll`ss`n. T`qufr`c`kts (bky stbt`) “ “ @v`ry r`qufr`c`kt shjuon d` stbt`n jkl` bkn jkoy jkl` bkn fkljrpjrbt`n fktj r`qufr`c`kts brlhft`ltur` sj thbt `ktfr` s`t cby d` `vboubt`n ijr ljcpo`t`k`ss. ljcpo`t`k`ss. \joutfjk sljp` “ “ Cust d` ljksfn`r`n tj `ksur` th` r`qufr`c`kts brlhft`ltur` fs bofmk`n wfth sjoutfjk djuknbrf`s. T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`kts Yf`wpjfk Yf`wpjfk ts bkn Yf`ws “ Yf`ws “ B B vf`wpjfkt fs b s`t ji ljkv`ktfjks thbt ljkv`ktfjks thbt nìfk` hjw r`qufr`c`kts wfoo d` r`pr`s`kt`n, hjw th`s` r`pr`s`ktbtfjks r`pr`s`ktbtfjks wfoo d` jrmbkfz`n bkn ròbt`n tj ròbt`n tj `blh jth`r.

Wbm` 222 ji 222 ji 4<=


Yf`wpjfkts prjvfn`s t`cpobt`s ijr bnnr`ssfkm th` ljkl`rks ji stba`hjon`rs. stba`hjon`rs . ^h`y fkloun` stbknbrns bkn mufnòfk`s ijr cjnò typ`s us`n ijr r`qufr`c`kts, bttrfdut`s thbt br` fkloun`n bkn us`n fk cjnòs, cjnò kjtbtfjks thbt br` us`n bkn bkboytflbo bpprjblh`s us`n tj fn`ktfiy bkn cbfktbfk ròbtfjkshfps bcjkm cjnòs. Kj sfkmo` vf`wpjfkt bojk` lbk ijrc bk `ktfr` j brlhft`ltur`. brlhft`ltur`. @blh vf`wpjfkts vf`wpjfkts hbs nfii`r`kt cjnò kjtbtfjks bkn t`lhkfqu`s bkn `blh fs fcpjrtbkt irjc sjoutfjk p`rsp`ltfv`. p`rsp`ltf v`. @xbcpo`s ji vf`wpjfkts fkloun`5 Dusfk`ss prjl`ss cjnòs, ▥ Nbtb cjnòs bkn fkijrcbtfjk, fkijrcbtfjk, ▥ Ps`r fkt`rbltfjks, fkt`rbltfjks , fklounfkm us` lbs`s bkn ▥ us`r `xp`rf`kl`, Bunft bkn s`lurfty bkn ▥ Dusfk`ss cjnòs. ▥ ^h` bltubo r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmk ijr b j pbrtfluobr sjoutfjk irjc b lhjs`k vf`wpjfkt br` rì`rr`n tj bs b vf`w. vf`w . B ljoo`ltfjk ljoo`ltfjk ji vf`ws vf`ws cba`s up th` r`qufr`c`kts brlhft`ltur` brlhft`ltur` ijr sp`lfifl sjoutfjk. ^h` s`t ji ji ljjrnfkbt`n, ljjrnfkbt`n, ljcpofc`ktbry ljcpofc`ktbry vf`ws prjvfn`s b dbsfs ijr bss`ssfkm th` ljcpo`t`k`ss bkn ljh`r`kl` ji r`qufr`c`kts. r`qufr`c`kts. Jv`rboo, vf`wpjfkts tòo whbt fkijrcbtfjk fkijrcbtfjk th`y j shjuon prjvfn` ijr `blh stba`hjon`r mrjup tj bnnr`ss th`fr ljkl`rks, whfo` vf`ws n`slrfd` th` bltubo r`qufr`c`kts bkn n`sfmks thbt br` prjnul`n. ^`cpobt` ^`cpobt` Brlhf t`ltur`s “ Bk “ Bk brlhft`lturbo irbc`wjra fs b ljoo`ltfjk ji vf`wpjfkts thbt fs stbknbrn blrjss bk fknustry, s`ltjr jr jrmbkfzbtfjk. jrmbkfzbtfjk. ^h`y lbk d` tr`bt`n tr`bt`n bs pr`nìfk`n t `cpobt`s `cpobt`s . ^h` irbc`wjra irbc`wjra lbk d` pjpuobt`n pjpuobt`n wfth njcbfk-sp`lfifl fkijrcbtfjk tj ijrc b ljoo`ltfjk ji vf`ws fi ft fs hbvfkm bllurbt` fkijrcbtfjk pjpuobt`n fk ft. Ljcpo`t`k`ss “ Ljcpo`t`k`ss “ Bk Bk brlhft`ltur` hòps `ksur` thbt b s`t ji r`qufr`c`kts fs ljcpo`t`, ljcpo`t`, ljh`sfv` ljh`sfv` bkn tòos b iuoo stjry. stjry. Kj r`qufr`c`kts shjuon d` cfssfkm irjc th` s`t, fkljksfst`kt wfth jth`rs, jr ljktrbnfltjry tj jk` bkjth`r. Boo th` n`p`kn`klf`s d`tw``k r`qufr`c`kts k``n tj d` ljksfn`r`n. \trulturfkm r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kts blljrnfkm tj vf`wpjfkts j `ksur` thfs ljcpo`t`k`ss. ljcpo`t`k`ss. Ft`rbtfjks ji òflftbtfjk, òflftbtfjk, sp`lfiflbtfjk bkn bkboysfs bltfvftf`s lbk hòp fn`ktfiy mbps. j

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Wbm` 224 ji 224 ji 4<=


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0

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

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9

^`lhkfqu`s

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Tòbt` bkn Y`rfiy T`qufr`c`kts Tòbtfjkshfps “ @blh “ @blh ròbtfjkshfp d`tw``k r`qufr`c`kts fs `xbcfk`n dy t rblfkm r`qufr`c`kts bkn tj `ksur` thbt th` ròbtfjkshfps sbtfsiy th` ijoojwfkm qubofty lrft`rfb5 Nìfk`n “ ^h`r` “ ^h`r` fs b ròbtfjkshfp bkn th` typ` fs j n`slrfd`n. K`l`ssbry “ “ ^h` ròbtfjkshfp fs k`l`ssbry ijr j ukn`rstbknfkm ukn`rstbknfkm th` r`qufr`c`kts hjofstflbooy. Ljrr`lt “ @o`c`kts “ @o`c`kts nj kjt hbv` th` ròbtfjkshfp j n`slrfd`n. Pkbcdfmujus “ ^h`r` “ ^h`r` br` kj ròbtfjkshfps thbt j ofka ò`c`kts F twj nfii`r`kt bkn ljkiofltfkm wbys. Ljksfst`kt “ “ Tòbtfjkshfps br` n`slrfd`n fk th` j sbc` wby usfkm th` stbknbrn n`slrfptfjks bs nìfk`n fk th` vf`wpjfkts. Dusfk`ss Bkboysfs Fkijrcbtfjk Brlhft`ltur` “ “ ^h` fkijrcbtfjk brlhft`ltur` fs b ljcpjk`kt ji th` r`qufr`c`kts brlhft`ltur` d`lbus` ft n`slrfd`s hjw hj w boo ji th` dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk ijr b lhbkm` ròbt`s. Ft nìfk`s ròbtfjkshfps ijr typ`s ji fkijrcbtfjk j sulh bs r`qufr`c`kts, n`sfmks, typ`s ji cjnòs bkn òflftbtfjk r`suots. Pkn`rstbknfkm Pkn`rstbknfkm thfs typ` fifi fkijrcbtfjk fkijrcbtfjk strultur` strultur` j hòps tj `ksur` thbt th` iuoo s`t ji r`qufr`c`kts fs ljcpo`t` ljcpo`t` dy v`rfiyfkm th` ròbtfjkshfps br` ljcpo`t`. Brlhft`ltur` Cbkbm`c`kt Cbkbm`c`kt \jitwbr` “ “ Hòps tj cbkbm` th` vjouc`, ljcpo`xfty bkn v`rsfjks ji th` ròbtfjkshfps wfthfk th` r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kts brlhft`ltur`. O`mbo / T`muobtjry T`muobtjry Fkijrcbtfjk Fkijrcbtfjk “ “ N`slrfd`s o`mfsobtfv` ruo`s jr r`muobtfjks thbt cust d` ijoojw`n. ijoojw`n. ^h`y cby fcpblt r`qufr`c`kts brlhft`ltur` jr fts jutputs. C`thjnjojmf`s C`thjnjojmf`s bkn Irbc`wjras “ Irbc`wjras “ B B pr`n`t`rcfk`n s`t ji cjnòs bkn ròbtfjkshfps d`tw``k th`c tj d` us`n tj r`pr`s`kt nfii`r`kt vf`wpjfkts. Nbtb Cjnòofk m “ N`slrfd` “ N`slrfd` th` r`qufr`c`kts strultur` bs ft ròbt`s tj nbtb. Iukltfjkbo N`ljcpjsftfjk “ “ Ps`n tj dr`ba njwk bk jrmbkfzbtfjkbo ukft, prjnult sljp` fktj fts ljcpjk`kt pbrts. Fkt`rvf`ws “ “ Ps`n tj nìfk` th` r`qufr`c`kts strultur` ljoobdjrbtfvòy Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Cjnòofkm “ “ Ps`n tj ukn`rstbkn th` vbrfjus jrmbkfzbtfjkbo ukfts, stba`hjon`rs bkn th`fr ròbtfjkshfps whflh cfmht hòp nìfk` rò`vbkt vf`wpjfkts. \ljp` Cjnòofkm “ “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy th` ò`c`kts bkn djuknbrf`s ji th` r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kts brlhft`ltur`.

Wbm` 22< ji 22< ji 4<=


=

\tba`hjon`rs

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8

Jutput

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]jrashjps “ ]jrashjps “ Ps`n Ps`n tj nìfk` th` r`qufr`c`kts strultur` ljoobdjrbtfvòy. Njcbfk \ude`lt \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt, @xp`rt, Fcpo`c`ktbtfjk Fcpo`c`ktbtfjk \ude`lt \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt, Wrje`lt Cbkbm`r, \pjksjr, ^`st`r “ “ Cby bssfst fk nìfkfkm bkn ljkifrcfkm th` brlhft`ltur` ijr r`qufr`c`kts. Bky stba`hjon`r T`qufr`c`kts Brlhft`ltur` “ “ T`qufr`c`kts bkn fkt`rròbtfjkshfps bcjkm th`c, bs wòo bs bky ljkt`xtubo fkijrcbtfjk thbt fs r`ljrn`n.

Wbm` 22> ji 22> ji 4<=


0.2.0 ^bsa 05 Nìfk` N`sfmk Jptfjks 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

^j nìfk` th` sjoutfjk bpprjblh, fn`ktfiy jppjrtukftf`s tj fcprjv` th` dusfk`ss, boojlbt` r`qufr`c`kts blrjss sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kts, bkn r`pr`s`kt n`sfmk jptfjks thbt blhf`v` th` n`sfr`n iutur` stbt`. ➤

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Fkputs

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@o`c`kts

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]h`k n`sfmkfkm b sjoutfjk, th`r` cby d` jk` jr cjr` n`sfmk jptfjks jptfjks fn`ktfif`n whflh r`pr`s`kt b wby tj sbtfsiy b s`t ji r`qufr`c`kts, bkn wjuon d` tbltflbo rbth`r tbltflbo rbth`r thbk strbt`mfl. ^rbn`-jiis ^rbn`-ji is br` cbn` bcjkm n`sfmk bot`rkbtfv`s bkn th` ìi`lt ji th`c jk nòfv`ry ji vbou` tj stba`hjon`rs k``n tj d` bss`ss`n. Lhbkm` \trbt`my “ N`slrfd`s “ N`slrfd`s th` bpprjblh thbt wfoo d` ijoojw`n tj trbksftfjk trbksftfjk tj th` iutur` stbt`. ^hfs cby hbv` hbv` sjc` fcpblt jk n`sfmk n`lfsfjks fk t`rcs ji whbt fs i`bsfdo` jr pjssfdo`. T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`kts (vbofnbt`n, (vbofnbt`n, prfjr ftfz`n) “ “ Jkoy vbofnbt`n r`qufr`c`kts br` ljksfn`r`n fk n`sfmk jptfjks. T`qufr`c`kts wfth hfmh`st prfjrftf`s cfmht n`s`rv` cjr` w`fmht fk lhjjsfkm sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kts tj d`st c``t th`c bs ljcpbr`n tj ojw`r prfjrfty r`qufr`c`kts. T`qufr`c`kts Brlhft`ltur` “ Brlhft`ltur` “ B B iuoo s`t ji r`qufr`c`kts bojkm wfth ròbtfjkshfps fs us`n fk nìfkfkm n`sfmk jptfjks thbt lbk bnnr`ss th` hjofstfl s`t ji r`qufr`c`kts. Nìfk` \joutfjk Bpprjblh`s “ ^h` “ ^h` sjoutfjk bpprjblh n`slrfd`s wh`th`r sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kts wfoo d` lr`bt`n jr purlhbs`n, jr jr sjc` ljcdfkbtfjk ji djth. Wrjpjs`n fkt`mrbtfjk ji ljcpjk`kts fs ljksfn`r`n fk boo th` dòjw n`sfmk jptfjks. \joutfjk bpprjblh`s fkloun`5 Lr`bt` “ “ \joutfjk ljcpjk`kts br` k`woy j ljkstrult`n, bss`cdo`n tjm`th`r jr n`vòjp`n dy `xp`rts bs b r`spjks` tj th` r`qufr`c`kts s`t. ^hfs jptfjk fkloun`s cjnfiyfkm cjnfiyfkm bk `xfstfkm sjoutfjk. Wurlhbs` “ “ \joutfjk ljcpjk`kts br` sò`lt`n j irjc b s`t ji jii`rfkms thbt iuoifo r`qufr`c`kts. ^h`s` jii`rfkms br` usubooy prjnults jr s`rvfl`s jwk`n bkn jwk`n bkn cbfktbfk`n dy thfrn pbrtf`s. Ft fs bosj rì`rr`n tj bs LJ^\ LJ^\ (Ljcc`rlfbo jii th` shòi) sjoutfjk. Ljcdfkbtfjk ji djth “ “ N`sfmk jptfjks cby j fkloun` b ljcdfkbtfjk ji djth lr`btfjk bkn purlhbs` ji ljcpjk`kts. Fn`ktfiy Fcprjv`c`kt Jppjrtukftf`s “ “ Bs pbrt ji th` prjl`ss, b kucd`r ji jppjrtukftf`s tj fcprjv` th`

Wbm` 220 ji 220 ji 4<=


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Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

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jp`rbtfjk ji th` dusfk`ss cby jllur bkn br` ljcpbr`n. \jc` ljccjk `xbcpo`s br`5 Fklr`bs` Fklr`bs` @iiflf`klf`s “ Butjcbt` “ Butjcbt` jr sfcpofiy th` j wjra p`jpo` p`rijrc whflh lbk fklr`bs` ljksfst`kly ji d`hbvfjur thus r`nulfkm th` ofaòfhjjn ji r`p`tftfv` tbsas dy nfii`r`kt stba`hjon`rs. Fklr`bs` Fklr`bs` Bll`ss ^j Fkijr cbtfjk “ Jp`k “ Jp`k up th` j mbt`s ijr bll`ssfkm fkijrcbtfjk tj stbii whj fkt`rblt wfth lustjc`rs bkn thus r`nulfkm k``n ji sp`lfbofsts. Fn`ktfiy Bnnftfjkbo Lbpbdfoftf`s “ “ Hfmhofmht j lbpbdfoftf`s thbt hbv` th` pjt`ktfbo tj prjvfn` iutur` vbou` bkn lbk d` suppjrt`n dy th` sjoutfjk. T`qufr`c`kts Boojlbtfjk “ “ T`qufr`c`kts boojlbtfjk fs th` prjl`ss ji bssfmkfkm r`qufr`c`kts tj sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kts bkn rò`bs`s tj d`st blhf`v` th` jde`ltfv`s tj cbxfcfz` th` vbou` vbou` bkn d`kìfts d`kìfts bs wòo bs tj cfkfcfz` ljsts. ljsts. ^h` vbou` ji ji sjoutfjk cfmht vbry n`p`knfkm jk j hjw r`qufr`c`kts br` fcpo`c`kt`n bkn wh`k sjoutfjk d`ljc`s bvbfobdo` tj bvbfobdo` tj stba`hjon`rs. stba`hjon`rs. T`qufr`c`kts boojlbtfjk typflbooy stbrts wh`k b j sjoutfjk bpprjblh bpprjblh hbs d``k n`t`rcfk`n bkn ljktfku`s uktfo boo r`qufr`c`kts br` boojlbt`n whflh fs thrjumhjut n`sfmk bkn fcpo`c`ktbtfjk ji b sjoutfjk. N`slrfd` N`sfmk Jptfjks “ “ N`sfmk jptfjks br` fkv`stfmbt`n bkn n`vòjp`n whfo` ljksfn`rfkm th` n`sfr`n iutur` stbt`, stbt`, bkn fk jrn`r tj `ksur` th` n`sfmk jptfjk fs vbofn. \joutfjk p`rijrcbkl` c`bsur`s br` nìfk`n ijr `blh n`sfmk jptfjk. N`sfmk ò`c`kts cba` up n`sfmk ljcpjk`kts whflh ljktrfdut` tj n`sfmk jptfjk. N`sfmk ò`c`kts cby n`slrfd`5 dusfk`ss pjoflf`s bkn dusfk`ss ruo`s, j dusfk`ss prjl`ss`s tj d` p`rijrc`n bkn j cbkbm`n, p`jpo` whj jp`rbt` bkn cbfktbfk th` sjoutfjk, j jp`rbtfjkbo jp`rbtfjkb o dusfk`ss n`lfsfjks tj d` cbn`, j sjitwbr` bppoflbtfjks bppoflbtfjks us`n fk sjoutfjk, bkn j jrmbkfzbtfjkbo jrmbkfzbtfjkbo strultur`s j @xfstfkm \joutfjks “ \joutfjks “ @xfstfkm @xfstfkm prjnults jr s`rvfl`s thbt br` ljksfn`r`n bs b ljcpjk`kt ji b n`sfmk jptfjk. Iutur` \tbt` N`slrfptfjk “ N`slrfptfjk “ Fn`ktfif`s Fn`ktfif`s n`sfr`n stbt` ji th` `kt`rprfs` thbt n`sfmk jptfjks wfoo d` pbrt ji bkn hòps tj `ksur` n`sfmk jptfjks br` vfbdo`.

Wbm` 229 ji 229 ji 4<=


T`qufr`c`kts (trbl`n) “ Nìfk` “ Nìfk` th` n`sfmk jptfjks thbt d`st iuoifo akjwk a kjwk r`qufr`c`kts \ljp` “ Nìfk`s Nìfk`s th` djuknbrf`s wh`k sò`ltfkm ➤ \joutfjk \ljp` “ vfbdo` n`sfmk jptfjks. Cbra`t Bkboysfs “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy ➤ D`klhcbrafkm bkn Cbra`t bkn bkboyz` `xfstfkm sjoutfjks bkn cbra`t tr`kns. “ Ps`n tj hòp fn`ktfiy fcprjv`c`kt ➤ Drbfkstjrcfkm “ jppjrtukftf`s bkn n`sfmk jptfjks. “ Ps`n tj prjvfn` fkijrcbtfjk ➤ Njluc`kt Bkboysfs “ k``n`n tj n`slrfd` n`sfmk jptfjks bkn ò`c`kts. “ Ps`n tj hòp fn`ktfiy fcprjv`c`kt ➤ Fkt`rvf`ws “ jppjrtukftf`s bkn n`sfmk jptfjks. “ Ps`n tj hòp fn`ktfiy fcprjv`c`kt ➤ O`ssjks O`brk`n “ Ps`n jppjrtukftf`s. “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy bkn `xpojr` pjssfdo` ➤ Cfkn Cbppfkm “ n`sfmk jptfjks. “ Ps`n tj ukn`rstbkn th` ➤ Tjjt Lbus` Bkboysfs “ ukn`royfkm lbus` ji th` prjdo`cs d`fkm bnnr`ss`n fk th` lhbkm` tj prjpjs` sjoutfjks tj bnnr`ss th`c. “ Ps`n tj hòp fn`ktfiy ➤ \urv`y jr Ru`stfjkkbfr` “ fcprjv`c`kt jppjrtukftf`s jppjrtukftf`s bkn n`sfmk jptfjks. “ Ps`n tj ljupo` th` bss`ssc`kt ➤ Y`knjr Bss`ssc`kt “ Ps`n ji b thfrn pbrty sjoutfjk wfth bk bss`ssc`kt ji th` v`knjr tj `ksur` th` sjoutfjk fs vfbdo`. “ Ps`n tj hòp fn`ktfiy fcprjv`c`kt ➤ ]jrashjps “ jppjrtukftf`s bkn n`sfmk jptfjks. “ Wrjvfn`s th` `xp`rtfs` ➤ Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt “ wfthfk th` dusfk`ss tj prjvfn` fkput bkn fkput bkn i``ndbla ijr i``ndbla ijr th` pjt`ktfbo d`kìfts ji b sjoutfjk. Fcpo`c`kt btfjk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt - Wrjvfn`s fkputs ➤ Fcpo`c`ktbtfjk bdjut th` ljkstrbfkts ji ljkstrbfkts ji b sjoutfjk bkn fts ljsts. ljsts . ➤ Jp`rbtfjkbo \uppjrt ➤ Wrje`lt Cbkbm`r “ Wrjvfn`s fkijrcbtfjk jk iukltfjkbofty ➤ \uppof`r “ bssjlfbt`n wfth b pbrtfluobr n`sfmk jptfjk. “ N`slrfd` vbrfjus wbys tj sbtfsiy jk` ➤ N`sfmk Jptfjks “ N`slrfd` jr cjr` k``ns fk fk b ljkt`xt. ljkt`xt. ^h`y cby fkloun` fkloun` sjoutfjk bpprjblh, fcprjv`c`kt jppjrtukftf`s bkn th` ljcpjk`kts thbt nìfk` th` jptfjk. ➤

9

^`lhkfqu`s

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\tba`hjon`rs

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Jutput

Wbm` 22= ji 22= ji 4<=


0.2.9 ^bsa 95 Bkboyz` Wjt`ktfbo Ybou` bkn T`ljcc`kn \joutfjk 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

^j `stfcbt` th` pjt`ktfbo vbou` ijr `blh n`sfmk jptfjk bkn tj `stbdofsh whflh jk` fs cjst bpprjprfbt` tj c``t th` `kt`rprfs`‖s r`qufr`c`kts. ➤

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@o`c`kts

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^hfs tbsa n`slrfd`s n`slrfd`s hjw tj `stfcbt` `stfcbt` bkn cjnò cjnò th` pjt`ktfbo vbou` nòfv`r`n dy b s`t ji r`qufr`c`kts, n`sfmk, jr n`sfmk jptfjks. Wjt`ktfbo vbou` vbou` fs bkboyz`n cbky tfc`s jv`r ljurs` ji lhbkm`. ^hfs fkloun`s ljksfn`rbtfjk thbt th`r` fs ukl`rtbfkty ukl`rtb fkty fk th` `stfcbt`s. ^h` bkboysfs cby d` b pobkk`n `v`kt jr ft cby d` trfmm`r`n dy b cjnfiflbtfjk tj th` ljkt`xt jr sljp` ji th` lhbkm`. N`sfmk jptfjks jptfjks br` br` `vboubt`n `vboubt`n dy ljcpbrfkm th` pjt`ktfbo pjt`ktfbo vbou` ji `blh jptfjk jptfjk tj jth`r jptfjks. jptfjks. ^h`r` cby d` kj kj d`st jptfjk tj r`ljcc`kn jr th`r` cby d` b lo`br d`st lhjfl`. Fk sjc` lbs`, thfs c`bks tj n`vòjp prjji ji ljkl`pt bkn c`bsur` p`rijrcbkl` wh`r`bs fk sjc` lbs`, boo prjpjs`n n`sfmks cby d` rè`lt`n rè`lt`n bkn cjr` bkboysfs cby d` k``n`n tj nìfk` b suftbdo` n`sfmk. Bt tfc`s, d`st r`ljcc`knbtfjk r`ljcc`knbtfjk fs tj nj kjthfkm. kjthfkm . Wjt`ktfbo Ybou` “ Lbk “ Lbk d` us`n bs b d`klhcbra bmbfkst whflh th` vbou` nòfv`r`n dy b n`sfmk lbk d` `vboubt`n. N`sfmk Jptfjks “ K``n “ K``n tj d` `vboubt`n bkn ljcpbr`n tj jk` bkjth`r tj r`ljcc`kn jk` jptfjk ijr th` sjoutfjk. @xp`lt`n D`kìfts “ “ @xp`lt`n d`kìfts n`slrfd` th` pjsftfv` vbou` vbou` thbt b sjoutfjk fs fkt`kn`n tj nòfv`r tj stba`hjon`rs. stba`hjon `rs. Ybou` lbk d` bky pjsftfv` jutljc` sulh bs d`kìfts, r`nul`n rfsa, ljcpofbkl` wfth dusfk`ss pjoflf`s jr bk fcprjv`n us`r `xp`rf`kl`. D`kìfts br` n`t`rcfk`n dbs`n jk th` bkboysfs ji bkboysfs ji j th` d`kìft thbt stba`hjon`rs n`sfr` n`sfr` bkn th` d`kìft thbt fs pjssfdo` tj bttbfk. bttbfk. ^h` tjtbo `xp`lt`n d`kìft fs th` k`t d`kìft ji boo j th` r`qufr`c`kts b pbrtfluobr n`sfmk jptfjk bnnr`ss`s. ^h`y br` r`bofz`n jv`r b p`rfjn ji tfc`. tfc`. @xp`lt`n Ljsts “ @xp`lt`n “ @xp`lt`n ljsts fkloun` bky pjt`ktfbo k`mbtfv` vbou` bssjlfbt`n vbou` bssjlfbt`n wfth b sjoutfjk, fklounfkm th` ljst tj blqufr` th` sjoutfjk, bky k`mbtfv` fcpblts ft cby hbv` jk stba`hjon`rs bkn th` ljst tj cbfktbfk ft jv`r tfc`. @xp`lt`n ljsts lbk fkloun` tfcòfk`, ìijrt, j jp`rbtfkm ljsts, purlhbs` / fcpo`c`ktbtfjk ljsts, cbfkt`kbkl` ljsts, physflbo r`sjurl`s, fkijrcbtfjk r`sjurl`s bkn hucbk r`sjurl`s. Wbm` 228 ji 228 ji 4<=


Jppjrtukfty ljst fs ljst fs ljksfn`r`n wh`k `stfcbtfkm th` `xp`lt`n ljst ljst ji lhbkm`. lhbkm`. Jppjrtukfty ljst ljst ji bky n`sfmk jptfjk fs `qubo tj th` vbou` ji th` d`st bot`rkbtfv` kjt sò`lt`n. N`t`rcfk` Ybou` “ Ybou` “ ^h` ^h` pjt`ktfbo vbou` ji b sjoutfjk tj b stba`hjon`r fs dbs`n jk th` d`kìfts d`kìfts nòfv`r`n dy thbt sjoutfjk bkn th` bssjlfbt`n ljsts. ljsts . Ybou` lbk d` pjsftfv` jr k`mbtfv`. Dusfk`ss bkboysts ljksfn`r pjt`ktfbo vbou` irjc vbou` irjc j th` pjfkts ji ji vf`w ji stba`hjon`rs. Ybou` tj th` `kt`rprfs` `kt`rprfs` fs cjr` h`bvfoy w`fmht`n thbk vbou` ijr bky fknfvfnubo mrjup. Bk jv`rboo pjsftfv` fklr`bs` fk vbou` ijr th` `kt`rprfs` bs b whjo` eustfif`s prjl``nfkm prjl``nfkm wfth th` lhbkm`. lhbkm`. Wjt`ktfbo vbou` fs ukl`rtbfk vbou`. vbou`. Cbky j lhbkm`s br` prjpjs`n fk t`rcs ji fktbkmfdo` jr ukl`rtbfk d`kìfts, whfo` ljsts br` n`slrfd`n bs tbkmfdo`, bdsjout` bkn cfmht mrjw. Ljcpo`t` `stfcbt` fs nìfk`n dy ljcpbrfkm tbkmfdo` bkn fktbkmfdo` ljsts bojkmsfn` th` tbkmfdo` bkn fktbkmfdo` d`kìfts. ^hfs shjuon ljksfn`r th` n`mr`` ji ukl`rtbfkty p`rtbfkfkm ukl`rtbfkty p`rtbfkfkm bt th` tfc` th` `stfcbt`s br` cbn`. Bs s`s s N`sfmk N`sf mk Jpt fj ks bkn T`ljcc T`lj cc`kn `kn \jout \jo ut fj k “ @blh n`sfmk jptfjk fs bss`ss`n dbs`n jk th` pjt`ktfbo vbou` ft fs `xp`lt`n tj nòfv`r. ^h`r` ljuon d` b k``n tj r`-`vboubt` n`sfmk j jptfjks tj fkloun` d`tt`r ukn`rstbknfkm ukn`rstbknfkm ji ljst ji fcpo`c`ktbtfjk bkn tj n`t`rcfk` d`st ljst-tjd`kìft rbtfj. d`kìft rbtfj. ^h` d`st jptfjk(s) jptfjk(s) n``c`n tj d` th` cjst cjst j vboubdo` sjoutfjk vboubdo` sjoutfjk tj bnnr`ss th` k``n fs n``c`n. Fk cbky lbs`s, d`st r`ljcc`knbtfjk ljuon d` tj nj kjthfkm fi kjk` ji th` n`sfmk jptfjks br` wjrthwhfo`. Ybrfjus ibltjrs tba`k fktj ljksfn`rbtfjk tj bss`ss `blh n`sfmk jptfjk br`5 Bv bfo bdo ` T`sjur T`sj ur l`s “ “ Ofcftbtfjks ▥ Bvbfo r`mbrnfkm bcjukt ji r`qufr`c`kts thbt lbk d` fcpo`c`kt`n dbs`n jk th` boojlbt`n r`sjurl`s. Ljkstrbfkts jk \joutfjk “ “ T`muobtjry ▥ r`qufr`c`kts jr dusfk`ss n`lfsfjks cby r`qufr` thbt l`rtbfk r`qufr`c`kts d` hbkno`n cbkubooy jr butjcbtflbooy, jr thbt l`rtbfk r`qufr`c`kts d` prfjrftfz`n bdjv` boo jth`rs. j

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Wbm` 226 ji 226 ji 4<=


N`p`kn`klf`s d`tw``k T`qufr`c`kts “ “ \jc` r`qufr`c`kts ljuon hbv` ofcft`n vbou` dut br` k``n`n tj d` nòfv`r`n bs th`y suppjrt hfmh o`vò r`qufr`c`kts. Dusfk`ss Jde`ltfv`s “ Jde`ltfv`s “ Ps`n Ps`n tj lboluobt` `xp`lt`n d`kìft Lurr`kt \tbt` N`slrfptfjk “ “ Wrjvfn`s th` ljkt`xt wfthfk whflh th` wjra k``ns tj d` ljcpo`t`n bkn lbk d` us`n tj fn`ktfiy bkn qubktfiy th` vbou` tj d` nòfv`r`n irjc b pjt`ktfbo sjoutfjk. Iutur` \tbt` N`slrfptfjk “ “ N`slrfd`s th` n`sfr`n iutur` stbt` thbt sjoutfjk wfoo d` pbrt ji fk jrn`r tj `ksur` n`sfmk jptfjks br` bpprjprfbt`. Tfsa Bkboysfs T`suots “ T`suots “ Wjt`ktfbo Wjt`ktfbo vbou` ji n`sfmk jptfjks fkloun`s bss`ssc`kt ji th` o`vò ji rfsa bssjlfbt`n wfth n`sfmk jptfjks \joutfjk \ljp` “ \ljp` “ Nìfk`s Nìfk`s th` sljp` ji th` sjoutfjk thbt fs d`fkm nòfv`r`n Bl l`p tbk l` bk n @vbou @v bou btf jk Lrft Lrf t `rfb `rf b “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj `xpr`ss r`qufr`c`kts fk ijrc ji bll`ptbkl` lrft`rfb wh`k bss`ssfkm prjpjs`n sjoutfjks bkn n`t`rcfkfkm wh`th`r b sjoutfjk c``ts th` nìfk`n dusfk`ss k``ns. Dblaojm Cbkbm`c`kt “ Cbkbm`c`kt “ Ps`n Ps`n tj s`qu`kl` th` pjt`ktfbo vbou`. Drbfkstjrcfkm “ “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy pjt`ktfbo d`kìfts ji r`qufr`c`kts fk ljoobdjrbtfv` ljoobdjrbtfv` cbkk`r. Dusfk`ss Lbs`s “ “ Ps`n tj bss`ss r`ljcc`knbtfjks bmbfkst dusfk`ss mjbos bkn jde`ltfv`s. Dusfk`ss Cjnò Lbkvbs “ “ Ps`n bs b tjjo tj hòp ukn`rstbkn strbt`my bkn fkftfbtfv`s. N`lfsfjk Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj suppjrt bss`ssc`kt bkn rbkafkm ji n`sfmk jptfjks. @stfcbtfjk “ “ Ps`n tj ijr`lbst th` ljsts bkn ìijrts ji c``tfkm th` r`qufr`c`kts bs b st`p tjwbrns `stfcbtfkm th` vbou`. Ifkbklfbo Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj `vboubt` th` ifkbklfbo r`turk ji nfii`r`kt jptfjks bkn lhjjs` d`st pjssfdo` r`turk jk fkv`stc`kt. Ijlus Mrjups “ Mrjups “ Ps`n Ps`n tj m`t stba`hjon`r fkput fkput jk whflh n`sfmk jptfjks d`st c``t th` r`qufr`c`kts. Fkt`rvf`ws “ “ Ps`n tj m`t stba`hjon`r fkput jk whflh n`sfmk jptfjks c``t th` r`qufr`c`kts. r`qufr`c`kts. C`trfl C`trfl bkn A`y W`rijrcbkl` Fknflbtjrs (AWFs) (AWFs) “ “ Ps`n Ps`n tj lr`bt` bkn `vboubt` th` c`bsur`c`kts us`n fk nìfkfkm vbou`. Tfsa Bkboysfs bkn Cbkbm`c`kt “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy bkn cbkbm` th` rfsas thbt ljuon bii`lt th` pjt`ktfbo vbou` ji r`qufr`c`kts. ▥

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Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

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9

^`lhkfqu`s

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Wbm` 247 ji 247 ji 4<=


\urv`y jr Ru`stfjkkbfr` “ “ Ps`n tj m`t stba`hjon`r fkput jk whflh n`sfmk jptfjks d`st c``t th` r`qufr`c`kts \]J^ Bkboysf s “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy br`bs ji str`kmths bkn ➤ \]J^ w`bak`ss thbt wfoo fcpblt th` sjoutfjk. “ Ps`n tj m`t stba`hjon`r fkput jk whflh ➤ ]jrashjps “ n`sfmk jptfjks d`st c``t th` r`qufr`c`kts Lustjc`r “ T`pr`s`kts T`pr`s`kts th` cbra`t s`mc`kts bii`lt`n dy ➤ Lustjc`r “ th` r`qufr`c`kts bkn sjoutfjks bkn wfoo d` fkvjov`n fk bkboyzfkm bkboyzfkm th` d`kìfts bkn ljst s ijr th` sbc`. ➤ Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt “ Wrjvfn`s bk fksfmht fksfmht fktj pjt`ktfbo vbou` ji ➤ @kn Ps`r “ lhbkm`. ➤ Fcpo`c`ktbtfjk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt ➤ Wrje`lt Cbkbm`r ➤ T`muobtjr v`s th` `xp`knftur` ji r`sjurl`s tj ➤ \pjksjr “ Bpp rj v`s purlhbs` jr n`vòjp b sjoutfjk bkn bpprjv` fts ifkbo r`ljcc`knbtfjk. “ Fn`ktfif`s th` summ`st`n, ➤ \joutfjk T`ljcc`knbtfjk “ cjst bpprjprfbt` sjoutfjk dbs`n jk bk `vboubtfjk ji boo nìfk`n n`sfmk jptfjks. ^h` r`ljcc`kn`n sjoutfjk shjuon cbxfcfz` th` vbou` prjvfn`n tj th` `kt`rprfs`. ➤

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\tba`hjon`rs

8

Jutput

Wbm` 242 ji 242 ji 4<=


0.4 Mojssbry ➤

➤

Jppjrtukfty Ljst “ “ Jppjrtukfty ljsts br` bot`rkbtfv` r`suots thbt cfmht hbv` d``k blhf`v`n fi th` r`sjurl`s, tfc` bkn iukns n`vjt`n tj jk` n`sfmk jptfjk hbn d``k boojlbt`n tj bkjth`r n`sfmk jptfjk. Ft rì`rs tj th` d`kìfts thbt ljuon hbv` d``k blhf`v`n dy sò`ltfkm bk bot`rkbtfv` lhbkm` strbt`my. LJ^\ “ LJ^\ “ Ljcpjk`kt Ljcpjk`kt jii th` \hòi. LJ^\ rì`r tj th` sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kts ljcpjk`kts purlhbs`n purlhbs`n irjc cbra`t jr shbr`n irjc b pbrtk`r tj blhf`v` th` mjbo wfthfk sjoutfjk spbl`.

Wbm` 244 ji 244 ji 4<=


\joutfjk @vboubtfjk

Wbm` 24< ji 24< ji 4<=


Wbm` 24> ji 24> ji 4<=


AB95 \joutfjk @vboubtfjk ^h` \joutfjk @vboubtfjk akjwo`nm` br`b n`slrfd`s th` tbsas thbt dusfk`ss bkboysts p`rijrc tj bss`ss th` p`rijrcbkl` ji p`rijrcbkl` ji bkn vbou` nòfv`r`n dy th` sjoutfjk fk us` dy th` t h` `kt`rprfs`, bkn tj r`ljcc`kn r`cjvbo ji dbrrf`rs jr dbrrf`rs jr ljkstrbfkts thbt ljkstrbfkts thbt pr`v`kt th` iuoo r`bofzbtfjk ji th` vbou`. \joutfjk @vboubtfjk akjwo`nm` br`b ijlus`s jk bk `xfstfkm sjoutfjk . ^hfs ljuon d` jkoy d` b pbrtfbo sjoutfjk, dut th` sjoutfjk jr sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kt hbs bor`bny d``k fcpo`c`kt`n bkn fcpo`c`kt`n bkn fs jp`rbtfkm fk jp`rbtfkm fk sjc` ijrc. \joutfjk @vboubtfjk tbsas thbt suppjrt th` r`bofzbtfjk ji d`kìfts cby jllur dìjr` b lhbkm` fs fkftfbt`n, whfo` lurr`kt vbou` fs bss`ss`n bit`r b sjoutfjk hbs d``k fcpo`c`kt`n. \joutfjk @vboubtfjk tbsas lbk d` p`rijrc`n jk sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kts sulh bs5 j

j

j

Wrjtjtyp`s jr Wrjjis ji Ljkl`pt “ Ljkl`pt “ ]jrafkm ]jrafkm dut ofcft`n v`rsfjks ji b sjoutfjk thbt n`cjkstrbt`s vbou`. Wfojt jr D`tb Tò`bs`s “ Ofcft`n “ Ofcft`n fcpo`c`ktbtfjks jr v`rsfjks ji b sjoutfjk us`n fk jrn`r tj wjra thrjumh prjdo`cs bkn ukn`rstbkn hjw wòo ft bltubooy nòfv`rs vbou` dìjr` iuooy rò`bsfkm th` sjoutfjk. Jp`rbtfjk bo Tò`bs`s Tò`bs`s “ Iuoo “ Iuoo v`rsfjks ji b pbrtfbo jr ljcpo`t`n sjoutfjk us`n tj blhf`v` dusfk`ss jde`ltfv`s, `x`lut` b prjl`ss, jr iuoifo b n`sfr`n jutljc`.

\joutfjk @vboubtfjk n`slrfd`s th` tbsas thbt bkboyz` th` bltubo vbou` d`fkm nòfv`r`n, fn`ktfif`s ofcftbtfjks pr`v`ktfkm th` vbou` tj d` r`bofz`n bkn cba` r`ljcc`knbtfjks tj fklr`bs` th` vbou` vbou` ji th` sjoutfjk. sjoutfjk. Ft ijlus`s m`k`rbooy m`k`rbooy jk b ljcpjk `kt ji bk bk `kt`rprfs` rbth`r thbk `ktfr` `kt`rprfs`. `kt`rprfs`. Psbm` bkn bppoflbtfjk ji ljr` ljkl`pts wfthfk th` ljkt`xt ji T`qufr`c`kts Bkboysfs bkn N`sfmk Nìfkftfjk br` bs ijoojws5 j

j j

j

j

j

Lhbkm` “ Lhbkm` “ T`ljcc`kn T`ljcc`kn b lhbkm` tj `fth`r b sjoutfjk jr th` `kt`rprfs` fk jrn`r tj r`bofz` th` pjt`ktfbo vbou` ji th` sjoutfjk. K``n “ K``n “ @vboubt` @vboubt` hjw b sjoutfjk fs iuoifoofkm th` k``n. \joutfjk “ \joutfjk “ Bss`ss Bss`ss th` p`rijrcbkl` ji th` sjoutfjk, `xbcfk` fi ft fs nòfv`rfkm th` pjt`ktfbo vbou` bkn bkboyz` why vbou` cby kjt d` r`bofz`n dy th` sjoutfjk. \tba`hjon`r “ “ @oflft fkijrcbtfjk irjc th` stba`hjon`rs bdjut sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl` bkn vbou` nòfv`ry. Ybou` “ Ybou` “ N`t`rcfk` N`t`rcfk` fi th` sjoutfjk fs nòfv`rfkm th` pjt`ktfbo vbou` bkn `xbcfk` why vbou` cby kjt d` d`fkm r`bofz`n. Ljkt`xt “ “ Ljksfn`r th` ljkt`xt fk n`t`rcfkfkm th` sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl` c`bsur`s bkn bky ofcftbtfjks wfthfk th` ljkt`xt thbt cby prjhfdft th` vbou` irjc d`fkm r`bofz`n.

Wbm` 240 ji 240 ji 4<=


9.2 \joutfjk @vboubtfjk ^bsas ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤

^bsa 25 C`bsur` \joutfjk W`rijrcbkl` ^bsa 4 5 Bkboyz` W`rijrcbkl` W`rijrcbkl` C`bsur`s ^bsa < 5 Bss`ss \joutfjk Ofcftbtfjks Ofcftbtfjks ^bsa > 5 Bss`ss @kt`rprfs` Ofcftbtfjks Ofcftbtfjks ^bsa 05 T`ljcc`kn Bltfjks tj Fklr`bs` F klr`bs` \joutfjk Ybou`

9.2.2 ^bsa 25 C`bsur` \joutfjk W`rijrcbkl` 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

^j nìfk` th` p`rijrcbkl` c`bsur`s bkn us` th` nbtb ljoo`lt`n tj `vboubt` th` ìi`ltfv`k`ss ji b sjoutfjk fk ròbtfjk tj th` vbou` ft drfkms. ➤ ➤ ➤

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@o`c`kts

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W`rijrcbkl` c`bsur`s n`t`rcfk` th` vbou` vbou` ji b k`woy n`pojy`n jr `xfstfkm sjoutfjk. ^h` c`bsur`s us`n n`p`kn jk th` sjoutfjk sjoutfjk ftsòi, th` ljkt`xt bkn ljkt`xt bkn hjw th` jrmbkfzbtfjk nìfk`s vbou`. vbou`. W`rijrcbkl` cby d` bss`ss`n thrjumh a`y p`rijrcbkl` fknflbtjrs bofmk`n wfth `kt`rprfs` c`bsur`s, mjbos bkn jde`ltfv`s ijr b prje`lt, prjl`ss p`rijrcbkl` tbrm`ts, jr t`sts ijr b sjitwbr` bppoflbtfjk. Dusfk`ss Jde`ltfv`s “ ^h` “ ^h` c`bsurbdo` r`suots thbt th` `kt`rprfs` `kt`rprfs ` wbkts tj blhf`v`. Wrjvfn`s b d`klhcbra bmbfkst whflh sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl` lbk d` bss`ss`n. Fcpo`c`kt`n Fcpo`c`kt`n \joutfjk (`xt`rkbo) (`xt`rkbo) “ “ B B sjoutfjk thbt `xfsts fk sjc` ijrc. Nìfk` \joutfjk W`rijrcbkl` C`bsur`s “ “ Dusfk`ss bkboysts `ksur` thbt bky `xfstfkm p`rijrcbkl` c`bsur`s br` bllurbt`, bllurbt`, rò`vbkt rò`vbkt bkn òflft bky bnnftfjkbo p`rijrcbkl` c`bsur`s fn`ktfif`n fn`ktfif`n dy dy stba`hjon`rs. stba`hjon`rs. ^h` typ` bkn kbtur` ji c`bsur`c`kts br` ljksfn`r`n wh`k lhjjsfkm th` òflftbtfjk c`thjn. c`thjn . Dusfk`ss mjbos, jde`ltfv`s jde`lt fv`s bkn dusfk`ss du sfk`ss j prjl`ss`s, fkiou`kl` dy thfrn pbrtf`s sulh bs sjoutfjk v`knjrs, mjv`rkc`kt djnf`s jr jth`r r`muobtjry jrmbkfzbtfjks br` ljccjk sjurl`s ji c`bsur`s. \joutfjk c`bsur`s cby d` d ` qubktftbtfv` j (kuc`rflbo, ljuktbdo`) jr quboftbtfv` (lbk quboftbtfv` (lbk fkloun` bttftun`s, p`rl`ptfjks) jr djth, djth , n`p`knfkm jk vbou` d`fkm c`bsur`n. Ybofnbt` W`rijrcbkl` C`bsur`s “ “ Ybofnbtfkm p`rijrcbkl` c`bsur`s hòps tj `ksur` `ksur` thbt th` bss`ssc`kt ji ji sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl` p`rijrcbkl` fs fs usìuo. Dusfk`ss bkboysts vbofnbt` p`rijrcbkl` c`bsur`s bkn bky Wbm` 249 ji 249 ji 4<=


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Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

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9

^`lhkfqu`s

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fkiou`klfkm lrft`rfb wfth stba`hjon`rs. stba`hjon`rs . N`lfsfjks bdjut whflh c`bsur`s c`bsur`s br` us`n tj `vboubt` sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl` jit`k r`sfn` wfth th` spjksjr , dut cby d` cbn` dy bky stba`hjon`r wfth n`lfsfjk-cbafkm buthjrfty. Ljoo`lt W`rijrcbkl` C`bsur`s “ “ Dusfk`ss bkboyst ljksfn`r ijoojwfkm ibltjrs wh`k ljoo`ltfkm p`rijrcbkl` c`bsur`s5 Yjouc` jr \bcpo` \fz` “ “ B vjouc` jr sbcpo` j sfz` bpprjprfbt` bpprjprfbt` tj th` fkftfbtfv` fs sò`lt`n. sò`lt`n. \cboo sbcpo` sfz` cby o`bn tj fkbllurbt` ljklousfjks wh`r`bs obrm` sbcpo` sfz` cby kjt d` prbltflbo tj jdtbfk. Ir`qu`kly jr ^fcfkm “ ^hfs “ ^hfs cby hbv` bk ìi`lt j jk th` jutljc` Lurr`kly “ “ Cjst r`l`kt c`bsur`c`kt r`pr`s`kt j ljrr`ltoy thbk jon`r nbtb. Lhbkm` \trbt`my “ “ Lhbkm` strbt`my fk us` jr us`n tj fcpo`c`kt th` pjt`ktfbo vbou`. Iutur` \tbt` N`slrfptfjk “ N`slrfptfjk “ Djuknbrf`s Djuknbrf`s ji prjpjs`n k`w, r`cjv`n jr cjnfif`n ljcpjk`kts ji `kt`rprfs` bojkm wfth pjt`ktfbo vbou` `xp`lt`n irjc iutur` stbt`. T`qufr`c`kts (vbofnbt`n) “ “ B s`t ji r`qufr`c`kts thbt hbv` d``k bkboyz`n bkn bpprbfs`n tj n`t`rcfk` th`fr vbou`. \joutfjk \ljp` “ “ ^h` sjoutfjk djuknbrf`s tj c`bsur` bkn `vboubt`. Bl l`p tbk l` bkn @vboubt @vbo ubtfj fj k Lrf t`r fb “ “ Ps`n tj nìfk` bll`ptbdo` sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl`. p`rijrcbkl`. D`klhcbrafkm bkn Cbra`t Bkboysfs “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj nìfk` c`bsur`s bkn th`fr bll`ptbdo` o`vòs. Dusfk`ss Lbs`s “ “ Ps`n tj nìfk` dusfk`ss jde`ltfv`s bkn p`rijrcbkl` c`bsur`s ijr b prjpjs`n sjoutfjk. Nbtb Cfkfk m “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj ljoo`lt bkn bkboyz` obrm` bcjukts ji nbtb r`mbrnfkm sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl`. N`lfsfjk Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj bssfst stba`hjon`rs fk n`lfnfkm jk suftbdo` wbys tj c`bsur` sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl` bkn bll`ptbdo` o`vòs ji p`rijrcbkl`. p`rijrcbkl`. Ijlus Mrjups “ “ Ps`n tj prjvfn` sude`ltfv` bss`ssc`kts, fksfmhts bkn fcpr`ssfjks ji b sjoutfjk‖s p`rijrcbkl`. C`trfls bkn A`y W`rijrcbkl` Fknflbtjrs (AWFs) “ Ps`n tj c`bsur` sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl`. Kjk-Iukltfjkbo T`qufr`c`kts Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj nìfk` `xp`lt`n lhbrblt`rfstfls ji b sjoutfjk. Jds`rvbtfjk “ “ Ps`n `fth`r tj prjvfn` i``ndbla jk p`rl`ptfjks ji sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl` jr tj r`ljklfo` ljktrbnfltjry r`suots.

