BAB I TUJUAN Tujuan dari praktikum tubular reaktor ini yaitu : 1. Mencari data tentang sifat reaktor nyata. n yata. 2. Mencari residence time distribution dalam reaktor tubular. 3. Mencari dispersion number dalam reaktor tubular. 4. Mencari volume efektif dalam reaktor tubular.
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BAB II DASAR TEORI Reaktor kontinyu dibagi menjadi dua jenis utama, yaitu Reaktor Alir Tangki Berpengaduk (RATB) atau Continous Stirred Tank Reaktor (CSTR) dan Reaktor Alir Pipa (RAP) atu Plug Flow Reaktor (PFR). Keduanya dapat dipasang single (tunggal) atau multiple (seri dan paralel). PFR merupakan reaktor yang mempunyai karakteristik dan memiliki cirri khas dimana perubahan konversi reaksi akan bertambah seiring dengan bertambahnya panjang reaktor. Perilaku ideal pada PFR adalah menyerupai aliran sumbat sehingga disini tidak terjadi pencampuran ke arah aksial dan semua molekul mempunyai waktu tinggal di dalam reaktor sama besar. Dalam PFR backmixing dapat terjadi secara incidental (Levenspiel, 1972).
2.1
Pengertian PFR
Reaktor PFR (Plug Flow Reaktor ) merupakan suatu reaktor berbentuk pipa yang beroperasi secara kontinyu. Dalam PFR selama operasi berlangsung bahan baku dimasukkan terus menerus dan produk reaksi akan dikeluarkan secara terus menerus sehinga disini tidak terjadi pencampuran ke arah aksial dan semua molekul mempunyai waktu tinggal di dalam reaktor sama besar. PFR biasa digunakan untuk mempelajari beberapa proses penting seperti reaksi termal dan reaksi kimia plasma dalam aliran gas yang cepat serta daerah katalisis. Dalam beberapa kasus, hasil yang didapat tidak hanya membantu kita dalam memahami karakteristik proses-proses kimia, tetapi juga dapat memberikan memberikan kita pengertian pengertian praktis dari proses-proses proses-proses kimia yang yang penting. Di dalam PFR, fluida mengalir dengan perlakuan yang sama sehingga waktu tinggal (τ) sama untuk semua elemen fluida. Fluida sejenis yang mengalir melalui reaktor ideal disebut plug. Saat plug mengalir sepanjang
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dinyatakan sebagai kesatuan yang terpisah-pisah (hampir seperti batck reaktor) saat dia mengalir turun melalui pipa PFR. Untuk keadaan tertentu kadang diperlukan pencampuran awal terhadap bahan baku sebelum diumpankan ke dalam reaktor. PFR beraliran aksial berukuran dengan rentang diameter 1-15 cm, sedangkan PFR beraliran radial mempunyai diameter besar hingga bermeter-meter. PFR sebagai reaktor tunggal dapat mempunyai panjang lebih dari 1000 meter yang dibentuk sedemikian rupa untuk menyesuaikan ruang. PFR juga dapat disusun secara berangkai dalam bentuk parallel ataupun seri (Wikipedia, 2007). Dalam PFR konsentrasi bahan baku tinggi pada saat masuk reaktor, selanjutnya akan menurun secara perlahan karena terkonversi menjadi produk di sepanjang pipa. Sebagai reaktor yang dioperasikan secara kontinyu makan dalam kondisi steady state pada PFR tidak terjadi akumulasi. Reaksi kimia berlangsung sepanjang pipa terjadi secara gradual, sehingga semakin panjang pipa konversi akan semakin tinggi. Namun tidak semudah ini menaikan konversi; pada awalnya kecepatan reaksi berlangsung secara cepat namun setelah panjang pipa tertentu jumlah reaktan akan berkurang dan kecepatan reaksi berlangsung lebih lambat dan akan makin lambat seiring panjangnya pipa. Dengan kenyataan tersebut unuk mencapai konversi 100% panjang pipa yang dibutuhkan adalah tak terhingga (dapat dilihat pada Gambar 2.1) .
X
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Beberapa hal penting mengenai PFR : 1) Perhitungan dalam PFR mengasumsikan tidak terjadi pencampuran kea rah aksial. 2) Katalisator dapat dimasukkan melaluin titik yang berbeda dari titik masukan, diharapkan reaksi lebih optimal dan penghematan. 3) PFR memiliki konversi yang lebih besar dibanding Continous Stirred Tank Reaktor (CSTR) dalam volume yang sama. Artinya, dengan waktu
tinggal yang sama PFR memberikan hasil yang lebih besar disbanding CSTR.