Wbm` 24= ji 24= ji 4<=


Wrjtjtypfkm “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj sfcuobt` b k`w sjoutfjk sj thbt p`rijrcbkl` c`bsur`s lbk d` n`t`rcfk`n bkn ljoo`lt`n. Ru`stfjkkbfr` “ Ps`n Ps`n tj mbth`r jpfkfjks bkn ➤ \urv`y jr Ru`stfjkkbfr` “ bttftun`s bdjut sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl`. Lbs`s bkn \l`kbrfj s “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj nìfk` th` `xp`lt`n ➤ Ps` Lbs`s jutljc`s ji b sjoutfjk. “ Ps`n tj bss`ss whflh ji th` ➤ Y`knjr Bss`ssc`kt “ v`knjr‖s p`rijrcbkl` c`bsur`s shjuon d` fkloun`n fk th` sjoutfjk‖s p`rijrcbkl` p`rijrcbkl` bss`ssc`kt. ➤ Lustjc`r ➤ Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt Ps`r “ Ljktrfdut`s Ljktrfdut`s tj th` bltubo vbou` r`bofz`n dy th` ➤ @kn Ps`r “ sjoutfjk fk t`rcs ji sjoutfjk sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl`. p`rijrcbkl`. ^h`y cby d` ljksuot`n tj prjvfn` r`vf`ws bkn i``ndbla jk br`bs sulh bs wjraojbn bkn ejd sbtfsibltfjk. ➤ Wrje`lt Cbkbm`r ➤ \pjksjr ➤ T`muobtjr “ C`bsur`s thbt ➤ \joutfjk W`rijrcbkl` C`bsur`s “ prjvfn` fkijrcbtfjk jk hjw wòo th` sjoutfjk fs p`rijrcfkm jr pjt`ktfbooy ljuon p`rijrc. ➤

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Jutput

Wbm` 248 ji 248 ji 4<=


9.2.4 ^bsa 45 Bkboyz` W`rijrcbkl` C`bsur`s 2

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Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

^j prjvfn` fksfmhts fktj th` p`rijrcbkl` ji b sjoutfjk fk ròbtfjk tj th` vbou` ft drfkms. ^h` c`bsur`s ljoo`lt`n fk th` tbsa ‘C`bsur` \joutfjk W`rijrcbkl`‖ r`qufr` fkt`rpr`tbtfjk bkn sykth`sfs tj n`rfv` c`bkfkm c`bkfkm bkn tj hbv` bltfjkbdo` ft`cs. ft`cs . W`rijrcbkl` c`bsur`s rbròy trfmm`r b n`lfsfjk bdjut t h` vbou` ji vbou` ji b sjoutfjk. ➤ Fk jrn`r tj ljknult c`bkfkmiuo bkboysfs, dusfk`ss bkboysts r`qufr` bk ukn`rstbknfkm ji pjt`ktfbo vbou` bs wòo bs k``n tj ljksfn`r vbrfbdo`s sulh bs mjbos bkn jde`ltfv`s ji `kt`rprfs`, a`y p`rijrcbkl` fknflbtjrs (AWFs), th` o`vò ji rfsa ji th` sjoutfjk, th` rfsa tjo`rbkl` ji stba`hjon`rs bkn `kt`rprfs`. “ N`slrfd`s th` vbou` thbt cby d` ➤ Wjt`ktfbo Ybou` “ r`bofz`n dy fcpo`c`ktfkm fcpo`c`ktfkm th` prjpjs`n prjpjs`n iutur` stbt`. Ft lbk d` us`n bs b d`klhcbra bmbfkst whflh sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl` lbk d` `vboubt`n. “ C`bsur`s bkn ➤ \joutfjk W`rijrcbkl` C`bsur`s “ prjvfn`s fkijrcbtfjk jk hjw wòo th` sjoutfjk fs p`rijrcfkm jr pjt`ktfbooy ljuon p`rijrc. ➤ \joutfjk W`rijrcbkl` v`rsus N`sfr`n Ybou` “ B sjoutfjk cfmht d` prjvfnfkm hfmh p`rijrcbkl` dut o`ss vbou` fs m`k`rbt`n wh`r`bs th`r` ljuon d` sjc` sjoutfjks hbvfkm ojw p`rijrcbkl` dut m`k`rbtfkm pjt`ktfbo mr`bt vbou`. vbou`. Fk sulh lbs`s, jth`r c`bsur`c`kts c`bsur`c`kts br` ljoo`lt`n bkn b sjoutfjk rfsa fs rfsa fs rbfs`n. “ K`w rfsas cby d` ukljv`r`n tjwbrns sjoutfjk ➤ Tfsas “ p`rijrcbkl` bkn tj th` `kt`rprfs`. “ ^fc` p`rfjn fs ljksfn`r`n tj mubrn bmbfkst ➤ ^r`kns “ bkjcbof`s bkn sa`w`n tr`kns. tr`kns . Bllurbt` n`pfltfjk ji sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl` tj cba` n`lfsfjk lbk d` prjvfn`n dy bkboyzfkm obrm` `kjumh sbcpo` sfz`. “ ^h` bllurbly ji p`rijrcbkl` c`bsur`s fs ➤ Bl lu rbl y “ `ss`ktfbo tj th` vbofnfty ji th`fr bkboysfs. ^j d` ljksfn`r`n bllurbt` bkn ròfbdo`, r`suots ji p`rijrcbkl` c`bsur`s shjuon d` r`prjnulfdo` bkn r`p`btbdo`. Ybrfbkl`s “ “ Nfii`r`kl` Nfii`r`kl` d`tw``k `xp`lt`n ➤ W`rijr cbkl` Ybrfbkl`s bkn bltubo bltubo p`rijrcbkl` r`pr`s`kts b vbrfbkl` vbrfbkl` thbt fs ljksfn`r`n wh`k bkboyzfkm sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl`. p`rijrcbkl`. Tjjt lbus` bkboysfs bkboysfs cby d` k`l`ssbry tj n`t`rcfk` th` ukn`royfkm lbus`s ji sfmkfiflbkt vbrfbkl`s wfthfk b sjoutfjk. “ Lhbkm` strbt`my fk us` jr us`n tj ➤ Lhbkm` \trbt`my “ fcpo`c`kt th` pjt`ktfbo vbou`. ➤

Wbm` 246 ji 246 ji 4<=


Iutur` \tbt` N`slrfptfjk “ N`slrfptfjk “ Djuknbrf`s Djuknbrf`s ji prjpjs`n k`w, r`cjv`n jr cjnfif`n ljcpjk`kts ji `kt`rprfs` bojkm wfth pjt`ktfbo vbou` `xp`lt`n irjc iutur` stbt`. “ Jv`rboo o`vò ji rfsa bkn th` ➤ Tfsa Bkboysfs T`suots “ pobkk`n bpprjblh tj cjnfiyfkm fknfvfnubo rfsas. “ ^h` sjoutfjk djuknbrf`s tj c`bsur` ➤ \joutfjk \ljp` “ bkn `vboubt`. @vbo ubtfj fj k Lrf t`r fb “ “ Ps`n tj nìfk` ➤ Bl l`p tbk l` bkn @vboubt th` bll`ptbdo` sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl` thrjumh bll`ptbkl` lrft`rfb. ^h` n`mr`` ji vbrfbkl` vbrfbkl` irjc th`s` lrft`rfb wfoo wfoo mufn` th` bkboysfs ji thbt p`rijrcbkl`. “ Ps`n tj jds`rv` ➤ D`klhcbrafkm bkn Cbra`t Bkboysfs “ Ps`n th` r`suots ji jth`r jrmbkfzbtfjks `cpojyfkm sfcfobr sjoutfjks. “ Ps`n tj ljoo`lt nbtb r`mbrnfkm ➤ Nbtb Cfkfkm “ p`rijrcbkl`, tr`kns bkn vbrfbkl`s irjc `xp`lt`n p`rijrcbkl` o`vòs bkn ukn`rstbkn pbtt`rks bkn c`bkfkm fk thbt nbtb. “ Ps`n tj n`t`rcfk` `xp`lt`n vbou` ji b ➤ Fkt`rvf`ws “ sjoutfjk bkn fts p`rl`fv`n p`rijrcbkl` irjc b mrjup ➤ C`trfls bkn A`y W`rijrcbkl` Fknflbtjrs (AWFs) “ Ps`n tj bkboyz` sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl` jk eunmfkm hjw wòo b sjoutfjk ljktrfdut`s tj blhf`vfkm blhf`vfkm mjbos. Jds`rvbtfjk “ Ps`n Ps`n tj jds`rv` b sjoutfjk fk bltfjk. ➤ Jds`rvbtfjk “ “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy, ➤ Tfsa Bkboysfs bkn Cbkbm`c`kt “ bkboyz`, n`vòjp pobks tj cjnfiy rfsas bkn tj cbkbm` rfsas jk bk jkmjfkm dbsfs. “ Ps`n tj n`t`rcfk` ukn`royfkm ➤ Tjjt Lbus` Bkboysfs “ lbus` ji p`rijrcbkl` vbrfbkl`. Ru`stfjkkbfr` “ Ps`n Ps`n tj n`t`rcfk` `xp`lt`n ➤ \urv`y jr Ru`stfjkkbfr` “ vbou` ji sjoutfjk bkn fts p`rl`fv`n p`rijrcbkl`. p`rijrcbkl`. ➤ Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt ➤ Wrje`lt Cbkbm`r \pjksjr “ Lbk Lbk fn`ktfiy rfsas, rfsas , prjvfn` fksfmhts fktj fksfmhts fktj nbtb ➤ \pjksjr “ bkn pjt`ktfbo pjt`ktfbo vbou` ji b sjoutfjk. sjoutfjk. Cba`s n`lfsfjk bdjut sfmkfiflbkl` ji `xp`lt`n v`rsus bltubo sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl`. Bkboysfs “ T`suots “ T`suots ji bkboysfs bkboysfs ji ➤ \joutfjk W`rijrcbkl` Bkboysfs c`bsur`c`kts ljoo`lt`n bkn r`ljcc`knbtfjks tj sjov` p`rijrcbkl` mbps bkn o`v`rbm` jppjrtukftf`s tj fcprjv` vbou`. ➤

9

^`lhkfqu`s

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\tba`hjon`rs

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Jutput

Wbm` 2<7 ji 2<7 ji 4<=


9.2.< ^bsa <5 Bss`ss \joutfjk Ofcftbtfjks 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

^j n`t`rcfk` th` ibltjrs fkt`rkbo tj th` sjoutfjk thbt r`strflt th` iuoo r`bofzbtfjk ji vbou`. ➤

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Bss`ssfkm sjoutfjk ofcftbtfjks fn`ktfif`s th` rjjt lbus`s ijr ukn`r-p`rijrcfkm bkn fkìi`ltfv` sjoutfjks bkn sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kts. Bss`ss \joutfjk Ofcftbtfjks fs lojsòy ofka`n ofka`n tj th` tbsa Bs s`s s @k t`r pr fs ` Ofcf Of cf tbt fj ks . ^h`s` tbsas cby d` p`rijrc`n ljklurr`ktoy bkn fkt`rkbo bkn `xt`rkbo ibltjrs br` tj d` fn`ktfif`n whflh wfoo ofcft vbou`. Bss`ssc`kt ji sulh ibltjrs fkt`rkbo fkt`rkbo tj th` sjoutfjk sjoutfjk fs ijlus`n vfb thfs tbsa. Bss`ssc`kt fs p`rijrc`n bt bky tfc` nurfkm tfc` nurfkm sjoutfjk ofi` lylo`. Ft cby jllur jk b sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kt nurfkm fts n`vòjpc`kt, jk b ljcpo`t`n sjoutfjk prfjr tj iuoo fcpo`c`ktbtfjk jr jk bk `xfstfkm sjoutfjk thbt fs lurr`ktoy wjrafkm wfthfk bk jrmbkfzbtfjk. jrmbkfzbtfjk. Fcpo`c`kt`n \joutfjk (`xt`rkbo) “ “ B sjoutfjk thbt `xfsts. ^h` sjoutfjk shjuon shjuon d` fk sjc` ijrc, cby kjt d` fk jp`rbtfjkbo us`, jr ft cby d` b prjtjtyp`. \joutfjk W`rijrcbkl` Bkboysfs “ “ T`suots ji th` bkboysfs ji c`bsur`c`kts ljoo`lt`n bkn r`ljcc`knbtfjks tj sjov` ijr p`rijrcbkl` mbps bkn o`v`rbm` jppjrtukftf`s tj fcprjv` vbou`. Fn`ktfiy Fkt`rkbo \jout fjk Ljcpjk`kt N`p`kn`klf`s N`p`kn`klf`s “ “ \joutfjks jit`k hbv` fkt`rkbo n`p`kn`klf`s thbt ofcft th` p`rijrcbkl` ji th` `ktfr` sjoutfjk tj th` p`rijrcbkl` ji o`bst ìi`ltfv` ìi`ltfv` ljcpjk`kt. ljcpjk`kt. Dusfk`ss Bkboysts fn`ktfiy n`p`kn`klf`s bdjut sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kts bkn n`t`rcfk` fi th`r` fs bkythfkm bdjut thjs` n`p`kn`klf`s thbt ofcft sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl` bkn vbou` r`bofzbtfjk. Fkv`stfmbt` \joutfjk Wrjdo`cs “ Wrjdo`c bkboysfs fs ljknult`n tj fn`ktfiy th` sjurl` ji prjdo`c fi th` sjoutfjk fs ljksfst`ktoy prjnulfkm jutputs whflh br` kjt ìi`ltfv`. Wrjdo`cs br` fn`ktfif`n fk b sjoutfjk jr sjoutfjk j ljcpjk`kt dy `xbcfkfkm fkstbkl`s wh`r` th` jutputs br` dòjw bk bll`ptbdo` bll`ptbdo` o`vò ji q ubofty jr wh`r` th` pjt`ktfbo vbou` fs vbou` fs kjt d`fkm r`bofz`n. Wrjdo`cs cby d` fknflbt`n dy bk fkbdfofty tj c``t b stbt`n mjbo, jde`ltfv`, jr r`qufr`c`kt jr cby d` ibfour` tj r`bofz` b d`kìft thbt wbs prje`lt`n tj fklr`bs` sjoutfjk vbou`. Fcpblt Bss`ssc`kt “ “ Boo th` fn`ktfif`n prjdo`cs br` r`vf`w`n fk jrn`r tj bss`ss th` ìi`lt th`y ìi`lt th`y hbv` jk th` jp`rbtfjk ji jrmbkfzbtfjk jr th` bdfofty ji th` sjoutfjk tj nòfv`r fts fts pjt`ktfbo vbou`. Wbm` 2<2 ji 2<2 ji 4<=


Bdjv` bltfjk r`qufr`s n`t`rcfkfkm th` s`v`rfty ji s`v`rfty ji th` prjdo`c, th` prjdbdfofty ji r`-jllurr`kl` ji th` prjdo`c, th` fcpblt fcpblt jk th` dusfk`ss jp`rbtfjks bkn th` lbpblfty lbpblfty ji th` dusfk`ss tj bdsjrd th` fcpblt. Dusfk`ss bkboysts fn`ktfiy whflh prjdo`cs cust j d` r`sjov`n, cftfmbt`n thrjumh bltfjks, jr whflh lbk d` bll`pt`n bs wòo bs bss`ss rfsas tj th` sjoutfjk bkn pjt`ktfbo ofcftbtfjks ji th` sjoutfjk. ^hfs rfsa bss`ssc`kt fs sp`lfifl sp`lfi fl tj th` sjoutfjk bkn fts ofcftbtfjks. Lhbkm` \trbt`my “ “ Lhbkm` strbt`my fk us` jr us`n tj fcpo`c`kt th` pjt`ktfbo vbou`. Tfsa Bkboysfs T`suots “ T`suots “ ^h` ^h` jv`rboo o`vò ji rfsa bkn th` pobkk`n bpprjblh tj cjnfiyfkm th` fknfvfnubo rfsas. \joutfjk \ljp` “ “ ^h` sjoutfjk djuknbrf`s tj c`bsur` bkn `vboubt`. Bl l`p tbk l` bkn @vboubt @vbo ubt fj k Lrft`r Lrf t`r fb “ “ Ps`n djth tj fknflbt` th` o`vò bt whflh bll`ptbkl` lrft`rfb br` c`t jr bktflfpbt`n tj d` c`t jr kjt c`t dy th` sjoutfjk. D`klhcbrafkm bkn Cbra`t Cbra`t Bkboysfs “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj bss`ss fi jth`r jrmbkfzbtfjks jrmbkfzbtfjks br` `xp`rf`klfkm th` sbc` sjoutfjk lhboo`km`s bkn n`t`rcfk` hjw th`y br` bnnr`ssfkm ft. Dusfk`ss Tuo`s Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj fooustrbt` lurr`kt dusfk`ss ruo`s bkn th` lhbkm`s r`qufr`n tj blhf`v` th` pjt`ktfbo vbou` ji th` lhbkm`. Nbtb Cfkfkm “ “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy ibltjrs ljkstrbfkfkm p`rijrcbkl` ji sjoutfjk. N`lfsfjk Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj fooustrbt` th` lurr`kt dusfk`ss n`lfsfjks bkn th` lhbkm`s r`qufr`n tj blhf`v` pjt`ktfbo vbou` ji th` lhbkm`. Fkt`rvf`ws “ Fkt`rvf`ws “ Ps`n Ps`n tj hòp p`rijrc prjdo`c bkboysfs. Ft`c ^rblafkm “ ^rblafkm “ Ps`n Ps`n tj r`ljrn bkn cbkbm` stba`hjon`r fssu`s ròbt`n tj why th` sjoutfjk fs kjt c``tfkm th` pjt`ktfbo vbou`. O`ssjks O`brk`n “ “ Ps`n tj n`t`rcfk` whbt lbk d` o`brk`n irjc th` fkl`ptfjk, fkl`ptfjk, nìfkftfjk bkn ljkstrultfjk ji th` sjoutfjk tj hbv` d``k fcpblt`n fts bdfofty tj nòfv`r vbou` Tfsa Bkboysfs bkn Cbkbm`c`kt “ “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy, bkboyz` bkn cbkbm` rfsas tj sjoutfjk bkn pjt`ktfbo ofcftbtfjks r`strfltfkm th` r`bofzbtfjk ji pjt`ktfbo vbou`. Tjjt Lbus` Bkboysfs “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy bkn ukn`rstbkn th` ljcdfkbtfjk ji ibltjrs bkn th`fr ukn`royfkm lbus`s thbt o`n tj sjoutfjk d`fkm ukbdo` tj nòfv`r fts pjt`ktfbo vbou`. j

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Wbm` 2<4 ji 2<4 ji 4<=


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8

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\urv`y jr Ru`stfjkkbfr` “ “ Ps`n tj hòp p`rijrc prjdo`c bkboysfs. Lustjc`r Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt @kn Ps`r “ Ljktrfdut`s “ Ljktrfdut`s tj th` bltubo vbou` vbou` r`bofz`n dy th` sjoutfjk fk t`rcs ji sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl`. ^h`y cby d` ljksuot`n tj prjvfn` r`vf`ws bkn r`vf`ws bkn i``ndbla jk i``ndbla jk br`bs sulh bs wjraojbn bkn ejd sbtfsibltfjk. ^`st`r \pjksjr “ \pjksjr “ T`spjksfdo` T`spjksfdo` ijr bpprjvfkm bpprjvfkm pjt`ktfbo vbou` ji vbou` ji th` sjoutfjk bs wòo bs bpprjvfkm lhbkm` lhbkm` tj pjt`ktfbo vbou`. T`muobtjr \joutfjk Ofcftbtfjks “ “ B n`slrfptfjk ji th` lurr`kt ofcftbtfjks ji th` sjoutfjk fklounfkm ljkstrbfkts bkn nì`lts.

Wbm` 2<< ji 2<< ji 4<=


9.2.> ^bsa >5 Bss`ss @kt`rprfs` Ofcftbtfjks 2

Wurpjs`

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N`slrfptfjk

^j n`t`rcfk` hjw ibltjrs `xt`rkbo tj th` sjoutfjk br` r`strfltfkm r`strflt fkm vbou` r`bofzbtfjk. ➤

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\joutfjks cby n`p`kn jk jk `kvfrjkc`ktbo `kvfrjkc`kt bo ibltjrs thbt br` wfthfk bk `kt`rprfs` jr `xt`rkbo tj th` `kt`rprfs`. @kt`rprfs` ofcftbtfjks cby fkloun` ibltjrs sulh bs luotur`, jp`rbtfjks, t`lhkflbo ljcpjk`kts, stba`hjon`r fkt`r`sts jr r`pjrtfkm strultur`s. Bss`ssfkm `kt`rprfs` ofcftbtfjks fn`ktfif`s rjjt lbus`s bkn n`slrfd`s hjw `kt`rprfs` ibltjrs ofcft ofcft th` vbou` r`bofzbtfjk. ^hfs bss`ssc`kt cby d` p`rijrc`n bt bky tfc` nurfkm sjoutfjk ofi` lylo` jk b sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kt nurfkm n`vòjpc`kt, jk b ljcpo`t`n sjoutfjk prfjr tj fcpo`c`ktbtfjk fcpo`c`ktbtfjk jr jk bk `xfstfkm sjoutfjk. Lurr`kt \tbt` N`slrfptfjk “ “ ^h` lurr`kt fkt`rkbo `kvfrjkc`kt ji th` sjoutfjk fklounfkm `kvfrjkc`ktbo, luotur` bkn fkt`rkbo ibltjrs fkiou`klfkm th` sjoutfjk ofcftbtfjks. Fcpo`c`kt`n Fcpo`c`kt`n (jr Ljkstrult `n) \joutf \joutf jk (`xt`rkbo) “ (`xt`rkbo) “ B B sjoutfjk thbt `xfsts. ^h` sjoutfjk shjuon shjuon d` fk sjc` ijrc, cby kjt d` fk jp`rbtfjkbo us`, jr ft cby d` b prjtjtyp`. \joutfjk W`rijrcbkl` Bkboysfs “ “ T`suots ji th` bkboysfs ji c`bsur`c`kts ljoo`lt`n bkn r`ljcc`knbtfjks tj sjov` ijr p`rijrcbkl` mbps bkn o`v`rbm` jppjrtukftf`s tj fcprjv` vbou`. @kt`rprfs` Luotur` Bss`ssc`kt “ “ ^h` dòfìs, kjrcs bkn vbou`s shbr`n dy th` c`cd`rs ji bk `kt`rprfs` nìfk` th` `kt`rprfs` luotur`. Luoturbo bss`ssc`kt fs p`rijrc`n tj5 j fn`ktfiy wh`th`r jr kjt stba`hjon`rs ▥ ukn`rstbkn th` r`bsjks why b sjoutfjk `xfsts, ifkn jut fi th` sjoutfjk fs mjfkm tj d` ▥ prjvfnfkm d`kìflfbo vbou` tj stba`hjon`rs fn`ktfiy luoturbo lhbkm`s thbt br` r`qufr`n ▥ tj r`bofz` vbou` ji t h` sjoutfjk @kt`rprfs` luotur` bss`ssc`kt hòps tj fn`ktfiy, fn`ktfiy, j `vboubt` th` bll`ptbkl` ji sjoutfjk fs us`n tj fn`ktfiy, `vboubt` th` `xt`kt tj whflh luotur` lbk bll`pt b sjoutfjk. Ft bosj shjws r`bnfk`ss r`bnfk`ss ijr `kt`rprfs` tj eunm` fts bdfofty bkn wfoofkmk`ss tj bnbpt tj th`s` th`s` luoturbo luoturbo lhbkm`s. Fkt`rkbo bkn `xt`rkbo stba`hjon`rs br` `vboubt`n tj5 Fn`ktfiy Fn`ktfi y th` n`pth ji ukn`rstbknfkm ukn`rstbkn fkm bkn ▥ wfoofkmk`ss tj bll`pt th` sjoutfjk, Wbm` 2<> ji 2<> ji 4<=


bss`ss ljst-d`kìft bkboysfs bojkm wfth pjt`ktfbo vbou` irjc th` sjoutfjk bkn n`t`rcfk` th` bltfvftf`s thbt br` k``n`n tj ▥ `ksur` bwbr`k`ss bkn ukn`rstbknfkm ji sjoutfjk. \tba`hjon`r \tba`hjon`r Fcpblt Bkboysfs “ Bkboysfs “ ^hfs ^hfs fs ljknult`n tj ifkn jut hjw th` sjoutfjk fs mjfkm tj bii`lt b pbrtfluobr stba`hjon`r mrjup. Ijoojwfkm ibltjrs br` ljksfn`r`n nurfkm stba`hjon`r fcpblt bkboysfs5 Iukltfjks “ Iukltfjks “ Wrjl`ss`s Wrjl`ss`s p`rijrc`n dy stba`hjon`r j whflh fkloun`s usbm` ji sjoutfjk fk ijrc ji fkput prjvfn`n dy stba`hjon`r tj b prjl`ss, usbm` ji sjoutfjk tj `x`lut` th` prjl`ss bkn jutputs r`l`fv`n irjc th` prjl`ss Ojlbtfjks “ “ \tba`hjon`rs cby d` fk nfspbrbt` j ojlbtfjks whflh wfoo fcpblt th` wby th`y wfoo us` th` sjoutfjk bkn th`fr bdfofty tj r`bofz` th` vbou` ji th` sjoutfjk. sjoutfjk. Ljkl`rks “ “ Fssu`s, rfsas bkn jv`rboo ljkl`rks j th` stba`hjon`rs hbv` wfth th` sjoutfjk. Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo \trultur` Lhbkm`s “ “ ^hfs rì`rs tj jrmbkfzbtfjkbo lhbkm`s bkn fts strultur` thbt fs fcpblt`n dy b sjoutfjk. sjoutfjk. ^h` us` ji ji b sjoutfjk bkn th` bdfofty bdfofty tj bnjpt b lhbkm` lbk d` `kbdo`n jr dojla`n dy ròbtfjkshfps ròbtfjkshfps bcjkm stba`hjon`rs, r`pjrtfkm strultur` r`pjrtfkm strultur` tj boojw b sjoutfjk tj p`rijrc ìi`ltfvòy, bss`ssc`kt ji jrmbkfzbtfjkbo hf`rbrlhy tj hf`rbrlhy tj suppjrt th` sjoutfjk, fkijrcbo ròbtfjkshfps wfthfk bk jrmbkfzbtfjk bkn fcpblt th` bdfofty ji b sjoutfjk tj nòfv`r pjt`ktfbo vbou`. Jp`rbtfjkbo Bss`ssc`kt “ “ ^hfs fn`ktfif`s whflh prjl`ss`s prjl`ss`s bkn tjjos tjjos wfthfk th` `kt`rprfs` br` bn`qubtòy `qufpp`n tj d`kìft irjc th` sjoutfjk bkn fi bss`ts br` fk pobl` tj suppjrt ft. Ijoojwfkm Ijoojwfkm ibltjrs br` ljksfn`r`n whfo` ljknultfkm bk jp`rbtfjkbo bss`ssc`kt5 pjoflf`s bkn prjl`nur`s j lbpbdfoftf`s lbpbdfoftf`s bkn prjl`ss`s prjl`ss`s thbt `kbdo` `kbdo` jth`r j lbpbdfoftf`s safoo bkn trbfkfkm k``ns, j HT prbltfl`s, j rfsa tjo`rbkl` bkn cbkbm`c`kt bpprjblh`s bkn j tjjos bkn t`lhkjojmy thbt suppjrt b sjoutfjk. j Dusfk`ss Jde`ltfv`s “ Jde`ltfv`s “ Ljksfn`r`n wh`k c`bsurfkm bkn n`t`rcfkfkm sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl`. p`rijrcbkl`. Lhbkm` \trbt`my “ “ Ps`n jr fk us` tj fcpo`c`kt th` pjt`ktfbo vbou`. ▥

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Wbm` 2<0 ji 2<0 ji 4<=


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Iutur` \tbt` N`slrfptfjks “ N`slrfptfjks “ Djuknbrf`s Djuknbrf`s ji prjpjs`n k`w, r`cjv`n jr cjnfif`n ljcpjk`kts bs wòo bs pjt`ktfbo vbou` `xp`lt`n irjc iutur` stbt`. Tfsa Bkboysfs T`suots “ T`suots “ Jv`rboo Jv`rboo o`vò ji rfsa bkn pobkk`n bpprjblh tj cjnfiy fknfvfnubo fknfvfnubo rfsas. \joutfjk \ljp` “ “ \joutfjk djuknbrf`s tj c`bsur` bkn `vboubt`. D`klhcbrafkm bkn Cbra`t Cbra`t Bkboysfs “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy `xfstfkm sjoutfjk bkn `kt`rprfs` fkt`rbltfjks. Drbfkstjrcfkm “ Drbfkstjrcfkm “ Ps`n Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy jrmbkfzbtfjkbo mbps jr stba`hjon`r ljkl`rks. Nbtb Cfkfkm “ “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy ibltjrs ljkstrbfkfkm p`rijrcbkl` ji th` sjoutfjk. N`lfsfj N`lfsfj k Bkboysfs “ Bkboysfs “ Ps`n Ps`n tj bssfst fk cbafkm bk jptfcbo n`lfsfjk ukn`r ljknftfjks ji ukl`rtbfkty. Njluc`kt Bkboysfs “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj mbfk bk ukn`rstbknfkm ji th` luotur`, jp`rbtfjks, bkn strultur` ji t h` jrmbkfzbtfjk. jrmbkfzbtfjk. Fkt`rvf`ws “ “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy jrmbkfzbtfjkbo mbps jr stba`hjon`r ljkl`rks. Ft`c ^rblafkm “ “ Ps`n tj `ksur` thbt fssu`s br` kjt k`mo`lt`n jr ojst bkn thbt fssu`s fn`ktfif`n dy bss`ssc`kt br` r`sjov`n. O`ssjks O`brk`n O`brk`n “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj bkboyz` pr`vfjus fkftfbtfv`s bkn hjw th` `kt`rprfs` fkt`rblt`n wfth th` sjoutfjk. Jds`rvbtfjk “ “ Ps`n tj wftk`ss th` `kt`rprfs` bkn sjoutfjk fkt`rbltfjks tj fn`ktfiy fcpblts. Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Cjnòofkm “ “ Ps`n tj `ksur` fn`ktfiflbtfjk ji bky lhbkm`s tj jrmbkfzbtfjkbo strultur` thbt k``n tj d` bnnr`ss`n. Wrjl`ss Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy pjssfdo` jppjrtukftf`s tj fcprjv` p`rijrcbkl`. p`rijrcbkl`. Wrjl`ss Cjnòofkm “ “ Fooustrbt` th` lurr`kt dusfk`ss prjl`ss`s jr lhbkm`s thbt cust d` cbn` fk jrn`r tj blhf`v` pjt`ktfbo vbou` ji th` sjoutfjk. Tfsa Bkboysfs bkn Cbkbm`c`kt “ “ Ps`n tj ljksfn`r rfsas fk br`bs ji t`lhkjojmy, ifkbkl` bkn dusfk`ss. dusfk`ss. Tjo`s bkn W`rcfssfjks Cbtrfx “ “ Ps`n tj n`t`rcfk` rjo`s bkn bssjlfbt`n p`rcfssfjks tj stba`hjon`rs bs wòo bs stbdfofty ji `kn us`rs. Tjjt Lbus` Bkboysfs “ Ps`n “ Ps`n tj n`t`rcfk` fi ukn`royfkm lbus` cby d` ròbt`n tj `kt`rprfs` ofcftbtfjks. ofcftbtfjks. \urv`y jr Ru`stfjkkbfr` “ “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy jrmbkfzbtfjkbo jrmbkfzbtfjkbo mbps jr stba`hjon`r ljkl`rks. \]J^ Bkboysfs “ “ Ps`n tj n`cjkstrbt` hjw b lhbkm` wfoo hòp th` jrmbkfzbtfjk cbxfcfz` str`kmths bkn cfkfcfz` w`bak`ss bkn tj bss`ss strbt`mf`s n`vòjp`n tj r`spjkn tj fn`ktfif`n fssu`s.

Wbm` 2<9 ji 2<9 ji 4<=


]jrashjps “ “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy jrmbkfzbtfjkbo mbps jr stba`hjon`r ljkl`rks. ➤ Lustjc`r ➤ Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt ➤ @kn Ps`r ➤ T`muobtjr \pjksjr “ Bu Buth th jr fz`s bkn `ksur`s iuknfkm ijr iuknfkm ijr sjoutfjk ➤ \pjksjr “ nòfv`ry. Blt bs b lhbcpfjk tj r`sjov` prjdo`cs fn`ktfif`n bs pbrt ji jrmbkfzbtfjkbo bss`ssc`kt. “ Lurr`kt ofcftbtfjks ji th` ➤ @kt`rprfs` Ofcftbtfjk “ `kt`rprfs` fklounfkm th` fcpblt ji sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl` jk `kt`rprfs`. ➤

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Jutput

Wbm` 2<= ji 2<= ji 4<=


9.2.0 ^bsa 05 T`ljcc`kn Bltfjks tj Fklr`bs` \joutfjk Ybou` 2

Wurpjs`

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N`slrfptfjk

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>

@o`c`kts

^j ukn`rstbkn th` pjt`ktfbo vbou` bkn iutur` vbou`, nfii`r`kl`s d`tw``k th`c, ibltjrs thbt lr`bt` thbt nfii`r`kl` bkn tj prjvfn` r`ljcc`knbtfjk jk bltfjk pobk tj bofmk djth vbou`s. ^h` mjbo ji th` tbsa fs tj fcprjv` sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl` p`rijrcbkl` bkn fklr`bs` vbou` r`bofzbtfjk . ukn`rstbknfkm th` p`rijrc`n p`rijrc`n bss`ssc`kts, ➤ Ft ijlus`s jk ukn`rstbknfkm ukn`rstbkn ljccjk pbtt`rks bkn fn`ktfiy bot`rkbtfv`s bkn bltfjks tj blhf`v` bdjv` c`ktfjk`n mjbo. ➤ T`ljcc`knbtfjks fn`ktfiy hjw b sjoutfjk lbk d` r`pobl`n , lhbkm`n vfb lhbkm`n vfb `khbkl`c`kts jr r`tfr`n bit`r r`tfr`n bit`r b pbrtfluobr pbrtfluob r tfc`. ^hfs fkloun`s ojkm t`rc ìi`lts bkn ljktrfdutfjks ji th` sjoutfjk tj stba`hjon`rs bkn cby fkloun` r`ljcc`knbtfjks tj bneust th` jrmbkfzbtfjk tj blhf`v` bdjv` mjbo. “ B n`slrfptfjk ji lurr`kt ➤ @kt`rprfs` Ofcftbtfjk “ ofcftbtfjks ji `kt`rprfs` fklounfkm hjw th` sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl` fs fcpbltfkm th` `kt`rprfs`. “ B n`slrfptfjk ji lurr`kt ofcftbtfjks ➤ \joutfjk Ofcftbtfjk “ B ji th` sjoutfjk fklounfkm fklounfkm ljkstrbfkts bkn nì`lts. Bn eu st \jo ut fj k W`ri jr cbk l` C`bsur`s C`bsu r`s “ “ Bpprjprfbt` ➤ Bneu c`bsur`s k``n tj d` fn`ktfif`n fk jrn`r tj fn`ktfiy bkn nìfk` cjr` bpprjprfbt` c`bsur`s tj tuk` th` p`rijrcbkl` ji th` sjoutfjk fk jrn`r tj suppjrt iuoifoc`kt ji dusfk`ss mjbos bkn mjbos bkn jde`ltfv`s . “ T`ljcc`knbtfjks br` prjvfn`n ➤ T`ljcc`knbtfjks “ ijr th` sftubtfjk wh`r` sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl` p`rijrcbkl` fs ojw`r thbk t hbk `xp`lt`n. \jc` ljccjk `xbcpo`s ji th` sbc` br` bs ijoojws5 Nj Kjthfkm “ “ Fk lbs` ji th` sftubtfjk wh`r` th` j lhbkm` fs kjt pjssfdo` wfth th` r`sjurl`s bvbfobdo` jr fk th` boojtt`n tfc` irbc`, irbc`, vbou` ji th` lhbkm` fs ròbtfvòy ojw thbk th` ìijrt t hbt br` put fk ijr th` lhbkm`, jr wh`k th` rfsa rfsa brjukn lhbkm` fs sfmkfiflbktoy hfmh, ft fs r`ljcc`kn`n tj nj kjthfkm. Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Lhbkm` “ Lhbkm` “ Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo lhbkm` j cbkbm`c`kt m`k`rbooy rì`rs tj b prjl`ss prjl`ss bkn s`t ji tjjos tjjos ijr cbkbmfkm lhbkm` bt bk jrmbkfzbtfjkbo jrmbkfzbtfjk bo o`vò. ^h`s` lhbkm`s ljuon d` brjukn prjvfnfkm r`ljcc`knbtfjks ijr lhbkm`s tj jrmbkfzbtfjkbo strultur`, strultur`, cbafkm k`w fkijrcbtfjk bvbfobdo` fkijrcbtfjk bvbfobdo` tj stba`hjon`rs bkn lr`bt` k`w safoos safoos r`qufr`n tj jp`rbt` th` sjoutfjk. Wjssfdo` r`ljcc`knbtfjks fkloun`5 ➤

Wbm` 2<8 ji 2<8 ji 4<=


Butj Bu tj cbt fk m jr sf cpof cp of i yf km wj ra p`j po ` p`rijrc “ “ Fn`ktfiyfkm tbsas thbt lbk d` butjcbt`n, wjra bltfvftf`s bkn dusfk`ss ruo`s thbt lbk d` r`vf`w`n bkn bkboyz`n ijr r`-`kmfk``rfkm, jutsjurlfkm jr lhbkm`s fk r`spjksfdfoftf`s. Fcprjvfkm bll`ss tj fkijrcbtfjk “ ▥ Mr`bt`r bcjukt bkn d`tt`r qubofty ji fkijrcbtfjk bvbfobdo` tj n`lfsfjk cba`rs bkn r`muobr stbii. T`nul` Ljcpo`xfty ji Fkt`ribl`s “ “ T`nulfkm th` ljcpo`xfty ji fkt`ribl`s thbt ljc` fktj pfltur` nu` tj trbksi`r ji wjra d`tw``k syst`cs jr d`tw``k p`jpo` lbk `khbkl` d`tt`r ukn`rstbknfkm. ukn`rstb knfkm. ^hfs lbk d` blhf`v`n dy d`tt`r bkboyzfkm BWF bkboyzfkm BWF f kt `ri bl`s. bl`s . @ofcfkbt` T`nuknbkly “ “ T`nul` th` ljst ji sjoutfjk fcpo`c`ktbtfjk dy fn`ktfiyfkm ljccjk k``ns thbt lbk lbk d` c`t dy b sfkmo` sfkmo` sjoutfjk. sjoutfjk. ^hfs lbk d` blhf`v`n dy ljknultfkm prjl`ss r``kmfk``rfkm vfb o`bk prfklfpo`s . Bv jf n ]bst ` “ Lhbkm` “ Lhbkm` prjl`ss`s tj ljcpo`tòy r`cjv` thjs` bltfvftf`s thbt nj kjt bnn vbou` jr thbt nj kjt ljktrfdut` tj th` ifkbo prjnult nfr`ltoy. Bmbfk thfs lbk d` blhf`v`n vfb bppoyfkm o`bk prfklfpo`s. Fn`ktfiy Bnnftfjkbo Lbpbdfoftf`s “ “ \joutfjk jptfjks cby d` prjvfnfkm l`rtbfk lbpbdfoftf`s whflh br` kjt prjvfnfkm fcc`nfbt` pjt`ktfbo vbou` dut wfoo prjvfn` prjvfn` iutur` vbou` ijr sur`. \joutfjk lbk suppjrt rbpfn n`vòjpc`kt bkn fcpo`c`ktbtfjk ji th` sbc`. ^hfs lbk d` blhf`v`n vfb p`rijrcfkm Lbpbdfofty Lbpbdfofty Mbp Mbp Bkboysf s . T`tfr` th` \joutfjk “ “ T`pobl`c`kt ji th` sjoutfjk cby d` k``n`n d`lbus` t`lhkjojmy hbs t`lhkjojmy hbs r`blh`n `kn ji fts ofi`, s`rvfl`s s`rvfl`s br` d`fkm fksjurl`n jr jutsjurl`n, jr th` sjoutfjk fs kjt iuoifoofkm th` mjbos mjbos ijr whflh ft wbs lr`bt`n. Bnnftfjkbo ibltjrs thbt cby fcpblt th` n`lfsfjk fkloun`5 Jkmjfkm ljsts v`rsus fkftfbo ▥ fkv`stc`kt “ “ Jkmjfkm ljst ijr `xfstfkm sjoutfjk fklr`bs`s jv`r tfc` wh`r`bs k`w`r bot`rkbtfv`s wfoo hbv` hfmh`r fkv`stc`kt ljst bkn o`ss cbfkt`kbkl` ljst jv`r tfc`. ▥

j

j

j

j

j

Wbm` 2<6 ji 2<6 ji 4<=


Jppjrtukfty Ljst “ “ Wjt`ktfbo vbou` thbt lbk d` r`bofz`n bkn blhf`v`n dy pursufkm bot`rkbtfv` ljurs`s ji bltfjk. K`l`ssfty “ Ft “ Ft fs i`bsfdo` tj cbfktbfk th` ▥ sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kt uktfo ft fs prjvfnfkm bpprjprfbt` vbou`. Bt b l`rtbfk pjfkt, ft d`ljc`s fcprbltflbo tj cbfktbfk bkn ljktfku` wfth ft. \uka Ljst “ “ N`slrfd`s th` cjk`y bkn ▥ ìijrt bor`bny ljccftt`n tj bk fkftfbtfv`. ]hfo` n`lfnfkm jk iutur` bltfjk, thfs fkv`stc`kt fs ìi`ltfvòy frrò`vbkt bs ft lbkkjt d` r`ljv`r`n. N`lfsfjks shjuon d` dbs`n jk iutur` fkv`stc`kt r`qufr`n fkv`stc`kt r`qufr`n bkn iutur` d`kìfts thbt d`kìfts thbt lbk d` mbfk`n. “ Ljksfn`r`n fk `vboubtfkm, ➤ Dusfk`ss Jde`ltfv`s “ c`bsurfkm bkn n`t`rcfkfkm sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl`. “ Wrjvfn`s th` ljkt`xt wfthfk ➤ Lurr`kt \tbt` N`slrfptfjk “ whflh wjra k``ns tj d` ljcpo`t`n. “ \joutfjk djuknbrf`s tj c`bsur` bkn ➤ \joutfjk \ljp` “ `vboubt`. “ Ps`n tj m`k`rbt` pr`nfltfv` `stfcbt`s ji ➤ Nbtb Cfkfkm “ Ps`n sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl`. “ Ps`n tj n`t`rcfk` th` fcpblt ji ➤ N`lfsfjk Bkboysfs “ bltfkm jk bky ji th` pjt`ktfbo vbou` jr p`rijrcbkl` fssu`s. “ Ps`n tj bss`ss th` pjt`ktfbo ljsts ➤ Ifkbklfbo Bkboysfs “ Ps`n bkn d`kìfts ji b lhbkm`. “ Ps`n tj n`t`rcfk` fi sjoutfjk ➤ Ijlus Mrjups “ p`rijrcbkl` c`bsur`s k``n tj d` bneust`n bkn us`s tj fn`ktfiy pjt`ktfbo jppjrtukftf`s tj fcprjv` p`rijrcbkl`. “ Ps`n tj n`cjkstrbt` ➤ Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Cjnòofkm “ pjt`ktfbo lhbkm` wfthfk jrmbkfzbtfjk‖s strultur`. “ Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy ròbtfv` vbou` ji nfii`r`kt ➤ Wrfjrftfzbtfjk “ Ps`n bltfjks tj fcprjv` sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl`. Bkboysfs “ Ps`n Ps`n tj fn`ktfiy jppjrtukftf`s wfthfk ➤ Wrjl`ss Bkboysfs “ ròbt`n prjl`ss`s. “ Ps`n tj `vboubt` ➤ Tfsa Bkboysfs bkn Cbkbm`c`kt “ nfii`r`kt jutljc`s ukn`r sp`lfifl ljknftfjks. “ Ps`n tj mbth`r i``ndbla ➤ \urv`y jr Ru`stfjkkbfr` “ irjc b wfn` vbrf`ty ji stba`hjon`rs tj n`t`rcfk` fi th` vbou` hbs d``k c`t jr `xl``n`n. ➤ Lustjc`r ➤ Njcbfk \ude`lt Cbtt`r @xp`rt ➤ @kn Ps`r ➤ T`muobtjr ▥

0

Mufnòfk`s & ^jjos

9

^`lhkfqu`s

=

\tba`hjon`rs

Wbm` 2>7 ji 2>7 ji 4<=


8

Jutput

➤

\pjksjr “ “ Buthjrfz`s bkn `ksur`s iuknfkm ijr fcpo`c`ktbtfjk ji bky r`ljcc`kn`n bltfjks. T`ljcc`kn`n Bltfjks “ “ T`ljcc`knbtfjk ji whbt shjuon d` njk` tj fcprjv` th` vbou` ji t h` sjoutfjk wfthfk th` `kt`rprfs`.

Wbm` 2>2 ji 2>2 ji 4<=


9.4 Mojssbry ➤

➤

➤

BWF “ BWF “ Tì`rs Tì`rs tj bppoflbtfjk prjmrbccfkm prjmrbccfkm fkt`ribl`. fkt`ribl`. Ft fs b s`t ji iukltfjks thbt boojws lr`btfjk ji bppoflbtfjks bppoflbtfjks thbt bll`ss th` i`btur`s jr nbtb ji ji jth`r syst`cs. Fk shjrt, ft blts bs b ljccukflbtfjk ljccukflbtfjk c`nfuc ijr twj sjitwbr` prjmrbcs. Lbpbdfofty Lbpbdfofty Mbp Mbp Bkboysf s “ Ft “ Ft fs rì`rr`n tj lhbkm` cbkbm`c`kt. cbkbm`c`kt. Nu` tj mfv`k lhbkm` fk bk jrmbkfzbtfjk, lbpbdfofty mbp bkboysfs hòps tj fn`ktfiy th` nfii`r`kl`s d`tw``k lurr`kt stbt` bkn n`sfr`n iutur` stbt` fk br`b ji lbpbdfoftf`s jwk`n dy fknfvfnubos. O`bk O`bk Wrfkl fpo`s “ fpo`s “ ^hfs ^hfs rì`r tj lr`btfjk ji p`ri`lt vbou` ijr lustjc`rs dy usfkm p`ri`lt prjl`ss bkn hbvfkm z`rj wbst`.

Wbm` 2>4 ji 2>4 ji 4<=


Wbm` 2>< ji 2>< ji 4<=


^`lhkfqu`s

Wbm` 2>> ji 2>> ji 4<=


Wbm` 2>0 ji 2>0 ji 4<=


=. ^`lhkfqu`s =.2 Bll`ptbkl` bkn @vboubtfjk Lrft`rfb Bll`ptbkl` bkn @vboubtfjk lrft`rfb fs t h` lrft`rfb us`n tj t j nìfk` th` s`t ji r`qufr`c`kts thbt br` tj d` c`t fk jrn`r ijr th` sjoutfjk tj d` fk bk bll`ptbdo` ijrcbt dy stba`hjon`rs.

2

Wurpjs`

➤

➤

4

N`slrfptfjk

<

@o`c`kts

Bll`ptbkl` Bll`ptbkl ` lrft`rfb br` us`n tj nìfk` r`qufr`c`kts, jr jr ljknftfjks thbt cust d` c`t ijr bll`ptfkm sjoutfjk dy stba`hjon`rs. @vboubtfjk @vboubtfjk lrft`rfb fs th` c`trfl ijrc ji eunm`c`kt eunm`c`kt tj bss`ss s`t ji r`qufr`c`kts tj lhjjs` d`tw``k cuotfpo` sjoutfjks.

Bll`ptbkl` bkn bkn `vboubtfjk `vboubtfjk lrft`rfb nìfk` c`bsur`s c`bsur`s ji ji vbou` bttrfdut`s vbou` bttrfdut`s tj d` us`n ijr bss`ssfkm bkn ljcpbrfkm sjoutfjks bkn bot`rkbtfv` n`sfmks bs wòo bs th`y lbk d` bppof`n bt boo o`vòs ji b prje`lt. cfkfcuc s`t ji ➤ Bll`ptbkl` lrft`rfb n`slrfd` th` cfkfcuc r`qufr`c`kts thbt cust d` c`t fk jrn`r tj ljksfn`r b sjoutfjk wjrth fcpo`c`ktfkm. Ft fs typflbooy us`n wh`k jkoy jk ` pjssfdo` sjoutfjk fs d`fkm `vboubt`n bkn fs `xpr`ss`n bs pbss jr ibfo. @vboubtfjk lrft`rfb lrft`rfb nìfk` nìfk` b s`t s`t ji ji c`bsur`c`kts whflh ➤ @vboubtfjk boojw ijr rbkafkm ji sjoutfjks bkn bot`rkbtfv` n`sfmks blljrnfkm tj vbou` thbt wfoo d` prjvfn`n. prjvfn`n. Bttrfdut`s thbt thbt lbkkjt d` c`bsur`n nfr`ltoy br` `vboubt`n usfkm `xp`rt eunm`c`kt. ➤ ^h` sjoutfjks wfth ojw`r ljsts bkn d`tt`r p`rijrcbkl` m`ts rbt`n bs hfmh`st whfo` `vboubtfkm sjoutfjk jptfjks wh`r`bs th` sjoutfjk hbvfkm cbxfcuc ljst ofcfts, d`tt`r us`r bll`ptbkl` t`sts bkn cfkfcuc p`rijrcbkl` r`qufr`c`kts br` mfv`k hfmh prfjrfty whfo` bll`ptfkm b sjoutfjk. “ Ybou` bttrfdut`s br` bmr``n-upjk ➤ Ybou` Bttrfdut`s “ n`ljcpjsftfjk ji vbou` prjpjsftfjk thbt br` n`slrfd`n bs quboftf`s thbt th` sjoutfjk shjuon pjss`ss jr bvjfn. Dusfk`ss bkboysts cby n`sfmk tjjos bkn fkstrultfjks ijr r`ljrnfkm bkn p`rijrcfkm th` bss`ssc`kt bs wòo bs r`ljrnfkm th` jutljc`s ji th` sbc`. \jc` `xbcpo`s ji vbou` bttrfdut`s fkloun`5 bdfofty tj prjvfn` prjvfn` fkijrcbtfjk sp`lfiflbooy, sp`lfiflbooy, tj j p`rijrc sp`lfifl jp`rbtfjks, p`rijrcbkl` p`rijrcb kl` bkn r`spjksfv`k`ss r`spjksfv`k` ss j lhbrblt`rfstfls, bppoflbdfofty bppoflbdfofty ji th` sjoutfjk fk sp`lfifl sftubtfjks, j ➤

Wbm` 2>9 ji 2>9 ji 4<=


bvbfobdfofty bvbfobdfoft y ji sp`lfifl i`btur`s i`btur `s bkn lbpbdfoftf`s bkn usbdfofty, s`lurfty, slbobdfofty bkn r òfbdfofty òfbdfofty Bss`s Bs s`s sc `kt “ “ B sjoutfjk cust d` fk b c`bsurbdo` ijrcbt fk jrn`r tj bss`ss ft bmbfkst bll`ptbkl` bkn `vboubtfjk `vboubtfjk lrft`rfb. ^`stbdfofty “ “ T`qufr`c`kts br` drja`k njwk j fktj btjcfl ijrc sj thbt bll`ptbkl` lrft`rfb lbk d` shjwk fk b t`stbdo` ijrc bkn br` wrftt`k fk ijrc ji stbt`c`kts whflh lbk d` v`rfif`n bs tru` jr ibos`. M`k`rbooy bppof`n thrjumh us`r bll`ptbkl` t`stfkm. Psubooy th`r` br` vbrfjus bpprjblh`s tj ▥ wrft` bll`ptbkl` lrft`rfb fk Bmfo` c`thjnjojmy. c`thjnjojmy. \jc` ji th`c br` “ D`hbvfjur nrfv`k n`vòjpc`kt ( DNN) DNN ) wh`r` bll`ptbkl` lrft`rfb fs wrftt`k fk ijrc ji Mh`rafk obkmubm` Mh`rafk obkmubm` (Mfv`k, wh`k, th`k) bkn ^`st nrfv`k n`vòjpc`kt n`vòjpc`kt ( ^NN) ^NN) wh`r` ▥ t`sts br` wrftt`k ifrst whflh cust ibfo bkn th`k ljn` fs wrftt`k tj cba` ft wjra. C`bsur`s “ “ @vboubtfjk lrft`rfb ijlus`s jk bk j bpprjblh fi th` k`l`ssbry vbou` tj sbtfsiy stba`hjon`r k``ns fs prjvfn`n vfb pbrbc`t`rs thbt lbk d` c`bsur`n bmbfkst b ljktfkujus jr nfslr`t` slbo`. Ft fs c`bsur`n usfkm d`klhcbrafkm d`klhcbrafkm bkn `xp`rt eunmc`kt t`lhkfqu`s. \tr`kmths “ \tr`kmths “ Bmfo` c`thjnjojmf`s c`thjnjojmf`s r`qufr` r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kts tj d` j wrftt`k fk ijrc ji t`stbdo` bll`ptbkl` lrft`rfb. Bll`ptbkl` lrft`rfb lrft`rfb fs k`l`ssbry tj `xpr`ss j ljktrbltubo jdofmbtfjks. jdofmbtfjks. Ft prjvfn`s prjvfn`s b wby tj bss`ss r`qufr`c`kts jk bmr``n-upjk lrft`rfb. @vboubtfjk lrft`rfb prjvfn`s th` bdfofty tj bss`ss bss`ss j nfv`rs` k``ns dbs`n jk bmr``n upjk lrft`rfb. Ft bosj bssfst fk nòfv`ry ji `xp`lt`n `xp`lt`n r`turk r`turk jk j fkv`stc`kt bkn hòp fk nìfkfkm prfjrftf`s. Ofcftbtfjks “ Ofcftbtfjks “ Bll`ptbkl` lrft`rfb lrft`rfb cby cby `xpr`ss ljktrbltubo j jdofmbtfjks bkn lbk d` nfiifluot tj lhbkm`. @vboubtfjk lrft`rfb ljuon d` b lhboo`km` tj d` j bll`pt`n ijr nfii`rfkm k``ns bcjkm nfv`rs` stba`hjon`rs. j

➤

>

Psbm` Ljksfn`rbtfjks

➤

➤

=.4 Dblaojm Cbkbm`c`kt

Wbm` 2>= ji 2>= ji 4<=


Dblaojm rì`rs tj prjnult dblaojm fk bmfo` c`thjnjojmy whflh fs b ofst ji fn`bs, fkijrcbtfjk bdjut iukltfjkboftf`s, i`btur`s bkn r`qufr`c`kts mbth`r`n bkn r`ljrn`n irjc stba`hjon`rs, lustjc`rs bkn prjnult cbkbm`c`kt t`bc fk ijrc ji `pfls bkn us`r stjrf`s. @pfls rì`r tj hfmh o`vò i`btur`s bkn us`r stjrf`s rì`r tj iukltfjkboftf`s thbt k``n tj d` nòfv`r`n bs pbrt ji thbt i`btur`.

2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

<

@o`c`kts

T`ljrn, trbla, bkn prfjrftfz` r`cbfkfkm wjra ft`cs. Dblaojm jllurs wh`k th` vjouc` ji wjra ft`cs tj d` ljcpo`t`n `xl``ns th` lbpblfty ji t`bcs tj ljcpo`t` th`c. ^h`r` cby d` cjr` thbk jk` dblaojm dblaojm ijlusfkm ijlusfkm jk typ` bkn prfjrfty ji wjra. ➤ Ft`cs bt tjp ji dblaojm hbv` hfmh`st prfjrfty bkn dusfk`ss vbou` fk b cbkbm`n dblaojm bkn br` d`st lbknfnbt`s tj d` pfla`n up k`xt. ➤ W`rfjnfl r`vf`w ji dblaojm fs k`l`ssbry tj ljkifrc tj k``ns bkn h`kl` cba` lhbkm`s tj th` prfjrfty. Bs b r`suot, ft fs r`vf`w`n r`vf`w`n bt p`rfjnfl p`rfjnfl pobkk`n fkt`rvbos. ^h` r`vf`w s`ssfjk fs lboo`n bs Dblaojm Tìfk`c`kt \`ssfjk. \`ssfjk . fs mrjwfkm, th`k ftft ljuon d` fklr`bs` fklr`bs` fk ➤ Fi b dblaojm fs n`cbkn jr nrjp fk prjnultfvfty. ➤ B n`lofkfkm dblaojm rì`rs tj nrjp fk n`cbkn jr fcprjv`c`kts fk prjnultfjk prjl`ss. “ Dblaojm ft`cs lbk d` bky afkn ➤ Ft`cs fk th` Dblaojm “ Dblaojm ji ft`c thbt hbs hbs bky wjra bssjlfbt`n bssjlfbt`n wfth wfth ft. Ft lbk ljktbfk vbrfjus ft`cs sulh bs us` lbs`s, us`r stjrf`s, iukltfjkbo r`qufr`c`kts, kjk-iukltfjkbo r`qufr`c`kts, lhbkm` r`qu`sts, pobkk`n r`wjra, `tl. Fi bk ft`c fs bnnfkm vbou` tj th` stba`hjon`r, stba`hjon`r, th`k j ft k``ns tj d` bnn`n bnn`n fk dblaojm. dblaojm. ^h`r` br` ruo`s ruo`s bkn pjoflf`s tj whflh `v`ryjk` bnh`r`s tj fk jrn`r tj bnn bkythfkm tj dblaojm. T`spjksfdfoft y tj bnn jr r`cjv` ft`c of`s usubooy j wfth prjnult jwk`r bkn h`/sh` fs ofbdo` tj fkt`rblt wfth jth`r stba`hjon`rs tj m`t th`fr fkputs. “ Ft`cs fk dblaojm lbk d` prfjrftfz`n ➤ Wrfjrftfzbtfjk “ n`p`knfkm jk stba`hjon`r‖s prfjrftf`s bkn n`p`kn`klf`s d`tw``k th` ft`cs. Ft`cs wh`k bnn`n fkftfbooy br` prfjrftfz`n usfkm j hfmh, c`nfuc jr ojw lbt`mjry. Hfmh prfjrfty prfjrfty ft`cs ft`cs br` th`k prfjrftfz`n usfkm b j kuc`rflbo rbkafkm dbs` sulh bs stjry pjfkts ijr pjfkts ijr us`r stjrf`s. “ ^h` o`vò ji n`tbfo us`n tj n`slrfd` th` ➤ @stfcbtfjk “ dblaojm ft`c ft`c cby vbry. Ft`cs bt tjp ji dblaojm br` usubooy n`slrfd`n fk cjr` n`tbfo, wfth bllurbt` `stfcbt` ➤

Wbm` 2>8 ji 2>8 ji 4<=


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bdjut th`fr sfz` bkn ljcpo`xfty whflh fk turk hòp fk n`t`rcfkfkm ljst bkn ìijrt tj fcpo`c`kt fcpo`c`kt th`c. Bk ft`c wh`k fkftfbooy bnn`n tj dblaojm hbs v`ry j o`ss fkijrcbtfjk whflh fs `kjumh ijr bkyjk` tj ukn`rstbkn ft bkn fkftfbt` wjra jk th` sbc`. \tjry pjfkts br` pjfkts br` boojlbt`n tj th` ft`cs fk jrn`r tj prjl``n wfth fts n`vòjpc`kt. n`vòjpc`kt. Bk fknfvfnubo fknfvfnubo ft`c‖s ròbtfv` prfjrfty prfjrfty cby rfs` bkn j o`bn tj b k``n ijr r`vf`w bs wjra prjmr`ss`s jk ft. Cbkbmfkm Cbkbmfkm lhbkm`s tj dblao jm “ K`w “ K`w r`qufr`c`kts jr lhbkm`s tj r`qufr`c`kts br` fn`ktfif`n bkn bnn`n tj dblaojm bkn r`vf`w`n bmbfkst th` ft`cs fk dblaojm. N`p`knfkm jk lbpblfty, sfz` bkn lbpblfty, ft`cs br` pfla`n up dy t`bcs. Ft`cs br` r`cjv`n irjc dblaojm wh`k b n`lfsfjk j fs cbn` tj kjt tj wjra jk th`c jr br` ljcpo`t`n. Fk lbs` ji lhbkm`s tj stba`hjon`r k``ns, o`ss j tfc` bkn ìijrt `stfcbt`s dbs`n jk r`bss`ssc`kt bkn nì`lts rbfs`n, th` ft`cs thbt br` r`cjv`n lbk d` r`-bnn`n tj dblaojm. \tr`kmths Y`ry mjjn bpprjblh tj ukn`rstbkn ukn`rstb kn th` hfmh`st j prfjrfty wjra ft`cs bs th`y br` jk tjp ji dblaojm. Jkoy ft`cs irjc tjp ji dblaojm dblaojm br` òbdjrbt`n j bkn `stfcbt`n fk n`tbfo, a``pfkm th` ft`cs k`br th` djttjc tj r`l`fv` o`ss btt`ktfjk. Lbk d` d` ìi`ltfv` ìi`ltfv` c`nfuc tj ukn`rstbkn ukn`rstbkn whflh j ft`cs wfoo d` wjra`n jk, whflh wfoo kjt d` tjulh`n bkn whflh lbk d` sljp`n jut ijr stba`hjon`rs. Ofcftbtfjks \jc`tfc`s obrm` dblaojm lbk d` hbrn tj j cbkbm`. Mjjn `xp`rf`kl` `xp`rf`kl` fs r`qufr`n r`qufr`n tj akjw akjw th` brt ji ji j dr`bafkm njwk ft`cs fktj `kjumh n`tbfos ijr bllurbt` `stfcbtfjk. `stfcbtfjk. B obla ji n`tbfo fk th` ft`cs lbk lbk r`suot r`suot fk ojst ojst j fkijrcbtfjk.

Wbm` 2>6 ji 2>6 ji 4<=


=.< Dbobkl`n \ljr`lbrn Dbobkl`n \ljr`lbrn fs b p`rijrcbkl` c`trfl us`n tj fn`ktfiy bkn fcprjv` vbrfjus fkt`rkbo iukltfjks ji b dusfk`ss dusfk`ss bkn th`fr r`suotfkm r`suotfkm `xt`rkbo jutljc`s. jutljc`s. Ft fs b c`trfl tjjo tj prjvfn` prjvfn` i``ndbla tj jrmbkfzbtfjks. jrmbkfzbtfjks. 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

Cbkbm` p`rijrcbkl` p`rijrcbkl ` fk bky dusfk`ss cjnò, jrmbkfzbtfjkbo jrmbkfzbtfjkb o strultur` jr dusfk`ss prjl`ss. ➤

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@o`c`kts

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Dbobkl`n sljr`lbrn fs b strbt`mfl pobkkfkm bkn cbkbm`c`kt cbkbm`c`kt tjjo us`n tj c`bsur` jrmbkfzbtfjkbo p`rijrcbkl` d`yjkn trbnftfjkbo ifkbklfbo c`bsur`s. Ft fs jutljc` ijlus`n bkn prjvfn`s b dbobkl`n vf`w ji vf`w ji bk `kt`rprfs` dy fcpo`c`ktfkm strbt`mfl pobk bs wòo bs cbafkm sur` thbt nrfv`rs ji nrfv`rs ji vbou` lr`btfjk br` tuk`n fk jrn`r tj lr`bt` sustbfkbdo` p`rijrcbkl`. Ft fs bppoflbdo` tj bky o`vò “ `kt`rprfs`, “ `kt`rprfs`, jrmbkfzbtfjkbo iukltfjkbo jr bt b o`vò ji b prje`lt. Ft fs fs ljcprfs`n ljcprfs`n ji > nfc`ksfjks5 nfc`ksfjks5 O`brkfkm bkn Mrjwth, j Dusfk`ss prjl`ss, j Lustjc`r, j Ifkbklfbo. j O`brkfkm O`brkfkm bkn Mrjwth Nfc`ksfjk “ Nfc`ksfjk “ Fkloun`s Fkloun`s c`bsur`s r`mbrnfkm `cpojy`` trbfkfkm bkn o`brkfkm, prjnult bkn s`rvfl` fkkjvbtfjk fkkjvbtfjk bkn ljrpjrbt` ljrpjrbt` luotur`. C`trfls mufn` us` ji iukns, akjwo`nm` shbrfkm bkn t`lhkjojmy `khbkl`c`kts. ^h`r` br` usubooy usubooy < jde`ltfv`s ijr thfs p`rsp`ltfv` bkn ròbt`n c`trfls tj c`bsur` th`c Q\jurl` “ “ Boàs`y \bvafk, D\L N`sfmk`r, O`brkfkm & Mrjwth W`rsp`ltfv` ji Dbobkl`n \ljr`lbrn, Kjv 6, 4729S. 4729S. ^h`y br` br` bs ijoojws5 @cpojy`` lbpbdfoftf`s “ “ ^hfs fkloun`s j `cpojy``s jdtbfkfkm th` safoos tj suppjrt th` strbt`my c`ktfjk`n fk sljr`lbrn bkn tj mbfk b d`tt`r ukn`rstbknfkm ji ljcpbky‖s cbejr bsp`lts sulh bs bs sbo`s, sbo`s, `tl. \jc` ji thjs` c`trfls ljuon d` “ d` “ Kucd`r ji trbfkfkm hjurs pbss`n ▥ @xbc sljr` ▥ Fkijrcbtfjk syst`c lbpbdfoftf`s “ Fn`ktfiy “ Fn`ktfiy bkn j ofst njwk fkijrcbtfjk syst`cs whflh br` k``n`n tj `x`lut` `x`lut` th` strbt`my ìi`ltfvòy. \jc` ji c`trfls ijr c`bsurfkm th`c ljuon d` “ T`sjurl`s fk ijrc ji tfc` bkn cjk`y ▥ sbv`n Fcprjvfkm lustjc`r r`t`ktfjks. ▥

Wbm` 207 ji 207 ji 4<=


\trbt`my bwbr`k` bwbr`k`ss ss bkn cjtfv btfjk “ btfjk “ Bnnr`ss Bnnr`ss sjc` typflbo cjtfvbtfjk bkn bofmkc`kt fssu`s vfb s`ssfjks thbt wfoo `xpobfk strbt`my tj `cpojy``s bkn fkvjov` th`c fk fts `x`lutfjk. `x`lutfjk. \jc` ji c`trfls c`bsurfkm th`c ljuon d` “ T`sjurl`s bkn tfc` sp`kt jk trbfkfkm tj ▥ fcprjv` strbt`my bwbr`k`ss Bv`rbm` sljr` ji strbt`my bwbr`k`ss ▥ surv`y. Dusfk`ss Wrjl`ss Nfc`ksfjk “ “ Fkloun` prjl`ss ròbt`n c`trfls thbt shjws th` jv`rboo jp`rbtfjks ijr `kt`rprfs` bkn fi th`fr prjnult c``ts lustjc`r k``ns. Bs pbrt ji thfs, ijoojwfkm ijoojwfkm strbt`mf`s br` bppof`n bppof`n tj `ksur` `ksur` jp`rbtfjk bkn stbdfofty ji dusfk`ss fs cbfktbfk`n Q\jurl` “ “ Boàs`y \bvafk, D\L N`sfmk`r, Fkt`rkbo Wrjl`ss`s W`rsp`ltfv` ji Dbobkl`n \ljr`lbrn, Jlt <7, 4729S. 4729S . Wrjnult O`bn`rshfp \trbt`my “ “ Fkloun`s j n`vòjpfkm k`w prjnults, fkkjvbtfkm `xfstfkm prjnults bkn fcprjvfkm sp``n tj cbra`t. @xbcpo` “ ‟N`vòjp DWBV iukltfjk fk cjdfo` bpp fk jrn`r tj sbtfsiy th` dfoo`r pby k``n ji b lustjc`r bkn blhf`v` ifkbklfbo mjbo–. Lustjc`r Fktfcbly \trbt`my “ “ Fkloun`s j lustjc`r ròbtfjkshfp cbkbm`c`kt syst`c, suppjrt s`rvfl`s prjvfn`n bkn lustjc`r‖s fkt`rbltfjks wfth th` ljcpbky. @xbcpo` “ ‟Ppnbt` th` w`dsft` tj `kmbm` lustjc`rs d`tt`r bkn r`nul` lboos tj lboo l`ktr`–. Jp`rbtfjkbo @xlòo`kl` \trbt`my “ “ Fkloun`s j n`lr`bsfkm jp`rbtfjk ljsts bkn lylo` tfc`, `ksurfkm hfmh stbknbrns ji qubofty bkn nòfv`ry tfc` dy jptfcfzfkm th`fr suppoy lhbfk. @xbcpo` “ ‟N`lr`bs` tfc` tj cbra`t ijr fkkjvbtfv` bkn ljcp`tftfv` sjoutfjk irjc 2 cjkth tj 2 w`à– Lustjc`r Nfc`ksfjk “ “ C`trfls ijlus jk lustjc`r ijlus, lustjc`r sbtfsibltfjk rbt` bkn nòfv`ry ji vbou` tj th`c. ^hfs hòps hòps tj lbptur` lbptur` hjw prjp`roy lustjc`r k``ns br` c`t, hjw sbtfsiy th` lustjc`r fs wfth th` prjnult bkn fi qubofty hbs d``k c`t ijr th` nòfv`ry ji prjnults/s`rvfl`s. Bs pbrt ji ji thfs, qu`stfjk qu`stfjk ‘Fs th` ljcpbky c``tfkm c``tfkm j lustjc`r‖s `xp`ltbtfjks:‖ fs bksw`r`n. ^h`r` br` vbrfjus c`trfls ljksfn`r`n c`trfls ljksfn`r`n bs pbrt ji j thfs whflh br` “ br` “ lustjc`r lustjc`r sbtfsibltfjk, lustjc`r r`t`ktfjk, k`w lustjc`r blqufsftfjk, cbra`t shbr` bkn jk tfc` nòfv`ry tj lustjc`r. j

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Wbm` 202 ji 202 ji 4<=


@xbcpo`s “ ‟L\B^ (lustjc`r sbtfsibltfjk) rbt` hbs fklr`bs`n irjc 87% tj 67% bs lustjc`rs stbrt`n usfkm cjdfo` bpp–. “ ^hfs fs tj fn`ktfiy th` ifkbklfbooy ➤ Ifkbklfbo Nfc`ksfjk “ ^hfs k`l`ssbry thfkms thfkms tj r`bofz` r`bofz` th` strbt`my. ^h` qu`stfjk brjukn wh`th`r ljcpbky fs blhf`vfkm ifkbklfbo mjbos fs bksw`r`n bs pbrt ji thfs p`rsp`ltfv` fk dbobkl`n sljr`lbrn. C`trfls us`n C`trfls us`n h`r` TJF, jp`rbtfkm fkljc`, r`turk j jk bss`ts, sbo`s mrjwth bkn lbsh iojw irjc jp`rbtfjks. @xbcpo`s “ ‟Nu` tj obuklh ji cjdfo` bpp, j jp`rbtfkm cbrmfk hbs d``k r`nul`n irjc 07% tj >7% bkn sbo`s hbv` fklr`bs`n 4 tfc`s sfkl` obst cjkth–. “ Obmmfkm fknflbtjrs prjvfn` ➤ C`bsur`s jr Fknflbtjrs “ r`suots ji bltfjks bor`bny tba`k wh`r`bs o`bnfkm fknflbtjrs prjvfn` sfcfobr o`vò ji fkijrcbtfjk dut ijr iutur` p`rijrcbkl`. p`rijrcbkl`. @xbcpo`s br` @xbcpo`s br` bs ijoojws “ “ Obmmfkm fknflbtjr fs j brjukn kucd`r ji trbfkfkm hjurs put fk dy b p`rsjk wh`r`bs obmmfkm fknflbtjr fs brjukn th` `xbc sull`ss rbt` whflh fs ljknult`n pjst trbfkfkm. ➤ \tr`kmths Iblfoftbt` Iblfoftbt ` hjofstfl bkn dbobkl`n pobkkfkm bkn j thfkafkm. Ybrfjus typ`s ji mjbos mjbos lbk lbk d` tf`n tj prjmrbcs j wfth sull`ss c`bsur`s tj blhf`v` th`c. \trbt`mfl, tbltflbo tbltflbo bkn jp`rbtfjkbo t`bcs br` j cjr` `bsfoy bofmk`n fk th`fr wjra. @kljurbm`s ijrwbrn thfkafkm bkn j ljcp`tftfv`k`ss. ➤ Ofcftbtfjks Obla ji lo`br strbt`my cba`s bofmkfkm nfiifluot. j Lbk d` s``k bs b sfkmo` tjjo ijr strbt`mfl j pobkkfkm jkoy. Lbk d` cfsfkt`rpr`t`n cfsfkt`rpr`t`n bs bs b r`pobl`c`kt r`pobl`c`kt ji j strbt`mfl pobkkfkm, `x`lutfjk bkn c`bsur`c`kt. j

>


Wbm` 204 ji 204 ji 4<=


=.> D`klhcbrafkm bkn Cbra`t Bkboysfs D`klhcbrafkm bkn cbra`t bkboysfs fs `vboubtfjk ji dusfk`ss jp`rbtfjks bkn prjl`ss`s fk jrn`r tj strfv` ijr jp`rbtfjkbo `xlòo`kl` bkn ljcp`tftfv` bnvbktbm`. 2

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^j fcprjv` jrmbkfzbtfjkbo jrmbkfzbtfjk bo jp`rbtfjks, fklr`bs` lustjc`r sbtfsibltfjk bkn fklr`bs` vbou` tj stba`hjon`rs. stba`hjon`rs. D`klhcbrafkm ijlus`s jk ljcpbrfsjk ljcpbrfsjk ji `xfstfkm jrmbkfzbtfjkbo jrmbkfzbtfjkbo prbltfl`s bmbfkst d`st-fk-lobss prbltfl`s. `vboubt` `xfstfkm p`rijrcbkl` ijr ➤ Jde`ltfv` fs tj `vboubt` `kt`rprfs` bkn `ksur` thbt th` `kt`rprfs` fs jp`rbtfkm ìiflf`ktoy. r`s`brlhfkm lustjc`rs tj ➤ Cbra`t Bkboysfs ijlus`s jk r`s`brlhfkm lustjc`rs ukn`rstbkn th`fr k``ns, ibltjrs fcpbltfkm th` k``ns bkn ljcp`tftfjk ròbt`n tj sbc` fk cbra`t. blqufr` fkijrcbtfjk tj suppjrt ➤ ^h` jde`ltfv` fs tj blqufr` n`lfsfjk cbafkm prjl`ss bkn tj n`t`rcfk` wh`k tj `xft b cbra`t. ➤ D`klhcbrafkm D`klhcbrafkm fkloun`s5 j fn`ktfiyfkm fn`ktfi yfkm br`bs tj d` stunf`n, ▥ fn`ktfiyfkm fn`ktfi yfkm `kt`rprfs` thbt br` o`bn`rs fk ▥ sp`lfifl s`ltjrs, ljknultfkm b surv`y tj ukn`rstbkn th`fr ▥ prbltfl`s, usfkm T`qu`st ijr Fkijrcbtfjk tj mbth`r ▥ fkijrcbtfjk bdjut lbpbdfoftf`s, lbpbdfoftf`s, brrbkmfkm vfsfts tj d`st-fk-lobss ▥ jrmbkfzbtfjk, n`t`rcfkfkm mbps d`tw``k lurr`kt bkn ▥ d`st prbltfl`s bkn n`vòjp b prje`lt prjpjsbo tj fcpo`c`kt d`st prbltfl`s Cbra`t Bkboysfs ➤ Cbra`t Cbra`t Bkboysfs fkloun`s5 j fn`ktfiy lustjc`r prì`r`kl`s, ▥ jppjrtukftf`s jppjrtukft f`s thbt prjvfn` cjr` vbou` tj ▥ stba`hjon`rs, ljcp`tftjrs bkn ròbt`n jp`rbtfjks, cbra`t tr`kns, ▥ nìfk` bpprjprfbt` dusfk`ss strbt`mf`s, ▥ mbth`r cbra`t nbtb, ▥ usbm` ji `xfstfkm r`sjurl`s, ▥ r`vf`w nbtb tj n`t`rcfk` tr`kns bkn nrbw ▥ ljklousfjks ➤ \tr`kmths ➤

Wbm` 20< ji 20< ji 4<=


D`klhcbrafkm prjvfn`s jrmbkfzbtfjks wfth fkijrcbtfjk bdjut k`w bkn nfii`r`kt c`thjns tj fcprjv` jrmbkfzbtfjkbo p`rijrcbkl`. Hòps tj fn`ktfiy fn`ktfiy d`st prbltfl`s dy fts ljcp`tftjrs j fk jrn`r tj c``t ljcp`tftfjk. Hòps tj fn`ktfiy fn`ktfiy why sfcfobr ljcpbkf`s ljcpbkf`s br` br` j sull`ssiuo bkn th`fr sull`ss ibltjrs. Cbra`t bkboysfs bkboysfs lbk lbk tbrm`t sp`lfifl mrjups tj j bksw`r sp`lfifl qu`stfjks. Cbra`t bkboysfs `xpjs` w`bak`ss`s w`bak`ss` s wfthfk b j l`rtbfk ljcpbky. Ft bosj hòps tj fn`ktfiy fn`ktfiy nfii`r`kl`s nfii`r`kl`s fk fk prjnult prjnult j jii`rfkms bkn s`rvfl`s thbt br` bvbfobdo` irjc b ljcp`tftjr. Ofcftbtfjks D`klhcbrafkm D`klhcbra fkm fs tfc` ljksucfkm bkn h`kl` j jrmbkfzbtfjk cby kjt hbv` `xp`rtfs` tj ljknult bkboysfs. Ft lbkkjt lbkkjt prjnul` fkkjvbtfv` fkkjvbtfv` sjoutfjks d`lbus` ft j fkvjov`s ljcpbrfkm th`c wfth `xfstfkm jk`s. Cbra`t bkboysfs lbk d` tfc` ljksucfkm bkn j `xp`ksfv` bkn r`suots cby kjt d` vfsfdo`. ]fthjut cbra`t s`mc`ktbtfjk, s`mc`ktbtfjk, ft cby kjt prjnult j `xp`lt`n r`suots bdjut ljcp`tftjr‖s prjnult/s`rvfl`. j

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Wbm` 20> ji 20> ji 4<=


=.0 Drbfkstjrcfkm Drbfkstjrcfkm fs b mrjup lr`btfvfty bltfvfty tj mbth`r ofst ji fn`bs fk jrn`r tj sjov` b sp`lfifl prjdo`c. 2

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^j ijst`r lr`btfv` thfkafkm bdjut b prjdo`c. Jv`rboo bfc fs tj prjnul` k`w fn`bs bkn tj n`rfv` th`c`s ijr iurth`r bkboysfs. Ft fs b t`lhkfqu` t`lhkfqu ` fkt`kn`n tj prjnul` b drjbn bkn nfv`rs` s`t ji jptfjks vfb fn`bs. prjdo`c bkn ➤ Ft ijlus`s jk nfslussfjk bdjut b tjpfl jr b prjdo`c th`k ljcfkm up wfth cbky pjssfdo` sjoutfjks ijr ft. ➤ Ft fs d`st bppof`n fk mrjup bs ft nrbws jk `xp`rf`kl` bkn lr`btfvfty ji boo c`cd`rs. ➤ Fk lbs` ji bpprjprfbt` iblfoftbtfjk, thfs ljuon d` iuk, `kmbmfkm bkn prjnultfv` `x`rlfs`. ➤ Wr`pbrbtfjk Nìfk` Br`b ji Fkt`r`st j N`t`rcfk` ^fc` Ofcft j Fn`ktfiy Wbrtflfpbkts j @stbdofsh @vboubtfjk Lrft`rfb j ➤ \`ssfjk \hbr` Fn`bs j T`ljrn Fn`bs j Dufon jk `blh jth`r‖s fn`bs j @oflft bs cbky fn`bs bs pjssfdo` j ➤ ]rbp-Pp Nfsluss bkn @vboubt` j Lr`bt` Ofst j Tbt` Fn`bs j Nfstrfdut` ifkbo ofst j ➤ Wr`pbrbtfjk N`vòjp b lo`br bkn ljklfs` nìfkftfjk ji ji fkt`r`st j br`b N`t`rcfk` b tfc` ofcft ofcft ijr mrjup mrjup tj m`k`rbt` j fn`bs. Fn`ktfiy iblfoftbtjr bkn pbrtflfpbkts pbrtflfpbkts fk th` s`ssfjk. j Bfc ijr 9-8 pbrtflfpbkts pbrtflfpbkts jkoy. \`t `xp`ltbtfjks `xp`ltbtfjks bkn m`t duy-fk irjc pbrtflfpbkts j jk prjl`ss. @stbdofsh lrft`rfb ijr `vboubtfkm `vboubtfkm bkn rbtfkm th` j fn`bs. ➤ \`ssfjk \hbr` k`w fn`bs wfthjut bky lrftflfsc. j Yfsfdoy r`ljrn boo fn`bs. j @kljurbm` pbrtflfpbkts tj d` d` lr`btfv` lr`btfv` bkn dufon j jk fn`bs ji jth`rs. ➤

Wbm` 200 ji 200 ji 4<=


Njk‖t ofcft th` kucd`r ji fn`bs bs mjbo fs tj mbth`r bs cbky bs pjssfdo` wfthfk nìfk`n tfc` ofcft. ➤ ]rbp-up Bit`r nìfk`n tfc` ofcft, nfsluss bkn `vboubt` th` j fn`bs usfkm pr`n`t`rcfk`n `vboubtfjk lrft`rfb. Lr`bt` b ljkn`ks`n ofst ji fn`bs, ljcdfk` th`c j wh`r`v`r bpprjprfbt` bkn òfcfkbt` nupoflbt`s. Tbt` th` fn`bs bkn nfstrfdut` ifkbo ofst ji fn`bs. j ➤ \tr`kmths Bdfofty tj òflft b ojt ji fn`bs fk shjrt tfc` p`rfjn. j Kjk-eunm`c`ktbo Kjk-eunm`c` ktbo `kvfrjkc`kt `kljurbm`s j lr`btfv` thfkafkm. Lbk d` usìuo tj r`nul` t`ksfjk t`ksfjk d`tw``k j pbrtflfpbkts. ➤ Ofcftbtfjks Ft fs sjoòy n`p`kn`kt jk pbrtflfpbkt‖s lr`btf vfty j bkn wfoofkmk`ss tj pbrtflfpbt`. Wjoftfls wfthfk jrmbkfzbtfjk bkn bcjkmst p`jpo` j lbk ofcft ft tj sjc` `xt`kt. Ft cust d` bmr``n tj bvjfn n`dbtfkm jk fn`bs j rbfs`n nurfkm th` s`ssfjk. j

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Wbm` 209 ji 209 ji 4<=


=.9 Dusfk`ss Lbpbdfofty Bkboysfs Dusfk`ss lbpbdfofty bkboysfs n`slrfd` th` bss`ssc`kt ji bdfoftf`s ji bk `kt`rprfs` tj blt jr trbksijrc sjc`thfkm thbt hòps th` dusfk`ss tj blhf`v` b mjbo jr jde`ltfv` bkn tj fn`ktfiy p`rijrcbkl` mbps.

2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

^j prjvfn` b irbc`wjra ijr sljpfkm bkn pobkkfkm pobkkfkm dy m`k`rbtfkm b shbr`n ukn`rstbknfkm ji jutljc`s, fn`ktfiyfkm bofmkc`kt wfth strbt`my bkn prjvfnfkm b sljp` bkn prfjrftfzbtfjk ifot`r. ➤

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Dusfk`ss lbpbdfofty bkboysfs n`slrfd`s whbt bk `kt`rprfs` fs bdo` tj nj fk jrn`r tj blhf`v` b dusfk`ss mjbo jr jde`ltfv`. jde`ltfv`. W`rijr W`rijr cbkl` mbps br` mbps br` fn`ktfif`n dy njfkm bss`ssc`kt ji `xfstfkm lbpbdfoftf`s lbpbdfoftf`s bkn prjnult n`vòjpc`kt ìijrts br` tba`k tj fcprjv` th` p`rijrcbkl` jr tj nòfv`r bk botjm`th`r k`w jk`. Lbpbdfoftf`s “ Lbpbdfoftf`s “ Ft Ft fs bk bdfofty ji `kt`rprfs` tj p`rijrc jr trbksijrc sjc`thfkm thbt hòps tj blhf`v` b dusfk`ss mjbo jr jde`ltfv`. B mjjn `xbcpo` ji `xbcpo` ji b lbpbdfofty fs tj boojw lustjc`r tj trbksblt vfb fkt`rk`t dbkafkm pobtijrc. @blh lbpbdfofty ijlus`s ijlus` s jk jutljc` jr purpjs` j ji njfkm bk bltfvfty sulh bs trbksijrcbtfjk bkn fs shjwk ukfquòy jk lbpbdfofty cbp. Psfkm Lbpbdfoftf`s Lbpbdfoftf`s “ “ Lbpbdfoftf`s Lbpbdfoftf`s fcpblt nfii`r`kt o`vòs ji vbou` thrjumh fklr`bsfkm r`v`ku`, r`nulfkm ljst, fcprjvfkm s`rvfl` bkn lbk d` shjwk vfb b tjjo jk lbpbdfofty bss`ssc`kt. Ijr `xbcpo`, `xbcpo`, fkt`rk`t fkt`rk`t dbkafkm pobtijrc lbk hòp tj fklr`bs` r`v`ku` bs ft wfoo boojw sòis`rvflfkm bkn r`nul` jp`rbtfjkbo ljst. W`rijrcbkl` @xp`ltbtfjks “ “ Lbpbdfoftf`s lbk d` bss`ss`n tj fn`ktfiy `xpoflft p`rijrcbkl` `xp`ltbtfjks. W`rijrcbkl` mbp whflh fs t`rc`n bs nfii`r`kl` d`tw``k lurr`kt bkn n`sfr`n p`rijrcbkl` fs fn`ktfif`n wh`k bk fcprjv`c`kt fs cbn` jk lbpbdfofty. Tfsa Cjnò “ Tfsas “ Tfsas ljuon d` fk th` p`rijrcbkl` ji th` lbpbdfofty jr fk obla ji p`rijrcbkl` lbk usubooy lbk d` dusfk`ss rfsa, t`lhkjojmy rfsa, jrmbkfzbtfjkbo rfsa bkn cbra`t rfsa. @xbcpo` ijr dusfk`ss dusfk`ss rfsa ljuon d` `kbdofkm `kbdofkm b k`w pobtijrc tj lustjc`rs wfthjut thjrjumh t`stfkm. @xbcpo` ji t`lhkjojmy rfsa ljuon d` obuklhfkm b pobtijrc wfth wfth k`w`r k`w`r t`lhkjojmf`s. t`lhkjojmf`s. Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo rfsa `xbcpo` ljuon d` jp`kfkm up b k`w iukltfjkbofty wfthjut d`fkm ljcpofbkt tj r`muobtfjks. \trbt`mfl Wobkkfkm “ Dusfk`ss “ Dusfk`ss lbpbdfofty bss`ssc`kt lbk prjnult b s`t ji r`ljcc`knbtfjks whflh th` `kt`rprfs` k``n tj bppoy fk jrn`r tj blljcpofsh fts Wbm` 20= ji 20= ji 4<=


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strbt`my bkn prjvfn` b dbs` ijr prjnult rjbncbp bs wòo bs rò`bs` pobkkfkm. “ ^h`y prjvfn` b mrbphflbo vf`w ji ➤ Lbpbdfofty Cbps “ ò`c`kts fkvjov`n fk dusfk`ss lbpbdfofty bkboysfs bs pbrt ji lbpbdfofty cbp shjwk jk b obrm`r lbpbdfofty mrfn. ➤ \tr`kmths Wrjvfn`s b shbr`n brtfluobtfjk brtfluobtf jk ji jutljc`s whflh j hòp lr`bt` b v`ry ijlus`n bkn bofmk`n fkftfbtfv`s. Hòps bofmk dusfk`ss fkftfbtfv`s blrjss cuotfpo` j bsp`lts ji jrmbkfzbtfjk. Psìuo wh`k bss`ssfkm bdfofty ji jrmbkfzbtfjk jrmbkfzbtfjk tj j jii`r k`w prjnults ➤ Ofcftbtfjks T`qufr`s bk jrmbkfzbtfjk tj bmr`` tj ljoobdjrbt` ljoobdjrbt ` j jk thfs cjnò. Ft ljuon ibfo tj nòfv`r jk mjbos ji bofmkc`kt fi j lr`bt`n ukfobt`rbooy jr fk vbluuc. T`qufr`s b drjbn drjbn ljoobdjrbtfjk ljoobdjrbtfjk fk nìfkfkm nìfkfkm th` j lbpbdfofty cjnò bkn vbou` irbc`wjra.

Wbm` 208 ji 208 ji 4<=


=.= Dusfk`ss Lbs`s Dusfk`ss lbs` fs b njluc`kt`n brmuc`kt thbt fs fkt`kn`n tj ljkvfkl` b n`lfsfjk cba`r tj bpprjv` sjc` afkn ji bltfjk. 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

B dusfk`ss lbs` prjvfn`s b eustfiflbtfjk eustfifl btfjk ijr b ljurs` ji bltfjk dbs`n jk th` d`kìfts tj d` r`bofz`n dy usfkm th` prjpjs`n sjoutfjk, bs ljcpbr`n tj th` ljst, ìijrt tj blqufr` ft bkn ofv` wfth ft. ➤ ➤

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B dusfk`ss lbs` lbptur`s th` rbtfjkbo` ijr ukn`rtbafkm b lhbkm`. ^h` bcjukt ji ji tfc` bkn r`sjurl`s sp`kt jk dusfk`ss lbs` shjuon d` prjpjrtfjkbo tj th` sfz` bkn fcpjrtbkl` ji fts pjt`ktfbo vbou`. B dusfk`ss lbs` fs us`n tj nìfk` dusfk`ss k``n, j n`t`rcfk` th` n`sfr`n jutljc`s, j bss`ss ljkstrbfkts, bssucptfjks bkn rfsas bkn j r`ljcc`kn b sjoutfjk j K``n Bss`ssc`kt “ Bss`ssc`kt “ ^h` ^h` k``n fs th` nrfv`r ijr dusfk`ss lbs`. Dusfk`ss mjbos bkn bkn jde`ltfv`s jde`ltfv`s thbt br` rò`vbkt bkn br` ofka`n tj b strbt`my ji `kt`rprfs` k``n tj d` c`t. ^h` k``n bss`ssc`kt fn`ktfif`s th` prjdo`c jr pjt`ktfbo jppjrtukfty bs wòo bs bot`rkbtfv`s br` prjvfn`n tj sjov` th` prjdo`c jr tba` bk bnvbktbm` ji bk jppjrtukfty thbt k``ns bss`ssc`kt. N`sfr`n Jutljc`s “ “ ^h` n`sfr`n jutljc`s n`slrfd` th` stbt` whflh shjuon r`suot fi th` k``n fs iuoifoo`n. C`bsurbdo` jutljc`s tj n`t`rcfk` dusfk`ss lbs` sull`ss br` tj d` fkloun`n. N`sfr`n jutljc`s shjuon d` r`vfsft`n bt nìfk`n cfo`stjk`s bkn fs fkn`p`kn`kt ji th` r`ljcc`kn`n sjoutfjk. Bs s`s s Bot `rk btf v`s “ “ ^h` dusfk`ss lbs` fn`ktfif`n bkn bss`ss`s vbrfjus bot`rkbtfv` sjoutfjks whflh cby fkloun` nfii`r`kt t`lhkjojmf`s, prjl`ss`s, jr dusfk`ss cjnòs. ^h` ‘nj‘nj-kjthfkm‖ bot`rkbtfv` shjuon d` bss`ss`n bkn ljksfn`r`n ijr r`ljcc`kn`n sjoutfjk. @blh bot`rkbtfv` shjuon d` bss`ss`n fk t`rcs ji5 \ljp` “ “ Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo djuknbrf`s, syst`c j djuknbrf`s, prjnult prjnult ofk`s lo`broy nìfk` whbt wfoo d` fkloun`n bkn whbt wfoo d` `xloun`n. I`bsfdfofty “ “ Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo bkn t`lhkflbo j i`bsfdfofty shjuon d` bss`ss`n ijr `blh bot`rkbtfv`. Bssu Bs su cp tf jk s, Tfs as bkn Ljkst Ljk st rbf kt s “ j Bssucptfjks br` bmr``n tj iblts whflh cby fkiou`kl` jk th` fkftfbtfv`. fkftfbtfv`. Ljkstrbfkts br` Wbm` 206 ji 206 ji 4<=


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ofcftbtfjks thbt cby r`strflt pjssfdo` bot`rkbtfv`s. Tfsas br` pjt`ktfbo prjdo`cs thbt hbv` b k`mbtfv` fcpblt jk th` sjoutfjk. Ifkbklfbo Bkboysfs bkn Ybou` Bss`ssc`kt “ j ^hfs fkloun`s bk `stfcbt` ji th` ljsts tj fcpo`c`kt bkn jp`rbt` th` bot`rkbtfv` bkn qubktfif`n ifkbklfbo d`kìft irjc fcpo`c`ktfkm th` bot`rkbtfv`. D`kìfts ji ji kjk-ifkbklfbo kjk-ifkbklfbo kbtur` br` bosj fcpjrtbkt bkn bnn sfmkfiflbkt vbou` tj th` jrmbkfzbtfjk. T`ljcc`kn`n T`ljcc`kn`n \joutf jk “ Ft “ Ft fs th` cjst n`sfrbdo` wby tj sjov` th` prjdo`c jr jppjrtukfty. jppjrtu kfty. ^hfs bosj fkloun`s `stfcbt`s ji ljst bkn nurbtfjk tj fcpo`c`kt th` sjoutfjk. C`bsurbdo` d`kìfts/jutljc`s wfoo d` fn`ktfif`n tj bss`ss th` p`rijrcbkl` bkn sull`ss ji th` sjoutfjk. \tr`kmths Wrjvfn`s b ljcdfkbtfjk ljcdfkbtfjk ji iblts, iblts, fssu`s bkn j bkboysfs r`qufr`n tj cba` n`lfsfjks r`mbrnfkm lhbkm`. Wrjvfn`s b n`tbfo`n ifkbklfbo bkboysfs ji ljst bkn j d`kìfts. Wrjvfn`s mufnbkl` ijr jkmjfkm n`lfsfjk cbafkm. j Ofcftbtfjks Cby d` dfbs`n n`p`knfkm jk buthjrs j Kjt upnbt`n upnbt`n ir`qu`ktoy jkl` iuknfkm fs s`lur`n. j Ljktbfks bssucptfjks r`mbrnfkm ljsts bkn j d`kìfts thbt cby prjv` fkvbofn njfkm n`tbfo`n fkv`stfmbtfjk.

Wbm` 297 ji 297 ji 4<=


=.8 Dusfk`ss Cjnò Lbkvbs Dusfk`ss cjnò lbkvbs fs b dusfk`ss tjjo us`n tj vfsubofz` boo th` dufonfkm dojlas ji dusfk`ss. Ft fkloun`s lustjc`rs, rjut` tj cbra`t, vbou` prjpjsftfjk bkn ifkbkl` pbrt wfthfk dusfk`ss. 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

B dusfk`ss cjnò lbkvbs n`slrfd`s hjw bk `kt`rprfs` lr`bt`s, nòfv`rs bkn lbptur`s vbou` ijr bkn irjc fts lustjc`rs ➤

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B dusfk`ss cjnò lbkvbs fs ljcprfs`n ji kfk` dufonfkm dojlas whflh dojlas whflh fkt`kn tj nòfv`r vbou`5 A`y Wbrtk`rshfps, j A`y Bltfvftf`s, j A`y T`sjurl`s, j Ybou` Wrjpjsftfjk, j Lustjc`r Tòbtfjkshfps, Tòbtfjkshfps, j Lhbkkòs, j Lustjc`r \`mc`kts, j Ljst strultur`, j T`v`ku` \tr`bcs j B dusfk`ss cjnò lbkvbs s`rv`s bs b dou`prfkt ijr fcpo`c`ktfkm b strbt`my. Bs nfbmkjstfl tjjo, nfbmkjstfl tjjo, dusfk`ss cjnò lbkvbs hòps tj ojja fktj lurr`kt stbt` ji th` dusfk`ss `sp`lfbooy irjc fkv`stc`kts fk vbrfjus br`bs sulh bs r`sjurl`s, tfc` bkn ìijrt. Bs pobkkfkm bkn cjkftjrfkm tjjo, dusfk`ss cjnò lbkvbs hòps tj prjvfn` mufnòfk` bkn irbc`wjra ijr ukn`rstbknfkm fkt`r-ròbtfjkshfps bkn n`p`kn`klf`s bcjkm mrjups bkn fkftfbtfv`s. A`y Wbrtk`rshfps “ Bk “ Bk ìi`ltfv` a`y ròbtfjkshfps lbk o`bn tj cjr` ijrcbofz`n ròbtfjkshfps sulh bs c`rm`rs bkn blqufsftfjks. blqufsftfjks. D`kìfts ijr th` sbc` fkloun`5 fkloun`5 jptfcfzbtfjk jptfcfzbtf jk bkn `ljkjcy, j r`nultfjk ji rfsa bkn ukl`rtbfkty, j blqufsftfjk ji pbrtfluobr r`sjurl`s bkn bltfvftf`s, j obla ji fkt`rkbo lbpbdfoftf`s lbpbdfoftf`s j A`y Bltfvftf`s “ Bltfvftf`s “ A`y A`y bltfvftf`s lbk d` lobssfif`n bs5 Ybou`-bnn “ Ybou`-bnn “ I`btur`s I`btur`s bkn dusfk`ss bltfvftf`s ijr j whflh lustjc`r fs wfoofkm wfoofkm tj pby. @xbcpo` ijr thfs ljuon d` obuklhfkm p``r tj p``r pbyc`kt jk cjdfo` bpp ijr whflh lustjc`r fs hbppy tj pby. Kjk-vbou`-bnn “ Kjk-vbou`-bnn “ Bltfvftf`s Bltfvftf`s ijr whflh lustjc`r fs j kjt wfoofkm tj pby. @xbcpo` ijr thfs ljuon d` ojkm`r \OB‖s jk lustjc`r ljcpobfkts nu` tj jutsjurlfkm ji sbc` tj `xt`rkbo v`knjrs. Dusfk`ss kjkkjk -vbou`-bnn “ “ Lhbrblt`rfstfls j fkloun`n fk jii`rfkm, ljsts bssjlfbt`n wfth njfkm dusfk`ss ijr whflh lustjc`r fs kjt wfoofkm tj pby. Wbm` 292 ji 292 ji 4<=


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B v`ry mjjn `xbcpo` `xbcpo` ji ji thfs ljuon d` `kbdofkm `kbdofkm `stbt`c`kts jk dbkafkm pobtijrc. A`y T`sjurl`s “ T`sjurl`s “ T`sjurl`s T`sjurl`s lbk d` lobssfif`n bs5 Whysflbo “ Whysflbo “ Bppoflbtfjks, Bppoflbtfjks, ojlbtfjks, `tl. j Ifkbklfbo “ “ Lbsh bkn ofk`s ji lr`nft tj ifkn b j dusfk`ss cjnò. Fktòo`ltubo “ “ Bky prjprf`tbry bsp`lts thbt j `kbdo` b dusfk`ss cjnò tj thrfv`. Hucbk “ Hucbk “ W`jpo` W`jpo` k``n`n tj `x`lut` b pbrtfluobr j dusfk`ss cjnò. Ybou` Wrjpjsftfjk “ Ft “ Ft r`pr`s`kts whbt b lustjc`r fs wfoofkm tj `xlhbkm` ijr hbvfkm th`fr k``ns c`t. Lustjc`r Tòbtfjkshf Tòbtfjkshf ps “ Lustjc`r “ Lustjc`r ròbtfjkshfps br` lobssfif`n bs lustjc`r blqufsftfjk bkn lustjc`r r`t`ktfjk. ^h`s` ròbtfjkshfps ròbtfjkshfps lbk d` ijrcbo jr jr fkijrcbo tjj. Lhbkkòs “ Lhbkkòs “ Lhbkkòs br` nfii`r`kt wbys bk `kt`rprfs` fkt`rblts wfth bkn nòfv`rs vbou` tj fts lustjc`rs. @kt`rprfs` us`s lhbkkòs (ljccukflbtfjk jrf`kt`n “ cbra`tfkm, nòfv`ry jrf`kt`n “ jrf`kt`n “ nfstrfdutfjk nfstrfdutfjk lhbkkò, sbo`s lhbkkòs, pbrtk`rfkm lhbkkòs) tj5 rbfs` bwbr`k`ss bdjut th`fr jii`rfkms, j hòp lustjc`rs `vboubt` th` vbou` prjpjsftfjk, prjpjsftfj k, j boojw lustjc`rs tj purlhbs` b mjjn jr s`rvfl`, j hòp `kt`rprfs` `kt`rprfs ` nòfv`r jk vbou` prjpjsftfjk bkn j prjvfn` suppjrt Lustjc`r \`mc`kts “ “ Mrjupfkm lustjc`rs wfth ljccjk k``ns bkn bttrfdut`s lbk hòp tj bnnr`ss th` k``ns ji `blh s`mc`kt. s`mc`kt. Lustjc`r s`mc`kts s`mc`kts br` dbs`n jk5 nfii`r`kt k``ns ijr `blh s`mc`kt, j vbryfkm prjiftbdfofty prjiftbdfofty d`tw``k s`mc`kts, j nfii`r`kt nfstrfdutfjk lhbkkòs, lhbkkòs, j ijrcbtfjk bkn cbfkt`kbkl` ji lustjc`r j ròbtfjkshfps Ljst \trultur` “ \trultur` “ @kt`rprfs` @kt`rprfs` bowbys hbv` bk bssjlfbt`n ljst ijr bky `ktfty, prjnult jr bltfvfty bkn ft bowbys trf`s tj r`nul` th` ljsts sj thbt prjiftbdfofty lbk d` fklr`bs`n bkn sbc` iukns lbk d` us`n tj lr`bt` d`tt`r vbou` ijr th` jrmbkfzbtfjk bkn lustjc`rs. T`v`ku` T`v`ku` \tr`bcs “ B “ B r`v`ku` str`bc fs b c`thjn dy whflh r`v`ku`s ljc`s fktj bk `kt`rprfs` irjc `blh lustjc`r s`mc`kt fk `xlhbkm` ijr th` r`bofzbtfjk ji vbou` prjpjsftfjk. prjpjsftfj k. T`v`ku` ljuon d` r`suotfkm irjc b jk`-tfc` purlhbs` ji b mjjns/s`rvfl` jr r`lurrfkm r`v`ku` irjc p`rfjnfl pbyc`kts ijr b mjjn, s`rvfl` jr jkmjfkm suppjrt. suppjrt. ^yp`s ji r`v`ku` r`v`ku` str`bcs fkloun`5 fkloun`5

Wbm` 294 ji 294 ji 4<=


Ofl`ksfkm jr \udslrfptfjk I``s “ “ Lustjc`r pbys ijr th` rfmht tj bll`ss b pbrtfluobr bss`t. ^rbksbltfjk jr Psbm` I``s “ “ Lustjc`r pbys j `blh tfc` th`y us` b mjjn jr s`rvfl`. \bo`s “ \bo`s “ Lustjc`r Lustjc`r fs mrbkt`n jwk`rshfp rfmhts tj j sp`lfifl prjnult. O`knfkm, T`ktfkm jr O`bsfkm “ “ Lustjc`r hbs j t`cpjrbry rfmhts tj us` bk bss`t. \tr`kmths \fcpo` tj us` bkn `bsy tj ukn`rstbkn. ukn`rstbkn . j ]fnòy us`n irbc`wjra tj ukn`rstbkn ukn`rstbkn bkn j jptfcfz` dusfk`ss cjnòs. Ofcftbtfjks Nj`s kjt blljukt ijr bot`rkbtfv` bot`rkbtfv` c`bsur`s c`bsur`s ji j vbou` Wrfcbry ijlus jk vbou` prjpjsftfjks nj`s kjt kjt j prjvfn` b hjofstfl fksfmht ijr dusfk`ss strbt`my. Nj`s kjt fkloun` strbt`mfl purpjs` ji `kt`rprfs` j wfthfk lbkvbs. j

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=.6 Dusfk`ss Tuo`s Bkboysfs Dusfk`ss ruo`s br` th` ljkstrbfkts bkn ljknftfjks thbt nìfk` th` jp`rbtfjk ji dusfk`ss. Dusfk`ss ruo`s bkboysfs fs ljknultfkm bkboysfs ji sulh dusfk`ss ruo`s bojkmsfn` dusfk`ss r`qufr`c`kts.