PFR mempunyai kelebihan antara lain : 1) Tingkat perubahannya besar dalam setiap volumenya. 2) Bekerja dalam periode waktu yang cukup lama tanpa tenaga kerja sehingga upah produksi rendah. 3) Perpindahan kalornya baik sekali. 4) Operasinya terus-menerus. Selain itu juga mempunyai kekurangan antara lain : 1) Tingginya temperature yang tidak diinginkan dapat terjadi. 2) Proses pemberhentian dan perawatannya mahal.
2.2
Jenis-Jenis PFR
Reaktor PFR ada bermacam-macam antara lain : 1) Reaktor Alir Pipa Biasanya
berupa
gas-gas,cair-cair
dimana
reaksi
tidak
menimbulkan panas yang terlalu tinggi. Reaktor memiliki aliran plug flow yang optimal untuk kecepatan reaksi tetapi cukup sulit untuk alat
transfer panasnya. panasnya. 2) Reaktor Pipa Shell And Tube Seperti reaktor pipa di atas tetapi berupa beberapa pipa yang disusun dalam sebuah shell, reaksi berjalan di dalam pipa pipa dan
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sistem transfer panas dalam reaktor. Suhu dan konversi tidak homogen di semua titik. 3) Fixed Bed Reaktor berbentuk pipa besar yang didalamnya berisi katalisator padat. Bisanya digunakan untuk reaksi fasa gas dengan katalisator padat. Apabila diperlukan proses transfer panas yang cukup besar biasanya berbentuk fixed bed multitube, dimana reaktan bereaksi di dalam tube2 berisi katalisator dan pemanas/pendingin mengalir di luar tube di dalam shell. 4) Fluidized Bed Reactor Biasanya digunakan untuk reaksi fasa gas katalisator padat dengan umur katalisator yang sangat pendek sehingga harus cepat diregenerasi. Atau padatan dalam reactor adalah reaktan yang bereaksi menjadi produk.
2.3
Skema Diagram PFR
Cairan akan melalui PFR yang dapat dimodelkan sebagai mengalir melalui reaktor sebagai rangkaian jauh tipis koheren "colokan", masingmasing dengan komposisi yang seragam, bepergian dalam arah aksial dari reaktor, dengan masing-masing konektor memiliki komposisi yang berbeda dari yang sebelumnya dan setelah itu.Asumsi utama adalah bahwa sebagai plug mengalir melalui suatu PFR, fluida sempurna dicampur dalam arah radial tetapi tidak dalam arah aksial (maju atau mundur).
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Setiap pasang volume diferensial dianggap sebagai entitas yang terpisah, efektif reaktor tangki sangat kecil terus diaduk, membatasi volume nol. Seperti mengalir menuruni PFR tubular, waktu tinggal ( τ) dari steker adalah fungsi dari posisinya dalam reaktor. Dalam PFR yang ideal, distribusi waktu tinggal karena itu merupakan Dirac delta fungsi dengan nilai yang sama.
2.4
Persamaan PFR
Reaktor pipa ideal disebut plug flow reaktor karena aliran fuida di dalam reaktor ini menyerupai sumbat, Reaktan dan produk mengalir di dalam reactor sumbat dengan kecepatan yang benar-benar rata. Komposisi fluida yang mengalir bervariasi sepanjang arah aliran, sehingga neracca material suatu komponen ditinjau di dalam segmen volume (dV). Untuk mengetahui hubungan waktu reaksi dengan konsentrasi reaktan dalam PFR, terlebih dulu ditinjau neracca material pada reaktor, kemudian dilakukan integrasi, selanjutnya dihasilkan space time sebagai persamaan karakteristik PFR (Levenspiel, 1972).
Neraca material komponen A di dalam PFR massa masuk = massa keluar + massa akumulasi + massa hilang dalam reaksi Ditinjau : segmen volume dV FA = (FA + dFA) + 0 + (-r A) dV Dimana : dFA + d [FAo (1-XA)] = -FAo dXA FA = FA - FAo dXA + (-rA) dV FAo dXA = (-rA) dV
Dengan mengintegrasikan segmen dV, hasil V adalah sebagian volume untuk PFR neraca keseluruhan.
∫ = ∫
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= ∫
C ∫ ∫ A0
2.5 Residence Time Time Distribution (RTD) Residence Time Distribution (RTD) dari suatu reaktor kimia adalah
suatu fungsi distribusi yang menguraikan sejumlah waktu suatu unsur-unsur fluida di dalam reaktor. RTD digunakan untuk menandai pencampuran dan aliran di dalam reaktor serta untuk membandingkan perilaku reaktor nyata dengan model-model reaktor yang ideal. Hal ini bermanfaat, tidak hanya untuk memecahkan masalah pada reaktor yang ada, tetapi juga di dalam menaksir hasil konversi dari suatu reaksi serta untuk merancang reaktor. Teori dari RTD secara umum dimulai dengan tiga anggapan, yaitu : 1) Reaktor dalam keadaan steady-state. 2) Transportasi di lubang masuk dan keluar berlangsung hanya oleh pemompaan. 3) fluida incompressible (tak termampatkan).