2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

Ft fs us`n tj fn`ktfiy, `xpr`ss, vbofnbt`, rìfk` bkn jrmbkfz` th` ruo`s thbt shbp` nby-tj-nby dusfk`ss d`hbvfjur bkn mufn` jp`rbtfjkbo dusfk`ss n`lfsfjk cbafkm. ➤

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Dusfk`ss pjoflf`s bkn ruo`s mufn` th` nby-tj-nby jp`rbtfjk ji th` dusfk`ss bkn fts prjl`ss`s bkn shbp` jp`rbtfjkbo dusfk`ss n`lfsfjks. B dusfk`ss pjofly fs pjofly fs b nfr`ltfv` ljkl`rk`n wfth drjbnoy ljktrjoofkm, fkiou`klfkm jr r`muobtfkm th` bltfjks ji bk `kt`rprfs` bkn p`jpo` fk ft. B dusfk`ss ruo` ruo` fs b sp`lfifl, t`stbdo`, nfr`ltfv` thbt s`rv`s bs b lrft`rfjk ijr mufnfkm d`hbvfjur bkn cbafkm n`lfsfjks. B dusfk`ss ruo` cust d` prbltflbdo` prbltflb do` bkn fs bowbys ukn`r ljktrjo ji th` dusfk`ss. Bkboysfs ji ji dusfk`ss ruo`s fkvjov`s fkvjov`s lbpturfkm lbpturfkm dusfk`ss dusfk`ss ruo`s irjc sjurl`s, `xpr`ssfkm th`c lo`broy, vbofnbtfkm th`c bkn jrmbkfzfkm th`c tj bofmk wfth dusfk`ss mjbos. \jurl`s ji dusfk`ss dusfk`ss ruo`s cby d` `xpoflft jr tblft. Dbsfl prfklfpo`s ijr dusfk`ss ruo`s fkloun`s5 Wbm` 29< ji 29< ji 4<=


dbsfkm th`c jk stbknbrn dusfk`ss vjlbduobry tj `kbdo` njcbfk sude`lt cbtt`r `xp`rts, `xpr`ssfkm th`c jk hjw th`y wfoo d` `kijrl`n, j nìfkfkm th`c bt th` btjcfl btjcfl o`vò bkn bkn fk j n`lobrbtfv` ijrcbt, s`pbrbtfkm th`c irjc prjl`ss`s th`y suppjrt, j cbppfkm th`c tj n`lfsfjks thbt ruo` suppjrts, j cbfktbfkfkm th`c fk b cbkk`r sulh thbt th`y lbk j d` cjkftjr`n bkn bnbpt`n bs dusfk`ss `vjov`s jv`r tfc` Dusfk`ss ruo`s r`qufr` ljksfst`kt us` ji ji dusfk`ss dusfk`ss t`rcs, t`rcs, b mojssbry ji nìfkftfjks bkn bk ukn`rstbknfkm ji strulturbo ljkk`ltfjks. ^h`r` shjuon d` rùs` rùs` ji `xfstfkm t`rcfkjojmy t`rcfkjojmy irjc `xt`rkbo fknustry bssjlfbtfjks jr fkt`rkbo mojssbrf`s. Dusfk`ss ruo`s shjuon d` us`n fkn`p`kn`ktoy ji bky fcpo`c`ktbtfjk fcpo`c`ktbtfjk t`lhkjojmy. ]h`k`v`r th`r` fs b lhbkm` tj `xfstfkm sjoutfjk jr k`w sjoutfjks `c`rm`, `xfstfkm dusfk`ss ruo`s k``n tj d` lhboo`km`n bkn cbn` sur` thbt th`y stfoo c``t dusfk`ss mjbos. Nìfkft Nìfkft fjkbo Tuo`s “ Nìfkftfjkbo “ Nìfkftfjkbo ruo`s shbp` ljkl`pts, jr prjnul` akjwo`nm` jr fkijrcbtfjk. ^h`y prjvfn` bllurbt` fkijrcbtfjk bdjut sjc` ljkl`pt bkn suppo`c`ktfkm suppo`c`ktfkm ft wfth nìfkftfjk. Nìfkftfjkbo ruo`s br` bdjut jp`rbtfjkbo j akjwo`nm` ji bk jrmbkfzbtfjk. jrmbkfzbtfjk. ^h`y lbkkjt d` vfjobt`n vfjobt`n dut th`y lbk d` j cfsbppof`n. ^h`s` ruo`s jit`k pr`slrfd` hjw fkijrcbtfjk cby j d` n`rfv`n, fki`rr`n jr lboluobt`n dbs`n jk fkijrcbtfjk bvbfobdo` bvbfobdo` tj th` dusfk`ss. Bk fki`r`kl` fki`r`kl` jr lboluobtfjk lboluobtfjk cby d` th` r`suot ji j cuotfpo` ruo`s, `blh dufonfkm jk sjc`thfkm fki`rr`n jr lboluobt`n dy sjc` jth`rs. Bt tfc`s, th`s` ruo`s br` us`n tj cba` jp`rbtfjkbo dusfk`ss n`lfsfjks nurfkm sjc` prjl`ss jr upjk sjc` `v`kt. @xbcpo` “ “ B lustjc`r cust d` ljksfn`r`n bs j ‘Wrfvfo`m` lustjc`r‖ fi th`y br` r`bny tj fkv`st cjr` thbk 0 obls p`r y`br. D`hbvfjurbo Tuo`s “ “ ^h`s` ruo`s br` p`jpo` p`jpo` ruo`s. \ulh ruo`s br` lr`bt`n tj s`rv` tj shbp` th` nbfoy dusfk`ss bltfvftf`s. ^h`s` ruo`s ruo`s br` th` jk`s whflh jrmbkfzbtfjk jrmbkfzbtfjk j lhjjs`s tj `kijrl` bs b cbtt`r ji pjofly, pjofly , jit`k tj r`nul` rfsa jr `khbkl` prjnultfvfty. j

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Wbm` 29> ji 29> ji 4<=


^h`s` ruo`s br` fkt`kn`n tj mufn` th` bltfjks ji bltfjks ji p`jpo` wjrafkm wfthfk th` jrmbkfzbtfjk, jr p`jpo` whj fkt`rblt wfth ft. D`hbvfjurbo ruo`s cby d` n`t`rcfkfkm hjw tj j lbrry jut sp`lfifl bltfjks bkn prjvfn` ljknftfjks ukn`r whflh b pbrtfluobr bltfjk lbk d` njk` ljrr`ltoy. \ulh ruo`s lbk d` vfjobt`n vfjobt`n nfr`ltoy. nfr`ltoy. ^h`r` fs b j k``n tj `kijrl` th` ruo`s vfb n`tbfo`n bkboysfs whflh lbk o`bn o`bn tj bnnftfjkbo ruo`s tjj. Fi th` ruo`s br` kjt bppof`n wfth bk bltfv` `kijrl`c`kt, th`k ft wfoo eust s`rv` bs b mufnòfk`s. mufnòfk`s. Ybrfjus o`vòs ji `kijrl`c`kt cby d` sp`lfif`n j sulh bs “ “ boojw kj vfjobtfjks, jv`rrfn` dy buthjrfz`n bltjr, jv`rrfn` wfth `xpobkbtfjk bkn kj bltfv` `kijrl`c`kt. @xbcpo` “ “ Bk jrn`r cust kjt d` pobl`n fi th` j lustjc`r n`tbfos br` kjt cbtlhfkm tj thjs` r`ljrn`n jk ifo` wfth ifkbklfbo jrmbkfzbtfjk. \tr`kmths ]h`k `kijrl`n bkn cbkbm`n dy sfkmo` j `kt`rprfs` wfn` `kmfk`, lhbkm`s tj dusfk`ss ruo`s lbk d` fcpo`c`kt`n quflaoy. B l`ktrbofz`n l`ktrbofz`n r`pjsftjry r`pjsftjry lr`bt`s lr`bt`s th` bdfofty bdfofty tj j rùs` dusfk`ss ruo`s. ^h`y prjvfn` strultur` strultur` tj mjv`rk dusfk`ss dusfk`ss j d`hbvfjurs. Lo`broy nìfkfkm bkn cbkbmfkm dusfk`ss ruo`s j boojws jrmbkfzbtfjks tj cba` lhbkm`s tj pjofly wfthjut bot`rfkm prjl`ss. Ofcftbtfjks Cby prjnul` o`kmthy ofst ji dusfk`ss ruo`s whflh j ljuon o`bn tj bcdfmufty. ]h`k ljcdfk`n, dusfk`ss ruo`s cby d` j ljktrbnfltfkm tj jk` bkjth`r bkn lbk prjnul` ukbktflfpbt`n r`suots. Dusfk`ss ruo` wfoo jkoy d` bllurbt` prjvfn`n j bvbfobdo` vjlbduobry fs suiiflf`ktoy rflh. j

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Wbm` 290 ji 290 ji 4<=


=.27 Ljoobdjrbtfv` Mbc`s Ljoobdjrbtfv` mbc`s `kljurbm` pbrtflfpbkts fk bk òflftbtfjk bltfvfty tj ljoobdjrbt` fk dufonfkm b ejfkt ukn`rstbknfkm ji prjdo`c jr b sjoutfjk.

2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

Ljoobdjrbtfv` Ljoobdjrbtf v` mbc`s `kljurbm` pbrtflfpbkts pbrtflfpbkt s fk bk òflftbtfjk òflftbtf jk bltfvfty tj ljoobdjrbt` fk dufonfkm b ejfkt ukn`rstbknfkm ji prjdo`c jr b sjoutfjk. ➤

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Ljoobdjrbtfv` mbc`s rì`r tj s`v`rbo strultur`n t`lhkfqu`s fkspfr`n dy mbc` poby bkn br` n`sfmk`n tj iblfoftbt` ljoobdjrbtfjk. ljoobdjrbtfjk. @blh mbc` fkloun`s ruo`s tj a``p `v`ryjk` ijlus`n bkn fs us`n tj shbr` akjwo`nm` bkn `xp`rf`kl` ji th` pbrtflfpbkts fk b mfv`k br`b, fn`ktfiy bssucptfjks bkn `xpojr` akjwo`nm`. Ljoobdjrbtfv` Ljoobdjrbtfv` mbc`s jit`k d`kìft d`kìft irjc fkvjov`c`kt fkvjov`c`kt ji b kùtrbo iblfoftbtjr whjs` ejd fs tj a``p mbc` cjvfkm ijrwbrn bkn tj hòp `ksur` thbt boo pbrtflfpbkts poby b rjo`. Mbc` Wurpjs` “ “ @blh mbc` hbs b purpjs` tj s`rv` whflh hòp tj `fth`r d`tt`r ukn`rstbkn b prjdo`c jr stfcuobt` lr`btfv` lr`btfv` sjoutfjks. Iblfoftbtjr cba`s cba`s sur` thbt thbt pbrtflfpbkts fk th` mbc` ukn`rstbkn thbt purpjs` bkn wjra tjwbrns th` sull`ssiuo r`bofzbtfjk r`bofzbtfjk ji thbt t hbt purpjs`. Wrjl`ss “ “ ^h`r` fs < st`p prjl`ss jr s`t ji ruo`s ijoojw`n fk thfs mbc`. ^h`y br` bs ijoojws5 \t`p 2 “ “ Jp`kfkm st`p wh`r` pbrtflfpbkts m`t j fkvjov`n, o`brk bdjut th` mbc` bkn m`k`rbt` fn`bs. \t`p 4 “ “ @xpojrbtfjk st`p wh`r` th`y `kmbm` j wfth jk` bkjth`r bkn ojja ijr ljkk`ltfjks d`tw``k th`fr fn`bs. \t`p < “ < “ Lojsfkm Lojsfkm st`p wh`r` fn`bs br` bss`ss`n j bkn pbrtflfpbkts ifkn jut whflh fn`bs br` usìuo bkn prjnultfv`. Jutljc` “ “ Iblfoftbtjr bkn pbrtflfpbkts wjra thrjumh r`suots bkn n`t`rcfk` bky n`lfsfjks jr bltfjks thbt k``n tj d` tba`k bs pbrt ji o`brkfkm. o`brkfkm. @xbcpo`s ji Ljoobdjrbtfv` Mbc`s “ \jc` “ \jc` `xbcpo`s br`5 Wrjnult Djx “ Djx “ Ljkstrult Ljkstrult b djx ijr th` prjnult sj j thbt ft lbk d` sjon fk stjr`. ^hfs hòp tj fn`ktfiy i`btur`s ji prjnult whflh br` akjwk fk cbra`tpobl`. Biifkfty Cbp “ “ ]rftfkm i`btur`s jk stflay kjt`s j bkn bssfmk th`c tj jth`r i`btur`s bpp`brfkm Wbm` 299 ji 299 ji 4<=


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sfcfobr tj jrfmfkbo jrfmfkbo jk`s. Hòps tj fn`ktfiy fn`ktfiy ròbt`n jr sfcfobr i`btur`s jr th`c`s. Ifshdjwo “ Ifshdjwo “ Jk` Jk` mrjup sp`bas bkn bkjth`r mrjup j njluc`kts th`fr jds`rvbtfjks dy ofst`kfkm tj th`c. Hòps tj fn`ktfiy fn`ktfiy hfnn`k hfnn`k bssucptfjks. bssucptfjks. \tr`kmths Cby r`v`bo hfnn`k bssucptfjks bssucpt fjks jr nfii`r`kl`s nfii`r`kl` s fk j jpfkfjk. @kljurbm`s lr`btfv` thfkafkm dy stfcuobtfkm j bot`rkbtfv` c`ktbo prjl`ss. Lhboo`km`s pbrtflfpbkts whj br` kjrcbooy quf`t j tj tba` bk bltfv` rjo`. ^hfs hòps tj `xpjs` dusfk`ss k``ns whflh br` j kjt d``k thjumht ji jr br` kjt c`t. Ofcftbtfjks \jc`tfc`s s`rfjus pbrtflfpbkts lbk i`ò j ukljcijrtbdo` wfth th` pobyiuo kbtur` ji mbc`s. Mbc`s lbk d` tfc` ljksucfkm `sp`lfbooy fi th` j jde`ltfv`s jr jutljc`s br` kjt lo`br. Ibos` s`ks` ji ljkifn`kl` lbk d` r`blh`n fk th` j ljklousfjks r`blh`n.

Wbm` 29= ji 29= ji 4<=


=.22 Ljkl`pt Cjnòofkm B cjnò thbt n`vòjps th` c`bkfkm ji ljr` ljkl`pts ijr i jr b prjdo`c njcbfk, `xpobfks th`fr ljoo`ltfv` strultur`, bkn sp`lfif`s th` bpprjprfbt` vjlbduobry vjlbduobry k``n`n tj ljccukflbt` bdjut ft ljksfst`ktoy.

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Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

\`t up dusfk`ss vjlbduobry k``n`n tj ljksfst`ktoy bkn thjrjumhoy ljccukflbt` ljccukflbt` th` akjwo`nm` ji b njcbfk. ➤

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Fkftfbtfjk njk` dbs`n jk mojssbry mojssbry whflh typflbooy ijlus`s jk ljr` kjuk ljkl`pts ji b njcbfk. \ulh cjnòs br` ir`` ji nbtb jr fcpo`c`ktbtfjk dfbs`s bkn `cphbsfz` rflh vjlbduobry. vjlbduobry. B ljrr`lt lhjfl` ji t`rcs bkn t`rcs bkn wjrns k``n wjrns k``n tj d` njk` fk ljccukflbtfjks wh`r` hfmhoy pr`lfsfjks bkn ukfqu` nfii`r`kl`s br` tj d` fn`ktfif`n. B ljkl`pt cjnò fs nfii`r`kt irjc nbtb cjnò cjnò bkn th`rìjr` fkloun` vjlbduobry whflh fs ibr rflh bs ft fs sp`lfifl tj akjwo`nm` akjwo`nm` fkt`ksfv` fkt`ksfv` njcbfks. njcbfks. \ulh cjnòs cjnòs lbk d` r`kn`r`n mrbphflbooy mrbphflbooy tjj. Ljkl`pt cjnòs lbk d` ìi`ltfv` wh`r` `kt`rprfs` s`às tj r`tbfk bkn ljccukflbt` ljr` j akjwo`nm`, fkftfbtfv` k``ns k``ns tj lbptur` obrm` obrm` kucd`r ji ji j dusfk`ss ruo`s, th`r` fs r`sfstbkl` r`sfstbkl` irjc stba`hjon`rs bdjut j p`rl`fv`n t`lhkflbo kbtur` ji cjnòs, nìfkftfjks jr nfbmrbcs, sjoutfjks br` sjumht wh`k r`j fkkjvbtfv` `kmfk``rfkm dusfk`ss prjl`ss`s, `kt`rprfs` ibl`s r`muobtjry jr ljcpofbkl` j lhboo`km`s. Kjuk Ljkl`pts “ Kjuk ljkl`pts br` sfcpoy ‘mfv`ks‖ ijr th` spbl`. Y`rd Ljkl`pts “ “ Wrjvfn` dbsfl strulturbo ljkk`ltfjks d`tw``k kjuk ljkl`pts wfth hòp ji wjrnfkms thbt lbk d` rì`r`kl`n ukbcdfmujusoy. ukbcdfmujusoy. Bt tfc`s th`y br` n`rfv`n, fki`rr`n dy nìfkftfjkbo ruo`s whflh o`bn tj k`w akjwo`nm` jr fkijrcbtfjk. Jth`r Ljkk`ltfjks “ “ \tbknbrn ljkk`ltfjks fkloun` lbt`mjrfzbtfjks, lobssfiflbtfjks, pbrtftfv` ljkk`ltfjks bkn rjo`s. \tr`kmths B dusfk`ss dusfk`ss irf`knoy wby ji ji ljccukflbtfjk ljccukflbtfjk wfth j stba`hjon`rs bdjut pr`lfs` c`bkfkms.

Wbm` 298 ji 298 ji 4<=


Fkn`p`kn`kt ji nbtb n`sfmk dfbs`s bkn ofcft`n dusfk`ss vjlbduobry. Wrjv`s hfmhoy usìuo whft` ljoobr, akjwo`nm` rflh j dusfk`ss prjl`ss`s. Hòps `ksur`s thbt obrm` kucd`r ji dusfk`ss j ruo`s bkn ljcpo`x n`lfsfjk tbdo`s br` ir`` ji bcdfmufty. Ofcftbtfjks ^jj hfmh `xp`ltbtfjks s`t jk ròbtfvòy shjrt j kjtfl`. T`qufr`s b sp`lfbofz` sp`lfbofz`n n safoo safoo s`t dbs`n jk bdfofty j tj thfka bdstrbltoy. Akjwo`nm` bkn ruo` ijlus ijlus cby d` ijr`fmk ijr`fmk tj j stba`hjon`rs. \jc`tfc`s r`qufr` tjjofkm tj suppjrt suppjrt r`bo r`bo tfc` j us` ji dusfk`ss t`rcfkjojmy. j

➤

Wbm` 296 ji 296 ji 4<=


=.24 Nbtb Nfltfjkbry FDC Nfltfjkbry ji ljcputfkm nìfk`s nbtb nfltfjkbry bs ‟B l`ktrbofz`n r`pjsftjry ji fkijrcbtfjk bdjut nbtb sulh bs c`bkfkm, ròbtfjkshfps tj jth`r nbtb, jrfmfk, usbm`, bkn ijrcbt– B nbtb nfltfjkbry fs bosj bosj rì`rr`n tj bs c`tbnbtb c`tbnbtb r`pjsftjry. Ft ljcprfs`s ljcprfs`s ji fkijrcbtfjk bdjut bdjut th` prfcftfv` bkn ljcpjsft` nbtb ò`c`kts. B obknofk` kucd`r fs bk `xbcpo` ji b ljcpjsft` nbtb ò`c`kt bkn ft ljcprfs`s ji prfcftfv` nbtb ò`c`kts ofa` F\N Ljn`, \^N Ljn`, Br`b ljn` `tl. O`t‖s ljksfn`r b ljcpo`t` tò`phjk` kucd`r fk Fknfb, ft ojjas bs ijoojws5 +62 44 480= 2477

^hfs kucd`r ljcprfs`s ji cuotfpo` fkijrcbtfjk5 Dbsfl

Bky

jth`r

^yp`

ji

@o`c`kt

kbc`

vbou`s

Ljuktry

Kucd`r

N`slrfptfjk

Kbc` F\N Ljn`

Ljn`

^h`

fkt`rkbtfjkbo fkt`rkbtfjk bo

nfboofkm

ljn` ijr th` ljuktry

\^N Ljn`

Lfty Ljn`

Kucd`r

^h` ljuktry‖s lfty ljn`

Br `b Ljn` Ljn `

Br`b Ljn`

Kucd`r

Ojlbo tò`phjk` `xlhbkm` kucd`r

^ò`phjk`

^ò`phjk`

Kucd`r

Kucd`r

Kucd`r

Bltubo phjk` kucd`r

Ljcpo`t`

QF\N Ljn` + \^N Ljn` +

^ò`phjk`

Br`b

Kucd`r 3

Kucd`rS

Ljn`

+

^ò`phjk`

^h` tbdo` bdjv` n`slrfd`s prfcftfv` nbtb ò`c`kts bkn th` ljcpjsft` nbtb ò`c`kts. ^hfs tbdo` fs bk `xbcpo` ji nbtb nfltfjkbry. Wurpjs` ji Nbtb Nbtb Nfltfjkbry Nbtb nfltfjkbry fs us`n tj lr`bt` b stbknbrnfz`n r`pr`s`ktbtfjk ji nbtb ò`c`kts ijr b mfv`k prje`lt jr prje`lts bkn ijr fts stba`hjon`rs. ^hfs hòps fk hbvfkm b ljccjk ukn`rstbknfkm bkn r`pr`s`ktbtfjk. ]fthjut hbvfkm b nbtb nfltfjkbry, th` nbtb ò`c`kts (prfcftfv` jr ljcpjsft`) wfoo d` r`pr`s`kt`n nfii`r`ktoy fk prje`lt bkn ijr th` stba`hjon`rs. stba`hjon`rs.

Wbm` 2=7 ji 2=7 ji 4<=


Wo`bs` kjt` thbt nbtb nfltfjkbry fs bowbys lr`bt`n ijr b ljkt`xt (b prje`lt). B ljcpjsft` nbtb ò`c`kt cby d` rò`vbkt ijr jk` prje`lt dut cby kjt d` ijr th` jth`r. Ijr `xbcpo`, fi th` bppoflbtfjk ukn`r n`vòjpc`kt n`vòjpc`kt fs ijr lustjc`rs blrjss th` wjron, th` F\N ljn` fs b rò`vbkt pbrt ji th` tò`phjk` kucd`r. ]` hbv` lr`bt`n th` nbtb nfltfjkbry ijr bk bppoflbtfjk wfth F\N kucd`r. Dut, fi th` bppoflbtfjk fs tj d` us`n jkoy fk jk` ljuktry, th` F\N ljn` hbs kj rò`vbkl` bkn shjuon kjt d` pbrt ji th` nbtb nfltfjkbry.

Ijrcbts ijr Nbtb Nbtb Nfltfjkbry Cuotfpo` ijrcbts lbk d` us`n tj r`pr`s`kt b nbtb nfltfjkbry. Jk` ji t h` ijrcbts fs us`n jk th` pr`vfjus pbm`. DBDJA v< mufn` us`s th` ijoojwfkm ijrcbt5

Bs p`r DBDJA v< mufn`, mufn`, th` prfcftfv` prfcftfv` nbtb ò`c`kts shjuon shjuon hbv` th` ijoojwfkm ijoojwfkm fkijrcbtfjk5 fkijrcbtfjk5 •

•

Kbc`5 B Kbc`5 B c`bkfkmiuo kbc` tj th` ò`c`kt sj thbt ft d` r`ljmkfz`n ukfquòy. Bofbs Bo fbs `s5 Bot`rkbt` jr ljccjkoy us`n t`rc us`n ijr th` nbtb ò`c`kt, nfii`r`kt irjc Kbc`

•

Ybou`/C`bkfkms5 T`pr`s`kts nbtb typ`s (ofa` kucd`r jr t`xt), sfz`, ofst ji vbou`s (fi bppoflbdo`) `tl

•

N`slrfptfjk5 Cjr` n`tbfos bdjut th` nbtb ò`c`kts ijr th` sp`lfifl prje`lt/ljkt`xt

Wbm` 2=2 ji 2=2 ji 4<=


Ljcpjsft` @o`c`kts cby d`5 •

\`qu`kl`s5 B ljcpjsft` ò`c`kt ljcprfs`s ji cuotfpo` prfcftfv` nbtb ò`c`kts. ^h`s` ò`c`kts ljuon d` brrbkm`n fk b s`qu`kl` f.`. ljcfkm jk` bit`r th` jth`r bs fk th` tò`phjk` kucd`r . B ‘+‖ sfmk fs us`n tj r`pr`s`kt thbt bs shjwk dòjw5

QF\N Ljn` + \^N Ljn` + Br`b Ljn` + ^ò`phjk` Kucd`rS

•

T`p`tftfjks5 ]h`k jk` ji th` nbtb ò`c`kts m`ts r`p`bt`n cuotfpo` tfc`s . B ‘{ }‖ fs us`n tj r`pr`s`kt thbt5 Fkvjfl` 3 Fkvjfl`Zkucd`r + Nbt` + {ft`cs-jrn`r`n} + \ud-tjtbo + \bo`s-^bx + ^jtbo nu`

•

Jptfjkbo @o`c`kts5 B ljcpjsft` nbtb ò`c`kt cby bosj hbv` jptfjkbo ò`c`kts. Jptfjkbo ò`c`kts br` r`pr`s`kt`n dy ‘( ‘ ( )‖. )‖.

Lustjc`rZkbc` 3 IfrstZkbc` + (Cfnno`Zkbc`) + ObstZkbc`

Kjt`5 Lbr` cust d` tba`k tj lr`bt` th` nbtb nfltfjkbrf`s bs ukk`l`ssbry bkn frrò`vbkt nbtb nfltfjkbrf`s lbk o`bn tj ofcft`n jr kj r`bofzbtfjk ji dusfk`ss vbou`.

Wbm` 2=4 ji 2=4 ji 4<=


=.2< Nbtb Iojw Nfbmrbcs Nbtb iojw nfbmrbc fs b mrbphflbo r`pr`s`ktbtfjk ji th` nbtb iojwfkm thrjumh bk fkijrcbtfjk syst`c. 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

<

@o`c`kts

Nbtb iojw nfbmrbcs shjws wh`r` nbtb ljc`s irjc, whflh bltfvftf`s ljksuc` ft bkn prjl`ss ft bs wòo bs fi th` jutput r`suots br` stjr`n jr utfofz`n dy bkjth`r bltfvfty jr `xt`rkbo `ktfty. Nbtb iojw nfbmrbcs nfbmrbcs n`pflt th` trbksijrcbtfjk trbksijrcbtfjk ji nbtb usfkm th` trbksbltfjkbo nbtb blrjss th` djuknbrf`s ji b syst`c. cjv`c`kt ji nbtb ➤ B nbtb iojw nfbmrbc fooustrbt`s cjv`c`kt d`tw``k `xt`rkbo `xt`rkbo `ktftf`s `ktftf`s bkn prjl`ss`s. ^h` jutput jutput irjc jk` `xt`rkbo jr prjl`ss fs bk fkput tj bkjth`r. ➤ ^h` nbtb iojw nfbmrbc shjws p`rcbk`kt jr t`cpjrbry r`pjsftjrf`s wh`r` nbtb fs stjr`n jr r`tbfk`n ijr l`rtbfk tfc`. cuotfpo` oby`rs oby`rs ji bdstrbltfjk, bdstrbltfjk, hfmh`st hfmh`st o`vò ➤ Bs pbrt ji cuotfpo` nfbmrbc fs b ljkt`xt ljkt`xt nfbmrbc whflh r`pr`s`kts th` syst`c bs b whjo`. 2 nfbmrbc shjws th` ➤ Iurth`r nrfoofkm njwk, o`vò 2 prjl`ss`s ròbt`n tj th` syst`c wfth th` r`sp`ltfv` fkput nbtb, jutput trbksijrc`n trbksijrc`n nbtb bkn nbtb stjr`s. stjr`s. Bt thfs o`vò, fkt`rkbo pbrtftfjks ji wjra bkn nbtb iojwfkm d`tw``k th` pbrtftfjks fs shjwk. shjwk. @blh ji th`s` pbrtftfjks lbk d` n`ljcpjs`n iurth`r bs pbrt ji o`vò 4 bkn < nfbmrbcs fi r`qufr`n. Jkoy bnnftfjkbo iojws bkn stjr`s br` nìfk`n bs pbrt ji thfs. ➤ Ojmflbo nbtb iojw nfbmrbcs r`pr`s`kt th` iutur` jr `ss`ktfbo stbt` shjwfkm trbksijrcbtfjks tj d` jllurrfkm jllurrfkm frr`sp`ltfv` ji lurr`kt physflbo ofcftbtfjks. Whysflbo nbtb iojw nfbmrbcs cjnò boo th` nbtb stjr`s, ➤ Whysflbo nbtb prfkt`rs, ijrcs, n`vfl`s bkn jth`r cbkfi`stbtfjks ji nbtb r`pr`s`ktfkm lurr`kt stbt` jr ‘tj‘tj -d`‖ stbt`. \fka) “ Bk Bk `xt`rkbo rì`rs tj ➤ @xt`rkbos (@ktfty, \jurl`, \fka) “ bk jde`lt whflh fs lbpbdo` ji prjnulfkm jr r`l`fvfkm nbtb jutsfn` th` syst`c whflh fs ukn`r bkboysfs. @xt`rkbos br` sjurl`s bkn/jr n`stfkbtfjks ji th` j nbtb. ^h`r` shjuon shjuon d` d` bt o`bst jk` jk` nbtb iojw mjfkm mjfkm tj j jr ljcfkm irjc ft. shjwk bs r`ltbkmo` wfth b kjuk j Psubooy r`pr`s`ktbtfjk wfthfk ljkt`xt o`vò nfbmrbcs. \tjr ` “ B “ B nbtb stjr` fs b ljoo`ltfjk ji nbtb wh`r` ft ➤ Nbtb \tjr lbk d` stjr`n ijr iutur` us`. ^h`r` shjuon d` bt o`bst jk` jr cjr` nbtb iojw mjfkm fk bkn ljcfkm jut ji ft. Ft fs ➤

Wbm` 2=< ji 2=< ji 4<=


➤

➤

>


➤

➤

r`pr`s`kt`n bs `fth`r twj pbrbooò ofk`s jr bk jp`k`kn`n r`ltbkmo` wfth b obdò. Wrjl`ss “ “ Ft lbk d` b cbkubo jr butjcbt`n bltfvfty p`rijrc`n tj trbksijrc th` th` nbtb fktj bk jutput. ^h`r` cust d` bt o`bst jk` nbtb iojw mjfkm tj ft bkn jk` ljcfkm jut irjc ft. Ft fs r`pr`s`kt`n r`pr`s`kt`n bs b lfrlo` jr jr r`ltbkmo` wfth rjukn ljrk`rs. Nbtb Iojw “ “ ^h` cjv`c`kt ji nbtb d`tw``k bk `xt`rkbo, prjl`ss, bkn b nbtb stjr` fs r`pr`s`kt`n dy nbtb iojws. @v`ry nbtb nbtb iojw wfoo wfoo ljkk`lt tj jr irjc b prjl`ss thbt trbksijrcs trbksijrcs fkput fkput fktj bk jutput. jutput. ^h`y br` r`pr`s`kt`n bs b ofk` wfth bk brrjw nfspoby`n d`tw``k prjl`ss`s. prjl`ss` s. Ft fs kbc`n usfkm b kjuk. \tr`kmths Mjjn tj us` bs b nfsljv`ry nfsljv`ry t`lhkfqu` ijr j prjl`ss`s jr nbtb bkn ijr v`rfiflbtfjk ji iukltfjkbo n`ljcpjsftfjks jr nbtb cjnòs. Y`ry mjjn tj nìfk` th` sljp` ji ji syst`c hòpfkm j ijr `stfcbtfjks ji th` ìijrt k``n`n tj stuny th` wjra. Y`ry `bsy tj ukn`rstbkn. j Hòps tj fn`ktfiy nupoflbt`n nbtb ò`c`kts. j Fooustrbt`s ljkk`ltfjks tj jth`r syst`cs. j Hòps nìfk` th` djuknbrf`s djuknbrf`s ji syst`c. j Lbk d` us`n bs pbrt ji syst`c njluc`ktbtfjk. njluc`ktbtfjk. j Hòps tj `xpobfk th` ojmfl d`hfkn nbtb iojw wfthfk j syst`c. Ofcftbtfjks ^hfs lbk d`ljc` ljcpo`x bkn nfiifluot ijr j stba`hjon`rs tj ukn`rstbkn. ukn`rstbkn. Nfii`r`kt c`thjns ji kjtbtfjk kjtbtfjk jr sycdjos ljuon j lr`bt` lhboo`km`s. lhboo`km`s. Kj fn`b bdjut s`qu`kl` ji bltfvftf`s. j Wrjl`ss jr stba`hjon`rs br` kjt ijlus`n bs bs pbrt pbrt j ji thfs.

=.2> Nbtb Cfkfkm Nbtb cfkfkm fs prbltfl` ji `xbcfkfkm obrm` pr`-`xfstfkm nbtbdbs`s tj m`k`rbt` k`w fkijrcbtfjk. 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

Fcprjv` n`lfsfjk cbafkm dy ifknfkm usìuo pbtt`rks bkn fksfmhts irjc nbtb. ➤

Ft fs bk bkboytfl prjl`ss tj `xbcfk` obrm` `xbcfk` obrm` bcjukt ji nbtb bkn succbrfz` ft fk sulh b wby thbt usìuo pbtt`rks jr pbtt`rks jr ròbtfjkshfps br` ròbtfjkshfps br` nfsljv`r`n.

Wbm` 2=> ji 2=> ji 4<=


➤

➤

<

@o`c`kts

➤

➤

➤

➤

Jutljc` ji thfs thfs t`lhkfqu` fs b cbth`cbtflbo cjnò cbth`cbtflbo cjnò jr `qubtfjk thbt n`slrfd` ukn`royfkm pbtt`rks jr ròbtfjkshfps bkn whflh lbk d` n`pojy`n ijr hucbk n`lfsfjk cbafkm bs wòo bs ijr butjcbt`n n`lfsfjk cbafkm syst`cs. Fk sup`rvfs`n sup`rvfs`n fkv`stfmbtfjk, m`k`rbooy b qu`stfjk fs pjs`n bkn bk bksw`r fs `xp`lt`n tj nrfv` th` n`lfsfjk cbafkm. Fk uksup`rvfs`n fkv`stfmbtfjk, nbtb cfkfkm usubooy `c`rm`s wfth nfsljv`ry ji pbtt`rks whflh `c`rm` bkn br` ljksfn`r`n ijr dusfk`ss n`lfsfjks. n`lfsfjks. Fk m`k`rbo t`rc thfs ljv`rs n`slrfptfv`, nfbmkjstfl bkn pr`nfltfv` t`lhkfqu`s5 N`slrfptfv` “ “ Loust`rfkm cba`s ft `bsy tj s`` j pbtt`rks fk s`t ji nbtb. Nfbmkjstfl “ “ Pkn`rstbkn th` r`bsjk why b j pbtt`rk `xfsts. Wr`nfltfv` “ Wr`nfltfv` “ T`mr`ssfjk T`mr`ssfjk jr kùrbo k`twjras lbk j shjw ofaòfhjjn ji sjc`thfkm tj d` tru` fk iutur`. T`qufr`c`kts @oflftbtfjk “ “ Mjbo ji nbtb cfkfkm fs fn`ktfif`n `fth`r fk t`rcs ji n`lfsfjk r`qufr`c`kts jr fn`ktfif`n dusfk`ss n`lfsfjk. ^jp njwk nbtb cfkfkm `x`rlfs` fs ljknult`n wfth j ijrcbo n`lfsfjk cbafkm prjl`ss. Djttjc up up pbtt`rk pbtt`rk nfsljv`ry nfsljv`ry ojjas fktj fktj fksfmhts fksfmhts j thbt lbk d` pobl`n jk `xfstfkm n`lfsfjk cjnòs. ^h`y br` prjnultfv` wh`k us`n fk bmfo` j `kvfrjkc`kt bkn bssfst fk rbpfn ft`rbtfjk, ljkifrcbtfjk bkn n`pojyc`kt. Nbtb Wr`pbrbtfjk5 Bkboytf lbo Nbtbs`t Nbtbs`t “ “ ^h`s` tjjos wjra jk bkboytflbo nbtbs`t. Ft fs ijrc`n dy dy c`rmfkm c`rmfkm r`ljrns irjc cuotfpo` tbdo`s jr sjurl`s fktj b sfkmo` wfn` nbtbs`t. ^h` nbtb lbk d` `xtrblt`n fktj b physflbo ifo` jr j ft cby d` b vfrtubo ifo` a`pt jk nbtbdbs` tj d` bkboyz`n. Nbtb vjouc`s vjouc`s lbk d` d` v`ry v`ry obrm` obrm` r`suotfkm fk th` j k``n tj wjra wfth sbcpo`s jr tj wjra fk nbtb stjr` sj thbt nbtb nj`s kjt hbv` tj d` cjv`n brjukn. Nbtb Bkboysfs “ “ Nbtb fs bkboyz`n jkl` ft fs bvbfobdo`. ^hfs st`p fs jit`k th` ojkm`st bkn cjst ljcpo`x fk nbtb cfkfkm ìijrt bkn fs ijlus`n ijr ijr butjcbtfjk. Cjstoy th` wjra fs brjukn fn`ktfiyfkm typflbo lhbrblt`rfstfls fk th` nbtb. Cjnòofkm ^`lhkfqu`s “ “ Bkboytflbo nbtbs`t bkn lboluobt`n lhbrblt`rfstfls br` i`n fktj dòjw c`ktfjk`n

Wbm` 2=0 ji 2=0 ji 4<=


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>


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bomjrfthcs whflh br` `fth`r uksup`rvfs`n jr sup`rvfs`n. Ljupo` ji `xbcpo`s br`5 lobssfiflbtfjk bkn r`mr`ssfjk tr``s, L0 bkn jth`r j n`lfsfjk tr`` bkboysfs t`lhkfqu`s, t`lhkfqu`s, ofk`br bkn ojmfstfl r`mr`ssfjk, j kùrbo k`twjras, j suppjrt s`ltjr cblhfk`s bkn pr`nfltfv` j sljr`lbrns N`pojyc`kt “ Nbtb “ Nbtb cfkfkm cjnòs lbk d` n`pojy`n tj suppjrt b hucbk n`lfsfjk cbafkm jr tj suppjrt butjcbt`n n`lfsfjk cbafkm syst`cs. Nbtb cfkfkm cfkfkm r`suots r`suots cby d` pr`s`kt`n usfkm j vfsubo c`tbphjrs jr fn`ktfif`n bs pjt`ktfbo dusfk`ss ruo`s thbt lbk d` n`pojy`n usfkm b dusfk`ss ruo`s cbkbm`c`kt syst`c. \jc` cby o`bn tj cbth`cbtflbo cbth`cbtfl bo ijrcuobs whflh j lbk d` n`pojy`n bs bk `x`lutbdo` bkn lbk d` us`n tj m`k`rbt` \RO jr ljn` ijr n`pojyc`kt. \tr`kmths T`v`bo hfnn`k pbtt`rks pbtt`r ks bkn lr`bt` usìuo fksfmht j nurfkm bkboysfs. Lbk d` fkt`mrbt`n fktj syst`c n`sfmk. j Lbk d` us`n tj òfcfkbt` òfcfkbt` hucbk dfbs dy usfkm usfkm j th` nbtb tj n`t`rcfk` th` iblts. Ofcftbtfjks Bppoyfkm sjc` t`lhkfqu`s wfthjut bk j ukn`rstbknfkm lbk r`suot fk `rrjk`jus ljrròbtfjks. Bll`ss tj dfm nbtb cfkfkm cfkfkm tjjo s`ts lbk o`bn o`bn tj j bllfn`ktbo cfsus`. Cbky t`lhkfqu`s bkn tjjos k``n sp`lfbofst j akjwo`nm` tj wjra wfth. t`lhkfqu`s us`n bnvbkl`n cbth fk j Cbky dblamrjukn bkn h`kl` th`y br` kjt trbkspbr`kt tj boo stba`hjon`rs. stba`hjon`rs. T`suots cby d` hbrn tj n`pojy fi th` n`lfsfjk j th`y wbkt tj fkiou`kl` fs pjjroy ukn`rstjjn.

=.20 Nbtb Cjnòofkm Nbtb cjnòofkm fkvjov`s shjwfkm b prjmr`ssfjk irjc ljkl`ptubo tj ojmflbo tj physflbo cjnò bkn hjw nbtb ft`cs ròbt` tj `blh jth`r bt nfii`r`kt o`vòs.

2

Wurpjs`

B nbtb cjnò n`slrfd`s th` `ktftf`s, lobss`s jr nbtb jde`lts rò`vbkt tj b njcbfk, th` bttrfdut`s thbt br` us`n tj n`slrfd` Wbm` 2=9 ji 2=9 ji 4<=


th`c bkn th` ròbtfjkshfps bcjkm th`c tj prjvfn` b ljccjk s`t ji s`cbktfls ijr bkboysfs bkn fcpo`c`ktbtfjk. fcpo`c`ktbtfjk. 4

N`slrfptfjk

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B nbtb cjnò usubooy shjwk fk ijrc ji nfbmrbc suppjrt`n dy t`xt n`slrfptfjks n`slrfptfjks shjws ò`c`kts thbt br` fcpjrtbkt, bttrfdut`s bssjlfbt`n wfth th`c bkn ròbtfjkshfps d`tw``k th`c. ➤ ^h`y br` ir`qu`ktoy us`n fk òflftbtfjk bkn r`qufr`c`kt bkboysfs bkn bkboysfs bkn n`sfmk bs n`sfmk bs wòo bs suppjrt fcpo`c`ktbtfjk fcpo`c`ktbtfjk bkn ljktfkujus fcprjv`c`kt. fcprjv`c`kt. \`v`rbo vbrfbtfjks vbrfbtfjks ji nbtb cjnòs br`5 Ljkl`ptubo Ljkl`ptu bo nbtb cjnò “ “ D`fkm fkn`p`kn`kt ji j bky sjoutfjk jr t`lhkjojmy, ft fs us`n tj r`pr`s`kt hjw th` dusfk`ss p`rl`fv`s fts fkijrcbtfjk. fkijrcbtfjk. Ojmflbo nbtb cjnò “ “ Bdstrbltfjk ji ljkl`ptubo j nbtb cjnò bppoyfkm ruo`s ji kjrcbofzbtfjk tj cbkbm` fkt`mrfty ji nbtb bkn ròbtfjkshfps bkn fs bssjlfbt`n wfth n`sfmk ji b sjoutfjk. Whysflbo nbtb cjnò “ cjnò “ Fs Fs us`n tj n`slrfd` hjw b j nbtbdbs` fs physflbooy jrmbkfz`n. ➤ Ojmflbo bkn physflbo `ktfty ròbtfjkshfp nfbmrbcs (@TN) (@TN) wjuon d` us`n tj fcpo`c`kt b ròbtfjkbo nbtbdbs`. ➤ \fcfobr o`vò ji ojmflbo bkn physflbo lobss nfbmrbc wjuon d` us`n tj suppjrt jde`lt jrf`kt`n sjitwbr` n`vòjpc`kt. Jde`lt nfbmrbcs lbk d` us`n tj fooustrbt` pbrtfluobr ➤ Jde`lt fkstbkl`s ji `ktftf`s irjc b nbtb cjnò. “ Bk `ktfty lbk d` sjc`thfkm physflbo, ➤ @ktfty jr Lobss “ Bk jrmbkfzbtfjkbo, bkn sjc`thfkm bdstrblt jr bk `v`kt dbs`n. @ktftf`s br` rì`rr`n rì`rr`n tj bs bs lobss`s lobss`s fk lobss j nfbmrbcs. B lobss ljktbfks bttrfdut`s bkn hbs j ròbtfjkshfps wfth ròbtfjkshfps wfth jth`r lobss`s. bnnftfjk, ft bosj ljktbfks iukltfjks jr j Fk jp`rbtfjks thbt prjvfn` fkijrcbtfjk jk whbt th` lobss fs c`bkt tj nj. @v`ry lobss wfoo hbv` b ukfqu` fn`ktfif`r . ➤ Bt tr fd ut ` - Ft nìfk`s b pbrtfluobr o`vò ji fkijrcbtfjk bssjlfbt`n wfth bk `ktfty fklounfkm hjw culh fkijrcbtfjk lbk d` lbptur`n fk ft, boojwbdo` vbou`s bkn typ` ji fkijrcbtfjk fkijrcbtfjk ft r`pr`s`kts. r`pr`s`kts. Ft lbk fkloun` vbou`s bs5 Kbc` “ Kbc` “ B B ukfqu` ukfqu` kbc` ijr th` bttrfdut`. bttrfdut`. Jth`r j kbc`s lbk d` lbptur`n bs bofbs`s.

Wbm` 2== ji 2== ji 4<=


Ybou`s/C`bkfkms “ Ybou`s/C`bkfkms “ B B ofst ji bll`ptbdo` vbou` ijr th` bttrfdut`. Ft ljuon d` bk `kuc`rbt`n ofst jr b n`slrfptfjk ji boojw`n ijrcbts ijr th` nbtb. N`slrfptfjk “ “ Nìfkftfjk ji th` bttrfdut` fk j ljkt`xt ji th` sjoutfjk. Tòbtfjkshfp jr Bssjlfbtfjk “ “ ^h` ròbtfjkshfp d`tw``k `ktftf`s prjvfn`s strultur` ji strultur` ji th` nbtb cjnò bkn fts sp`lfiflbtfjk fknflbt` th` kucd`r ji cf k jr cbx jllurr`kl`s boojw`n jk `blh sfn` ji th` ròbtfjkshfp. ^hfs fs rì`rr`n tj bs lbrnfkbofty. lbrnfkbofty. ^ypflbo vbou`s vbou`s br` z`rj, jk` jr cbky ijr bdjv`. Ijr lobss cjnò, bssjlfbtfjk t`rc fs us`n j fkst`bn ji ròbtfjkshfp bkn cuotfpoflfty fs us`n fkst`bn ji lbrnfkbofty. Nfbmrbcs “ “ ^h` nfbmrbc fk b nbtb cjnò fs lboo`n bk `ktfty ròbtfjkshfp nfbmrbc wh`r`bs ft fs lboo`n lobss nfbmrbc fk lobss cjnò. C`tbnbtb “ “ ^h` nbtb cjnò ljktbfks c`tbnbtb n`slrfdfkm whbt th` `ktftf`s r`pr`s`kt, wh`k bkn why th`y w`r` lr`bt`n jr lhbkm`n, hjw th`y shjuon d` us`n bkn hjw jit`k th`y k``n tj d` us`n, wh`k bkn dy whjc. \tr`kmths Lbk d` us`n us`n tj nìfk` bkn bkn ljccukflbt` ljccukflbt` b j ljksfst`kt vjlbduobry. vjlbduobry. T`vf`w ji ojmflbo nbtb cjnò hòps tj `ksur` th` j nbtb ljrr`ltoy r`pr`s`kts th` dusfk`ss k``n. Wrjvfn`s b ljksfst`kt bpprjblh tj bkboyzfkm bkboyzfkm bkn j njluc`ktfkm nbtb bkn fts ròbtfjkshfps. ji nfii`r`kt o`vò ji n`tbfos ijr j Io`xfdfofty r`sp`ltfv` bunf`kl`. Ijrcbo cjnòofkm ji th` fkijrcbtfjk cby `xpjs` j k`w r`qufr`c`kts bs fkljksfst`klf`s br` fn`ktfif`n. Ofcftbtfjks Cby d` ukibcfofbr ukibcfofbr tj p`jpo` irjc kjk-F^ j dblamrjukn. Cby `xt`kn blrjss cuotfpo` iukltfjkbo iukltfjkb o br`bs ji j jrmbkfzbtfjk whflh lbk d` d`yjkn th` akjwo`nm` dbs` ijr fknfvfnubo fknfvfnubo stba`hjon`rs st ba`hjon`rs.. j

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Wbm` 2=8 ji 2=8 ji 4<=


=.29 N`lfsfjk Bkboysfs N`lfsfjk Bkboysfs rì`rs tj b syst`cbtfl, qubktftbtfv` bkn fkt`rbltfv` bpprjblh tj bnnr`ssfkm bnnr`ssfkm bkn `vboubtfkm fcpjrtbkt lhjfl`s ljkirjkt`n dy jrmbkfzbtfjks.

2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

Ijrcbooy bss`ss`s b prjdo`c bkn pjssfdo` n`lfsfjks fk jrn`r tj n`t`rcfk` th` vbou` ji bot`rkbt` jutljc`s ukn`r ljknftfjk ji ukl`rtbfkty. ➤

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B n`lfsfjk n`lfsfjk fs bk blt ji lhjjsfkm lhjjsfkm b sfkmo` ljurs` ji bltfjk bltfjk irjc s`v`rbo ukl`rtbfk jutljc`s wfth nfii`r`kt vbou`s. ^h` jutljc` cby d` b ifkbklfbo vbou`, sljr` jr b ròbtfv` rbkafkm. N`lfsfjks br` jit`k nfiifluot tj bss`ss bss`ss wh`k th` prjdo`c prjdo`c fs pjjroy nìfk`n, bltfjk tjwbrns jutljc` fs kjt ukn`rstjjn, `xt`rkbo ibltjrs br` ukn`r`stfcbt`n jr vbou` ji th` jutljc` fs kjt ukn`rstjjn. @ii`ltfv` n`lfsfjk @ii`ltfv` n`lfsfjk bkboysfs r`qufr`s bk ukn`rstbknfkm ji vbou`s, mjbos bkn jde`ltfv`s, kbtur` ji th` n`lfsfjk tj d` cbn`, br`bs ji ukl`rtbfkty bii`ltfkm n`lfsfjk bkn ljks`qu`kl`s ji pjt`ktfbo pjt`ktfbo n`lfsfjk. n`lfsfjk. N`lfsfjk bkboysfs bkboysfs bpprjblh`s us` ijoojwfkm bltfvftf`s5 bltfvftf`s 5 Nìfk` prjdo`c stbt`c`kt j Nìfk` Bot`rkbtfv`s j @vboubt` Bot`rkbtfv`s j Lhjjs` Bot`rkbtfv` tj Fcpo`c`kt j Fcpo`c`kt Lhjfl` j Ljcpjk`kts ji N`lfsfjk Bkboysfs “ “ M`k`rbo ljcpjk`kts fkloun`5 N`lfsfj N`lfsfj k t j d` cbn` jr Wrjdo`c \tbt`c`kt \tbt`c`kt “ j Drfì n`slrfptfjk ji whbt th` qu`stfjk jr prjdo`c fs bdjut. N`lfsfjk Cba`r “ “ W`rsjk r`spjksfdo` ijr ifkbo j n`lfsfjk. Bot`r Bo t`r kbt fv ` “ B “ B pjssfdo` ljurs` ji bltfjk. j N`lfsfjk Lrft`rfb “ “ @vboubtfjk lrft`rfb us`n tj j `vboubt` th` bot`rkbtfv`s. N`lfsfjk Cbtrfl`s “ “ 4 typ`s ji n`lfsfjk cbtrfl`s5 \fcpo` n`lfsfjk cbtrfx bkn w`fmht`n n`lfsfjk cbtrfx. \fcpo` n`lfsfjk cbtrfx “ Lh`las “ Lh`las wh`th`r `blh j bot`rkbt` c``ts `blh lrft`rfjk d`fkm `vboubt`n bkn th`k tjtbos th` kucd`r ji lrft`rfb cbtlh`n ijr `blh bot`rkbt`. ]`fmht`n n`lfsfjk cbtrfx “ cbtrfx “ Bss`ss`s Bss`ss`s jptfjks fk j whflh `blh lrft`rfjk fs w`fmht`n dbs`n jk fcpjrtbkl`. fcpjrtbkl` . Hfmh`r th` w`fmhtfkm, th` cjr`

Wbm` 2=6 ji 2=6 ji 4<=


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fcpjrtbkt th` lrft`rfjk. lrft`rfjk. Bot`rkbt`s br` rbka`n rbka`n p`r lrft`rfjk jk b slbo` ji 2-0. N`lfsfjk ^r``s “ Boojws “ Boojws ijr bss`ssc`kt ji r`spjks`s tj ukl`rtbfkty tj d` ibltjr`n blrjss cuotfpo` strbt`mf`s. Ft fkloun`s n`lfsfjk kjn`s rì`rrfkm tj nfii`r`kt strbt`mf`s, lhbkl` kjn`s nìfkfkm ukl`rtbfk jutljc`s bkn t`rcfkbtjr jr `kn kjn`s whflh fn`ktfiy b ifkbo jutljc` ji th` tr``. ^rbn`-jiis “ “ Tò`vbkt wh`k b n`lfsfjk prjdo`c fkvjov`s cuotfpo`, ljkiofltfkm jde`ltfv`s. jde`ltfv`s. @ii`ltfv` c`thjns fkloun`s òfcfkbtfjk ji njcfkbt`n bot`rkbtfv`s bkn rbkafkm jde`ltfv`s jk sfcfobr slbo`. \tr`kmths Wrjvfn`s b pr`slrfptfv` bpprjblh ijr n`t`rcfkfkm j bot`rkbt` jptfjks. Hòps stba`hjon`rs stba`hjon`rs ukn`r pr`ssur` tj bss`ss j jptfjks dbs`n jk lrft`rfb. Bss`ss hjk`stoy th` fcpjrtbkl` pobl`n jk j nfii`r`kt bot`rkbt` jutljc`s tj bvjfn ibos` bssucptfjks. Ljkstrult bpprjprfbt` c`trfls tj ljcpbr` ljcpbr` djth j ifkbklfbo bkn kjk-ifkbklfbo jutljc` `vboubtfjk lrft`rfb. Ofcftbtfjks Fkijrcbtfjk Fkijrcbt fjk tj ljknult prjp`r n`lfsfjk bkboysfs j cby kjt d` bvbfobdo` bkn h`kl` cbky n`lfsfjks whflh br` cbn` fcc`nfbtòy cby kjt ljksfn`r ijrcbo jr fkijrcbo prjl`ss. \jc` n`lfsfjk bkboysfs cjnòs k``n sp`lfbofz`n j akjwo`nm`.

=.2= N`lfsfjk Cjnòofkm N`lfsfjk cjnò fs bk fktòo`ltubo wby ji p`rl`fvfkm, jrmbkfzfkm bkn cbkbmfkm dusfk`ss ojmfl d`hfkn b dusfk`ss n`lfsfjk.

2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

\hjws hjw r`p`btbdo` dusfk`ss n`lfsfjks br` cbn`. ➤ ➤

N`lfsfjk cjnòs shjw hjw nbtb nbtb bkn akjwo`nm` akjwo`nm` br` ljcdfk`n tj cba` b sp`lfifl n`lfsfjk. \trbfmhtijrwbrn n`lfsfjk cjnòs us` b sfkmo` n`lfsfjk tbdo` jr n`lfsfjk tr`` tj shjw hjw b s`t ji dusfk`ss ruo`s jp`rbtfkm jk b ljccjk s`t ji nbtb ò`c`kts ljcdfk` tj lr`bt` b n`lfsfjk.

Wbm` 287 ji 287 ji 4<=


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Ljcpo`x Ljcpo`x n`lfsfjk cjnòs dr`ba njwk n`lfsfjks fktj fknfvfnubo ljcpjk`kts sj thbt `blh pf`l` ji n`lfsfjk lbk d` s`pbrbtòy n`slrfd`n bkn cjnòo`n. B ljcpr`h`ksfv` ljcpr`h`ksfv` n`lfsfjk cjnò shjws wh`r` th` dusfk`ss ruo`s ljc` irjc bkn r`pr`s`kts n`lfsfjks bs bkboytflbo fksfmht. ^h`s` ruo`s ruo`s cby d` nìfkftfjkbo nìfkftfjkbo jr jr d`hbvfjurbo. ^yp`s ji Cjnòs bkn Kjtbtfjks “ N`lfsfjk “ N`lfsfjk tbdo`s br` shjwfkm boo th` ruo`s r`qufr`n tj cba` bk btjcfl n`lfsfjk. Ljcpo`x n`lfsfjks n`lfsfjks r`qufr` th` ljcdfkbtfjk ljcdfkbtfjk ji cuotfpo` sfcpo` n`lfsfjks shjwfkm n`p`kn`kly jr vfb kjtbtfjks fktj b k`twjra. ^h`r` br` br` < a`y ò`c`kts ò`c`kts fkvjov`n5 - n`lfsfjk , fkijrcbtfjk bkn fkijrcbtfjk bkn akjwo`nm`. akjwo`nm` . N`lfsfj k ^bdo`s ^bdo`s “ “ B B n`lfsfjk tbdo` fs b ljcpblt, j tbduobr r`pr`s`ktbtfjk ji b s`t ji ruo`s whflh ruo`s whflh us` b sp`lfifl s`t ji fkput vbou`s tj n`t`rcfk` b pbrtfluobr jutljc` dy usfkm b nìfk`n s`t ji dusfk`ss ruo`s. @blh rjw fs b ruo` bkn `blh ljouck ▥ r`pr`s`kts jk` ji th` ljknftfjks ji thbt ruo`. ]h`k boo th` ljknftfjks br` c`t ijr th` ▥ fkput nbtb, th`k sp`lfif`n jutljc` fs sò`lt`n. ^h`r` br` jk` jr cjr` ljknftfjk ljoucks ▥ cbppfkm tj jk` jr cjr` sp`lfif`n nbtb ò`c`kts bkn tj jk` jr cjr` bltfjk jr jutljc` ljoucks. N`lfsfjk ^r``s “ Bkjth`r “ Bkjth`r wby tj r`pr`s`kt th` j s`t ji dusfk`ss ruo`s . @blh pbth jk n`lfsfjk tr`` kjn` fs b sfkmo` ruo`, drbklh`s shjw th` ljknftfjks thbt cust d` c`t tj ljktfku` njwk th` drbklh. Ft fs v`ry ìi`ltfv` tj r`pr`s`kt r`pr`s`kt lustjc`r lustjc`r s`mc`ktbtfjk ròbt`n ruo` s`ts. N`lfsfjk T`qufr`c`kts Nfbmrbcs “ “ B vfsubo j r`pr`s`ktbtfjk ji th` fkijrcbtfjk, fkijrcbtfjk , akjwo`nm` bkn n`lfsfjk cbafkm fkvjov`n fk ljcpo`x dusfk`ss n`lfsfjk. \ulh nfbmrbcs ljktbfks ji ò`c`kts sulh bs n`lfsfjks, fkput nbtb, dusfk`ss akjwo`nm` cjnòs bkn akjwo`nm` sjurl`s. sjurl`s. Bs pbrt ji nfbmrbcs, sjofn brrjws r`pr`s`kt th` fkijrcbtfjk r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kts ijr b n`lfsfjk wh`r`bs drja`k, nbsh`n, rjukn`n brrjws shjws akjwo`nm` sjurl`s. sjurl`s. ^hfs fs buthjrfty ji b p`rsjk. p`rsjk. \tr`kmths N`lfsfjk cjnòs br` `bsy tj shbr` bkn suppjrt j fcpblt bkboysfs.

Wbm` 282 ji 282 ji 4<=


Cuotfpo` p`rsp`ltfv`s lbk d` shbr`n wh`k b nfbmrbc fs us`n. \fcpofif`s ljcpo`x n`lfsfjks irjc th` prjl`ss. j Boojws ijr rùs` bs ft bssfsts fk cbkbmfkm obrm` j kucd`r ji ruo`s fk n`lfsfjk tbdo`s dy mrjupfkm th`c dy n`lfsfjk. Mjjn cjnòs tj wjra ijr ruo`s dbs`n butjcbtfjk, j cbkubo jr dusfk`ss fktòofm`kl` prje`lts. Ofcftbtfjks Bnns b s`ljkn o`vò nfbmrbc ijr cjnòofkm j prjl`ss`s thbt ljktbfk n`lfsfjks whflh bnns ukk`l`ssbry ljcpo`xfty. Jkoy ofcfts th` ruo`s lbpturfkm n`lfsfjk. j Cby kjt fkvjov` d`hbvfjurbo dusfk`ss ruo`s fk b j strbfmhtijrwbrn ibshfjk. Luts blrjss jrmbkfzbtfjkbo jrmbkfzbtfjkbo djuknbrf`s thbt cba` j th` k`l`ssbry sfmk jii nfiifluot tj t j blhf`v`. j

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=.28 Njluc`kt Bkboysfs Njluc`kt Bkboysfs fs t`lhkfqu` brjukn bss`ssc`kt ji `xfstfkm njluc`kts whflh br` fkt`rpr`t`n tj mfv` c`bkfkm brjukn bk bss`ssc`kt br`b ji fkt`r`st

2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

@oflft dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk fklounfkm ukn`rstbknfkm ukn`rstbknfkm r`qufr`c`kts, `xbcfkfkm bvbfobdo` cbt`rfbos jr `xfstfkm jrmbkfzbtfjkbo jrmbkfzbtfjkbo bss`ts. ➤

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Njluc`kt bkboysfs bkboysfs fs njk` tj mbth`r dblamrjukn fkijrcbtfjk fk jrn`r tj ukn`rstbkn th` ljkt`xt ji dusfk`ss k``n jr tj vbofnbt` hjw b pbrtfluobr sjoutfjk hbs d``k fcpo`c`kt`n. Nbtb Nbtb cfkf km fs km fs bk bpprjblh tj njluc`kt bkboysfs whflh fs us`n tj bkboyz` nbtb fk jrn`r tj n`t`rcfk` pbtt`rks, jppjrtukftf`s bkn ròbt`n lhbkm`s. Dy ukn`rstbknfkm bkn njfkm fk n`pth bkboysfs ji th` cbt`rfbo sulh bs wfn` vbrf`ty ji sjurl` cbt`rfbos, dusfk`ss ruo`s, vbofnbtfjk jk `xfstfkm sjoutfjk bkn fts fcpo`c`ktbtfjk fcpo`c`ktbtfjk fk lurr`kt ijrc wfoo wfoo d` ukn`rstjjn. ukn`rstjjn. ^hfs hòps tj drfnm` th` akjwo`nm` mbps wh`k sude`lt cbtt`r `xp`rts br` kj ojkm`r pr`s`kt jr br` bds`kt nurfkm òflftbtfjk prjl`ss. Wr`pbrbtfjk “ ] “ ]hfo` hfo` bss`ssfkm njluc`kts ijr bkboysfs, dusfk`ss bkboysts ljksfn`r5 wh`th`r jr kjt sjurl` ljkt`kt fs fs m`kufk` m`kufk` bkn bkn j ljkt`kt fs ukn`rstbknbdo` bs wòo bs `bsfoy ljkv`y`n tj stba`hjon`rs st ba`hjon`rs Wbm` 284 ji 284 ji 4<=


nìfkfkm nbtb tj d` cfk`n mrjup`n dy ojmflbo ròbtfjkshfps. Njluc`kt T`vf`w bkn Bkboysfs “ “ ^hfs fkloun`s ljknultfkm b n`tbfo`n r`vf`w ji ljkt`kt bkn bssjlfbt`n kjt`s, fn`ktfiyfkm fi th`r` br` bky ljkioflts jr nupoflbt`s bkn kjtfkm bky mbps fk akjwo`nm` whflh cby k``n tj d` r`vfsft`n bmbfk ijr bnnftfjkbo bnnftfjkbo r`s`brlh. T`ljrn Ifknfkms “ Ljksfn`rbtfjk “ Ljksfn`rbtfjk k``n tj d` mfv`k tj th` fkijrcbtfjk òflft`n thrjumh njluc`kt bkboysfs tj s`` fi th` ljkt`kt bkn o`vò ji n`tbfo fs bpprjprfbt` ijr fkt`kn`n bunf`kl` bkn fi th` cbt`rfbo lbk d` trbksijrc`n fktj bky vfsubo bfns tj fcprjv` ukn`rstbknfkm. \tr`kmths @xfstfkm sjurl` cbt`rfbo cby d` us`n bs dbsfs j ijr bkboysfs bkn kj k`w ljkt`kt k``n tj d` lr`bt`n. @xfstfkm r`sjurl`s lbk d` us`n bs b pjfkt pjfkt ji j rì`r`kl` bmbfkst th` r`suots ji jth`r r`qufr`c`kts òflftbtfjk t`lhkfqu`s. Ifknfkms lbk d` pr`s`kt`n fk ijrcbts thbt p`rcft j `bs` ji r`vf`w bkn r ùs`. Ofcftbtfjks @xfstfkm njluc`ktbtfjk cby d` jut ji nbt` jr j fkvbofn. Buthjrs cby kjt d` bvbfobdo` ijr qu`stfjks. j Wrfcbrfoy hòpiuo jkoy ijr `vboubtfjk ji lurr`kt j stbt` bkn lbk d` v`ry tfc` ljksucfkm fi hbv` tj mj thrjumh wfn` rbkm` ji sjurl`s whflh lbk o`bn tj ljkiusfjk. j

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=.26 @stfcbtfjk @stfcbtfjk fs th` prjl`ss ji fn`ktfiyfkm bkn r`blhfkm tj bk `stfcbt` jr bk bpprjxfcbt` vbou` thbt fs usbdo` ijr sjc` purpjs` irjc bky afkn ji nbtb.

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Ps`n tj ijr`lbst ìijrt bkn ljst fkvjov`n fk pursufkm b ljurs` ji bltfjk. ➤

@stfcbtfjk fs us`n tj suppjrt n`lfsfjk cbafkm dy pr`nfltfkm bttrfdut`s sulh bs5 ljst bkn bkn ìijrt tj pursu` pursu` b ljurs` ljurs` ji bltfjk, j `xp`lt`n sjoutfjk d`kìfts, j prje`lt ljst, j dusfk`ss p`rijrcbkl`, p`rijrcbkl`, j pjt`ktfbo vbou` bktflfpbt`n irjc b sjoutfjk, j Wbm` 28< ji 28< ji 4<=


ljsts ji lr`btfkm bkn jp`rbtfkm b sjoutfjk, pjt`ktfbo rfsa fcpblt j ^h` jutljc` jutljc` ji th` `stfcbtfjks `stfcbtfjks fs sjc`tfc`s sjc`tfc`s `xpr`ss`n `xpr`ss`n bs b sfkmo` kucd`r jr b rbkm` rbkm` hbvfkm cfk bkn cbx vbou` wfth b prjdbdfofty prjdbdfofty ji jllurr`kl`. ^hfs fs nìfk`n bs ljki fn`kl` fkt`rvbo fkt`rvbo . @stfcbtfjk fs bk ft`rbtfv` ft`rbtfv` prjl`ss bkn lbk fkloun` bk bss`ssc`kt ji fts bssjlfbt`n o`vò ji ukl`rtbfkty. ukl`rtbfkty. C`thjns “ C`thjns “ Ljccjk Ljccjk `stfcbtfjk c`thjns fkloun`5 ^jp njwk “ “ `xbcfkfkm ljcpjk`kts bt b hfmh j o`vò fk b hf`rbrlhy. Djttjc up “ “ usfkm ojw`st o`vò ò`c`kt tj j `xbcfk` th` wjra fk n`tbfo bkn succfkm blrjss tj prjvfn` bk jv`rboo `stfcbt`. Wbrbc`trfl @stfcbtfjk “ “ Wbrbc`trfl cjnò ji j ò`c`kt bttrfdut`s d`fkm `stfcbt`n. Tjumh Jrn`r ji Cbmkftun` (TJC) “ (TJC) “ Hfmh Hfmh o`vò j ji `stfcbt` hbvfkm b vbryfkm ljkifn`kl` fkt`rvbo dbs`n jk ofcft`n fkijrcbtfjk. fkijrcbtfjk. Tjoofkm ]bv` “ ]bv` “ T`p`bt`n T`p`bt`n `stfcbt`s thrjumhjut j bk fkftfbtfv` jr prje`lt prjvfnfkm n`tbfo`n `stfcbt`s ijr k`br t`rc bltfvftf`s bkn `xtrbpjobt`n ijr r`cbfkn`r ji th` fkftfbtfv`. Nòphf “ “ Ps`s b ljcdfkbtfjk ji `xp`rt j eunm`c`kt bkn hfstjry. ^h`r` br` s`v`rbo vbrfbtfjks jk thfs prjl`ss, dut th`y boo fkloun` fknfvfnubo `stfcbt`s, shbrfkm th` sbc` wfth `xp`rts bkn hbvfkm s`v`rbo rjukns ji `stfcbtfjk uktfo ljks`ksus fs r`blh`n. Bk bv`rbm` ji thr`` `stfcbt`s fs us`n. W@T^ “ W@T^ “ < < vbou`s br` mfv`k tj `blh ljcpjk`kt ji j th` `stfcbt` “ `stfcbt` “ b) b) Jptfcfstfl dbs`n jk d`st lbs` sl`kbrfj, d) W`ssfcfstfl dbs`n jk wjrst lbs` sl`kbrfj bkn l) Cjst ofaòy vbou`. W@T^ vbou` fs ljcput`n bs b w`fmhtbm` bv`rbm` 3 (Jptfcfstfl + W`ssfcfstfl + (> X cjst ofaòy))/9. Bl lu rbl y ji th ` @st fc bt` “ “ Ft fs b c`bsur` ji ukl`rtbfkty thbt `vboubt`s hjw lojs` bk `stfcbt` fs tj th` bltubo vbou` c`bsur`n obt`r. \hjwk bs rbtfj ji wfnth ji ljkifn`kl` fkt`rvbo tj fts c`bk vbou` bkn th`k `xpr`ss`n bs b %. Fk lbs` lbs` wh`r` oftto` fkijrcbtfjk fs bvbfobdo`, bvbfobdo`, TJC j `stfcbt` fs nòfv`r`n thbt fs hbvfkm hfmh o`vò ji ukl`rtbfkty. Nìfkftfv` `stfcbt` fs cbn` ijr r`bo wjron nbtb. j \ulh `stfcbt`s br` cjr` bllurbt` bkn us`n ijr pr`nfltfkm tfcòfk`s, dunm`ts, `tl. j

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Wbm` 28> ji 28> ji 4<=


Ljcdfkbtfjk ji bdjv` 4 fs cbn` ijr ojt ji fkftfbtfv`s wh`r` TJC fs lboluobt`n ijr k`xt ft`rbtfjk ji wjra bkn nìfkftfv` lboluobt`n ijr r`cbfkn`r ji wjra. \jurl`s ji Fkijrcbtfjk “ “ Ljccjk sjurl`s ji fkijrcbtfjk fkloun`5 Bkboj Bk boj mj us \ft ubt fj ks “ Psfkm “ Psfkm bk ò`c`kt thbt j fs ofa` th` ò`c`kt d`fkm `stfcbt`n. Jrmbkfzbtfjk Jrmbkfzbtfjk Hfstjry “ Hfstjry “ Wr`vfjus Wr`vfjus `xp`rf`kl`s ji j jrmbkfzbtfjk jrmbkfzbtfjk wfth sfcfobr wjra. @xp`rt Eunm `c`kt `c`kt “ “ O`v`rbmfkm O`v`rbmfkm th` akjwo`nm` j ji fknfvfnubos bdjut th` ò`c`kt d`fkm `stfcbt`n. Ft ròf`s jk `xp`rtfs` ji thjs` whj hbv` p`rijrc`n th` wjra fk th` pbst, fkt`rkbo bkn `xt`rkbo tj jrmbkfzbtfjk. jrmbkfzbtfjk. Wr`lfsfjk bkn Tòfbdfofty ji @stfcbt`s “ “ C`bsur` ji bmr``c`kt d`tw``k `stfcbt`s ròbt`s tj pr`lfsfjk ji th` sbc`. O`vò ji bmr``c`kt lbk d` n`t`rcfk`n dy c`bsurfkm th` fcpr`lfsfjk c`trfl sulh bs vbrfbkl`. Tòfbdfofty ji Tòfbdfofty ji bk `stfcbt` fs rìo`lt`n fk vbrfbtfjk j ji `stfcbt`s cbn` dy nfii`r`kt c`thjns ji `stfcbtfkm. Ljktrfdutjrs tj @stfcbt`s “ “ ^h` `stfcbtjrs ji bk ò`c`kt br` ir`qu`ktoy thjs` r`spjksfdo` ijr thbt ò`c`kt. \jc`tfc`s jrmbkfzbtfjk hbs b mrjup thbt p`rijrcs `stfcbtfjk ijr culh ji th` wjra wh`r`bs fk sjc` lbs`s ft cby lboo jk bk `xt`rkbo `xp`rt tj r`vf`w `stfcbt` fi hfmh o`vò ji ljkifn`kl` fs k``n`n. \tr`kmths Wrjvfn`s b rbtfjkbo` rbtfjkbo` ijr bk bssfmk`n dunm`t jr j sfz` ji b s`t ji ò`c`kts. ^`bcs cbafkm lhbkm` wfthjut bky `stfcbt` lbk j d` o`bn tj ukr`bofstfl dunm`t jr slh`nuo` ji wjra. Hbvfkm `stfcbt` `stfcbt` njk` dy t`bc ji fknfvfnubos fknfvfnubos j prjvfn` lojs`r pr`nfltjr ji th` bltubo vbou`. Ppnbtfkm `stfcbt` jv`r wjra lylo` hòps `ksur` j sull`ss bkn fkljrpjrbt`s fkljrpjrbt`s akjwo`nm`. a kjwo`nm`. Ofcftbtfjks Fi jrmbkfzbtfjk jrmbkfzbtfjk jr ojlbo ojlbo akjwo`nm` akjwo`nm` fs kjt kjt th`r`, th`r`, j `stfcbt`s lbk vbry wfnòy irjc bltubo vbou`s. Psbm` ji jk` `stfcbtfjk c`thjn cby o`bn j stba`hjon`rs tj hbv` ukr`bofstfl `xp`ltbtfjks. j

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Wbm` 280 ji 280 ji 4<=


=.47 Ifkbklfbo Bkboysfs Ifkbklfbo Bkboysfs fs b prjl`ss ji `vboubtfkm dusfk`ss, prje`lts bkn ròbt`n ò`c`kts bs wòo bs ifkbkl` ròbt`n `ktftf`s tj n`t`rcfk` th`fr p`rijrcbkl` bkn suftbdfofty.

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Ft fs us`n tj ukn`rstbkn th` ifkbklfbo ifkbklfb o bsp`lts ji bk fkv`stc`kt, sjoutfjk jr sjoutfjk bpprjblh. ➤

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Ifkbklfbo bkboysfs ljksfn`rs tjtbo ljst ji th` lhbkm` bs lhbkm` bs wòo bs tjtbo ljsts ljsts bkn d`kìfts ji usfkm usfkm bkn suppjrtfkm th` sjoutfjk. Ft fs bk bss`ssc`kt ji `xp`lt`n ifkbklfbo vfbdfofty, vfbdfofty, stbdfofty bkn d`kìft r`bofzbtfjk ji bk fkv`stc`kt jptfjk. Ft fs us`n tj cba` sjoutfjk r`ljcc`knbtfj r`ljcc`knbtfjk k ijr bk fkv`stc`kt dbs`n jk bkboysfs ji fkftfbo ljst ljst bkn tfc` tfc` irbc` fk whflh ljsts br` j fklurr`n, `xp`lt`n ifkbklfbo d`kìfts bkn d`kìfts bkn tfc` tj blhf`v` j ft, jkmjfkm ljsts ji ljsts ji usfkm bkn suppjrtfkm sjoutfjk, j rfsas bssjlfbt`n rfsas bssjlfbt`n wfth lhbkm` fkftfbtfv`s, j jkmjfkm rfsas rfsas tj dusfk`ss vbou` ji usfkm thbt j sjoutfjk B ljcpbrfsjk ljcpbrfsjk ji ji ifkbklfbo ifkbklfbo bkboysfs bkboysfs r`suots jk fkv`stc`kt jptfjks fs cbn` tj cba` n`lfsfjks. Fk bnnftfjk, ft bosj hòps hòps tj n`bo wfth wfth ukl`rtbfkty dy bss`ssfkm fi th` r`qufr`n dusfk`ss vbou` wfoo d` nòfv`r`n dy b pbrtfluobr lhbkm` fkftfbtfv`. Fk lbs` ifkbklfbo bkboysfs r`suots shjw thbt fkijrcbtfjk fs kjt suppjrtfkm fkftfbo sjoutfjk r`ljcc`knbtfjk, th`k th` lhbkm` fkftfbtfv` wfoo d` stjpp`n. Ljst ji th ` lhbkm` lhbkm` “ “ Ft Ft fs th` `xp`lt`n ljst ji dufonfkm jr blqufrfkm th` k`w sjoutfjk bkn `xp`lt`n ljsts ji trbksftfjkfkm th` `kt`rprfs` irjc lurr`kt tj iutur` stbt`. ^jtbo Ljst ji Jwk`rshfp (^LJ) “ “ Ft fs th` ljst tj blqufr` jr purlhbs` b sjoutfjk, us` b sjoutfjk, suppjrt th` sjoutfjk ijr b ijr`s``bdo` iutur` ljcdfk`n tj hòp ukn`rstbkn th` pjt`ktfbo vbou` ji th` sjoutfjk. Ybou` T`bofzbtfj T`bofzbtfj k “ Ybou` “ Ybou` r`bofz`n jv`r tfc`, sj lboo`n bs pobkk`n vbou`, ljuon d` `xpr`ss`n bs b lucuobtfv` vbou` jv`r sp`lfifl tfc` p`rfjn. Ljst-D`kìft Bkboysfs “ “ Ft fs th` pr`nfltfjk ji th` `xp`lt`n tjtbo d`kìfts cfkus `xp`lt`n tjtbo ljsts r`suotfkm fk bk `xp`lt`n k`t d`kìft.

Wbm` 289 ji 289 ji 4<=


Bssu Bs su cp tf jk s bdjut th` ibltjrs cbafkm up ljsts bkn d`kìfts shjuon d` stbt`n lo`broy sj thbt d`tt`r pr`nfltfjk lbk d` cbn`. ^fc` p`rfjn shjuon p`rfjn shjuon ojja ibr `kjumh fk iutur` thbt j th` sjoutfjk fs fk iuoo us`, bkn th` pobkk`n vbou` fs d`fkm r`bofz`n. Hòps tj ukn`rstbkn ljsts bkn wh`k `xp`lt`n vbou` shjuon d` r`bofz`n. Ifkbklfbo Lboluobtfjk Lboluobtfjk s “ “ ^h`y hòp tj ukn`rstbkn th` p`rsp`ltfv`s bdjut hjw bkn wh`k nfii`r`kt fkv`stc`kts wfoo nòfv`r vbou`. Ifkbklfbo sjitwbr` fklounfkm spr`bnsh``ts prjvfn` iukltfjks tj ljrr`ltoy p`rijrc th`s` lboluobtfjks. lboluobtfjks. T`turk jk Fkv`stc`kt “ “ Ft fs `xpr`ss`n bs b j p`rl`ktbm` c`bsurfkm th` k`t d`kìfts nfvfn`n dy th` ljst ji th` lhbkm`. Ijrcuob tj lboluobt` lboluobt` TJF fs “ (^jtbo “ (^jtbo d`kìfts “ “ ljst ji fkv`stc`kt) / Ljst ji fkv`stc`kt. fkv`stc`kt. Hfmh`r th` TJF, d`tt`r d`tt`r wfoo d` th` fkv`stc`kt. Nfsljukt Tbt` “ Tbt` “ Ft Ft fs bssuc`n fkt`r`st rbt` us`n j fk pr`s`kt vbou` lboluobtfjks. B obrm`r nfsljukt rbt` fs us`n ijr t fc` p`rfjns cjr` thbk i`w y`brs tj rìo`lt mr`bt`r ukl`rtbfkty bkn rfsa. Wr`s`kt Ybou` “ “ Wr`s`kt nby vbou` fs us`n tj j lboluobt` d`kìfts dy ljcpbrfkm th` ìi`lts ji nfii`r`kt rbt`s bkn tfc` p`rfjns. Ijrcuob tj lboluobt` pr`s`kt vbou`s fs “ fs “ \uc \uc ji (k`t d`kìfts fk thbt p`rfjn / (2 + Nfsljukt Tbt` ijr i jr thbt p`rfjn)) ijr boo p`rfjns ji ji ljst-d`kìft ljst-d`kìft bkboysfs. bkboysfs. Wr`s`kt vbou` fs `xpr`ss`n fk lurr`kly. lurr`kly . Hfmh`r th` pr`s`kt vbou`, mr`bt`r th` tjtbo d`kìft. K`t Wr`s`kt Ybou` (KWY) “ “ Ft fs th` d`kìfts j cfkus th` jrfmfkbo ljst ji fkv`stc`kt. Ft fs `xpr`ss`n fk lurr`kly. lurr`kly. Hfmh`r th` KWY, KWY, d`tt`r d`tt`r th` fkv`stc`kt. Fkt`rkbo Tbt` ji T`turk (FTT) “ FTT “ FTT fs fkt`r`st j rbt` bt whflh bk fkv`stc`kt dr`bas `v`k bkn fs usubooy us`n tj n`t`rcfk` fi th` lhbkm` jr sjoutfjk bpprjblh fs wjrth fkv`stfkm fk. ^h` cfkfcuc thr`shjon bmbfkst whflh FTT fs ljcpbr`n bkn jrmbkfzbtfjk `xp`lts tj `brk irjc fts fkv`stc`kts fs lboo`n hurno` rbt`. rbt`. Fi FTT ? hurno` rbt`, fkv`stc`kt shjuon kjt d` cbn`. Hfmh`r FTT c`bks d`tt`r fkv`stc`kt. fkv`stc`kt. FTT lboluobtfjk dbs`n jk fkt`r`st rbt` bt whflh KWY fs 7 “ 7 “ KWY KWY 3 (-2 X jrfmfkbo fkv`stc`kt) + \uc ji (k`t d`kìft ijr thbt p`rfjn / (2 + FTT) ijr boo p`rfjns) 3 7. j

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Wbm` 28= ji 28= ji 4<=


Wbydbla W`rfjn “ “ Ft prjvfn`s b prje`ltfjk jk tfc` p`rfjn r`qufr`n tj m`k`rbt` `kjumh d`kìfts tj r`ljv`r th` ljst ji th` lhbkm` bkn fs `xpr`ss`n fk y`brs jr y`brs bkn cjkths. \tr`kmths Hòp tj jde`ltfvòy jde`ltfvòy ljcpbr` nfii`r`kt j fkv`stc`kts irjc nfii`r`kt p`rsp`ltfv`s. p`rsp`ltfv`s. Bssucptfjks bkn `stfcbt`s `stfcbt`s dufot fktj d`kìfts d`kìfts j bkn ljsts sj th`y cby d` lhboo`km`n jr bpprjv`n. T`nul`s th` ukl`rtbfkty ji b lhbkm` jr b j sjoutfjk dy fn`ktfiflbtfjk bkn bkboysfs ji ibltjrs fkiou`klfkm fkv`stc`kt. Fi bkythfkm bkythfkm lhbkm`s lhbkm`s nurfkm b lhbkm` lhbkm` fkftfbtfv`, ft j lbk hòp tj r`-`vboubt` th` r`ljcc`kn`n sjoutfjk. Ofcftbtfjks \jc` ljsts bkn d`kìfts br` nfiifluot tj qubktfiy j ifkbklfbooy. Bs ftft fs ijrwbrn ojjafkm, ukl`rtbfkty fs `xp`lt`n j bdjut ljsts bkn d`kìfts. Wjsftfv` ifkbklfbo ifkbklfb o kucd`rs cby mfv` ibos` s`ks` j ji s`lurfty bs kjt boo fkijrcbtfjk cby d` ljv`r`n. j

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Wbm` 288 ji 288 ji 4<=


=.42 Ijlus Mrjups Ijlus mrjup fs b mrjup ji sò`lt`n p`jpo` mbth`r`n tj pbrtflfpbt` fk b pobkk`n nfslussfjk bdjut b pbrtfluobr tjpfl jr br`b ji fkt`r`st.

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Ijlus mrjup fs b c`bks tj òflft fn`bs bkn jpfkfjks bdjut b sp`lfifl prjnult, s`rvfl` jr jppjrtukfty fk bk fkt`rbltfv` mrjup `kvfrjkc`kt. B ijlus mrjup fs ljcpjs`n ljcpjs`n ji pr`-qubofif`n pr`-qubofif`n pbrtflfpbkts whjs` jde`ltfv` fs tj nfsluss bkn ljcc`kt jk b tjpfl wfthfk b ljkt`xt. ➤ B trbfk`n cjn`rbtjr cbkbm`s th` pr`pbrbtfjk ji th` s`ssfjk, hòps bkn bnvfs`s fk sò`ltfkm pbrtflfpbkts bkn iblfoftbt` th` s`ssfjk. s`rv` bs b c`bks tj bss`ss bss`ss lustjc`r ➤ Ft cby bosj s`rv` sbtfsibltfjk wfth sbtfsibltfjk wfth b prjnult jr s`rvfl`. quboftbtfv` r`s`brlh. ➤ B ijlus mrjup fs b ijrc ji quboftbtfv` Nfii`r`kl` d`tw``k Nfii`r`kl` d`tw``k ijlus mrjup bkn mrjup bkn drbfkstjrcfkm fs drbfkstjrcfkm fs thbt ijlus mrjup fs cjr` strultur`n bkn ijlus`n jk pbrtflfpbkt‖s p`rsp`ltfv`s ljkl`rkfkm b sp`lfifl tjpfl bkn ft fs kjt bk fkt`rvf`w s`ssfjk dut rbth`r b nfslussfjk nurfkm whflh i``ndbla fs ljoo`lt`n jk sp`lfifl sude`lt. “ B lo`br jde`ltfv` tj s`t th` ➤ Ijlus Mrjup Jde`ltfv` “ B purpjs` ji th` mrjup. Wobk “ Ft “ Ft `ksur`s thbt boo stba`hjon`rs br` ➤ Ijlus Mrjup Wobk bwbr` bdjut th` purpjs` bkn bmr`` jk `xp`lt`n jutljc`s bkn cba`s sur` thbt s`ssfjk c``ts thjs` jde`ltfv`s. B pobk nìfk`s bltfvftf`s thbt fkloun` purpjs`, ojlbtfjk, ojmfstfls, pbrtflfpbkts, dunm`t, tfcòfk`s bkn jutljc`s. “ B ijlus mrjup hbs typflbooy 9 tj 24 ➤ Wbrtflfpbkts “ btt`kn``s. Fi cjr` pbrtflfpbkts pbrtflfpbkts br` k``n`n, th`k th`k cjr` thbk jk` ijlus mrjup fs r`qufr`n. Mufn` “ B B mufn` prjvfn`n tj cjn`rbtjr wfth ➤ Nfslussfjk Mufn` “ b pr`pbr`n slrfpt ji sp`lfifl qu`stfjks bkn tjpfls ijr nfslussfjk thbt c``ts th` jde`ltfv` ji t h` s`ssfjk. btj r bkn T`ljrn T`lj rn `r “ `r “ Cjn`rbtjr fs bk ➤ Bs sf mk b Cj n`r btjr ukdfbs`n r`pr`s`ktbtfv` ji i``ndbla prjl`ss ijlusfkm jk `kmbmfkm boo pbrtflfpbkts wfth bnbptbdfofty bkn io`xfdfofty. T`ljrn`r tba`s tba`s kjt`s tj `ksur` pbrtflfpbkt‖s pbrtflfpbkt‖s jpfkfjks br` bllurbtòy r`ljrn`n. “ Cjn`rbtjr mufn`s th` ➤ Ljknult th` Ijlus Mrjup “ nfslussfjk bkn r`ljrn`r lbptur`s th` mrjup‖s ljcc`kts. Mr jup p “ “ T`suots ji ijlus mrjup br` ➤ Bi t`r th ` Ijl us Mrju trbkslrfd`n trbkslr fd`n bs sjjk bs s`ssfjk hbs `kn`n. Dusfk`ss ➤

Wbm` 286 ji 286 ji 4<=


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bkboyst ojjas ijr tr`kns fk r`spjks`s bkn lr`bt`s b r`pjrt thbt succbrfz`s th` r`suots. \tr`kmths Bdfofty tj òflft nbtb irjc mrjup ji p`jpo` fk sfkmo` j s`ssfjk. @ii`ltfv` tj o`brk p`jpo`‖s bttftun`s bkn n`sfr`s j Lr`btfjk ji `kvfrjkc`kt `kvfrjkc`kt wh`r` wh`r` pbrtflfpbkts lbk j ljksfn`r th`fr p`rsjkbo vf`w. Jkofk` ijlus mrjup mrjup s`ssfjks s`ssfjks lbk d` r`ljrn`n j `bsfoy bkn poby`n dbla. Ofcftbtfjks Wbrtflfpbkts cby d` ukwfoofkm tj nfsluss s`ksftfv` j tjpfls fk b mrjup s`ttfkm. Nbtb ljoo`lt`n ljoo`lt`n cby kjt d` ljksfst`kt ljksfst`kt wfth hjw hjw j p`jpo` d`hbv`. Fk lbs` ji hjcjm`k`jus mrjup, r`spjks`s cby j kjt hbv` ljcpo`t` s`t ji r`qufr`c`kts. r`qufr`c`kts. B safoo`n cjn`rbtjr fs k``n`n tj cbkbm` thfs. j \jc`tfc`s cby d` hbrn tj slh`nuo` mrjup ijr j sbc` nbt` bkn tfc`. Nfiifluot ijr cjn`rbtjr cjn`rbtjr tj bss`ss bss`ss bttftun`s bttftun`s fk bk j jkofk` ijlus mrjup bs ft ofcft fkt`rbltfjk d`tw``k pbrtflfpbkts. Jk` vjlbo pbrtflfpbkt pbrtflfpbkt lbk ljksuc` ljksuc` iuoo tfc`.

=.44 Iukltfjkbo N`ljcpjsftfjk Iukltfjkbo n`ljcpjsftfjk fs b prjl`ss ji tbafkm b ljcpo`x prjl`ss bkn dr`bafkm njwk fktj scboo`r bkn sfcpo`r pbrts.

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Ft hòps cbkbm` ljcpo`xfty bkn r`nul` ukl`rtbfkty ukl`rtbfkt y dy dr`bafkm njwk prjl`ss`s, syst`cs jr nòfv`rbdo`s fktj sfcpo`r ljkstftu`kt pbrts bkn boojwfkm `blh pbrt tj d` bkboyz`n fkn`p`kn`ktoy. ➤

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Iukltfjkbo n`ljcpjsftfjk n`ljcpjsftfjk bpprjblh`s th` bkboysfs ji ljcpo`x syst`cs bkn ljkl`pts dy ljksfn`rfkm th`c bs b s`t ji ljoobdjrbtfkm jr ròbt`n iukltfjks, ìi`lts bkn ljcpjk`kts. ^h` fsjobtfjk fsjobtfjk ji ljcpjk`kts ljcpjk`kts hòp tj r`nul` ljcpo`xfty ljcpo`xfty bkn boojws slbofkm, trblafkm bkn `stfcbtfkm th` wjra ìijrt ijr `blh ji th`c. Ft bosj hòps tj `vboubt` `blh sud ljcpjk`kt‖s sull`ss dy ròbtfkm ft tj jth`r obrm`r obrm`r jr scboo`r ljcpj ljcpjk`kts. k`kts. Bky sud ljcpjk`kt lbk hbv` jkoy jk` pbr`kt ljcpjk`kt wh`k n`vòjpfkm th` iukltfjkbo hf`rbrlhy. Wbm` 267 ji 267 ji 4<=


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N`ljcpjs N`ljcpjs ftfjk Jde`ltfv`s “ Jde`ltfv`s “ ^h`y ^h`y nrfv` th` prjl`ss ji n`ljcpjsftfjk, bkn nìfk` whbt tj n`ljcpjs`, hjw tj nj ft bkn tj whbt whbt n`pth ft k``ns tj d` njk`. Jde`ltfv`s fkloun` c`bsurfkm, cbkbmfkm, n`sfmkfkm, bkboyzfkm, `stfcbtfkm bkn ijr`lbstfkm, rùsfkm, jptfcfzfkm, sudstftutfkm bkn `klbpsuobtfkm th` prjdo`c br`b. \ude`lts ji N`ljcpjsftfjk “ “ Iukltfjkbo n`ljcpjsftfjk bppof`s tj wfn` vbrf`ty ji sude`lts ofa` dusfk`ss jutljc`s, wjra tj d` njk`, dusfk`ss prjl`ss, iukltfjks, dusfk`ss ukfts, sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kts, bltfvftf`s, prjnults bkn s`rvfl`s bs wòo bs n`lfsfjks. O`vò ji N`ljcpjsftfjk “ “ ^h` jde`ltfv` ji n`ljcpjsftfjk fs tj hbv` ukn`rstbknfkm bkn n`tbfos tj prjl``n bs wòo bs bppoy th` r`suots ji n`ljcpjsftfjk fk `x`lutfjk ji jth`r jth`r tbsas. ^h`rìjr` th` o`vò ji n`ljcpjsftfjk hòps fk nìfkfkm wh`r` tj stjp fk jrn`r tj blhf`v` bdjv` jde`ltfv`. T`pr`s`ktbtfjk ji N`ljcpjsftfjk T`suots “ Nfbmrbccfkm t`lhkfqu`s thbt lbk d` us`n tj r`pr`s`kt iukltfjkbo n`ljcpjsftfjk fkloun`s tr`` nfbmrbcs, k`st`n nfbmrbcs, us` lbs` nfbmrbcs, iojw nfbmrbcs, stbt` trbksftfjk nfbmrbcs, lbus`-ìi`lt nfbmrbcs, n`lfsfjk tr``s, cfkn cbps, ljcpjk`kt nfbmrbcs bkn n`lfsfjk cjnòs/kjtbtfjks. \tr`kmths Cba`s ljcpo`x `kn`bvjurs dy dr`bafkm njwk j fktj i`bsfdo` pbrts. Wrjvfn`s b strultur`n bpprjblh tj dufon j ukn`rstbknfkm ukn`rstbknfkm ji ljcpo`x cbtt`rs. \fcpofif`s c`bsur`c`kt c`bsur`c`kt bkn bkn `stfcbtfjk ji wjra j fkvjov`n. Ofcftbtfjks Cfssfkm jr fkljrr`lt fkijrcbtfjk cby lbus` b j k``n tj r`vfs` th` r`suots. Cbky syst`cs lbkkjt lbkkjt d` iuooy r`pr`s`kt`n dy j sfcpo` ròbtfjkshfps. @xpojrfkm boo n`ljcpjsftfjks n`ljcpjsftfj ks ljuon d` j lhboo`kmfkm bkn tfc` ljksucfkm tbsa. Fkvjov`s n``p akjwo`nm` ji sude`lt bkn j ljoobdjrbtfjk wfth stba`hjon`rs ijr ìi`ltfv` n`ljcpjsftfjk.