RDT diukur dengan memasukkan suatu tracer yang tidak reaktif kedalam sistim di lubang masuk. Konsentrasi tracer itu diubah menurut
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memerlukan lebih banyak kalkulasi untuk menganalisa kurva RTD (Wikipedia, 2008).
2.5.1
Metode Pulse
Metode ini memerlukan suatu pemasukan suatu volume yang sangat kecil dari tracer di lubang masuk dari reaktor, seperti mendekati fungsi delta dirac. Meski suatu injeksi pendek tak terbatas tidak bisa dihasilkan, dapat dilakukan jauh lebih kecil daripada waktu tinggal rata-rata bejana. Jika suatu massa dari tracer , dimasukkan ke dalam suatu reaktor dari volume dan suaty waktu
tinggal yang diharakan dari , hasil kurva dari konsentrasi terhadap waktu dapat diubah menjadi suatu kurva RTD dengan hubungan sebagai berikut :
∫ ∫ Kurva ideal yang dihasilkan pada metode pulse untuk reaktor jenis PFR ialah sebagai sebagai berikut : C
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dinormalkan ke konsentrasi tertentu untuk memperoleh kurva yang tidak dimensional. Berikut ialah persamaan dari metode step :
= ∫ dC
step
Kurva ideal yang dihasilkan pada metode step untuk reaktor jenis PFR ialah sebagai sebagai berikut : C
t Gambar 2.4 Kurva konsentrasi terhadap waktu dengan metode step
2.6
Variansi
Pengamatan variansi berfungsi untuk mengetahui tingkat kelebaran dari suatu kurva distribusi, dalam hal ini ialah kurva RTD dari metode pulse. Variansi dari kurva RTD dengan menggunakan metode pulse ini dapat digunakan untuk mengindentifikasi bentuk sumbat ( plug) yang terjadi dari suatu aliran fluida. Variansi dinyatakan dengan lambing
. Suatu PFR yang 2
ideal, yaitu alirannya benar-benar sumbat mempunyai nilai variansi nol. Dengan kata lain semakin kecil nilai variansi dari suatu kurva RTD maka semakin
menyerupai
dengan
karakteristik
dari
reaktor
jenis
PFR
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2.7
Dispersion Number
Menurut Levenspiel (1972), dispersion number merupakan bilangan tak berdimensi. Dispersion number sering digunakan untuk mengetahui terjadinya backmixing di dalam suatu reaktor jenis PFR. Dispersion number
dikembangkan dengan (D/ ). Berikut ialah persamaan yang sering digunakan untuk dispersion number.
( ) Dari nilai dispersion number dapat diketahui tingkat error atau backmixing yangterjadi pada suatu aliran fluida di dalam reaktor jenis PFR.
Beriktu adalah tingkat error dan nilai dispersion number:
< 0,01 Error < 0,5% jika < 0,001 Error < 5% jika
2.8
Sifat Aliran
Dalam aliran kondisi mantap (steady state) dikenal dua rejim aliran atau pola aliran yang tergantung kepada kecepatan rata-rata aliran (v),
densitas ( ), viskositas fluida ( ) dan diameter pipa (D). kedua rejim alirantersebtu diatur oleh hokum-hukum yang berbeda sehingga perlu dipelajari secara keseluruhan. k eseluruhan.
2.8.1
Rejim Aliran Laminer
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2.8.2
Rejim Aliran Transisi
Rejim aliran yang terbentuk di antara rejim laminar dan turbulen adalah rejil transisi. Penentuan rejim aliran dilakukan dengan menentukan bilangantak berdimensi yaitu bilangan Reynolds Reynolds ( Reynolds
Number,
N Re).
Bilangan
Reynolds
merupakan
perbandingan antara garis dinamis dari aliran massa terhadap tegangan geser yang disebabkan oleh viskositas cairan.
2.8.3
Rejim Aliran Turbulen
Rejim aliran turbulen mempunyai ciri-ciri sebagai berikut : 1) Terjadi pada kecepatan rendah 2) Fluida cenderung mengalir tanpa adanya pencampuran lateral 3) Berlapis-lapis seperti kartu 4) Tidak ada arus tegak lurus arah aliran 5) Tidak ada pusaran (arus eddy)
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BAB III METODOLOGI 1.1
Kalibrasi Laju Alir
Isi tangki penampung (pipa) penuh dengan air
Buka ½ valve sirkulasi, tutup valve utama, buka penuh valve keluaran.