=.4< Mojssbry Mojssbry rì`rs tj bk bophbd`tflbo ofst ji t`rcs fk b pbrtfluobr br`b ji akjwo`nm` wfth th` nìfkftfjks ijr thjs` t`rcs. Wbm` 262 ji 262 ji 4<=


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B mojssbry nìfk`s a`y t`rcs rò`vbkt tj dusfk`ss njcbfk. Mojssbrf`s prjvfn` prjvfn` b ofst ji ji t`rcs bkn ròbt`n nìfkftfjks nìfkftfjks fk ijrc ji ljccjk obkmubm` thbt lbk d` us`n tj ljccukflbt` bkn `xlhbkm` fn`bs. ➤ Ft fs jrmbkfz`n bkn ljktfkujusoy bll`ssfdo` tj boo stba`hjon`rs. ofst ji t`rcs wfth wfth nìfkftfjks bkn ròbt`n ròbt`n ➤ B mojssbry fs b ofst ljccjk sykjkycs. B t`rc fs fkloun`n fk th` mojssbry wh`k5 b t`rc fs ukfqu` tj b njcbfk, j th`r` br` cuotfpo` nìfkftfjks ijr th` t`rc, j nìfkftfjks fcpof`n fs jutsfn` ji t`rc‖s ljccjk j us`, th`r` fs r`bsjkbdo` lhbkm` ji cfsukn`rstbknfkm cfsukn`rst bknfkm j ➤ Mojssbry lr`btfjk shjuon tba` pobl` fk `broy stbm`s ji b prje`lt fk jrn`r tj iblfoftbt` akjwo`nm` trbksi`r bkn ukn`rstbknfkm. r`spjksfdo` ijr cbfkt`kbkl` cbfkt`kbkl` bkn ➤ B pjfkt ji ljktblt r`spjksfdo` nfstrfdutfjk ji th` mojssbry fs fn`ktfif`n. n`vòjpfkm b mojssbry mojssbry nìfkftfjks nìfkftfjks shjuon shjuon d` d` lo`br, ➤ ]h`k n`vòjpfkm ljklfs` bkn drfì, blrjkycs shjuon d` spòo`n jut, bll`ss shjuon d` bvbfobdo` `bsfoy bkn `nftfkm ji mojssbry shjuon d` ofcft`n tj sp`lfifl stba`hjon`rs. ➤ \tr`kmths Wrjcjt`s ljccjk ukn`rstbknfkm ji th` j dusfk`ss njcbfk bkn d`tt`r ljccukflbtfjk. Lbpturfkm nìfkftfjks prjvfn`s prjvfn`s b sfkmo` rì`r`kl` j bkn `kljurbm`s ljksfst`kly. \fcpofif`s wrftfkm bkn cbfkt`kbkl` ji dusfk`ss dusfk`ss j bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk. ➤ Ofcftbtfjks B mojssbry r`qufr`s bk jwk`r tj p`rijrc tfcòy j cbfkt`kbkl`. Ft cby d` lhboo`kmfkm lhboo`kmfkm ijr nfii`r`kt nfii`r`kt stba`hjon`rs j tj bmr`` jk b sfkmo` nìfkftfjk ijr b t`rc. ➤

Wbm` 264 ji 264 ji 4<=


=.4> Fkt`ribl` Bkboysfs Fkt`ribl` Bkboysfs fs b t`lhkfqu` boojwfkm bk fknfvfnubo tj nìfk` th` r`qufr`c`kt jk hjw sjoutfjk bkn fts ljcpjk`kts fkt`rblt fkt`rblt wfth `blh jth`r bs wòo bs wfth jutsfn` wjron.

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Fkt`ribl` bkboysfs fs us`n tj fn`ktfiy wh`r`, whbt, why, wh`k, hjw bkn ijr whjc fkijrcbtfjk fs `xlhbkm`n d`tw``k sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kts. Bk fkt`ribl` fkt`ribl` fs b ljkk`ltfjk ljkk`ltfjk d`tw``k twj ljcpjk`kts ljcpjk`kts jr sjoutfjks. Fkt`ribl` typ`s fkloun`5 fkloun`5 us`r fkt`ribl`s fklounfkm hucbk us`rs, j p`jpo` `xt`rkbo tj sjoutfjk, j dusfk`ss prjl`ss`s, j nbtb fkt`ribl`s d`tw``k syst`cs, j bppoflbtfjk prjmrbccfkm fkt`ribl`s, fkt`ribl `s, j bky hbrnwbr` n`vfl`s j bkboysfs nìfk`s bkn lobrfif`s whj wfoo d` ➤ Fkt`ribl` bkboysfs ljksuc`r ijr th` fkt`ribl`, whbt fkijrcbtfjk fs d`fkm `xlhbkm`n thrjumh th` fkt`ribl`, wh`k fkijrcbtfjk wfoo d` `xlhbkm`n, wh`r` th` `xlhbkm` wfoo jllur, purpjs` ji th` fkt`ribl` bkn bpprjblh ji fcpo`c`ktbtfjk ji fkt`ribl`. ➤ @broy fn`ktfiflbtfjk ji fkt`ribl`s hòps fk n`lfnfkm iukltfjkbo ljv`rbm` ljv`rbm` tj c``t k``ns bkn whflh stba`hjon`rs stba`hjon`rs wfoo d`kìft irjc vbrfjus ljcpjk`kts ji th` sjoutfjk. “ B ljkt`xt nfbmrbc lbk ➤ Wr`pbr` ijr Fn`ktfiflbtfjk “ r`v`bo hfmh o`vò fkt`ribl`s d`tw``k nfii`r`kt pbrts ji sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kts. T`suots ji ji bkboysfs bkboysfs shjws shjws th` ir`qu`kly ji usbm` ji fkt`ribl`s bkn bky a`y fssu`s thbt k``n tj d` r`sjov`n fk jrn`r ijr sjoutfjk tj d` lr`bt`n. “ Fkt`ribl`s br` ➤ Ljknult Fkt`ribl` Fn`ktfiflbtfjk “ fn`ktfif`n whflh br` k``n`n fk iutur` stbt` ijr `blh stba`hjon`r jr syst`c thbt fkt`rblts wfth th` syst`c. Dusfk`ss bkboyst n`slrfd`s th` iukltfjks ji fkt`ribl`, bss`ss th` ir`qu`kly ji th` fkt`ribl` usbm`, `vboubt` whflh typ` ji fkt`ribl` cby d` bpprjprfbt` bkn òflft fkftfbo n`tbfos bdjut fkt`ribl`. Fkt`ribl`s “ T`qufr`c`kts T`qufr`c`kts br` prfcbrfoy ijlus`n ➤ Nìfk` Fkt`ribl`s “ jk n`slrfdfkm th` fkputs fkputs tj bkn jutputs jutputs irjc thbt fkt`ribl`, bky vbofnbtfjk ruo`s thbt ruo`s thbt mjv`rk thjs` fkputs bkn jutputs, bkn `v`kts thbt cfmht trfmm`r fkt`rbltfjks. Fkt`ribl` nìfk`s us`r wjraiojw d`tw``k j sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kts bkn cbkbm`c`kt jde`ltfv`s ijr th` fkt`ribl`. ➤

Wbm` 26< ji 26< ji 4<=


Fkt`ribl` nìfkftfjk fkloun`s kbc` ijr ft, ljv`rbm` jr spbk ji th` fkt`ribl`, `xlhbkm` c`thjn d`tw``k twj `ktftf`s, c`ssbm` ijrcbt bkn `xlhbkm` ir`qu`kly. \tr`kmths Fklr`bs`n Fklr`bs `n iukltfjkbo iukltfjkb o ljv`rbm` fs prjvfn`n dy j `broy bkboysfs ji fkt`ribl`s. sp`lfiflbtfjk ji fkt`ribl`s prjvfn` b j Lo`br strultur`n c`bks ji boojlbtfkm r`qufr`c`kts, dusfk`ss ruo`s bkn ljkstrbfkts tj sjoutfjk. Bvjfns jv`r bkboysfs bkboysfs ji ifk` n`tbfo nu` tj drjbn j bppoflbtfjk ji sbc`. Ofcftbtfjks Kjt culh fksfmht prjvfn`n fk jth`r jth`r bsp`lts bsp`lts ji j sjoutfjk bs fkt`rkbo ljcpjk`kts br` kjt tjulh`n bs pbrt ji bkboysfs. j

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=.40 Fkt`rvf`ws Fkt`rvf`w fs b t`lhkfqu` ji ijrcbo c``tfkm d`tw``k twj p`jpo` wh`r` qu`stfjks br` bsa`n jk bk br`b fk jrn`r tj jdtbfk rò`vbkt fkijrcbtfjk bdjut th` sbc`.

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Bk fkt`rvf`w fs b syst`cbtfl bpprjblh n`sfmk`n tj òflft dusfk`ss bkboysfs bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk irjc b p`rsjk jr mrjup ji p`jpo` dy tboafkm tj fkt`rvf`w``s, bsafkm rò`vbkt qu`stfjks bkn njluc`ktfkm th` r`spjks`s. Ft fs us`n ijr `stbdofshfkm ròbtfjkshfps, dufonfkm trust, fklr`bs` stba`hjon`r fkvjov`c`kt jr dufon suppjrt ijr b prjpjs`n sjoutfjk. Ft fs b ljccjk ljccjk t`lhkfqu` tj òflft òflft r`qufr`c`kts. r`qufr`c`kts. ➤ Jk`-jk-jk` fkt`rvf`ws br` cjst ljccjk wh`r`bs fkt`rvf`w`r lbk bosj ljknult b mrjup fkt`rvf`w wh`r` ft fs v`ry fcpjrtbkt tj lbrìuooy òflft r`spjks`s irjc `blh pbrtflfpbkt. typ`s ji fkt`rvf`ws fkt`rvf`ws us`n tj òflft dusfk`ss dusfk`ss ➤ ^wj dbsfl typ`s bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk5 \trultur`n Fkt`rvf`w “ “ Fkt`rvf`w`r hbs j pr`nìfk`n s`t ji q u`stfjks. Pkstrultur`n Fkt`rvf`w “ “ Kj pr`n`t`rcfk`n j ijrcbt bkn qu`stfjks cby vbry dbs`n jk fkt`rvf`w`` r`spjks` bkn fkt`rbltfjks. fkt`rvf`wfkm n`p`kns n`p`kns jk jk ibltjrs ibltjrs sulh bs5 ➤ \ull`ssiuo fkt`rvf`wfkm ji ukn`rstbknfkm ji th` njcbfk dy j o`vò fkt`rvf`w`r, `xp`rf`kl` ji ji th` fkt`rvf`w`r fk fk ljknultfkm j fkt`rvf`ws, ➤

Wbm` 26> ji 26> ji 4<=


safoo ji fkt`rvf`w`r fk njluc`ktfkm nfslussfjks, nfslussfjks, r`bnfk`ss ji th` fkt`rvf`w`` tj prjvfn` j fkijrcbtfjk rò`vbkt tj tjpfl, n`mr`` ji lobrfty fk fkt`rvf`w``‖s cfkn bdjut mjbo j ji fkt`rvf`w rbppjrt ji fkt`rvf`w`r fkt`rvf`w`r wfth th` fkt`rvf`w`` fkt`rvf`w`` j Fkt`rvf`w Mjbo “ “ Jv`rboo purpjs` ji ljknultfkm fkt`rvf`ws cust d` lo`br bkn ijlus jk fknfvfnubo mjbos ijr `blh fkt`rvf`w thbt bk fkt`rvf`w`` lbk prjvfn` cust d` lo`broy `xpr`ss`n bkn ljccukflbt`n. Wjt`ktfbo Fkt`rvf`w``s “ “ Dbs`n jk mjbos, prje`lt cbkbm`r, prje`lt spjksjrs bkn jth`r stba`hjon`rs lbk hòp tj fn`ktfiy pjt`ktfbo fkt`rvf`w``s. fkt`rvf`w``s. Fkt`rvf`w Ru`stfjks “ Jp`k `kn`n qu`stfjks `kn`n qu`stfjks lbk d` us`n tj òflft r`qufr`c`kts fk ijrc ji b nfbojmu` bkn lbkkjt d` bksw`r`n fk y`s/kj y`s/kj ibshfjk. ^hfs hòps hòps tj ukljv`r fkijrcbtfjk bdjut thjs` br`bs whflh br` kjt akjwk. Lojs`n `kn`n `kn`n qu`stfjks br` us`n tj òflft j r`spjks` fk ijrc ji y`s, kj jr sp`lfifl kucd`r. Ft lbk d` us`n tj lobrfiy jr ljkifrc b pr`vfjus bksw`r. Fkt`rvf`w qu`stfjks br` jit`k jrmbkfz`n jrmbkfz`n dbs`n j jk prfjrfty prfjrfty bkn sfmkfiflbkl` sfmkfiflbkl` bs wòo lbk d` ljcpfo`n fk bk fkt`rvf`w mufn` wh`r` fkt`rvf`w``‖s fkt`rvf`w``‖s r`spjks`s br` `bsfoy r`ljrn`n. Fkt`rvf`w Ojmfstfls “ @ksurfkm “ @ksurfkm b sull`ssiuo fkt`rvf`w r`qufr`s btt`ktfjk tj ojmfstfls thbt fkloun` ojlbtfjk ji fkt`rvf`w, wh`th`r jr kjt tj r`ljrn fkt`rvf`w, r`ljrn fkt`rvf`w, wh`th`r jr kjt s`knfkm qu`stfjks qu`stfjks tj fkt`rvf`w`` fk bnvbkl` bkn hjw th` r`suots wfoo d` succbrfz`n tj succbrfz`n tj bvjfn fn`ktfiyfkm fknfvfnubo fkt`rvf`w``s wh`k th` r`suots br` tj d` a`pt ljkifn`ktfbo. Fkt`rvf`w Iojw “ “ Jp`kfkm th` fkt`rvf`w fkloun`s n`slrfdfkm th` purpjs` purpjs` ji fkt`rvf`w, ljkifrcfkm th` fkt`rvf`w``‖s rjo`s, rjo`s , `xpobfkfkm hjw th` fkijrcbtfjk wfoo d` r`ljrn`n bkn shbr`n. ^h` fkt`rvf`w`r fkt`rvf`w`r cbfktbfks ijlus ijlus jk `stbdofsh`n j mjbos bkn pr`nìfk`n qu`stfjks, ljksfn`rs th` wfoofkmk`ss ji fkt`rvf`w``s tj pbrtflfpbt`, cbkbm`s ljkl`rk rbfs`n bkn brrbkm`s ijr th`fr ijoojw up, bltfvòy ofst`ks bkn v`rfif`n fkijrcbtfjk prjvfn`n bkn tba`s kjt`s jr r`ljrn fkt`rvf`ws wh`r`v`r k``n`n. Lojsfkm Lojsfkm fkt`rvf`ws fkloun`s bsafkm th` j fkt`rvf`w``s ijr jv`rojja`n br`bs, prjvfnfkm ljktblt fkijrcbtfjk tj ijoojw up, succbrfzfkm succbrfzfkm th` j

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Wbm` 260 ji 260 ji 4<=


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s`ssfjk, jutofkfkm th` prjl`ss jk usbm` ji fkt`rvf`w r`suots bkn thbkafkm fkt`rvf`w``s ijr th`fr tfc`. Fkt`rvf`w Ijoojw -Pp -Pp “ Ft “ Ft fs fcpjrtbkt ijr fkt`rvf`w`r tj jrmbkfz` fkijrcbtfjk bkn ljkifrc r`suots wfth fkt`rvf`w``s tj pjfkt jut bky cfss`n jr fkljrr`ltoy r`ljrn`n ft`cs. \tr`kmths \fcpo` nfr`lt t`lhkfqu` thbt `kljurbm`s j pbrtflfpbtfjk dy bkn `stbdofsh`s rbppjrt wfth stba`hjon`rs. @kbdo`s jds`rvbtfjk jds`rvbtf jk ji kjk-v`rdbo d`hbvfjur. j Fkt`rvf`w`r lbk bsa bsa ijoojw up bkn bkn prjdfkm j qu`stfjks tj ljkifrc th`fr ukn`rstbknfkm. ukn`rstbknfkm. Cbfktbfks ijlus thrjumh usbm` ji lo`br j jde`ltfv`s ijr th` fkt`rvf`w bkn boojws fkt`rvf`w``s tj `xpr`ss jpfkfjks fk prfvbt`. Ofcftbtfjks ^rbfkfkm bs wòo bs sfmkfiflbkt tfc` fs r`qufr`n tj j pobk bkn ljknult ìi`ltfv` fkt`rvf`ws. T`qufr`s ljksfn`rbdo` ljccftc`kt bkn j fkvjov`c`kt fkvjov`c`kt ji pbrtflfpbkts. T`suotfkm njluc`ktbtfjk cby d` sude`lt tj j fkt`rvf`w`r‖s fkt`rpr`tbtfjk dbs`n jk o`vò ji lobrfty. fs b rfsa ji ukfkt`ktfjkbooy o`bnfkm j ^h`r` fkt`rvf`w``.

=.49 Ft`c ^rblafkm Ft`c ^rblafkm fs b t`lhkfqu` ji trblafkm th` ft`cs fn`ktfif`n bs pbrt ji nfslussfjk tj b lojsur`.

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Ft`c trblafkm fs us`n tj lbptur` bkn bssfmk r`spjksfdfofty r`spjksfdfoft y ijr fssu`s bkn stba`hjon`r ljkl`rks thbt pjs` bk fcpblt tj th` sjoutfjk. ➤ ➤ ➤

Ft fs bk jrmbkfz`n bpprjblh tj bnnr`ss stba`hjon`r ljkl`rks. Yfbdfofty ji stba`hjon`r ljkl`rk fs lh`la`n wh`k ft fs fkftfbooy rbfs`n. Ft`c trblafkm trblas trblas th` ft`c irjc irjc fkftfbo r`ljrnfkm r`ljrnfkm ji fn`ktfif`n ljkl`rk tfoo lojsur` ji th` sbc` fklounfkm fts n`mr`` ji fcpblt. ^hrjumhjut th` ofi`lylo`, ofi`lylo`, ft`c trblafkm r`ljrn fs bssfmk`n tj jk` jr cjr` stba`hjon`r bkn fs shbr`n wfth boo stba`hjon`rs tj `ksur` trbkspbr`kly, vfsfdfofty fktj th` stbtus bkn prjmr`ss ji ft`cs fk r`ljrn. Wbm` 269 ji 269 ji 4<=


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Ft`c T`ljrn “ T`ljrn “ @blh @blh r`ljrn ft`c cby ljktbfk boo jr bky ji th` bttrfdut`s ijr ft`c trblafkm. ^h`s` bttrfdut`s bttrfdut`s br` ft`c fn`ktfif`r, succbry, lbt`mjry, typ`, nbt` fn`ktfif`n, fn`ktfif`n dy, fcpblt, prfjrfty, r`sjoutfjk nbt`, jwk`r, r`sjov`r, bmr``n strbt`my, stbtus, r`sjoutfjk upnbt`s bkn `slbobtfjk cbtrfx. ^h`s` bttrfdut`s br` usubooy bvbfobdo` fk ijrcbt ji b ijrc wfthfk tjjo wh`r` ft`cs lbk d` r`ljrn`n. Mjjn `xbcpo`s ji `xbcpo`s ji sulh tjjos br` EFTB irjc Btobssfbk, HW‖s Rubofty Rubofty l`ktr`. Ft`c Cbkbm`c`kt “ “ Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo prjl`ss`s bkn stba`hjon`r k``ns nrfv` r`sjoutfjk ji `blh bkn `v`ry ft`c. ]h`k n`p`kn`klf`s br` fn`ktfif`n, r`sjoutfjk ìijrts k``n kjt d` nupoflbt`n bkn shjuon prjmr`ss fk ljjrnfkbtfjk. C`trfls “ C`trfls “ A`y A`y p`rijrcbkl` fknflbtjrs br` fn`ktfif`n bkn us`n tj r`sjov` th` ft`cs trbla`n. Dy r`vf`wfkm th` jutput, stba`hjon`rs lbk n`t`rcfk` hjw wòo ft`cs br` m`ttfkm r`sjov`n dy prjp`r r`sjurl`s, fkftfbtfv` fs prjmr`ssfkm bkn ft`c trblafkm prjl`ss fs d`fkm utfofz`n. \tr`kmths @ksur`s ljkl`rks brjukn r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kt s r`sjov`n j tj stba`hjon`r‖s sbtfsibltfjk. Boojw stba`hjon`rs tj rbka rbka th` fcpjrtbkl` ji j jutstbknfkm ft`cs. Ofcftbtfjks \jc`tfc`s th` r`ljrnfkm ji nbtb cby jutw`fmh j bltubo d`kìfts thbt ljuon d` r`bofz`n. ^fc` fs sp`kt jk thfs whflh ljuon d` us`n j sjc`wh`r` òs` fk d`tt`r ìijrts.

=.4= O`ssjks O`brk`n O`ssjks O`brk`n t`lhkfqu` fs bltubooy b i``ndbla ojjp ijr ifknfkm jut fcprjv`c`kts brjukn ljkl`rk`n br`bs.

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Cbfk purpjs` ji o`ssjks o`brk`n prjl`ss fs tj ljcpfo` bkn njluc`kt sull`ss`s, jppjrtukftf`s ijr fcprjv`c`kts, ibfour`s bkn r`ljcc`knbtfjks ijr iutur` prje`lts. B o`ssjks o`brk`n s`ssfjk whflh fs bosj akjwk bs r`trjsp`ltfv` hòps fn`ktfiy lhbkm`s tj dusfk`ss bkboysfs prjl`ss bkn nòfv`rbdo`s jr sull`ss`s whflh lbk d` fkljrpjrbt`n fktj iutur` wjra. ijrcbo iblfoftbt`n ➤ ^h`s` s`ssfjks ljuon d` `fth`r ijrcbo c``tfkms wfth s`t bm`knbs bkn c``tfkm rjo`s jr fkijrcbo wjrafkm fkijrcbo wjrafkm s`ssfjks. ➤

Wbm` 26= ji 26= ji 4<=


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Ijrcbo Ijrcbo s`ssfjks br` ljknult`n fk ijrc ji sprfkt r`trjsp`ltfv` tjwbrns `kn ji `blh ft`rbtfjk fk bmfo` c`thjnjojmy wh`r` t`bcs vfsft th`fr prjl`ss`s, t`lhkjojmy us`n, bpprjblh d`fkm ijoojw`n, ljccukflbtfjk bs wòo bs ljoobdjrbtfjk strbt`my bkn try tj ifkn jut jut fcprjv`c`kts fcprjv`c`kts fk ljkl`rk`n ljkl`rk`n br`bs. br`bs. ^hfs fs cbkbm`n bkn n`lfn`n cutubooy dy boo t`bc c`cd`rs. Ft fs jk` ji th` d`st i``ndbla ojjp c`lhbkfsc ijr bmfo` t`bc. Fkijrcbo Fkijrcbo s`ssfjks lbk d` ljknult`n bt bky tfc` jr bt bky lh`lapjfkt wfthfk \NOL c`thjnjojmy. c`thjnjojmy. \`ssfjks lbk fkloun` b r`vf`w ji dusfk`ss bkboysfs bltfvftf`s, ifkbo sjoutfjk jr s`rvfl` jr prjnult, butjcbtfjk jr t`lhkjojmy thbt wbs fktrjnul`n jr òfcfkbt`n, fcpblt tj jrmbkfzbtfjkbo prjl`ss, p`rijrcbkl` `xp`ltbtfjks, pjsftfv` jr k`mbtfv` vbrfbkl`s, rjjt lbus`s fcpbltfkm p`rijrcbkl` r`suots bkn r`ljcc`knbtfjks ijr bpprjblh`s. \tr`kmths Psìuo fk fn`ktfiyfkm fn`ktfiyfk m jppjrtukftf`s jppjrtukft f`s bkn bssfst fk j dufonfkm t`bc cjrbo` bit`r b nfiifluot p`rfjn. T`fkijrl`s pjsftfv` `xp`rf`kl`s bkn sull`ss`s. j T`nul`s rfsas rfsas ijr iutur` bkn bkn prjvfn` prjvfn` tbkmfdo` tbkmfdo` j vbou` jr c`trfls. T`ljmkfz`s str`kmths str`kmths jr shjrtljcfkms wfth wfth j prje`lt strultur` jr tjjos thbt w`r` us`n. Ofcftbtfjks Hjk`st nfslussfjk cby kjt jllur jllur fi pbrtflfpbkts j try tj dobc` `blh jth`r. Wbrtflfpbkts cby kjt d` r`bny tj nfsluss nfsluss j prjdo`cs bkn bs b r`suot b prjbltfv` iblfoftbtjr cby d` r`qufr`n tj a``p nfslussfjk jk trbla.

Wbm` 268 ji 268 ji 4<=


=.48 C`trfls bkn A`y W`rijrcbkl` Fknflbtjrs (AWFs) C`trfls bkn A`y W`rijrcbkl` Fknflbtjrs (AWFs) rì`r tj b c`bsur`c`kt vbou` bkn ròbt`n c`trfl whflh n`cjkstrbt`s hjw ìi`ltfvòy b ljcpbky fs blhf`vfkm a`y dusfk`ss jde`ltfv`s. jde`ltfv`s.

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^hfs t`lhkfqu` fs usìuo tj c`bsur` th` p`rijrcbkl` p`rijrcbkl ` ji sjoutfjks bkn ròbt`n ljcpjk`kts. ➤

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B c`trfl fs qubktfi fbdo` o`vò ji bk fknflbtjr tj c`bsur` c`trfl fs b qubktfifbdo` prjmr`ss. @xbcpo` ji @xbcpo` ji b c`trfl fs bs ijoojws5 \uppjs` w` br` trblafkm cjkthoy sbo`s jv`r 9 j cjkth‖s p`rfjn d`tw``k Euoy 472= bkn Ebkubry 4728. ^jtbo cjkthoy sbo`s ijr =/2= “ 2/28 “ 2/28 fs jur c`trfl. Bk fknflbtjr fn`ktfif`s fn`ktfif`s b sp`lfifl kuc`rfl c`bsur`c`kt thbt r`pr`s`kts th` n`mr`` ji prjmr`ss tjwbrns blhf`vfkm b mjbo. @xbcpo` fs @xbcpo` fs bs ijoojws5 Ljktfkufkm jk bdjv` `xbcpo`, b prjp`r fknflbtjr j ji p`rijrcbkl` ljuon d` ‘^jtbo cjkthoy sbo`s tj dunm`t ijr =/2= “ =/2= “ 2 2/28‖ /28‖ B a`y p`rijrcbkl` fknflbtjr fs jk` thbt c`bsur`s prjmr`ss tjwbrns b strbt`mfl mjbo. @xbcpo` @xbcpo` ji thfs fs ‘^j fklr`bs` cjkthoy sbo`s dy 47%‖. C`trfls bkn r`pjrtfkm r`pjrtfkm br` a`y ljcpjk`kts ljcpjk`kts ji cjkftjrfkm bkn `vboubtfjk. Cjkftjrfkm fs b ljktfkujus prjl`ss ji ji nbtb ljoo`ltfjk us`n tj n`t`rcfk` hjw wòo b sjoutfjk thbt fs fcpo`c`kt`n fs cbtlhfkm th` `xp`lt`n r`suots. @vboubtfjk fs @vboubtfjk fs b syst`cbtfl bkn jde`ltfv` bss`ssc`kt ji b sjoutfjk djth tj n`t`rcfk` fts stbtus bkn ìi`ltfv`k`ss fk c``tfkm jde`ltfv`s jv`r tfc` bkn fn`ktfiy wbys tj fcprjv` th` sjoutfjk tj c``t jde`ltfv`s. ^jp cjst prfjrftf`s prfjrftf`s ijr `vboubtfjk bkn cjkftjrfkm syst`c br` fkt`kn`n mjbos, fkputs, jutputs bkn ròbt`n bltfvftf`s. Fknflbtjrs “ “ Bk fknflbtjr nfspobys r`suot ji bkboyzfkm jk` jr cjr` sp`lfifl c`bsur`s ijr bnnr`ssfkm b ljkl`rk bdjut b k``n, vbou` fk b tbdo` jr mrbphflbo ijrc. B mjjn fknflbtjr hbs sfx lhbrblt`rfstfls5 lhbrblt`rfstfls5 j Lo`br “ “ Wr`lfs` bkn ukbcdfmujus. ▥ Ljktfkufkm jk bdjv` `xbcpo`, ‘cjkthoy sbo`s‖ fs lo`br bs bk fknflbtjr. Tò`vbkt “ “ Bpprjprfbt` tj ljkl`rk. ▥ Cjkthoy sbo`s fs rò`vbkt tj th` sbo`s t`bc bs bk fknflbtjr. @ljkjcflbo “ “ Kjt ljstoy tj jdtbfk. ▥ Cjkthoy sbo`s lbk d` lboluobt`n dbs`n jk `xtrbltfjk ji sbo`s r`pjrt irjc b tjjo.

Wbm` 266 ji 266 ji 4<=


Bn`qu Bn `qubt` bt` “ “ Wrjvfn`s Wrjvfn`s b suiiflf`kt dbsfs tj bss`ss p`rijrcbkl`. Cjkthoy sbo`s fs bn`qubt` tj ukn`rstbkn `xfstfkm sbo`s tbrm`t bkn n`t`rcfk` th` sbc` ijr iutur`. Rubktfifbdo` “ Fkn`p`kn`ktoy “ Fkn`p`kn`ktoy vbofnbt`n. ▥ Cjkthoy sbo`s lbk d` qubktfif`n bmbfkst b tbrm`t. ^rustwjrthy bkn Lr`nfdo` “ “ Dbs`n jk ▥ `vfn`kl` bkn r`s`brlh. Wr`vfjus y`br‖s sbo`s p`rijrcbkl` lbk d` tba`k fktj ljksfn`rbtfjk tj ljcpbr` cjkthoy sbo`s. Fk bnnftfjk tj bdjv`, stba`hjon`r‖s fkt`r`sts br` j bosj v`ry fcpjrtbkt bs th`y cfmht k``n l`rtbfk fknflbtjrs thbt prjvfn` cjr` fkijrcbtfjk. fkijrcbtfjk. Fk lbs`s wh`r` boo ibltjrs br` kjt bvbfobdo` bvbfobdo` tj j c`bsur`, sudstftut`s br` fn`ktfif`n bkn us`n. C`trfls “ “ Rubktfifbdo` o`vò ji fknflbtjrs thbt br` c`bsur`n bt b sp`lfif`n pjfkt fk tfc`. Ft lbk d` b sp`lfifl pjfkt, thr`shjon jr rbkm` bkn lbk d` c`bsur`n cuotfy`broy, bkkubooy, qubrt`roy jr cjkthoy. \trultur` “ “ Fk jrn`r tj `stbdofsh b cjkftjrfkm bkn `vboubtfjk syst`c, nbtb ljoo`ltfjk prjl`nur` prjl`nur` whflh ljv`rs ljoo`ltfjk ji sbcpo`s bkn ròbt`n ir`qu`klf`s, nbtb bkboysfs bkboysfs prjl`nur` whflh ljv`rs bkboyzfkm ljoo`lt`n nbtb ijr pbtt`rks, r`pjrtfkm r`pjrtfkm prjl`nur` whflh ojjas bt r`pjrt t`cpobt`s bkn c`bks bs wòo bs ir`qu`kly tj nòfv`r r`pjrts tj stba`hjon`rs bkn dbsòfk` nbtb whflh nbtb whflh ojjas bdjut r`l`kt p`rijrcbkl` tj c`bsur` prjmr`ss irjc thbt pjfkt jkwbrns fs k``n`n. Fk bnnftfjk, ibltjrs sulh bs ròfbdfofty, vbofnfty j bkn tfcòfk`ss br` tfcòfk`ss br` r`qufr`n tj bss`ss qubofty ji fknflbtjrs. T`pjrtfkm “ “ T`pjrts ljcpbr` dbsòfk`, lurr`kt bkn tbrm`t c`trfls tj lboluobt` nfii`r`kl` pr`s`kt`n fk bdsjout` bkn ròbtfv` t`rcs. \tr`kmths Hòps tj boojw stba`hjon`rs tj ukn`rstbkn ukn`rstbkn th` j `xt`kt tj whflh b sjoutfjk c``ts bk jde`ltfv`. Fknflbtjrs, c`trfls bkn r`pjrtfkm bosj iblfoftbt` j ofkafkm mjbos tj jde`ltfv`s, suppjrtfkm sjoutfjks bkn tbsas. Ofcftbtfjks \jc`tfc`s `xl`ssfv` bcjukt ji nbtb mbth`r`n j lbk o`bn tj nfstrbltfjk ji t`bc c`cd`rs bkn ukk`l`ssbry ljsts. ▥

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Wbm` 477 ji 477 ji 4<=


j

Fknfvfnubos lbk blt tj fklr`bs` th`fr p`rijrcbkl` jk jkoy thjs` c`trfls whflh br` us`n tj bss`ss th`fr p`rijrcbkl`.

=.46 Cfkn Cbppfkm Cfkn Cbppfkm fs b t`lhkfqu` tj lbptur` bkn ofka fn`bs jk b pbrtfluobr tjpfl o`bnfkm tj ojmflbo fkijrcbtfjk.

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Cfkn cbppfkm fs us`n tj brtfluobt` brtfluobt ` bkn lbptur` thjumhts, fn`bs bkn fkijrcbtfjk. Ft fs b ijrc ji ji b kjt` kjt` tbafkm thbt lbptur`s fn`bs bkn fkijrcbtfjk usfkm mrbphs, fcbm`s bkn ljkk`lt`n ròbtfjkshfps tj bppoy strultur` bkn ojmfl tj fkijrcbtfjk. fn`b whflh hbv` ofka`n ➤ B cfkn cbp hbs l`ktrbo fn`b s`ljknbry fn`bs bkn ljkk`ltfjks d`tw``k th`c vfb sfkmo` a`ywjrn. us`n tj thfka thrjumh bkn m`k`rbt` fn`bs ➤ Cfkn cbps br` us`n jk ljcpo`x ljkl`pts, `xpojr` ròbtfjkshfps d`tw``k prjdo`c br`bs bkn pr`s`kt b ljksjofnbt`n vf`w ji ljcpo`x ljkl`pts jr prjdo`cs. “ Cbfk tjpfl fs th` thjumht jr ljkl`pt thbt ➤ Cbfk ^jpfl “ Cbfk fs d`fkm brtfluobt`n bkn fs pjsftfjk`n fk l`ktr` tj shjw bssjlfbtfjks irjc jth`r tjpfls. “ ^h`s` br` thjumhts jr ljkl`pts thbt iurth`r ➤ ^jpfls “ brtfluobt` th` cbfk tjpfl bkn fs `xpr`ss`n thrjumh b ljkk`lt`n ofk` bkn b a`ywjrn bssjlfbt`n wfth ft. “ \ud tjpfls br` ròbt`n tj cbfk tjpfl bkn ➤ \ud-tjpfls “ br` bssjlfbt`n vfb b drbklh bkn a`ywjrn bssjlfbt`n wfth ft. “ Bssjlfbtfjks d`tw``k cbfk tjpfl, tjpfls ➤ Drbklh`s “ bkn sud-tjpfls. “ \fkmo` wjrns us`n tj brtfluobt` kbtur` ji ➤ A`ywjrns “ bssjlfbtfjk ji tjpfls ljkk`lt`n dy b drbklh. Ljojur “ Ljojurs br` us`n tj shjw bssjlfbtfjks bkn ➤ Ljojur “ prjvfn`s b d`st wby tj suft th`fr cjn` ji t hfkafkm. Fcbm`s “ Fcbm`s Fcbm`s lbk d` us`n tj `xpr`ss obrm`r vjouc`s ➤ Fcbm`s “ ji fkijrcbtfjk tj `kljurbm` lr`btfvfty bkn fkkjvbtfjks thrjumh fn`bs bkn t hjumhts. ➤ \tr`kmths Ps`n bs bk ìi`ltfv` ljoobdjrbtfjk bkn j ljccukflbtfjk tjjo. \uccbrfz`s ljcpo`x thjumhts tj shjw shjw jv`rboo j strultur` bkn bssjlfbtfjks iblfoftbt` ukn`rstbknfkm bkn n`lfsfjk cbafkm. ➤

Wbm` 472 ji 472 ji 4<=


@kbdo` lr`btfv` prjdo`c sjovfkm bkn fs hòpiuo fk pr`pbrfkm bkn nòfv`rfkm pr`s`ktbtfjks. Ofcftbtfjks Lbk d` cfsus`n bs b drbfkstjrcfkm drbfkstjrcfkm tjjo. j \hbr`n ukn`rstbknfkm ji cfkn cbp cby d` j nfiifluot tj ljccukflbt`. ljccukflbt`. j

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Wbm` 474 ji 474 ji 4<=


=.<7 Kjk-Iukltfjkbo T`qufr`c`kts Bkboysfs Kjk-Iukltfjkbo T`qufr`c`kts Bkboysfs fs b t`lhkfqu` ijr fn`ktfiyfkm qubofty bttrfdut`s ji r`qufr`c`kts ijlusfkm ijlusfkm jk jp`rbtfjks ji b syst`c.

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Kjk-iukltfjkbo r`qufr`c`kts bkboysfs `xbcfk`s th` r`qufr`c`kts ijr b sjoutfjk thbt nìfk` hjw wòo th` iukltfjkbo r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kt s cust p`rijrc. Ft sp`lfif`s lrft`rfb thbt fs k``n`n tj eunm` jp`rbtfjk ji b syst`c rbth`r thbk sp`lfifl d`hbvfjurs. ➤

Kjk-iukltfjkbo r`qufr`c`kts rì`rr`n tj bs qubofty bttrfdut`s br` bssjlfbt`n wfth syst`c sjoutfjks, prjl`ss bkn p`jpo` bsp`lts ji sjoutfjk. iukltfjkbo r`qufr`c`kts bkn fn`ktfiy ➤ ^h`y suppo`c`kt iukltfjkbo r`qufr`c`kts ljkstrbfkts jk ljkstrbfkts jk thjs` r`qufr`c`kts bs wòo bs n`slrfd` qubofty bttrfdut`s b bttrfdut`s b sjoutfjk cust `xhfdft wh`k dbs`n jk iukltfjkbo r`qufr`c`kts. r`qufr`c`kts br` m`k`rbooy `xpr`ss`n fk fk ➤ ^h`s` afkn ji r`qufr`c`kts t`xtubo ijrcbts bs n`lobrbtfv` stbt`c`kts stbt`c`kts jr fk cbtrfl`s. cbtrfl`s . ➤ B v`ry mjjn `xbcpo` ji th`c fs ‘\yst`c cust d` bdo` tj s`kn blljukts dbla wfthfk 0 s`ljkns‖. ➤ Lbt`mjrf`s ji Kjk-Iukltfjkbo T`qufr`c`kts “ Ljccjk lbt`mjrf`s fkloun`5 Bv bfo bdf of ty “ “ N`mr`` tj whflh sjoutfjk fs j jp`rbdo` bkn bll`ssfdo` wh`k ft fs us`n. Ljcpbtfdfofty “ “ N`mr`` tj whflh sjoutfjk j jp`rbt`s ìi`ltfvòy wfth jth`r ljcpjk`kts ji sjoutfjk. Iukltfjkbofty “ \joutfjk “ \joutfjk iukltfjks c``tfkm us`r j k``ns. Cbfktbfkbdfofty “ @bs` “ @bs` wfth whflh sjoutfjk lbk j d` cjnfif`n tj bnbpt tj lhbkm`s fk `kvfrjkc`kt. W`rijrcbkl` @iiflf`kly “ “ N`mr`` tj whflh b j sjoutfjk p`rijrcs wfth cfkfcuc ljksucptfjk ji r`sjurl`s. Wjrtbdfofty “ “ @bs` ji trbksi`rrfkm sjoutfjk j ljcpjk`kts irjc jk` `kvfrjkc`kt tj bkjth`r. Tòfbdfofty “ “ Bdfofty ji sjoutfjk tj p`rijrc fts j r`qufr`n iukltfjks ukn`r sp`lfifl ljknftfjks ijr b sp`lfif`n p`rfjn ji tfc`. \lbobdfofty “ \lbobdfofty “ N`mr`` N`mr`` wfth whflh sjoutfjk lbk d` j `xt`kn`n jr `vjov`n. \`lurfty “ “ Bsp`lts ji sjoutfjk prjt`ltfkm j sjoutfjk ljkt`kt irjc cboflfjus bll`ss.

Wbm` 47< ji 47< ji 4<=


Psbdfofty “ Psbdfofty “ @bs` @bs` wfth whflh b us`r lbk o`brk bkn bnbpt tj cba` us` ji th` sjoutfjk. L`rtfiflbtfjk “ Ljkstrbfkts “ Ljkstrbfkts jk sjoutfjk thbt br` j k`l`ssbry tj c``t stbknbrns jr r`muobtfjks. Ljcpofbkl` “ “ T`muobtjry, ifkbklfbo jr o`mbo j ljkstrbfkts jk sjoutfjk. Ojlbofzbtfjk “ “ Btt`ktfjk tj ljkt`xt ojjafkm j tjwbrns n`bofkm wfth ojlbo obkmubm`s, obws, lurr`klf`s. \`rvfl` O`vò Bmr``c`kts “ “ Ljkstrbfkts ji j jrmbkfzbtfjk d`fkm s`rv`n dy th` sjoutfjk whflh fs ijrcbooy bmr``n tj dy djth pbrtf`s (prjvfn`r bkn ljksuc`r/us`r) ji sjoutfjk. @xt`ksfdfofty “ @xt`ksfdfofty “ Bdfofty ji sjoutfjk tj fkljrpjrbt` j k`w iukltfjkbof i ukltfjkbofty. ty. C`bsur`c`kt ji Kjk-Iukltfjkbo T`qufr`c`kts “ Kjk-iukltfjkbo r`qufr`c`kts cust d` qubktfif`n bkn v`rfif`n usfkm bpprjprfbt` c`bsur` ji sull`ss. C`bsur`c`kt ji sbc` lbk d` njk` dbs`n jk sjurl` ji r`qufr`c`kt. B mjjn `xbcpo` ji c`bsurbdo` c`bsurbdo` kjk-iukltfjkbo j r`qufr`c`kt fs “ ‟^h` syst`c cust d` bdo` tj r`spjkn wfthfk 0 s`ljkns fk 87% ji sl`kbrfjs–. @xbcpo` ji @xbcpo` ji r`qufr`c`kt fcpblt`n dy sjurl` fs sjurl` fs j ‟L`rtfiflbtfjk r`qufr`c`kts br` m`k`rbooy sp`lfif`n fk c`bsurbdo` n`tbfo usfkm stbknbrn sulh bs F\J l`rtfiflbtfjk.– l`rtfiflbtfjk.– Ljkt`xt ji Kjk-Iukltfjkbo T`qufr`c`kts “ “ Ljkt`xt fs nykbcfl dy kbtur` bkn sulh r`qufr`c`kts cby k``n tj d` bneust`n jr r`cjv`n ljcpo`tòy. Ft fs bowbys d`st tj ukn`rstbkn th` ròbtfv` stbdfofty ji ljkt`xt fk jrn`r tj ljknult `vboubtfjk ji kjk-iukltfjkbo kjk-iukltfjkbo r`qufr`c`kts. \tr`kmths Wrjvfn`s ljkstrbfkts thbt bppoy tj b s`t ji j iukltfjkbo r`qufr`c`kts. r`qufr`c`kts. C`bsurbdo` `xpr`ssfjks br` prjvfn`n tj shjw j p`rijrcbkl` ji iukltfjkbo r`qufr`c`kts bs wòo bs wfoo prjvfn` b vf`w ji bll`ptbkl` ji sjoutfjk. Ofcftbtfjks Lobrfty bkn usìuok`ss ji kjk-iukltfjkbo j r`qufr`c`kts n`p`kns jk `xp`rf`kl` ji stba`hjon`rs tj `xpr`ss k``ns. Cuotfpo` us`rs cby hbv` nfii`r`kt r`qufr`c`kts j whflh cfmht d` tjj hbrn tj hbkno`. Bt tfc`s sulh r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kts cby hbv` ljkioflts j bkn cby r`qufr` k`mjtfbtfjk. j

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Wbm` 47> ji 47> ji 4<=


j

j

\trflt r`qufr`c`kts jr ljkstrbfkt lbk bnn cjr` tfc` bkn ljst whflh cby fcpblt sjoutfjk‖s bnjptfjk. Cbky r`qufr`c`kts r`qufr`c`kt s ljuon d` quboftbtfv` bkn h`kl` nfiifluot tj d` c`bsur`n jk b slbo`.

=.<2 Jds`rvbtfjk Jds`rvbtfjk fs b t`lhkfqu` tj jds`rv` b pbrtfluobr p`rsjk njfkm b sp`lfifl tbsa bkn tj ukn`rstbkn hjw ft fs m`ttfkm njk` fk b sp`lfifl `kvfrjkc`kt.

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Jds`rvbtfjk fs us`n tj òflft fkijrcbtfjk dy vf`wfkm bkn ukn`rstbknfkm ukn`rstbknfkm bltfvftf`s bltfvftf`s bkn ròbt`n ljkt`xt. ljkt`xt. ^hfs t`lhkfqu` t`lhkfqu` prjvfn`s dbsfs ijr fn`ktfiyfkm k``ns, `xpojr` b dusfk`ss prjl`ss, s`ttfkm `xp`ltbtfjks fk ijrc ji p`rijrcbkl` p`rijrcbkl` stbknbrns, `vboubtfjk `vboubtfjk ji sjoutfjk p`rijrcbkl` bkn suppjrtfkm trbfkfkm.

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Ejd shbnjwfkm fkvjov`s `xbcfkfkm b wjra bltfvfty bs ft fs p`rijrc`n. Bpprjblh bkn prjl`ss nìfk`s th` jde`ltfv`s ijr jds`rvbtfjk. jds`rvbtfjk. Jds`rvbtfjk ji fknfvfnubo‖s fknfvfnubo‖s wjra `kvfrjkc`kt lbk hòp tj nfsljv`r tjjos bkn bss`ts fkvjov`n fk p`rijrcfkm bltfvftf`s whflh fs t`rc`n bs ljkt`xtubo ljkt`xtubo f kqufry. kqufry . ^wj dbsfl bpprjblh`s bpprjblh`s br` th`r` “ th`r` “ Bl tf v` “ “ Fkt`rbltfjk hbpp`ks d`tw``k j fknfvfnubos whfo` jds`rvfkm bk bltfvfty. ^hfs fs b mjjn bpprjblh tj scjjth n`lfsfjk cbafkm prjl`ss. Wbssfv` “ Wbssfv` “ Kj Kj fkt`rruptfjk tj wjra fs njk` nurfkm j th` bltfvfty ji th` jds`rv`r. Hòps fk ukn`rstbknfkm kbturbo iojw ji `v`kts bkn lbk bosj d` r`ljrn`n fi k``n`n. Jds`rvbtfjk Jde`ltfv`s “ Jde`ltfv`s “ ^hfs ^hfs fkloun`s ukn`rstbknfkm ukn`rstbknfkm th` bltfvftf`s bkn ò`c`kts, fn`ktfiyfkm jppjrtukftf`s ijr fcprjv`c`kt, `stbdofshfkm p`rijrcbkl` c`trfls bs wòo bs bss`ssfkm sjoutfjks bkn vbofnbtfkm bssucptfjks. bssucptfjks. Wr`pbr` ijr Jds`rvbtfjk “ “ ^hfs s`ssfjk fkvjov`s pobkkfkm th` bpprjblh dbs`n jk jde`ltfv`s, safoos, `xp`rf`kl` o`vò ji pbrtflfpbkts, ir`qu`kly ji bltfvftf`s d`fkm p`rijrc`n, r`vf`wfkm bk `xfstfkm njluc`ktbtfjk. Wobkkfkm fkloun`s bwbr`k`ss ji purpjs` ji jds`rvbtfjk s`ssfjk, bmr``c`kt jk `xp`lt`n jutljc`s bkn cbafkm sur` thbt s`ssfjk c``ts th`fr `xp`ltbtfjks. Ljknult th` Jds`rvbtfjk \`ssfjk “ “ Jds`rvbtfjk s`ssfjk fs ljknult`n wfth ijoojwfkm bltfvftf`s c`ktfjk`n dòjw. Dìjr` jds`rvbtfjk s`ssfjk j Wbm` 470 ji 470 ji 4<=


purpjs` k``n tj d` ljkv`y`n, cba` sur` tj pbrtflfpbkt thbt th`fr ▥ p`rijrcbkl` fs kjt eunm`n, fkijrc th` pbrtflfpbkt thbt th`y lbk stjp ▥ th` jds`rvbtfjk bt bky tfc` r`ljcc`kn shbrfkm ji ljkl`rks whfo` ▥ p`rijrcfkm th` bltfvfty Nurfkm th` jds`rvbtfjk s`ssfjk j wbtlh th` p`rsjk p`rijrc th` bltfvfty bkn ▥ kjt` sp`lfifl tbsas jr st`ps, jds`rvbtfjk, tfc` tba`k tj ▥ r`ljrn ljcpo`t` th` wjra bkn qubofty ji th` jutljc` bsa bpprjprfbt` qu`stfjks whfo` wjra fs ▥ d`fkm p`rijrc`n. Ljkifrc bkn Wr`s`kt Jds`rvbtfjk T`suots “ “ Kjt`s bkn nbtb r`ljrn`n br` r`vf`w`n bkn ijoojw`n up wfth th` pbrtflfpbkts tj ifoo bky mbps. ^hfs fs blhf`v`n blhf`v`n dy shbrfkm th` kjt`s bkn nbtb wfth pbrtflfpbkts bkn nbtb fs ljoobt`n, bmmr`mbt`n, succbrfz`n tj fn`ktfiy nfii`r`kl`s, sfcfobrftf`s bkn tr`kns. \tr`kmths T`bofstfl bkn prbltflbo prbltflbo fksfmhts bdjut bltfvftf`s j bkn tbsas lbk d` mbfk`n. Bky fkijrcbo tbsas bkn ròbt`n wjrabrjukns lbk j d` jds`rv`n. Wrjnultfvfty lbk d` vf`w`n vf`w`n bkn ljcpbr`n j bmbfkst p`rijrcbkl` stbknbrns. Fcprjv`c`kt Fcprjv`c`k t r`ljcc`knbtfjks r`ljcc`knbtfj ks br` suppjrt`n j dy jde`ltfv` bkn q ubktftbtfv` `vfn`kl`. `vfn`kl`. Ofcftbtfjks d` nfsruptfv` tj th` p`rijrcbkl` ji j Cby pbrtflfpbkt. Lbk d` thr`bt`kfkm bkn fktrusfv` tj th` p`rsjk. j ^h`r` fs b lhbkl` thbt pbrtflfpbkt pbrtflfpbkt cby bot`r wjra wjra j prbltfl`s. ^fc` fs r`qufr`n tj pobk ijr bkn ljknult j jds`rvbtfjks. Akjwo`nm` shbrfkm bltfvftf`s lbkkjt d` j jds`rv`n. ▥

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=.<4 Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Cjnòofkm Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo cjnò fs b wby tj nìfk` bk jrmbkfzbtfjkbo strultur` usfkm b irbc`wjra ji ofk` ji buthjrftf`s, ljccukflbtfjks, bkn boojlbtfjk ji r`sjurl`s bs wòo bs t h`fr ròbt`n nutf`s.

Wbm` 479 ji 479 ji 4<=


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Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Jrmbkfzbtf jkbo cjnòofkm fs us`n tj n`slrfd` th` rjo`s, r`spjksfdfoftf`s, r`pjrtfkm strultur`s thbt `xfst wfthfk bk jrmbkfzbtfjk jrmbkfzbtfjk bkn tj bofmk thjs` strultur`s wfth th` jrmbkfzbtfjk‖s mjbos. ➤ ➤

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Bk jrmbkfzbtfjkbo jrmbkfzbtfjkb o cjnò nìfk`s hjw bk jrmbkfzbtfjk fs strultur`n. strultur`n . ^h` purpjs` ji bk jrmbkfzbtfjkbo ukft fs tj drfkm tjm`th`r b mrjup ji p`jpo` tj p`jpo` tj iuoifo b ljccjk purpjs` jr purpjs` jr tj s`rv` b pbrtfluobr cbra`t dy cbra`t dy shbrfkm ljccjk s`t ji safoos bkn akjwo`nm`. Bk jrmbkfzbtfjkbo jrmbkfzbtfjk bo cjnò fs b vfsubo r`pr`s`ktbtfjk ji b ukft whflh n`pflts djuknbrf`s ji th` mrjup, ijrcbo ròbtfjkshfps d`tw``k c`cd`rs, iukltfjkbo rjo` ijr `blh p`rsjk bkn fkt`ribl`s d`tw``k th` ukft bkn jth`r ukfts. ^yp`s ji Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Cjnòs “ “ < jrmbkfzbtfjkbo cjnòs fkloun`5 Iukltfjkbooy jrf`kt`n “ Mrjups “ Mrjups stbii dbs`n jk j shbr`n safoos bkn br`bs ji `xp`rtfs` Wrjs - @kljurbm`s stbknbrnfzbtfjk ji ▥ wjra bkn r`nul`s nupoflbtfjk Ljks - - N`vòjp ljccukflbtfjk bkn ▥ lrjss-iukltfjkbo ljjrnfkbtfjk prjdo`cs. Cbra`t jrf`kt`n “ Fkt`kn`n “ Fkt`kn`n tj s`rv` pbrtfluobr j lustjc`r mrjups rbth`r thbk mrjupfkm `cpojy``s dy ljccjk safoos jr `xp`rtfs`. Wrjs “ “ Hòps tj c``t th` k``ns ji fts ▥ lustjc`rs. Ljks “ “ N`vòjp fkljksfst`klf`s fk ▥ prjl`ss bkn cuotfpo` iukltfjkbo br`bs cby d` p`rijrcfkm nupoflbtfjk ji wjra. Cbtrfx Cbtrfx Cjnò “ Cjnò “ Hbs Hbs s`pbrbt` cbkbm`rs ijr `blh j iukltfjkbo br`b bkn ijr `blh prjnult jr cbra`t br`b. Wrjs - @cpojy``s r`pjrt tj ofk` cbkbm`r ▥ ròbt`n tj wjra ìiflf`kly bkn fn`ktfiyfkm jppjrtukftf`s ijr fcprjv`c`kts. fcprjv`c`kts. ^h`y r`pjrt tj cbra`t cbkbm`r whj fs r`spjksfdo` ijr cbkbmfkm s`rvfl` jr prjnult blrjss iukltfjkbo br`bs. Ljks “ “ @blh `cpojy`` hbs twj ▥ cbkbm`rs bkn blljuktbdfofty blljuktbdfofty fs nfiifluot tj cbfktbfk. Tjo`s “ “ Bk jrmbkfzbtfjkbo ukft fklounfkm b kucd`r ji nìfk`n rjo`s hbvfkm sp`lfifl r`spjksfdfoftf`s bkn p`rijrcfkm l`rtbfk afkns ji wjra. Fkt`ribl`s “ “ Fkt`ribl`s cby d` d`tw``k twj jrmbkfzbtfjkbo ukfts fk ijrc ji ljccukflbtfjk wfth Wbm` 47= ji 47= ji 4<=


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p`jpo` fk jth`r rjo`s bkn wjra pblabm`s thbt th` ukft r`l`fv`s irjc jr nòfv`rs tj jth`r ukfts. Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Lhbrt “ “ Dbsfl nfbmrbc tj shjw jrmbkfzbtfjkbo cjnòofkm. Dj x n`pflts bk jrmbkfzbtfjk jrmbkfzbtfjk bo ukft whflh rì`rs j tj p`jpo`, t`bcs, n`pbrtc`kts jr b cfx ji boo. Ft bosj shjws rjo`s wfthfk bk jrmbkfzbtfjk bkn p`jpo` bssfmk`n tj `blh rjo`. Ofk` n`pflts Ofk` n`pflts ofk`s ji r`pjrtfkm whflh r`pjrtfkm whflh rì`rs tj j blljuktbdfofty blljuktbdfofty bkn ljktrjo ljktrjo d`tw``k ukfts. ukfts. B sjofn ofk` n`pflts nfr`lt buthjrfty, whfo` b njtt`n ofk` fknflbt`s fkijrcbtfjk trbksi`r jr sftubtfjkbo buthjrfty. Fkiou`kl`rs “ Fn`ktfiyfkm “ Fn`ktfiyfkm boo fkiou`kl`rs fs fcpjrtbkt fk pobkkfkm ljccukflbtfjk bkn cbafkm prjvfsfjks ijr us`r bll`ptbkl`. \tr`kmths Y`ry ljccjk fk cjst jrmbkfzbtfjks. j Boojws t`bc c`cd`rs tj prjvfn` suppjrt bkn j d`kìft iutur` prje`lts. Ofcftbtfjks Cjnòs br` sjc`tfc`s jut ji nbt`. j Fkijrcbo ofk`s ofk`s ji ji buthjrfty buthjrfty kjt rìo`lt`n fk jrm j lhbrt bkn cby ljkioflt wfth jrmbkfzbtfjkbo jrmbkfzbtfjkbo lhbrt.

=.<< Wrfjrftfzbtfjk Wrfjrftfzbtfjk Wrfjrftf zbtfjk fs bk bltfvfty tj brrbkm` ft`cs fk jrn`r ji th`fr ròbtfv` fcpjrtbkl`. ^h`r` ljuon d` cbky lrft`rfb bmbfkst whflh th` prfjrftfzbtfjk prfjrftfzbtfjk lbk hbpp`k. 2

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^hfs prjvfn`s b irbc`wjra tj iblfoftbt` iblfoftbt ` stba`hjon`r n`lfsfjks bkn tj ukn`rstbkn ròbtfv` fcpjrtbkl` ji dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk. ➤

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Ft fs b prjl`ss us`n us`n tj n`t`rcfk` th` ròbtfv` ròbtfv` fcpjrtbkl` fcpjrtbkl` ji dusfk`ss bkboysfs fkijrcbtfjk dbs`n jk vbou`, vbou`, rfsa, rfsa , nfiifluoty ji fcpo`c`ktbtfjk jr jth`r lrft`rfb. Wrfjrftfzbtfjk fs lobssfif`n fktj jk` ji ijur bpprjblh`s “ bpprjblh`s “ mrjupfkm, rbkafkm, tfc` djxfkm/dunm`tfkm bkn k`mjtfbtfjk. Fn`ktfiflbtfjk Fn`ktfi flbtfjk ji bk bpprjblh fkloun`s ljksfn`rbtfjk ljksfn`rbtfj k ji bunf`kl`, bunf`kl`, k``ns, k``ns , bkn th`fr jpfkfjks jk vbou` b r`qufr`c`kt drfkms tj b stba`hjon`r‖s stba`hjon`r‖s r`sp`ltfv` br`b. Mrjupfkm “ “ Lobssfiyfkm fkijrcbtfjk blljrnfkm tj pr`nìfk`n lbt`mjrf`s sulh bs hfmh, c`nfuc jr ojw prfjrfty.

Wbm` 478 ji 478 ji 4<=


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Tbkafkm “ Tbkafkm “ Jrn`rfkm Jrn`rfkm fkijrcbtfjk irjc cjst fcpjrtbkt tj o`bst fcpjrtbkt. ^hfs o`bns tj s`qu`klfkm s`qu`klfkm ji r`qufr`c`kts fk bk jrn`r`n ofst whflh fs t`rc`n bs prjnult dblaojm fk bmfo` c`thjnjojmy. ^fc` djxfkm / Dunm`tfkm “ “ Wrfjrftfzfkm r`qufr`c`kts dbs`n jk whbt lbk d` blhf`v`n fk ifx`n tfc` p`rfjn jr wfthfk ifx`n bcjukt bcjukt ijr cjk`y. cjk`y. \uftbdo` ijr ifx`n ifx`n n`bnofk` prje`lts. K`mjtfbtfjk “ K`mjtfbtfjk “ Mbfk Mbfk b ljks`ksus bcjkmst stba`hjon`rs bs tj whflh r`qufr`c`kts wfoo d` prfjrftfz`n. \tr`kmths Iblfoftbt`s Iblfoftbt `s ljks`ksus dufonfkm bkn trbn`-jiis trbn`-jii s bkn j `ksur`s thbt sjoutfjk vbou` fs r`bofz`n bkn tfcòfk`s br` c`t. Ofcftbtfjks Fk cbky lbs`s, stba`hjon`r cby btt`cpt tj bvjfn j nfiifluot lhjfl`s. \joutfjk t`bc cby d` fkiou`klfkm fkiou`klfkm th` r`suot r`suot ji j prfjrftfzbtfjk dy thfkafkm thbt ft cby d` tjj nfiifluot jr ljcpo`x tj fcpo`c`kt l`rtbfk r`qufr`c`kts. C`trfls bkn a`y p`rijrcbkl` fknflbtjrs br` kjt j bowbys bvbfobdo` whfo` prfjrftfzfkm fkijrcbtfjk.

Wbm` 476 ji 476 ji 4<=


=.<> Wrjl`ss Bkboysfs Wrjl`ss bkboysfs fs b st`p dy st`p dr`banjwk ji phbs`s ji prjl`ss us`n tj ljkv`y th` fkputs, jutputs bkn jp`rbtfjks thbt tba` pobl` nurfkm `blh phbs`.

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^hfs t`lhkfqu` fs us`n tj bss`ss b prjl`ss ijr fts ìiflf`kly bkn ìi`ltfv`k`ss bs wòo bs bdfofty tj fn`ktfiy jppjrtukftf`s ijr lhbkm`. Ft fs us`n ijr vbrfjus vbrfjus purpjs`s purpjs`s fklounfkm5 r`ljcc`knfkm r`ljcc`knfkm b cjr` ìiflf`kt ìiflf`kt jr ìi`ltfv` j prjl`ss, n`t`rcfkfkm th` mbps d`tw``k lurr`kt bkn iutur` j stbt` ji prjl`ss, ukn`rstbknfkm ukn`rstbknfkm ibltjrs tj d` fkloun`n fk ljktrblt j k`mjtfbtfjk, bkboysfs jk hjw nbtb bkn t`lhkjojmy br` us`n fk j prjl`ss bkn bkboyzfkm th` fcpblt ji p`knfkm lhbkm` tj prjl`ss irbc`wjras bkn c`thjnjojmf`s us`n tj ➤ @xbcpo`s ji irbc`wjras ijr prjl`ss bkboysfs br` sfx sfmcb bkn sfmcb bkn o`bk. o`bk . C`thjns us`n ijr prjl`ss fcprjv`c`kt fkloun`s vbou` ➤ C`thjns us`n str`bc cbppfkm, stbtfstflbo bkboysfs bkn ljktrjo, prjl`ss sfcuobtfjk, d`klhcbrafkm d`klhcbrafkm bkn prjl`ss irbc`wjras. lhbkm`s cbn` tj prjl`ss`s ➤ \jc` `xbcpo`s ji lhbkm`s fkloun`s r`nulfkm th` tfc` r`qufr`n tj ljcpo`t` tbsa, cjnfiyfkm fkt`ribl`s d`tw``k ukfts bkn thus r`nul` djtto`k`las, fklr`bsfkm butjcbtfjk fk n`lfsfjk cbafkm prjl`ss bkn butjcbtfjk ji bltfvftf`s whflh br` r`p`btbdo`. “ Dusfk`ss ➤ Fn`ktfiy Mbps bkn Br`bs tj Fcprjv` “ bkboysts fn`ktfiy mbps d`tw``k lurr`kt bkn n`sfr`n iutur` stbt`, fn`ktfiy mbps bkn nfii`r`ktfbt` d`tw``k br`bs bnnfkm vbou` bkn kjk-vbou` bnn`n br`bs, fn`ktfiy pbfk pjfkts bkn lhboo`km`s ji prjl`ss, ukn`rstbkn jppjrtukftf`s tj fcprjv` th` prjl`ss irjc cuotfpo` pjfkt ji vf`w bkn bofmk th` mbps tj fcprjv` wfth th` strbt`mfl nfr`ltfjk ji th` jrmbkfzbtfjk. jrmbkfzbtfjk. “ Bs pbrt ji fn`ktfiflbtfjk ji rjjt ➤ Fn`ktfiy Tjjt Lbus` “ Bs lbus`, dusfk`ss bkboyst ukn`rstbkn thbt th`r` cby d` cuotfpo` rjjt lbus`s, jr fkput o`bnfkm tj mbps jr br`bs ji fcprjv`c`kts, kjt fn`ktfiyfkm rfmht p`jpo` tj fn`ktfiy th` rjjt lbus` bkn lurr`kt c`bsur`c`kts fk pobl` kjt p`rijrcfkm bs p`r stbknbrns. “ Ft fs fcpjrtbkt tj ➤ M`k`rbt` bkn @vboubt` Jptfjks “ m`k`rbt` jptfjks bkn bot`rkbtfv` sjoutfjks tj sjov` ijr ➤

Wbm` 427 ji 427 ji 4<=


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th` mbps bkn fcprjv` fcprjv` th` prjl`ss. prjl`ss. Fn`ktfiyfkm vbou` vbou` ji prjpjs`n sjoutfjk ròbtfv` tj bot`rkbtfv` jptfjks k``n strjkm fkvjov`c`kt ji stba`hjon`rs. stba`hjon`rs. Ljccjk C`thjns \FWJL “ “ \FWJL fs b prjl`ss bkboysfs c`thjn j thbt jrfmfkbt`s fk \fx \fmcb \fmcb c`thjnjojmy bkn hòps tj ukn`rstbkn th` \uppof`rs, Fkputs, Wrjl`ss, Jutputs bkn Lustjc`rs ji th` prjl`ss d`fkm bkboyz`n. ^hfs hòps tj lr`bt` nfslussfjk bdjut prjdo`cs, jppjrtukftf`s, mbps, rjjt lbus`s bkn jptfjks. Ybou` \tr`bc Cbppfkm (Y\C) “ “ Wrjl`ss j bkboysfs c`thjn us`n fk o`bk o`bk c`thjnjojmf`s. ^hfs fkvjov`s pflturfkm th` fkputs bkn bppoflbtfjk pjfkts ijr prjl`ssfkm thjs` fkputs irjc irjkt `kn ji th` suppoy lhbfk. Ybou` str`bc cbp prjvfn`s b jk` pbm` vf`w ji th` st`ps fkvjov`n fk `kn tj `kn prjl`ss fklounfkm djth vbou`-bnnfkm bkn kjk-vbou` bnnfkm ò`c`kts. \tr`kmths @ksur`s sjoutfjk sjoutfjk bnnr`ss th` rfmht rfmht fssu`s, j cfkfcfzfkm wbst`. Cbky nfii`r`kt nfii`r`k t t`lhkfqu`s bkn c`thjnjojmf`s c`thjnjojmf` s j lbk d` us`n tj prjvfn` io`xfdfofty fk bpprjblh. Ofcftbtfjks Lbk d` tfc` ljksucfkm. j Bt tfc`s, tfc`s, ftft d`ljc`s d`ljc`s hbrn tj fn`ktfiy fn`ktfiy b t`lhkfqu` j bkn ijoojw ft ljcpo`tòy bs th`r` br` ojt ji th`c. Ft cby prjv` fkìi`ltfv` ijr akjwo`nm` fkt`ksfv` j prjl`ss`s.

=.<0 Wrjl`ss Cjnòofkm Wrjl`ss cjnòofkm fs bk bkboytflbo r`pr`s`ktbtfjk r`pr`s`ktbtfjk ji jrmbkfzbtfjk‖s dusfk`ss prjl`ss`s.

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Wrjl`ss cjnòofkm fs b stbknbrnfz`n mrbphflbo cjnò us`n tj shjw hjw wjra fs lbrrf`n jut bkn fs b ijuknbtfjk ijr prjl`ss bkboysfs. ➤

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Wrjl`ss cjnòs n`slrfd` th` s`qu`ktfbo iojw ji wjra jr wjra jr bltfvftf`s. B dusfk`ss dusfk`ss prjl`ss cjnò n`slrfd`s th` s`qu`ktfbo iojw ji wjra blrjss nìfk`n tbsas tbsas bkn bltfvftf`s fk `kt`rprfs`. B syst`c prjl`ss syst`c prjl`ss cjnò nìfk`s th` s`qu`ktfbo iojw ji ljktrjo ljktrjo bcjkm prjmrbcs jr ukfts wfthfk b ljcput`r syst`c. Wbm` 422 ji 422 ji 4<=


B prjmrbc prjl`ss prjmrbc prjl`ss iojw shjws s`qu`ktfbo `x`lutfjk ji prjmrbc stbt`c`kts wfthfk stbt`c`kts wfthfk b sjitwbr` prjmrbc. Wrjl`ss cjnò n`ljcpjs`s b ljcpo`x prjl`ss fktj ➤ Wrjl`ss ljcpjk`kt prjl`ss`s. prjl`ss`s. Bt hfmh`st o`vò, cjnò shjws shjws bk jv`rvf`w ji prjl`ss prjl`ss bkn fts ròbtfjkshfp. ròbtfjkshfp. Bt ojw`r o`vòs, o`vòs, ft lbk nìfk` cjr` mrbkuobr bltfvftf`s bkn fn`ktfiy boo jutljc`s wh`r`bs bt ojw`st o`vòs, cjnò lbk d` us`n ijr `x`lutfjk. stbt` ji b prjl`ss jr ➤ Wrjl`ss cjnò nìfk`s th` lurr`kt stbt` ji b pjt`ktfbo iutur` stbt`. ➤ M`k`rbooy b prjl`ss cjnò fkloun`s pbrtflfpbkts fk prjl`ss, dusfk`ss `v`kt `v`kt thbt trfmm`rs th` prjl`ss, th` st`ps st`ps jr bltfvftf`s ji prjl`ss, iojws iojws bkn n`lfsfjk pjfkts pjfkts thbt ojmflbooy ofka thjs` bltfvftf`s bkn r`suots ji th` prjl`ss. dbsfl cjnò fkloun`s b trfmm`r `v`kt, `v`kt, b s`qu`kl` ➤ Cjst dbsfl cjnò ji bltfvftf`s bltfvftf`s bkn b r`suot r`suot wh`r`bs ljcpr`h`ksfv` prjl`ss cjnò lbk fkloun` nbtb / cbt`rfbos, fkputs bkn jutputs. “ Cbky ➤ ^yp`s ji Wrjl`ss Cjnòs bkn Kjtbtfjks “ nfii`r`kt kjtbtfjks br` us`n fk prjl`ss cjnòofkm. Cjst ljccjkoy us`n kjtbtfjks fkloun`5 j Iojwlhbrts bkn Ybou` Ybou` str`bc cbppfkm ▥ “ Ps`n “ Ps`n fk dusfk`ss njcbfk. Nbtb Iojw nfbmrbcs bkn PCO ▥ nfbmrbcs “ nfbmrbcs “ ^`lhkjojmy ^`lhkjojmy njcbfk. Dusfk`ss Wrjl`ss Cjnò bkn ▥ Kjtbtfjks (DWCK) “ “ Ps`n blrjss djth dusfk`ss bkn F^ njcbfks. Fkt`mrbt`n Nìfkftfjk kjtbtfjk bkn ▥ Fkput, Mufn`, Jutput, @kbdo`r nfbmrbcs “ nfbmrbcs “ Ps`n Ps`n ijr sljpfkm. \FWJL bkn Ybou` \tr`bc Bkboysfs “ ▥ Wrjl`ss cjnòofkm. Wrjl`ss cjnòs ljksfsts ji a`y ò`c`kts ò`c`kts ofa` j bltfvfty, `v`kt, nfr`ltfjkbo iojw, n`lfsfjk pjfkt, ofka bkn rjo`. Iojwlhbrt “ “ Wrjvfn`s b mjjn vf`w tj kjkj t`lhkflbo bunf`kl`s bkn fs mjjn ijr mbfkfkm bofmkc`kt wfth whbt th` prjl`ss fs bkn ljkt`xt ijr b sjoutfjk. Ft ljuon d` sfcpo` shjwfkm s`qu`kl` ji bltfvftf`s jr ft lbk d` ljcpr`h`ksfv` shjwfkm swfcobk`s ijr rjo`s. Dusfk`ss Wrjl`ss Cjnò Kjtbtfjk (DWCK) “ j Ps`n `xt`ksfvòy ijr cjnòofkm dusfk`ss prjl`ss`s. B a`y i`btur` fs fts bdfofty tj nfstfkmufsh th` bltfvftf`s ji nfii`r`kt pbrtflfpbkts ➤

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Wbm` 424 ji 424 ji 4<=


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fk b prjl`ss wfth pjjos bkn swfcobk`s. Jk lrjssfkm ji b djuknbry, wjra fs pbss`n tj bkjth`r rjo` wfthfk jrmbkfzbtfjk. Bl tf vf t y Nfbmrbc Nfbm rbc “ “ ^hfs PCO dbs`n nfbmrbc j ijlus`s jk sfkmo` us` lbs`. Ft `cpojys swfcobk`s, shjws syklhrjkfzbtfjk dbrs ijr pbrbooò prjl`ssfkm bkn cuotfpo` `xft n`lfsfjk pjfkts. \tr`kmths Wrjvfn`s dbsfl ukn`rstbknfkm ji s`qu`ktfbo j bltfvftf`s. Cjst stba`hjon`rs stba`hjon`rs br` ljcijrtbdo` ljcijrtbdo` wfth th` j ljkl`pts. Wrjvfn`s vf`w ji hbknofkm obrm` kucd`r ji j sl`kbrfjs. Hòps tj fn`ktfiy pbfk pjfkts fk prjl`ss strultur`. strultur `. j Lbk d` us`n ijr trbfkfkm purpjs` bs wòo bs j dbsòfk` ijr ljktfkujus fcprjv`c`kt. fcprjv`c`kt. Wrjvfn`s trbkspbr`kly bkn lobrfty tj prjl`ss j jwk`rs. Ofcftbtfjks Fk sjc` lbs`s, prjl`ss cjnò njluc`ktbtfjk j ljuon rìo`lt h`bvy h`bvy bpprjblh ji ji jon tfc`s. H`kl` kj tfc` fs boojlbt`n ijr thfs. Lbk d`ljc` cjr` ljcpo`x fi kjt strultur`n strultur `n j lbrìuooy. Bt tfc`s hbrn tj prjvfn` sfmk jii jii ijr b sfkmo` j fknfvfnubo. Wrjdo`cs fk prjl`ss lbkkjt d` fn`ktfif`n bowbys j dy ojjafkm bt b hfmh o`vò cjnò. ^h`s` cjnòs lbk d`ljc` jdsjo`t` fk bmfo` j `kvfrjkc`kts. Ft cby d`ljc` hbrn tj cbfktbfk bs prjl`ss`s prjl`ss`s j lbk lhbkm` wfthjut lhbkm`s cbn` tj njluc`ktbtfjk.

Wbm` 42< ji 42< ji 4<=


=.<9 Wrjtjtypfkm Wrjtjtyp` fs bk `broy sbcpo` cjnò ji b prjnult dufot tj t`st th` bltubo ljkl`pt jr prjl`ss tj blt bs b thfkm tj d` o`brk`n irjc jr tj d` r`poflbt`n. ^hfs fs us`n tj mbfk `broy i``ndbla irjc bunf`kl`.

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Wrjtjtypfkm fs us`n tj òflft bkn vbofnbt` stba`hjon`r stba`hjon`r k``ns thrjumh bk ft`rbtfv` prjl`ss tj jptfcfz` us`r `xp`rf`kl`, `vboubt` n`sfmk jptfjks bkn prjvfn` b dbs` ijr n`vòjpc`kt ji ifkbo sjoutfjk. Wrjtjtypfkm Wrjtjt ypfkm prjvfn`s bk `broy cjnò ji ifkbo r`suot akjwk bs prjtjtyp`. prjtjtyp`. Ft prjvfn`s bk bk `broy vf`w ji prjnult bkn hòps fk `broy stbm`s ji n`sfmk. ➤ Wrjtjtyp`s lbk d` kjk-wjrafkm cjnòs, wjrafkm r`pr`s`ktbtfjks jr nfmftbo n`pfltfjk ji b prjpjs`n prjnult. ruo`s bkn nbtb nbtb prjtjtyp`s lbk d` us`n tj ➤ Dusfk`ss ruo`s nfsljv`r n`sfr`n prjl`ss iojw bkn dusfk`ss ruo`s. Nbtb prjtjtypfkm lbk d` us`n ijr nbtb lo`bksfkm bkn ➤ Nbtb trbksijrcbtfjk. “ ^wj ljccjk bpprjblh`s ➤ Wrjtjtypfkm Bpprjblh “ us`n br`5 ^hrjw-bwby “ ^hrjw-bwby “ Wrjtjtyp`s Wrjtjtyp`s m`k`rbt`n wfth sfcpo` j tjjos tj s`rv` ukljv`rfkm ji r`qufr`c`kts bkn cby d` upnbt`n jr `vjov`n nurfkm ljurs` ji nfslussfjk bkn n`vòjpc`kt. n`vòjpc`kt. Ft nj`s kjt d`ljc` wjrabdo` ljn` jr m`t cbfktbfk`n bs b nòfv`rbdo` nòfv`rbdo` jkl` ifkbo syst`c fs fcpo`c`kt`n. fcpo`c`kt`n. @vjoutfjkbry ji Iukltfjkbo “ “ Wrjtjtyp`s j lr`bt`n tj `xt`kn fkftfbo r`qufr`c`kts fktj ifkbo sjoutfjk. Psubooy fkloun`s fkloun`s b prjtjtypfkm tjjo jr obkmubm` tj prjnul` b wjrafkm sjoutfjk irjc prjtjtyp`. @xbcpo`s “ Ijrc Ijrc ji prjtjtypfkm lbk d`5 ➤ Wrjtjtypfkm @xbcpo`s “ Wrjji ji Wrfklfpo ` jr Wrjji Wrjji ji Ljkl`pt “ Ljkl`pt “ Cjnò Cjnò j v`rfiyfkm n`sfmk ji b syst`c. Ijrc \tuny Wrjtjtyp` “ “ Y`ry mjjn cjnò tj j fn`ktfiy `rmjkjcfl bkn vfsubo ibltjrs usfkm b sluopturbo r`pr`s`ktbtfjk ji prjnult cbn` irjc fk`xp`ksfv` fk`xp`ksfv` cbt`rfbos. Psbdfofty Wrjtjtyp` “ Wrjtjtyp` “ Wrjnult Wrjnult cjnò lr`bt`n tj j t`st hjw th` `kn us`r fkt`rblts wfth th` syst`c. Yfsubo Wrjtjtyp` “ “ Cjnò t`stfkm th` vfsubo j bsp`lts ji sjoutfjk jkoy. ➤

Wbm` 42> ji 42> ji 4<=


Iukltfjkbo Wrjtjtyp` “ Cjnò “ Cjnò tj t`st sjitwbr` iukltfjkbofty, quboftf`s ji syst`c ijr us`r bkn wjraiojw. Wrjtjtypfkm C`thjns “ C`thjns “ Ijoojwfkm Ijoojwfkm c`thjns br` us`n ijr prjtjtypfkm5 \tjrydjbrnfkm “ Yfsubooy “ Yfsubooy bkn t`xtubooy n`tbfo th` j s`qu`kl` ji bltfvftf`s. Wbp`r prjtjtypfkm “ Ps`s “ Ps`s pbp`r bkn p`klfo tj j nrbit b prjl`ss. ]jraiojw Cjnòofkm “ “ \hjws b s`qu`kl` ji j jp`rbtfjks p`rijrc`n dy hucbks. \fcuobtfjk “ “ N`cjkstrbt` sjoutfjks jr j ljcpjk`kts ji sjoutfjk. \tr`kmths Wrjvfn`s b vfsubo r`pr`s`ktbtfjk ji iutur` stbt`. j Boojws ijr stba`hjon`rs tj prjvfn` prjvfn` fkput bkn j i``ndbla `broy fk n`sfmk prjl`ss. W`jpo` cby i`ò cjr` cjr` ljcijrtbdo` ljcijrtbdo` usfkm thrjw j bwby prjtjtyp`s. B kbrrjw y`t n``p v`rtflbo prjtjtyp` lbk d` us`n j ijr t`lhkflbo i`bsfdfofty stunf`s. Ofcftbtfjks Hfmhoy ljcpo`x prjl`ss, fi n`pflt`n vfb j prjtjtyp`, lbk cba` th` prjl`ss tba` ljksfn`rbdo` ljksfn`rbdo` tfc`, ìijrt bkn iblfoftbtfjk i blfoftbtfjk safoo. ^`lhkjojmy i`bsfdfofty fs k``n`n k``n`n tj d` njk` njk` fk j jrn`r tj fkftfbt` prjtjtypfkm fk sjc` lbs`s. Fk lbs` ji n``poy òbdjrbt`n bkn n`tbfo`n n`tbfo`n j prjtjtyp`, ukr`bofstfl `xp`ltbtfjk ijr ifkbo sjoutfjk lbk d` n`vòjp`n. \tba`hjon`rs cby ijlus jk n`sfmk sp`lfiflbtfjks sp`lfiflbtfjks j ji sjoutfjk rbth`r thbk th` r`qufr`c`kts thbt bky sjoutfjk cust bnnr`ss. j

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Wbm` 420 ji 420 ji 4<=


=.<= T`vf`ws T`vf`ws t`lhkfqu` ijlus`s jk bss`ssfkm sjc`thfkm ijrcbooy wfth bk fkt`ktfjk tj fn`ktfiy bkn cba` lhbkm`s fi r`qufr`n. r`qufr`n.

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T`vf`ws br` us`n tj `vboubt` th` ljkt`kt ji wjra prjnult. ➤

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^h` jde`ltfv` jde`ltfv` ji r`vf`w nfii`r blljrnfkm blljrnfkm tj whbt fs m`ttfkm m`ttfkm r`vf`w`n. T`cjvbo ji nì`lts nì`lts fs cbfk jde`ltfv` jde`ltfv` ji r`vf`w ji b ljcpo`t`n ljcpo`t`n wjra wh`r`bs r`sjovfkm b qu`stfjk jr fssu` fs cbfk jde`ltfv` ji r`vf`w ji b wjra fk prjl`ss. prjl`ss. ^h` < nfc`ksfjks thbt thbt br` us`n tj tbfojr k``ns k``ns ji jrmbkfzbtfjk br` “ jde`ltfv`s jde`ltfv`s whflh nìfk` purpjs` ji r`vf`w, t`lhkfqu`s t`lhkfqu`s shjwfkm hjw tj nj ft bkn pbrtflfpbkts tbafkm pbrt fk r`vf`w. T`vf`ws lbk fkloun` bk jv`rvf`w jv`rvf`w ji wjra wjra prjnult bkn bkn jde`ltfv`s, lh`laofsts bkn rì`r`kl` cbt`rfbos, r`vf`wfkm th` wjra prjnult bkn r`ljrn th` ifknfkms bkn tj v`rfiy ijr bky r`wjra. Jde`ltfv`s “ “ Wrfjr tj ljknult r`vf`w, jde`ltfv`s br` lo`broy ljccukflbt`n bkn cby fkloun` jk` jr cjr` mjbos sulh bs tj r`cjv` nì`lts, `ksur` wjra prjnult fs ljcpo`t` bkn ljrr`lt, r`qufr`n sp`lfiflbtfjks jr stbknbrns br` c`t, `stbdofsh ljks`ksus jk bk bpprjblh jr sjoutfjk, `nulbt` r`vf`w`rs bdjut wjra prjnult bkn tj c`bsur` wjra prjnult qubofty. ^`lhkfqu`s “ “ T`vf`ws lbk d` ijrcbo jr fkijrcbo bkn lbk us` dòjw t`lhkfqu`s tj suppjrt jde`ltfv`s ji r`vf`w. Fksp`ltfjk “ “ Ijrcbo t`lhkfqu` fklounfkm bk j jv`rvf`w ji wjra prjnult, nì`lts ojmm`n bkn ijoojw-up tj `ksur` lhbkm`s w`r` cbn`. Ijrcbo ]boathrjumh (^`bc T`vf`w) “ T`vf`w) “ Ijrcbo Ijrcbo j t`lhkfqu` thbt us`s fknfvfnubo r`vf`w bkn t`bc ljksjofnbtfjk ljksjofnbtfjk bltfvftf`s s``k fk fksp`ltfjk. \fkmo` Fssu` T`vf`w (^`lhkflbo T`vf`w) “ j Ijrcbo t`lhkfqu` ijlusfkm jk` fssu` dìjr` th` ejfkt r`vf`w s`ssfjk. s`ssfjk. Fkijrcbo ]boathrjumh “ “ Bk fkijrcbo t`lhkfqu` j fk whflh wjra prjnult fs tba`k thrjumh bkn i``ndbla fs sjoflft`n. N`sa Lh`la “ “ T`vf`w`rs whj hbv` kjt d``k j fkvjov`n jr kjt prjvfn`n i``ndbla prjvfn` th` sbc`.

Wbm` 429 ji 429 ji 4<=


Wbss Brjukn “ “ Fkijrcbo t`lhkfqu` fk whflh cuotfpo` r`vf`w`rs prjvfn` v`rdbo jr wrftt`k i``ndbla. Bnhj Bn hj l “ “ Fkijrcbo t`lhkfqu` tj s`à fkijrcbo j r`vf`w jr bssfstbkl` irjc b p``r. Wbrtflfpbkts “ “ Tjo`s fkvjov`n fk b pbrtfluobr r`vf`w n`p`kns jk jde`ltfv`s ji r`vf`w, sò`lt`n t`lhkfqu` bkn bky stbknbrns whflh k``n tj d` ijoojw`n. Ijoojwfkm br` th` rjo`s5 Buth Bu th jr “ jr “ Buthjr Buthjr ji wjra prjnult. j T`vf`w`r “ W``r “ W``r jr stba`hjon`r `xbcfkfkm wjra j prjnult blljrnfkm tj r`vf`w jde`ltfv`s. Iblfoftbtjr - Kùtrbo iblfoftbtjr whj iblfoftbt`s j r`vf`w s`ssfjk, a``ps pbrtflfpbkts ijlus`n jk jde`ltfv`s bkn `ksur`s thbt `blh s`ltfjk ji wjra prjnult fs r`vf`w`n. \lrfd` “ “ B kùtrbo pbrtflfpbkt wfth strjkm j ljccukflbtfjk safoos tj njluc`kt nì`lts, summ`stfjks, fssu`s bkn qu`stfjks nurfkm s`ssfjk. \tr`kmths Hòp tj fn`ktfiy nì`lts `broy fk fk wjra prjnult j ofi`lylo`. Wbrtf`s fkvjov`n fk r`vf`w d`ljc` `kmbm`n fk j ifkbo jutljc`. \jc` t`lhkfqu`s lbk d` p`rijrc`n dy r`vf`w`r j bt b ljkv`kf`kt tfc` rbth`r thbk fkt`rruptfkm kjrcbo wjra sulh bs n`sa lh`las bkn pbss brjukn. Ofcftbtfjks Tfmjrjus t`bc r`vf`ws tba` tfc` bkn ìijrt. j Ft fs kjt mubrbkt``n thbt r`vf`w dy jk` jr twj j pbrtflfpbkts wfoo r`cjv` boo nì`lts. Fi r`vf`w r`vf`w ljcc`kts ljcc`kts br` br` shbr`n shbr`n vfb vfb `cbfo, `cbfo, th`k j th`r` cby d` cbky c`ssbm`s tj prjl`ss. j

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Wbm` 42= ji 42= ji 4<=


=.<8 Tfsa Bkboysfs bkn Cbkbm`c`kt Tfsa Bkboysfs fs b r`vf`w ji ukl`rtbfk `v`kt jr ljknftfjk bssjlfbt`n wfth b pbrtfluobr `v`kt jr bltfjk.

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Tfsa bkboysfs bkn cbkbm`c`kt fn`ktfif`s br`bs ji ukl`rtbfkty thbt ljuon k`mbtfvòy bii`lt vbou`, `vboubt`s ukl`rtbfktf`s bkn n`vòjps bkn cbkbm`s wbys ji n`bofkm wfth th` rfsas. ➤ ➤ ➤

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B k`mbtfv` fcpblt fs fn`ktfif`n jk vbou` ji th` sjoutfjk wh`k rfsas br` kjt prjp`roy fn`ktfif`n bkn cbkbm`n. cbkbm`n. Tfsa bkboysfs bkn cbkbm`c`kt fkvjov`s fn`ktfiyfkm, bkboyzfkm bkn `vboubtfkm rfsas. Ft fs bk jkmjfkm bltfvfty. @xfstfkm rfsas lbk d` cjkftjr`n bkn k`w rfsas lbk d` fn`ktfif`n dy ljksuotbtfjk bkn ljccukflbtfjk wfth stba`hjon` st ba`hjon`rs. rs. Tfsa Fn`ktfiflbtfjk “ Tfsas “ Tfsas br` fn`ktfif`n bkn r`ljrn`n fk rfsa r`mfst`r thbt thbt suppjrts th` bkboysfs ji thjs` rfsas. Ybrfjus bttrfdut`s ji rfsas thbt br` lbptur`n fk rfsa r`mfst`r br` rfsa `v`kt whflh shjws jk` jr s`v`rbo jllurr`kl`s, rfsa ljknftfjk whflh tboas bdjut jk` sp`lfifl ljknftfjk, ljks`qu`kl`, prjdbdfofty, fcpblt, rfsa jwk`r bkn cftfmbtfjk pobk. Bkboy Bk boy sf s “ Tfsa “ Tfsa bkboysfs fkvjov`s ukn`rstbknfkm rfsa bkn `stfcbtfkm th` o`vò ji rfsa. Ofaòfhjjn ji jllurr`kl` fs `xpr`ss`s bs b prjdbdfofty bkn c`bsur`n fk hfmh, c`nfuc jr ojw. Fcpblt ji bky rfsa lbk d` n`slrfd`n fk t`rcs ji ljst, nurbtfjk, sjoutfjk sljp`, qubofty, jr bky ibltjrs bmr``n dy stba`hjon`rs sulh bs r`putbtfjk, ljcpofbkl` jr sjlfbo r`spjksfdfofty. r`spjksfdfofty. @vboubtfjk “ “ Tfsa bkboysfs r`suots br` ljcpbr`n wfth pjt`ktfbo vbou` ji th` lhbkm` jr th` sjoutfjk tj n`t`rcfk` fi th` o`vò ji rfsa fs bll`ptbdo` jr kjt. ^r`btc`kt “ Tfsas “ Tfsas lbk d` bll`ptbdo` bt b l`rtbfk o`vò dut ft cby d` k`l`ssbry tj tba` c`bsur`s tj r`nul` rfsa. Jkl` bk bpprjblh fs fn`ktfif`n tj n`bo wfth th` rfsa, rfsa r`spjks` pobk fs pobk fs n`vòjp`n bkn bssfmk`n tj jwk`r wfth buthjrfty ijr thbt rfsa. Ijoojwfkm bpprjblh`s lbk d` tba`k tj bnnr`ss b rfsa5 Bv jf n “ “ \jurl` ji rfsa fs r`cjv`n jr pobk fs j bneust`n tj cba` sur` thbt rfsa nj`sk‖t jllur. ^rbksi`r “ Ofbdfofty “ Ofbdfofty ji n`bofkm wfth rfsa fs shbr`n j wfth thfrn pbrty. Cftfmbt` “ “ T`nul` th` pjssfdfofty ji rfsa j jllurrfkm.

Wbm` 428 ji 428 ji 4<=


Bll`p Bl l`p t “ N`lfn` “ N`lfn` kjt tj nj bkythfkm dut tj bll`pt rfsa. Fklr`bs` “ Fklr`bs` “ N`lfn` N`lfn` tj tba` jk cjr` rfsa tj j pursu` bk jppjrtukfty. \tr`kmths Lbk d` bppof`n sull`ssiuooy jk strbt`mfl strbt`mfl rfsas, rfsas, j tbltflbo bkn jp`rbtfjkbo rfsas. B sull`ssiuo sull`ssiu o rfsa r`spjks` jk jk` fkftfbtfv` lbk j d` usìuo o`ssjks o`brk`n ijr jth`r fkftfbtfv`s. Jkmjfkm rfsa cbkbm`c`kt hòp tj `vboubt` j lhbkm`s fk sjoutfjk, r`-`vboubt` rfsas bkn r`qufr`n pobkk`n r`spjks`s. Ofcftbtfjks Kucd`r ji pjssfdo` pjssfdo` rfsas tj cjst cjst fkftfbtfv`s fkftfbtfv`s lbk j `bsfoy d`ljc` ukcbkbm`bdoy obrm`. Hfmh lhbkl` thbt thbt sfmkfiflbkt rfsas rfsas br` kjt j fn`ktfif`n. j

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=.<6 Tjo`s bkn W`rcfssfjks Cbtrfx Tjo`s bkn p`rcfssfjks cbtrfx shjws b ofst ji sp`lfifl rjo`s bkn jp`rbtfjks bssfmk`n tj thjs` rjo`s.

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Ft fs us`n tj `ksur` ljv`rbm` ji bltfvftf`s dy n`kjtfkm r`spjksfdfofty, tj fn`ktfiy rjo`s, tj nfsljv`r cfssfkm rjo`s bkn tj ljccukflbt` r`suots ji b pobkk`n lhbkm`. ➤

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Tjo`s bkn p`rcfssfjks p`rcfssfjks boojlbtfjk boojlbtfjk fkvjov`s fkvjov`s fn`ktfiyfkm rjo`s, bssjlfbtfkm th`c wfth sjoutfjk bltfvftf`s, bkn th`k n`kjtfkm buthjrftf`s whj lbk p`rijrc th`s` bltfvftf`s. B rjo` fs b obdò ijr b mrjup ji fknfvfnubos whj shbr` ljccjk iukltfjks. iukltfjks. @blh iukltfjks iukltfjks fs pjrtrby`n pjrtrby`n bs jk` jk` jr cjr` sjoutfjk bltfvftf`s. B sfkmo` sfkmo` bltfvfty bltfvfty lbk d` bssjlfbt`n wfth jk` jr cjr` rjo`s dy n`sfmkbtfkm buthjrftf`s. Fn`ktfiyfkm Tjo`s “ “ ^j fn`ktfiy rjo`s, dusfk`ss bkboyst r`vf`ws jrmbkfzbtfjkbo cjnòs, prjl`nur` cbkubos bkn syst`c us`r mufn`s bs wòo bs c``t wfth stba`hjon`rs tj ukljv`r bnnftfjkbo rjo`s. Fn`ktfiyfkm Bltfvftf`s “ “ Dusfk`ss bkboysts us` iukltfjkbo n`ljcpjsftfjk tj dr`ba njwk `blh iukltfjk fktj sud pbrts, tj ukn`rstbkn th` wjraiojw bkn nfvfsfjk ji wjra bs wòo bs us`s us`s lbs`s tj r`pr`s`kt r`pr`s`kt tbsas. Fkftfbo o`vò rjo`s bkn r`spjksfdfoftf`s cby d` fn`ktfif`n fk b TBLF TBLF (T`spjksfdo`, Blljuktbdo`, Ljksuot`n, bkn Fkijrc`n) cbtrfx. Wbm` 426 ji 426 ji 4<=


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Fn`ktfiyfkm Fn`ktfiyfkm Buthjrftf`s “ Fn`ktfif`n “ Fn`ktfif`n rjo`s br` p`rcftt`n tj p`rijrc l`rtbfk bltfjks whflh fs t`rc`n bs buthjrftf`s. buthjrftf`s. Buthjrftf`s ijr `blh rjo` br` fn`ktfif`n wfth r`sp`lt tj `blh bltfvfty. Tìfk`c`kts “ Nò`mbtfjks “ Nò`mbtfjk “ Nò`mbtfjk pbth lbk d` fn`ktfif`n j ijr buthjrftf`s bcjkmst `blh jth`r jk b shjrt t`rc jr p`rcbk`kt dbsfs. @xbcpo` “ @xbcpo` “ B B spjksjr cby nò`mbt` n`lfsfjk tbafkm tj dusfk`ss jwk`r fk hfs/h`r bds`kl`. Fkh`rftbkl`s “ “ Fk lbs` ji buthjrfty bssfmkc`kt j bt bk jrmbkfzbtfjkbo hf`rbrlhy o`vò, bssfmkc`kt p`rtbfk p`rtbfk tj jkoy thbt us`r‖s jrmbkfzbtfjkbo o`vò. \tr`kmths Wrjvfn`s prjl`nurbo lh`las dy r`strfltfkm j fknfvfnubos fknfvfnubos irjc i rjc p`rijrcfkm l`rtbfk bltfjks. Wrjvfn`s njluc`kt`n rjo`s bkn r`spjksfdfoftf`s r`spjksfdfoftf `s j ijr bltfvftf`s. Ofcftbtfjks ^jj culh n`tbfo ijr sp`lfifl fkftfbtfv` lbk d` tfc` j ljksucfkm bkn tjj oftto` n`tbfo lbk `xloun` k`l`ssbry rjo`s jr r`spjksfdfoftf`s. r`spjksfdfoftf`s.

Wbm` 447 ji 447 ji 4<=


=.>7 Tjjt Lbus` Bkboysfs Tjjt lbus` bkboysfs fs b c`thjn ji prjdo`c sjovfkm us`n ijr fn`ktfiyfkm th` rjjt lbus`s ji ibuots jr prjdo`cs.