Buka valve utama ¼ terbuka, lakukan pengukuran debit di saluran keluaran.
Ulangi langkah di atas dengan bukaan ½, ¼, dan terbuka penuh
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1.2
Tahap Karakterisasi 1.2.1
Metode Pulse
Isi penuh volume reactor dengan air yang berasal dari saluran utama (umpan 1)
Alirkan tracer dengan volume tertentu, segera tutup kembali.
Secara bersamaan lakukan sampling di bagian keluaran reactor.
Hasil sampling ukur absorbansinya, absorbansinya, bandingkan dengan tabung reaksi yang telah diisi berbagai macam konsentrasi tracer
Membuka valve utama saluran injeksi Sampling dilakukan pada beberapa buah wadah plastik
Cocokkan warnanya
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1.2.2
Metode Step
Isi penuh volume reactor dengan air yang berasal darisaluran utama (umpan 1)
Masukkan Tracer secara kontinyu dengan cara membuka valve utama saluran injeksi.
Secara bersamaan lakukan beberapa sampling di bagian keluaran reaktor
Cocokkan warna sampling dengan warna tracer yang telah disediakan dalam beberapa konsentrasi
Buat kurva hubungan antara konsentrasi
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BAB IV HASIL PENGAMATAN DAN PEMBAHASAN 4.1
METODE PULSE 4.1.1
Kurva Hubungan Konsentrasi terhadap Waktu
Kurva Hubungan Konsentrasi terhadap Waktu pada Metode Pulse 350 300
) m250 p p ( i s 200 a r t n150 e s n100 o K
Laminer Transisi Turbulen
50 0
0
5
10 Waktu (s)
15
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Kurva Hubungan Konsentrasi terhadap Waktu pada Aliran Transisi 200 180 ) 160 m p140 p ( i s 120 a100 r t n 80 e s n 60 o K 40 20 0 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Waktu (s)
Kurva Hubungan Konsentrasi terhadap Waktu pada Aliran Turbulen 300
) 250 m p200 p ( i
16
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4.1.2
Kurva Hubungan Konsentrasi terhadap t.C
Kurva Hubungan Konsentrasi terhadap t.C pada Aliran Laminer 1400 1200
) m1000 p p ( i s 800 a r t n 600 e s n 400 o K 200 0 0
2
4
6 Waktu (s)
8
10
12
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Kurva Hubungan Konsentrasi terhadap t.C pada Aliran Turbulen 1800 1600
) 1400 m p1200 p ( i s 1000 a r t 800 n e s 600 n o K 400 200 0 0
5
10
15 Waktu (s)
20
25
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Kurva Hubungan Konsentrasi terhadap t2C pada pa da Aliran Transisi Transisi 14000 12000
) m10000 p p ( i s 8000 a r t 6000 n e s n 4000 o K 2000 0 0
2
4
6
8 Waktu (s)
10
12
14
16
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4.2
METODE STEP 4.2.1
Kurva Hubungan Konsentrasi terhadap Waktu
Kurva Hubungan Konsentrasi terhadap Waktu Waktu pada Metode Step 25
) 20 m p p ( i s 15 a r t n10 e s n o K 5
Laminer Transisi Turbulen
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Kurva Hubungan Waktu terhadap Perubahan Konsentrasi pada Aliran Transisi 16 14 12
) s 10 ( u t k 8 a W6 4 2 0 0
50
100
150
200
Konsentrasi (ppm)
250
300
350
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4.3
Pembahasan
Paada praktikum tubular reaktor ini pada prinsipnya menggunakan metode PFR (Plug Flow Reactor). Dimana fluida dialirkan pada pipa lurus dengan arah aliran horizhontal. Fluida yang digunakan berupa air yang dicampur dengan pewarna. Dimana yang akan dicatat adalah variasi konsentrasi warna dengan waktu, dan yang akan dihitung adalah RTD,
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BAB V KESIMPULAN Kesimpulan yang dapat dapat diambil dari praktikum tubular reactor ini yaitu : 1. Nilai dari volume efektif reaktor nyata berbeda dengan nilai volume reaktor ideal.
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA Levenspiel, Octave.1972. Chemical Reaction Engineering. Canada: John Willey & Sons, Inc. Rahayu, E. S. dan Widyanti, E. M. 2001. Teknik Reaksi Kimia. Bandung: Jurusan Teknik Kimia Politeknik Negeri Bandung.
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LAMPIRAN A DATA PENGAMATAN A.1 Dimensi Reaktor
D = 15,5 mm = 0,0155 m L = 4,05 m
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3.58
215
4.13
295
4.66
175
5.19
215
5.7
145
6.2
145
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