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Ft fs us`n tj fn`ktfiy bkn `vboubt` th` ukn`royfkm lbus`s ji b prjdo`c. ➤

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Tjjt lbus` bkboysfs fs b prjp`r bpprjblh bpprjblh tj `xbcfk` b `xbcfk` b prjdo`c jr sftubtfjk thbt ijlus`s jk prjdo`c‖s jrfmfk bs prjp`r pjfkt ji ljrr`ltfjk rbth`r thbk n`bofkm wfth fts ìi`lts jkoy. Tjjt lbus` bkboysfs bkboysfs lbk lbk d` us`n tj fn`ktfiy rjjt lbus` ji bk jllurrfkm prjdo`c ijr ljrr`ltfv` bltfjk whflh fs lboo`n r`bltfv` bkboysfs bkboysfs bkn fn`ktfiyfkm prjdo`c br`b ijr pr`v`ktfv` bltfjk whflh fs t`rc`n bs prjbltfv` bkboysfs. bkboysfs . Tjjt lbus` bkboysfs us`s ijur cbfk cbfk bltfvftf`s bltfvftf`s “ “ Wrjdo`c stbt`c`kt nìfkftfjk n`slrfdfkm fssu` tj j d` bnnr`ss`n. Nbtb ljoo`ltfjk ljoo`ltfjk mbth`rfkm fkijrcbtfjk bdjut th` j kbtur`, ojlbtfjk bkn tfcfkm ji th` ìi`lt. Lbus` fn`ktfiflbtfjk whflh fkv`stfmbt`s th` j pbtt`rks wfthfk b prjdo`c Bltfjk fn`ktfiflbtfjk fn`ktfiflbtfjk whflh whflh nìfk`s ljrr`ltfv` ljrr`ltfv` j bltfjk thbt wfoo pr`v`kt jr cfkfcfz` jllurr`kl`. Ifshdjk` Nfbmrbc “ “ Ifshdjk` nfbmrbc jr lbus`-bknìi`lt nfbmrbc fs us`n tj fn`ktfiy bkn jrmbkfz` pjssfdo` lbus`s ji ji prjdo`c. Ft s`rv`s bs b cbp thbt n`pflts pjssfdo` lbus` bkn ròbt`n ìi`lts. ^h` Ifv` ]hys “ ]hys “ Ft Ft fs b prjl`ss ji `xpojrfkm kbtur` bkn lbus` ji b prjdo`c. Ft fs us`n tj r`blh tj rjjt lbus` ji th` prjdo`c bkn fs b sfcpo`st tjjo tj us` wh`k prjdo`cs hbv` b hucbk fkt`rbltfjk ljcpjk`kt. Fk ifshdjk` nfbmrbc jkl` boo fn`bs br` lbptur`n, ifv` whys lbk hòp tj nrfoo njwk tj rjjt lbus` ijr `blh ji th`c. \tr`kmths Hòps tj cbfktbfk jde`ltfv` p`rsp`ltfv`. j @kbdo`s stba`hjon`rs tj sp`lfiy bk ìi`ltfv` ìi`ltf v` j sjoutfjk ijr ljrr`ltfv` bltfjk. Ofcftbtfjks ]jras d`st wh`k trbfkfkm fs prjvfn`n tj `ksur` j th` rjjt lbus`s br` fn`ktfif`n rbth`r thbk eust sycptjcs. Cby kjt d` suftbdo` ijr ljcpo`x prjdo`cs. j

Wbm` 442 ji 442 ji 4<=


=.>2 \ljp` Cjnòofkm \ljp` cjnòofkm rì`rs tj t`lhkfqu` thbt prjvfn`s n`tbfo`n vf`w ji ofcfts ijr b pbrtfluobr dusfk`ss njcbfk bkn ròbt`n ò`c`kts. 2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

\ljp` cjnòs nìfk` th` kbtur` ji jk` jr cjr` ofcfts jr djuknbrf`s bkn pobl` ò`c`kts fksfn` jr jutsfn` thjs` djuknbrf`s. ➤ ➤

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@o`c`kts

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\ljp` cjnòs usubooy shjw bkn n`slrfd` th` djuknbrf`s ji ljktrjo, lhbkm`, b sjoutfjk jr k``n. ^h`s` cjnòs cjnòs shjw ò`c`kts ò`c`kts thbt ljuon ljuon d`5 d`5 Cjnò fn`ktfif`s b djuknbry bs s``k Fk-sljp` “ Fk-sljp` “ Cjnò j irjc fksfn` bs wòo bs ò`c`kts ljktbfk`n dy thbt djuknbry. Jut-ji-sljp` “ “ Djuknbry irjc jutsfn` bkn j ò`c`kts thbt br` kjt ljktbfk`n dy thbt djuknbry. Djth “ Djth “ Cjnò Cjnò fn`ktfif`s b djuknbry bs s``k irjc j djth sfn`s bs wòo bs ò`c`kts jk djth sfn`s ji djuknbry. Jde`ltfv`s “ Jde`ltfv`s “ \ljp` \ljp` cjnòs br` typflbooy us`s tj lobrfty th` spbk ji ljktrjo, rò`vbkl` ji ò`c`kts bkn wh`r` ìijrt wfoo d` bppof`n. \ljp` ji Lhbkm` bkn Ljkt`xt “ @o`c`kts “ @o`c`kts thbt wfoo d` bot`r`n bs pbrt ji th` lhbkm` br` ljksfn`r`n bs wòo bs `xt`rkbo ò`c`kts ò`c`kts thbt br` rò`vbkt rò`vbkt tj th` lhbkm`. lhbkm`. Ijr th` ò`c`kts wfthfk sljp` ji lhbkm`, wby br` fn`ktfif`n tj cjnfiy thjs` ò`c`kts. Jk jth`r hbkn, hbkn, fkt`rbltfjks fkt`rbltfjks br` n`vòjp`n d`tw``k lhbkm`, lurr`kt bkn prjpjs`n sjoutfjk bkn ljkt`xt ijr thjs` ò`c`kts whflh br` jutsfn` sljp` ji lhbkm`. O`vò ji N`tbfo “ “ Wurpjs` ji bkboysfs nìfk`s th` bpprjprfbt` o`vò ji bdstrbltfjk bt whflh sljp` ò`c`kts br` n`slrfd`n. @kjumh n`tbfo`n ò`c`kts prjvfn`s prjvfn`s b c`bkfkmiuo r`nultfjk ji ukl`rtbfkty bkn lbk d` n`slrfd`n dy `kuc`rbtfkm th`c jr dy mrjupfkm th`c fktj ojmflbo djukn s`ts. Tòbtfjkshfps “ “ Nfbmrbccfkm t`lhkfqu`s us`n ijr `xpojrfkm ròbtfjkshfps ròbtfjkshfps ji sp`lfifl typ`s, fkloun`5 Wbr`kt-lhfon Wbr`kt-lhfon jr Ljcpjsft fjk-suds`t “ Tòbt`s “ Tòbt`s j ò`c`kts ji sbc` typ` dy wby ji hf`rbrlhflbo n`ljcpjsftfjk. Iukltfjk-T`spjksfdfofty “ Tòbt` “ Tòbt` b iukltfjk tj j fts bm`kt whj fs r`spjksfdo` tj `x`lut` ft. \uppof`r-Ljksuc`r “ Tòbt`s “ Tòbt`s ò`c`kts dy wby j ji trbkscfssfjk ji fkijrcbtfjk jr cbt`rfbos d`tw``k th`c. Wbm` 444 ji 444 ji 4<=


Lbus`-@ii`lt “ “ Tòbt`s ò`c`kts dy ojmflbo ljktfkm`kly fk jrn`r tj fn`ktfiy lhbfks ji bssjlfbt`n ò`c`kts thbt br` fkvjov`s fk lhbkm`. @c`rm`kt “ “ \`v`rbo ò`c`kts lbk fkt`rblt tj j prjnul` r`suots thbt lbkkjt d` pr`nflt`n. Bs su cp t fj ks “ “ Nìfkftfjk ji k``n, lbusbofty ji jutljc`s, fcpblt ji lhbkm`s, bppoflbdfofty bppoflbdfofty bkn i`bsfdfofty ji sjoutfjk br` ljupo` ji bssucptfjks ljksfn`r`n bs pbrt ji sljp` cjnòofkm. \ljp` Cjnòofkm T`suots “ “ T`suots lbk d` r`pr`s`kt`n bs t`xtubo n`slrfptfjks ji ò`c`kts, nfbmrbcs shjwfkm ròbtfjkshfps ji sljp` ò`c`kts bkn cbtrfl`s n`pfltfkm n`p`kn`klf`s d`tw``k sljp` ò`c`kts. \tr`kmths Hòp tj nìfk` ljktrbltubo jdofmbtfjks. j Wrjvfn`s dbs` ijr `stfcbtfjk ji prje`lt ìijrt. j Hòps fk eustfiyfkm fk-sljp`/jut ji sljp` j n`lfsfjks fk r`qufr`c`kts bkboysfs. Bss`ss th` ljcpo`t`k`ss bkn fcpblt ji j sjoutfjks. Ofcftbtfjks Lbk obla suiiflf`kt o`vò ji mrbkuobrfty mrbkuobrfty thbt thbt fs j k``n`n ijr lo`br sljp` fn`ktfiflbtfjk. Lhbkmfkm b sljp` cjnò cby d` nfiifluot nu` tj j pjoftflbo r`bsjks. Ljcpo`x djuknbrf`s lbkkjt d` bnnr`ss`n dy j trbnftfjkbo sljp` cjnòs. j

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=.>4 \`qu`kl` Nfbmrbcs \`qu`kl` nfbmrbcs prjvfn` b vf`w ji hjw jde`lts fkt`rblt wfth `blh jth`r fk ijrc ji c`ssbm`s fk b sp`lfifl sp`lfifl jrn`r. Ft fs bosj lboo`n bs bs fkt`rbltfjk nfbmrbc. nfbmrbc.

2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

\`qu`kl` nfbmrbcs br` us`n tj cjnò th` ojmfl ji usbm` sl`kbrfjs dy shjwfkm th` fkijrcbtfjk pbss`n d`tw``k jde`lts fk th` syst`c thrjumh `x`lutfjk ji th` sl`kbrfj. ➤ ➤

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B s`qu`kl` nfbmrbc shjws hjw prjl`ss`s jr prjl`ss`s jr jde`lts fkt`rblt nurfkm b sl`kbrfj. sl`kbrfj. \`qu`kl` nfbmrbc shjws hjw jde`lts jde`lts us`n fk th` sl`kbrfj fkt`rblt bkn hjw us`r fkt`ribl` ljcpjk`kts fkt`rblt. Jde`lts s`knfkm c`ssbm`s c`ssb m`s tj `blh jth`r br` r`pr`s`kt`n bs djx`s thbt br` bofmk`n irjc oìt tj rfmht wfth b v`rtflbo ofk` shjwfkm th` sljp` bkn ofiòfk` ji th` Wbm` 44< ji 44< ji 4<=


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@o`c`kts

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jde`lt. C`ssbm`s thbt br` s`kt irjc irjc jk` jde`lt tj bkjth`r br` shjwk bs hjrfzjktbo brrjws. ^h`s` nfbmrbcs br` bosj lboo`n bs `v`kt nfbmrbcs. \hjws b ofi`spbk ji bk jde`lt bkn fs nrbwk bs Ofiòfk` “ Ofiòfk` “ \hjws b nbsh`n ofk` thbt v`rtflbooy n`sl`kns irjc jde`lt djx. Bl tf vbt fj k Dj x “ “ Ft shjws b p`rfjn nurfkm whflh bk jp`rbtfjk fs `x`lut`n. Ft fs bltfvbt`n dy fkljcfkm sjofn ofk` brrjw. C`ssbm` “ Fkt`rbltfjk “ Fkt`rbltfjk d`tw``k twj jde`lts shjwk bs bk brrjw ljcfkm irjc ir jc s`kn`r jde`lt tj r`lfpf`kt jde`lt. Nfii`r`kt typ`s ji c`ssbm`s br` shjwk5 \yklhrjkjus lboo “ “ ^rbksi`rs ljktrjo tj j r`l`fvfkm jde`lt. \`kn`r lbkkjt blt ukn`r b r`turk c`ssbm` fs r`l`fv`n. Bs yk lh rj kj us lbo o “ “ Boojws th` jde`lt tj j ljktfku` wfth fts jwk prjl`ssfkm bit`r s`knfkm th` sfmkbo. Cby s`kn cuotfpo` sfmkbos dut bll`pt jkoy jk` bt b tfc`. \tr`kmths Yfsubo fkt`rbltfjk d`tw``k jde`lts fk b j lhrjkjojmflbo cbkk`r. Hòps stba`hjon`rs tj shjw fkt`rbltfjk d`tw``k j jde`lts fk b vfsubo cbkk`r. Ps` lbs`s lbk d` rìfk`n fktj jk` jr cjr` j s`qu`kl` nfbmrbcs tj prjvfn` cjr` n`tbfos. Ofcftbtfjks ^fc` bkn ìijrt br` wbst`n lr`btfkm b ljcpo`t` j s`t ji s`qu`kl` nfbmrbcs. Hbv` hfstjrflbooy d``k us`n ijr cjnòofkm syst`c j iojws.

Wbm` 44> ji 44> ji 4<=


=.>< \tba`hjon`r Ofst, Cbp jr W`rsjkbs \tba`hjon`r ofst, cbp bkn p`rsjkbs rì`r tj ejttfkm njwk ofst ji stba`hjon`rs, cbppfkm th`c tj shjw ròbtfjkshfps wfth sjoutfjk bkn mrjupfkm th`c fk b wby ft fs `bsy tj ukn`rstbkn bkn `cpbthfz` wfth.

2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

\tba`hjon`r ofsts, cbps bkn p`rsjkbs bssfst fk bkboyzfkm stba`hjon`rs bkn th`fr lhbrblt`rfstfls. lhbrblt`rfstfls. ➤

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@o`c`kts

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\tba`hjon`r bkboysfs fkvjov`s fn`ktfiyfkm th` stba`hjon`rs thbt cby d` bii`lt`n dy b prjpjs`n fkftfbtfv` jr thbt shbr` b ljccjk dusfk`ss k``n. Ljccjk typ`s typ`s ji stba`hjon`r stba`hjon`r lhbrblt`rfstfls lhbrblt`rfstfls thbt br` br` wjrth fn`ktfiyfkm bkn bkboyzfkm fkloun`s o`vò ji buthjrfty wfthfk njcbfk, bttftun`s tjwbrn lhbkm` bkn dusfk`ss bkboysfs wjra bkn rjo` bs wòo bs o`vò ji n`lfsfjk cbafkm buthjrfty. \tba`hjon`r Ofsts “ “ Ybrfjus t`lhkfqu`s sulh bs drbfkstjrcfkm bkn fkt`rvf`ws br` bppof`n tj m`k`rbt` b stba`hjon`r ofst thbt fs l`ktrbo tj djth stba`hjon`r bkboysfs bltfvftf`s. \tba`hjon`r Cbp “ “ Nfbmrbcs thbt n`pflt th` ròbtfjkshfp ji stba`hjon`rs tj sjoutfjk bkn tj jk` bkjth`r. Ljccjk jk`s jk`s fkloun`5 fkloun`5 \tba`hjon`r Cbtrfx “ “ Cbps th` o`vò ji j stba`hjon`r fkiou`kl` bmbfkst th` o`vò ji stba`hjon`r fkt`r`st. Ijur qubnrbkts qubnrbkts shjw5 Hfmh Fkiou`kl` /hfmh fcpblt “ “ ^hfs ▥ mrjup cust d` `kmbm`n r`muobroy. r`muobroy. Hfmh fkiou`kl` /ojw fcpblt “ ▥ \tba`hjon`r k``ns shjuon d` c`t bkn th`fr o`vò ji fkt`r`st a``ps jk fklr`bsfkm. Ojw fkiou`kl` / hfmh fcpblt “ ▥ \tba`hjon`rs br` suppjrt`rs bkn pjt`ktfbo mjjnwfoo bcdbssbnjrs ijr th` lhbkm` ìijrt. Ojw fkiou`kl` / ojw fcpblt “ ▥ \tba`hjon`rs lbk d` a`pt fkijrc`n usfkm m`k`rbo ljccukflbtfjks. ljccukflbtfjks. Jkfjk Nfbmrbc “ “ \hjws th` fkvjov`c`kt ji j stba`hjon`rs wfth th` sjoutfjk bojkm wfth thjs` fkt`rbltfkm wfth th` sjoutfjk bkn thjs` whj pbrtflfpbt` bs pbrt ji obrm`r jrmbkfzbtfjk jr jutsfn` jrmbkfzbtfjk fk dusfk`ss prjl`ss. T`spjksf T`spjksf dfoft y (TBLF) (TBLF) cbtrfx “ Wr` “ Wr` r`qufsft` ijr thfs fs tj hbv` boo stba`hjon`rs fn`ktfif`n.

Wbm` 440 ji 440 ji 4<=


T`spjksfdo` (T) “ W`rsjk “ W`rsjk p`rijrcfkm th` wjra jk tbsa Bl lj uk tbd o` (B) “ W`rsjk “ W`rsjk hòn blljuktbdo` ijr j sull`ssiuo ljcpo`tfjk ji tbsa bkn fs n`lfsfjk cba`r. Ljksuot`n (L) (L) “ \tba`hjon`r “ \tba`hjon`r whj wfoo d` bsa`n j tj prjvfn` bk jpfkfjk bdjut th` tbsa. Fkijrc`n (F) “ “ \tba`hjon`r mrjup fs a`pt up tj j nbt` ji th` tbsa bkn fs kjtfif`n ji fts jutljc`. W`rsjkbs “ W`rsjkbs “ W`rsjkbs W`rsjkbs br` hòpiuo wh`k th`r` fs b n`sfr` tj ukn`rstbkn th` k``ns hòn dy lobss ji us`rs. Ft fs wrftt`k fk b kbrrbtfv` ijrc b ijlus`s jk prjvfnfkm fksfmhts fktj mjbos ji mrjup. ^h`y drfkm us`rs tj ofi`. \tr`kmths Fn`ktfif`s Fn`ktfi f`s sp`lfifl p`jpo` whj cust d` `kmbm` fk j òflftbtfjk bltfvftf`s. Psìuo tj ukn`rstbkn ukn`rstbkn lhbkm`s fk fk fcpblt`n j mrjups jv`r tfc`. Ofcftbtfjks C`cd`rs wjrafkm fk sbc` t`bc cby kjt us` thfs j t`lhkfqu` d`lbus` th`y p`rl`fv` lhbkm` bs b cfkfcbo thfkm. Bss`ssfkm fkijrcbtfjk bdjut b sp`lfifl j stba`hjon`r r`pr`s`ktbtfv` lbk d` ljcpoflbt`n bkn i`ò rfsay. j

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=.>> \tbt` Cjnòofkm \tbt` cjnòofkm fs b t`lhkfqu` thbt shjws hjw bk jde`lt jp`rbt` irjc jk` stbt` t j bkjth`r jk trfmm`rfkm ji bk `v`kt jr b ljknftfjk.

2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

N`slrfd` bkn bkboyz` nfii`r`kt pjssfdo` stbt`s ji bk `ktfty wfthfk b syst`c, hjw `ktfty lhbkm`s irjc jk` stbt` tj bkjth`r bkn d`hbvfjur ji `ktfty fk `blh stbt`. ➤ ➤

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@o`c`kts

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Bk `ktfty fs bk jde`lt jr ljkl`pt wfthfk b syst`c. Ofi`lylo` ji `v`ry `ktfty hbs b d`mfkkfkm bkn bk `kn. B stbt` cjnò cjnò n`slrfd`s n`slrfd`s b s`t ji pjssfdo` pjssfdo` stbt`s stbt`s ji `ktfty, s`qu`kl` ji stbt`s thbt th` `ktfty lbk d` fk, hjw bk `ktfty lhbkm`s irjc jk` stbt` tj bkjth`r, `v`kts bkn ljknftfjks lbusfkm th` `ktfty tj lhbkm` stbtus bkn bltfjks thbt lbk jr cust d` p`rijrc`n fk `blh stbt`. \tbt` “ \tbt` “ Bk Bk `ktfty hbs ifkft` kucd`r ji stbt`s bkn ft lbk d` fk cjr` thbk jk` stbt` bt b tfc`. @blh `ktfty stbt` n`slrfd`s b kbc` bkn bltfvftf`s thbt ljuon d` p`rijrc`n whfo` fk thbt stbt`. Wbm` 449 ji 449 ji 4<=


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\tbt` ^rbksftfjk “ “ B trbksftfjk cby d` ljknftfjkbo jr butjcbtfl. Ft fs n`slrfd`s fk fk t`rcs ji `v`kt `v`kt thbt lbus`s th` trbksftfjk, ljknftfjk whflh n`t`rcfk` wh`th`r jr kjt th` `ktfty cust r`spjkn tj thbt `v`kt, bkn bltfjks thbt jllur fk bssjlfbtfjk wfth th` `v`kt. \tbt` Nfbmrbc “ “ Ft shjws th` ofi`lylo` ji jk` `ktfty stbrtfkm irjc ft ljcfkm fktj `xfst`kl` bkn mjfkm thrjumh boo stbt`s tfoo ft fs kj ojkm`r ji us`. B stbt` fs stbt` fs shjwk bs b r`ltbkmo` wfth rjukn`r ljrk`rs. ^rbksftfjk ^rbksftfjk irjc jk` stbt` tj bkjth`r fs shjwk wfth jk` nfr`ltfjkbo brrjw pjfktfkm irjc stbrt stbt` tj n`stfkbtfjk stbt`. D`mfkkfkm bkn `kn ji th` `ktfty‖s ofi` lylo` fs shjwk wfth sp`lfbo sycdjos. \tbt` ^bdo`s “ ^wj “ ^wj nfc`ksfjkbo cbtrfx shjwfkm stbt`s bkn trbksftfjks d`tw``k th`c. @blh rjw shjws b stbrtfkm stbt`, trbksftfjk bkn `kn stbt`. \tr`kmths Fn`ktfif`s Fn`ktfi f`s dusfk`ss ruo`s thbt bppoy tj `ktfty d`fkm j cjnòo`n. Fn`ktfiy bkn n`slrfd`s th` bltfvftf`s thbt bppoy tj j `ktfty bt nfii`r`kt stbt`s ji `ktfty. Y`ry culh ìi`ltfv` njluc`ktbtfjk bkn j ljccukflbtfjk tjjo thbk pobfk t`xt. Ofcftbtfjks Mjjn ijr ljcpo`x `ktftf`s ukn`rstbknfkm. j \fcpo` `ktftf`s cby kjt k``n tj sp`kn tfc` bkn ìijrt d`hfkn thfs. Dufonfkm b stbt` cjnò bpp`brs sfcpo` bt th` stbrt j dut blhf`vfkm b ljks`ksus dy th` cjnò lbk d` nfiifluot bkn tfc`-ljksucfkm. tfc`-ljksucfkm.

=.>0 \urv`y jr Ru`stfjkkbfr` \urv`y rì`rs tj b t`lhkfqu` ji nìfkfkm c`bsur` ji jpfkfjks irjc b mrjup ji p`jpo` vfb bsafkm qu`stfjks wh`r`bs qu`stfjkkbfr` rì`rs tj b s`t ji qu`stfjks wfth lhjfl` ji bksw`rs n`vfs`n ijr purpjs` ji surv`y.

2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

Ps`n tj òflft fkijrcbtfjk irjc b mrjup ji p`jpo` fk b strultur`n wby bkn fk b ròbtfvòy shjrt p`rfjn ji tfc`. ➤

\urv`y jr qu`stfjkkbfr` qu`stfjkkbf r` pr`s`kts b s`t ji qu`stfjks tj stba`hjon`rs whjs` r`spjks`s br` ljoo`lt`n bkn bkboyz`n fk jrn`r tj ijrcuobt` akjwo`nm` bdjut sude`lt cbtt`r ji fkt`r`st. fkt`r`st. ^wj typ`s ji qu`stfjks qu`stfjks br` us`n us`n fk surv`y jr qu`stfjkkbfr`5 qu`stfjkkbfr`5

Wbm` 44= ji 44= ji 4<=


Lojs`-`kn`n “ T`spjkn`kt “ T`spjkn`kt br` bsa`n tj sò`lt irjc V`s/Kj jr cuotfpo` lhjfl` qu`stfjk. Y`ry `bsy tj bkboyz` r`spjks`s bs th`y lbk d` tf`n tj kuc`rflbo ljìiflf`kts. Jp`k-`kn`n “ Jp`k-`kn`n “ T`spjkn`kt T`spjkn`kt br` bsa`n ir`` ijrc j qu`stfjk wfthjut bsafkm tj sò`lt bk bksw`r irjc b ofst ji ji pr`nìfk`n r`spjks`s. Ft lbk d` cjr` nfiifluot bkn tfc` ljksucfkm tj bkboyz` r`spjks`s bs th`y br` ukstrultur`n. Wr`pbr` “ “ Ijoojwfkm thfkms br` ljksfn`r`n whfo` pr`pbrfkm ijr surv`y5 Nìfk` th` jde`ltfv` j Nìfk` th` tbrm`t surv`y mrjup j Lhjjs` bpprjprfbt` surv`y jr qu`stfjkkbfr` qu`stfjkkbfr` typ` j jut irjc lojs`-`kn`n bkn jp`k-`kn`n. jp`k-`kn`n. \ò`lt th` sbcpo` mrjup. j \ò`lt th` nfstrfdutfjk nfstrfdutfjk bkn ljoo`ltfjk ljoo`ltfjk c`thjns j fklounfkm ljccukflbtfjk cjn`. \`t th` tbrm`t o`vò bkn tfcòfk` ijr r`spjks`. j N`t`rcfk` fi fknfvfnubo fknfvfnubo fkt`rvf`ws br` k``n`n tj j suppjrt surv`ys. ]rft` th` surv`y qu`stfjks. j ^`st th` surv`y jr qu`stfjkkbfr` qu`stfjkkbfr` usfkm b usbdfofty j t`st tj fn`ktfiy `rrjrs. Nfstrfdut` th` \urv`y jr Ru`stfjkkbfr` “ Nfstrfdutfjk “ Nfstrfdutfjk lbk d` njk` vfb `cbfo, fk-p`rsjk jr surv`y tjjo whflh ljksfn`rs th` urm`kly ji jdtbfkfkm r`suots, o`vò ji s`lurfty r`qufr`n bkn m`jmrbphfl nfstrfdutfjk ji r`spjkn`kts. Njluc`kt th` T`suots “ “ Bs pbrt ji njluc`ktfkm r`suots, dusfk`ss bkboysts ljoobt` ljoobt` th` r`spjks`s, succbrfz` succbrfz` th` r`suots, `vboubt` `vboubt` th` n`tbfos ijr bky `c`rmfkm th`c`s, ijrcuobt` ijrcuobt` lbt`mjrfz`s ijr `kljnfkm ji nbtb bkn dr`ba njwk njwk nbtb fktj c`bsurbdo` fklr`c`kts. \tr`kmths Rufla c`thjn bkn ròbtfvòy ròbtfvòy fk`xp`ksfv` fk`xp`ksfv` tj j bncfkfst`r. @bsf`r tj ljoo`lt fkijrcbtfjk fkijrcbtfjk irjc irjc b obrm`r j bunf`kl`. @ii`ltfv`, o`ss tfc` ljksucfkm bkn ìiflf`kt wby j ji òflftfkm r`qufr`c`kts wh`k stba`hjon`rs br` m`jmrbphflbooy nfsp`rs`n. Lojs`n `kn`n qu`stfjks wfoo o`bn tj us` ji j qubktftbtfv` nbtb ijr us` fk stbtfstflbo bkboysfs wh`r`bs jp`k `kn`n qu`stfjks wfoo o`bn tj fn`ktfiflbtfjk ji fksfmhts bkn jpfkfjks. j

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Wbm` 448 ji 448 ji 4<=


Ofcftbtfjks \p`lfbofz`n \p`lfbofz`n safoos fk stbtfstflbo sbcpofkm c`thjns j fs r`qufr`n whfo` bkboyzfkm surv`y ji pjt`ktfbo r`spjkn`kts. T`spjks` rbt`s cby d` tjj ojw. j `kn`n qu`stfjks cby r`qufr` cjr` j Jp`k bkboysfs. Bcdfmujus qu`stfjks cby d` oìt ukbksw`r`n ukbksw`r`n j bkn cby r`qufr` ijoojw up jk bksw`rs prjvfn`n.

=.>9 \]J^ Bkboysfs \]J^ bkboysfs rì`rs tj b t`lhkfqu` ijr fn`ktfiyfkm bkn bkboyzfkm th` fkt`rkbo bkn `xt`rkbo ibltjrs thbt lbk hbv` bk fcpblt jk vfbdfofty ji b prje`lt.

2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

\]J^ Bkboysfs fs b v`ry mjjn t`lhkfqu` tj `vboubt` jrmbkfzbtfjk‖s jrmbkfzbtfjk‖s str`kmths, w`bak`ss`s, jppjrtukftf`s jppjrtukftf`s bkn thr`bts tj djth fkt`rkbo bkn `xt`rkbo ljknftfjks. ➤

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@o`c`kts

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\]J^ bkboysfs bkboysfs fs drfì, drfì, sp`lfifl, sp`lfifl, r`bofstfl bkn suppjrt`n suppjrt`n dy `vfn`kl` bs wòo bs s`rv`s bs bk `vboubtfjk ji jrmbkfzbtfjk jrmbkfzbtfjk bmbfkst fn`ktfif`n sull`ss ibltjrs. B \]J^ \]J^ bkboysfs bkboysfs lbk d` d` us`n tj5 `vboubt` bk jrmbkfzbtfjk‖s lurr`kt `kvfrjkc`kt j shbr` fkijrcbtfjk o`brk`n wfth o`brk`n wfth stba`hjon`rs st ba`hjon`rs j fn`ktfiy th` d`st pjssfdo` jptfjks jptfjks tj c``t bk j jrmbkfzbtfjk‖s jrmbkfzbtfjk‖s k``ns fn`ktfiy pjt`ktfbo dbrrf`rs tj dbrrf`rs tj sull`ss bkn lr`bt` j bltfk pobks tj jv`rljc` dbrrf`rs bneust bkn r`nìfk` pobks pobks thrjumhjut b prje`lt j bs k`w k``ns brfs` fn`ktfiy br`bs ji str`kmth str`kmth thbt wfoo bssfst bk j jrmbkfzbtfjk jrmbkfzbtfjk fk fcpo`c`ktfkm fcpo`c`ktfkm k`w strbt`mf`s n`vòjp lrft`rfb ijr `vboubtfkm `vboubtfkm prje`lt sull`ss j dbs`n jk mfv`k s`t ji r`qufr`c`kts fn`ktfiy br`bs ji w`bak`ss thbt w`bak`ss thbt ljuon ukn`rcfk` j prje`lt mjbos strbt`mf`s tj bnnr`ss jutstbknfkm j n`vòjp thr`bts \]J^ blrjkyc fs `xpobfk`n dòjw5 \tr`kmths (\) (\) - Bky pbrtfluobr bltfvftf`s / j prjl`ss`s thbt mrjup nj`s wòo bkn o`bns tj sull`ss. @xbcpo` “ @xbcpo` “ Jrmbkfzbtfjk Jrmbkfzbtfjk cby d` mjjn fk prjvfnfkm up tj 6=% ji o`knfkm bcjukt tj lustjc`r. ^h` str`kmth h`r` fs iuknfkm lbpbdfofty. Wbm` 446 ji 446 ji 4<=


]`bak`ss`s (]) “ “ Bltfjks jr iukltfjks whflh br` pjjroy njk` jr kjt bt boo njk`. @xbcpo` “ @xbcpo` “ \`rvflfkm ji ojbk wfthfk ojbk ofi`lylo` fs kjt prjp`roy njk` bkn lustjc`r ljcpobfkts br` rbfs`n ijr th` sbc`. Jppjrtukftf`s (J) “ “ @xt`rkbo ibltjrs ji whflh j th` bss`ss`n mrjup cby d` bdo` tj tba` bnvbktbm` ji sulh bs k`w t`lhkjojmy. @xbcpo` “ Jutsjurlfkm “ Jutsjurlfkm ji th` ojbk s`rvflfkm tj jk` ji th` v`knjr cby hòp fk m`ttfkm d`tt`r lustjc`r sbtfsibltfjk. ^hr`bts (^) “ (^) “ @xt`rkbo @xt`rkbo ibltjrs thbt lbk k`mbtfvòy j fcpblt th` bss`ss`n mrjup sulh bs k`w ljcp`tftjr. @xbcpo` “ “ Blqufsftfjk ji v`knjr prjvfnfkm ojbk s`rvflfkm tj jk` ji th` jrmbkfzbtfjk cby o`bn tj thr`bt ji lhbkmfkm strbt`mf`s bkn jp`rbtfjkbo strultur`. \tr`kmths Ft fs b vboubdo` vboubdo` tjjo tj bfn fk fk ukn`rstbknfkm ukn`rstbknfkm ji j jrmbkfzbtfjk, jrmbkfzbtfjk, prjnult bkn prjl`ss. @kbdo`s tj nfr`lt th` stba`hjon`r‖s ijlus tj th` j ibltjrs thbt br` fcpjrtbkt tj dusfk`ss. Ofcftbtfjks T`suots ji \]J^ bkboysfs k``ns cjr` n`tbfo`n j bkboysfs. Pko`ss b lo`br lo`br ljkt`xt fs nìfk`n th` r`suot r`suot cby j d` ukijlus`n bkn ljktbfk ibltjrs whflh br` kjt rò`vbkt. j

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=.>= Ps` Lbs`s bkn \l`kbrfjs Ps` lbs`s rì`rs tj bltfjks thbt br` r`qufr`n tj `kbdo` b mjbo bkn sl`kbrfj rì`rs tj jk` sfkmo` pbth thrjumh th` us` lbs`.

2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

N`slrfd`s hjw b p`rsjk jr syst`c fkt`rblts wfth th` sjoutfjk tj blhf`v` b mjbo. ➤

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Ps` lbs`s n`slrfd` th` fkt`rbltfjks d`tw``k prfcbry bltjr, sjoutfjk sjoutfjk bkn s`ljknbry s`ljknbry bltjrs k``n`n tj blhf`v` prfcbry bltjr‖s mjbo. Wrfcbry jr Wrfcbry jr dbsfl iojw i ojw r`pr`s`kts th` cjst nfr`lt wby tj blljcpofsh th` mjbo ji th` us` lbs`. Bot`r Bo t`r kbt fv ` iojws shjw th` `xl`ptfjks thbt ljuon o`bn tj ibfour` tj ljcpo`t` th` mjbo.

Wbm` 4<7 ji 4<7 ji 4<=


Ps` lbs` nfbmrbcs br` mrbphflbo r`pr`s`ktbtfjk ji ròbtfjkshfps d`tw``k bltjrs bkn jk` jr cjr` us` lbs`s. sl`kbrfj fs wrftt`k bs b s`rf`s ji st`ps p`rijrc`n dy ➤ B sl`kbrfj fs bltjrs jr dy sjoutfjk sjoutfjk tj blhf`v` b mjbo. Ps` lbs` lbs` n`slrfd`s s`v`rbo sl`kbrfjs. sl`kbrfjs. @o`c`kts Ijoojwfkm ò`c`kts br` lbptur`n fk us` lbs`5 “ Bk jv`rvf`w ji bltjrs fkt`rbltfkm ➤ Ps` Lbs` Nfbmrbc “ Bk wfth th` sjoutfjk bkn bky ròbtfjkshfps d`tw``k us` lbs`s. Tòbtfjkshfps Tòbtfjks hfps d`tw``k bltjrs bkn us` lbs`s br` lboo`n bssjlfbtfjks. bssjlfbtfjks. Bk bssjlfbtfjk ofk` fknflbt`s fknflbt`s thbt bk bltjr hbs bll`ss tj th` iukltfjkbofty r`pr`s`kt`n dy th` us` lbs`. 4 ljccjkoy us`n ròbtfjkshfps ròbtfjks hfps br`5 @xt`kn “ “ Bnnftfjkbo d`hbvfjur fks`rtfjk fktj b j us` lbs`. ^hfs lbk d` us`n tj shjw shjw bot`rkbtfv` bot`rkbtfv` iojws thbt hbs d``k bnn`n tj `xfstfkm us` lbs`. Fkloun` “ “ Boojws b us` lbs` tj cba` us` ji j iukltfjkbofty pr`s`kt pr`s`kt fk bkjth`r us` lbs`. lbs`. Cjstoy usìuo tj shjw b shbr`n iukltfjkbofty d`tw``k s`v`rbo us` lbs`s. N`slrfptfjk “ ➤ Ps` Lbs` N`slrfptfjk “ Kbc` “ Kbc` “ Ps` Ps` lbs` hbs b ukfqu` kbc`. j Mjbo “ Mjbo “ Drfì Drfì n`slrfptfjk ji b sull`ssiuo jutljc` j ji us` lbs`. Blt Bl t jr s “ “ Bk bltjr fs bky p`rsjk jr syst`c j `xt`rkbo tj sjoutfjk thbt fkt`rblts wfth thbt sjoutfjk. Wr`ljknftfjks “ “ Bky iblt thbt cust d` tru` j dìjr` th` us`r lbs` lbk d`mfk. ^rfmm`r “ ^rfmm`r “ Ft fs bk `v`kt thbt strfa`s th` iojw ji j `v`kts ijr b us` us` lbs`. Bt tfc`s, t`cpjrbo t`cpjrbo (tfc`) `v`kt lbk fkftfbt` b us` lbs`. Iojw ji @v`kts “ \`rf`s “ \`rf`s ji st`ps p`rijrc`n dy j bltjr bkn sjoutfjk nurfkm th` `x`lutfjk ji us` lbs`. ^hfs cby fkloun` bot`rkbtfv` bot`rkbtfv` bkn `xl`ptfjk `xl`ptfjk iojws. Wjst-ljknftfjks jr Mubrbkt``s “ Ft “ Ft fs bky iblt j thbt cust d` tru` wh`k th` us` lbs` fs ljcpo`t`. \`pbrbt` pjst ljknftfjks br` tru` ijr sull`ssiuo bkn uksull`ssiuo `x`lutfjk ji us` lbs` whflh fs lboo`n bs mubrbkt``. mubrbkt`` . Psbm` ➤ \tr`kmths Ljksfn`rbtfjks Lbk lobrfiy sljp` bkn prjvfn` b hfmh o`vò j ukn`rstbknfkm ukn`rstbknfkm ji r`qufr`c`kts. Y`ry `bsy tj ukn`rstbkn nu` tj th`fr kbrrbtfv` j iojw. Brtfluobt`s iukltfjkbo d`hbvfjur d`hbvfjur ji th` syst`c. j ➤

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Wbm` 4<2 ji 4<2 ji 4<=


@ksur` thbt dusfk`ss dusfk`ss vbou` ji us` us` lbs` fs fs brtfluobt`n. Ofcftbtfjks N`lfsfjks bkn dusfk`ss ruo`s shjuon kjt d` j r`ljrn`n nfr`ltoy fk us` lbs`s dut cbkbm`n s`pbrbtòy. Io`xfdo` ijrcbt ji us` lbs` cby lbptur` j ukk`l`ssbry fkijrcbtfjk bt tfc`s. Kj ròbtfjk fs th`r` d`tw``k us` lbs` bkn j sjoutfjk n`sfmk, h`kl` `xtrb ìijrt wfoo d` r`qufr`n ijr sbc`. j

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Wbm` 4<4 ji 4<4 ji 4<=


=.>8 Ps`r \tjrf`s Ps`r stjrf`s fs b t`lhkfqu` tj lbptur` b n`slrfptfjk ji b sjitwbr` i`btur` irjc bk `kn us`r p`rsp`ltfv` fklounfkm fklounfkm th` typ` ji us`r, whbt th`y t h`y wbkt bkn why.

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Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

Ps`r stjry r`pr`s`kts b scboo ljklfs` stbt`c`kt ji iukltfjkbofty jr qubofty k``n`n tj nòfv`r vbou` tj sp`lfifl stba`hjon`r. ➤

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B us`r stjry fs typflbooy b s`kt`kl` jr twj thbt n`slrfd`s n`slrfd`s whjs` k``n fs bnnr`ss`n dy stjry, mjbo th` us`r fs tryfkm tj blljcpofsh bkn bky bnnftfjkbo fkijrcbtfjk thbt cby d` lrftflbo tj ukn`rstbknfkm ji th` sljp` ji stjry. Ps`r stjrf`s lbk d` us`n tj lbptur` stba`hjon`r lbptur` stba`hjon`r k``ns bkn prfjrftfz` th`c, lr`bt` b dbsfs ijr `stfcbtfkm `stfcbtfkm bkn pobkkfkm sjoutfjk pobkkfkm sjoutfjk nòfv`ry, m`k`rbtfkm us`r bll`ptbkl` t`sts, t`sts, c`trfl c`trfl ijr c`bsurfkm nòfv`ry vbou`, ukft ijr trblfkm ròbt`n r`qufr`c`kts bkn b ukft ji prje`lt cbkbm`c`kt bkn r`pjrtfkm. r`pjrtfkm . Ps`r stjry k``n tj ijoojw FKY@\^ prfklf FKY@\^ prfklfpo`. po`. Ft cust d`5 F “ Fkn`p`kn`kt `kjumh tj d` `x`lut`n `kn tj j `kn. K “ K`mjtfbdo` tj K`mjtfbdo` tj bk `xt`kt wh`r` w` lbk spoft j ft tj mrbkuobr o`vò. Y “ Yboubdo`. Yboubdo`. Cust prjvfn` dusfk`ss vbou` tj j stba`hjon`rs. @ “ @stfcbdo`. @stfcbdo`. ^`bc shjuon shjuon d` bdo` tj `stfcbt` j ft fk bky ijrcbt th`y n`lfn`. \ “ \cboo. \cboo . Ft shjuon shjuon d` d` scboo `kjumh tj d` j ljcpo`t`n wfthfk b sprfkt. ^ “ ^`stbdo`. ^`stbdo` . Ft shjuon d` t`stbdo` irjc j p`rsp`ltfv` ji hbvfkm prjp`r bll`ptbkl` lrft`rfb. ^fto` (jptfjkbo) “ (jptfjkbo) “ ^fto` ^fto` n`slrfd` th` bltfvfty stba`hjon`r wbkts tj lbrry jut wfth th` t h` syst`c. \tbt`c`kt ji Ybou` “ “ Ijrcbt ijr us`r stjry hbs < ljcpjk`kts5 ]hj “ b “ b us`r rjo` jr p`rsjkb j ]hbt “ ]hbt “ K`l`ssbry K`l`ssbry bltfjk jr d`hbvfjur j ]hy “ D`kìft “ D`kìft ji vbou` r`l`fv`n dy us`r j @xbcpo` “ “ Bs b ?bltjr;, F wbkt tj ?nj X;, sj j thbt ?X fs fs blhf`v`n;. blhf`v`n;. Bll`ptbkl` lrft`rfb fs wrftt`k fk ijrcbt ji ‘Mfv`k.. ]h`k.. ^h`k–. Ljkv`rsbtfjk “ Hòps “ Hòps t`bc tj `xpojr` bkn ukn`rstbkn th` i`btur` n`slrfd`n fk stjry bkn vbou` ft wfoo nòfv`r tj stba`hjon`r.

Wbm` 4<< ji 4<< ji 4<=


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Bl l`p tbk l` lr ft `rf b “ “ Ft nìfk`s th` djuknbrf`s ji b us`r stjry bkn hòp th` t`bc tj ukn`rstbkn whbt th` sjoutfjk k``ns tj prjvfn` tj nòfv`r vbou`. \tr`kmths @bsy tj ukn`rstbkn bt stba`hjon`r o`vò. j Ijlus`s jk vbou` tj stba`hjon`rs. stba`hjon`rs. j ^f`n tj scboo, scboo, fcpo`c`k fcpo`c`ktbdo`, tbdo`, t`stbdo` sofl`s ji j iukltfjkbofty o`bnfkm tj ir`qu`kt lustjc`r i``ndbla. Ofcftbtfjks ^`bc ljuon ojs` sfmht ji drjbn`r pfltur` fi stjrf`s j br` kjt trbl`n dbla. @xtrb njluc`ktbtfjk wfoo d` r`qufr`n tj c``t th` j dbsòfk` ijr iutur` wjra jr stba`hjon`r `xp`ltbtfjks.

=.>6 Y`knjr Bss`ssc`kt Y`knjr bss`ssc`kt rì`rs tj bss`ssc`kt ji b prjsp`ltfv` v`knjr tj lh`la fi th`y br` ift ijr dusfk`ss irjc b p`rsp`ltfv` ji b prjnult jr s`rvfl`.

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Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

B v`knjr bss`ssc`kt bss`ss`s th` bdfofty ji b v`knjr tj c``t ljccftc`kts r`mbrnfkm th` nòfv`ry bkn ljksfst`kt prjvfsfjk ji b prjnult /s`rvfl`. ➤

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Y`knjr bss`ssc`kt prjvfn`s b s`ks` ji ròfbdfofty bdjut v`knjr bkn bosj `ksur`s thbt prjnult jr s`rvfl` wfoo c``t jrmbkfzbtfjk‖s jrmbkfzbtfjk‖s `xp`ltbtfjks bkn r`qufr`c`kts. Bss`ssc`kt cby d` ijrcbo thrjumh thrjumh sudcfssfjk sudcfssfjk ji b T`qu`st ijr Fkijrcbtfjk (TIF), T`qu`st ijr Rujt` (TIR), T`qu`st ijr prjpjsbo (TIW) jr T`qu`st ijr ^`kn`r (TI^). Jrmbkfzbtfjkbo Jrmbkfzbt fjkbo stbknbrns, ljcpo`xfty ji fkftfbtfv` bkn sjoutfjk‖s lrftflbofty tjwbrns nòfv`ry wfoo fkiou`kl` th` o`vò ji ijrcbofty fk whflh v`knjrs br` bss`ss`n. Akjwo`nm` bkn @xp`rtfs` “ “ Y`knjrs lbk prjvfn` akjwo`nm` bkn `xp`rtfs` kjt bvbfobdo` wfthfk jrmbkfzbtfjk. Ofl`ksfkm bkn Wrflfkm Cjnòs “ “ ]h`k b sjoutfjk ljcpjk`kt fs purlhbs`n irjc b thfrn pbrty v`knjr hbvfkm nfii`r`kt ofl`ksfkm cjnòs, ljst-d`kìft bkboysfs fs ljknult`n tj ukn`rstbkn th` usbm` sl`kbrfjs bdjut th` jptfjks. Y`knjr Cbra`t Wjsftfjk “ “ Ljcpbrfsjk d`tw``k v`knjrs wfth fts ljcp`tftjrs k``n tj d` njk` tj n`lfn`

Wbm` 4<> ji 4<> ji 4<=


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whflh cbra`t poby`rs th` jrmbkfzbtfjk wbkts tj m`t fkvjov`n. ^`rcs ^`rcs bkn Ljknftfj ks “ ks “ ^`rcs ^`rcs bkn ljknftfjks rì`r tj th` ljktfkufty bkn fkt`mrfty ji prjvfn`n prjnults/s`rvfl`s. prjnults/s`rvfl`s. Wrjvfnfkm Wrjvfnfkm t`rcs ijr `x`lutfjk `x`lutfjk ji lustjcfzbtfjks, r`muobr upnbt` slh`nuo` bkn rjbncbp ji i`btur`s pobkk`n ijr nòfv`ry lbk d` ljksfn`r`n bs pbrt ji ft. Y`knjr @xp`rf`kl`, T`putbtfjk bkn \tbdfofty “ Y`knjr‖s `xp`rf`kl` wfth jth`r lustjc`rs cby prjvfn` vboubdo` fkijrcbtfjk jk hjw ofaòy ljktrbltubo bkn kjkljktrbltubo jdofmbtfjks jdofmbtfjks wfoo d` c`t. c`t. Ft cby d` k``n`n tj tba` st`ps tj `ksur` th`r` br` kj rfsas fi b v`knjr ljktfku`s ifkbklfbo nfiifluotf`s, bkn ft wfoo d` pjssfdo` tj cbfktbfk th` sjoutfjk `v`k fi v`knjr‖s sftubtfjk lhbkm`s lhb km`s rbnflbooy. \tr`kmths Jppjrtukfty tj n`vòjp n`vòjp b prjnultfv` bkn ibfr j ròbtfjkshfp wfth suftbdo` bkn ròfbdo` v`knjr ijr ojkm t`rc. Ofcftbtfjks ^fc` bkn r`sjurl`s br` ljksuc`n. j Nj`s kjt kjt pr`v`kt pr`v`kt th` rfsa ji ibfour` ibfour` bs bs pbrtk`rshfp pbrtk`rshfp j `vjov`s. \ude`ltfvfty cby dfbs `vboubtfjk jutljc`. j

Wbm` 4<0 ji 4<0 ji 4<=


=.07 ]jrashjps ]jrashjps rì`rs tj ljknultfkm ji b nfslussfjk ijr b p`rfjn jr prbltflbo wjra jk b pbrtfluobr sude`lt.

2

Wurpjs`

4

N`slrfptfjk

<

@o`c`kts

Ft fs bk bpprjblh tj drfkm stba`hjon`rs stba`hjon`r s tjm`th`r fk jrn`r tj ljoobdjrbt` jk blhf`vfkm b pr`nìfk`n mjbo. ➤

]jrashjp fs b tfc` ijlus`n `v`kt `v`kt btt`kn`n dy stba`hjon`rs tj mbfk ljks`ksus jk r`qufr`c`kts jr b tjpfl, r`vf`w brtìblts jr m`k`rbt` k`w fn`bs ijr prjnult/s`rvfl`. prjnultfv` bpprjblh tj prjcjt` trust, cutubo ➤ Ft fs b v`ry prjnultfv` bpprjblh ukn`rstbknfkm bkn strjkm ljccukflbtfjk bcjkm stba`hjon`rs bs wòo bs prjnul` nòfv`rbdo`s thbt mufn` iutur` wjra. ➤ Ft m`k`rbooy fkvjov`s b r`pr`s`ktbtfv` mrjup jr stba`hjon`r, b nìfk`n mjbo, fkt`rbltfv` bkn ljoobdjrbtfv` wjra, b nìfk`n wjra prjnult bkn b iblfoftbtjr. “ Wr`pbrbtfjk ijr wjrashjp ➤ Wr`pbr` ijr wjrashjp “ fkloun`s5 nìfkfkm purpjs` bkn n`sfr`n jutljc`s j fn`ktfiy a`y stba`hjon`r, stba`hjon`r, iblfoftbtjr bkn slrfd` j lr`bt` bm`knb j n`t`rcfk` bpprjblh ijr lbpturfkm jutputs j slh`nuo` th` s`ssfjk bkn fkvft` pbrtflfpbkts j brrbkm` rjjc ojmfstfls bkn `qufpc`kt j s`kn bm`knb fk bnvbkl` tj btt`kn``s j fi pjssfdo`, ljknult pr`-wjrashjp fkt`rvf`ws j Tjo`s “ \`v`rbo “ \`v`rbo rjo`s fkvjov`n br`5 ➤ ]jrashjp Tjo`s \pjksjr “ \pjksjr “ Potfcbt` blljuktbdo` ijr wjrashjp‖s wjrashjp‖s j jutljc`. Iblfoftbtjr “ “ Iblfoftbt` th` s`ssfjk, hòps fk j n`lfsfjk cbafkm bkn ljkioflt r`sjoutfjk bkn `ksur`s thbt boo pbrtflfpbkts hbv` bk jppjrtukfty tj d` h`brn. \lrfd` “ “ Njluc`kts th` n`lfsfjks fk ijrcbt j n`t`rcfk`n prfjr tj wjrashjp bkn bky fssu`s thbt br` nì`rr`n nurfkm s`ssfjk. ^fcà``p`r “ ^fcà``p`r “ A``ps trbla ji tfc` sp`kt jk j bm`knb. Wbrtflfpbkts “ “ Fkloun`s a`y stba`hjon`rs bkn j \C@‖s. “ Iblfoftbtjrs m`k`rbooy d`mfk ➤ Ljknult th` ]jrashjp “ wfth stbt`c`kt ji fts purpjs` purpjs` bkn n`sfr`n jutljc`s. jutljc`s. Mrjukn ruo`s cust ruo`s cust d` `stbdofsh`n ijr ljoobdjrbtfjk bkn

Wbm` 4<9 ji 4<9 ji 4<=


➤

>


➤

➤

lbk fkloun` tj r`sp`lt jpfkfjks ji jth`rs, `v`ryjk` k``n tj ljktrfdut`, nfsluss th` fssu`s bkn kjt p`jpo`, nfsluss jii tjpfls tj sp`lfifl tfc` irbc` bkn bk bmr``c`kt jk hjw n`lfsfjks br` cbn`. Fk bnnftfjk, wjrashjp‖s wjrashjp‖s purpjs` bkn jutljc`s br` vbofnbt`n irjc tfc` tj tfc` bmbfkst s`ssfjk bltfvftf`s. Wjst ]jrash jp ]rbp Pp “ Pp “ Iblfoftbtjr Iblfoftbtjr ijoojws up jk bky jp`k bltfjk ft`c thbt w`r` r`ljrn`n bt wjrashjp, ljcpo`t`s th` njluc`ktbtfjk bkn nfstrfdut`s ft tj btt`kn``s. \tr`kmths Bmr``c`kt lbk d` blhf`v`n fk shjrt p`rfjn ji j tfc`. Wrjvfn`s b c`bks tj mbfk b cutubo j ukn`rstbknfkm Ljsts br` ojw`r thbk thjs` ijr cuotfpo` j fkt`rvf`ws. Rufla i``ndbla jk fssu`s jr n`lfsfjks br` j prjvfn`n dy pbrtflfpbkts Ofcftbtfjks \tba`hjon`r bvbfobdfofty bvbfobdfofty cby cba` ft nfiifluot nfiifluot tj j slh`nuo` th` wjrashjp. \ull`ss ji ji wjrashjp fs hfmhoy hfmhoy n`p`kn`kt jk j `xp`rtfs` ji iblfoftbtjr bkn akjwo`nm` ji pbrtflfpbkts. Fkvjovfkm tjj cbky cbky pbrtflfpbkts pbrtflfpbkts lbk sojw njwk j wjrashjp prjl`ss. ^jj o`ss pbrtflfpbkts lbk o`bn tj tbafkm n`lfsfjks whflh njk‖t r`pr`s`kt th` k``ns ji cbejrfty ji stba`hjon`rs.

Wbm` 4<= ji 4<= ji 4<=

BABOK 3.0 Revision Guide 2018

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