CDB 3082 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LAB IV
LABORA LAB ORATORY TORY 6
Particulate M!itri!"
-Spray ChamberGroup 10: Student I.D. 200'' 20236 #405 #446 #02
Nam
#$ La% &u! &ie 2$ Mu(a%a) *a++a, -i! 3$ /+ar!ala%i 5$ Te( ei Yee '$ Ma(7u,( -i!ti A-u 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
No. 1.0 2.0 3.0
Section
Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Page 2 4 +
3.1 Experiment ! E""ect o" droplet #i$e upon #eparation e""iciency 3.2 Experiment %! E""ect o" li&uid to ga# ratio 'L()* upon #eparation e""iciency 4.0
Re#ult# , -i#cu##ion#
4.1 Experiment ! E""ect o" droplet #i$e upon #eparation e""iciency 4.2 Experiment %! E""ect o" li&uid to ga# ratio 'L()* upon #eparation
/.0 +.0 .0
e""iciency onclu#ion , Recommendation Re"erence# ppendice#
12 13 14
.1 ample alculation# .2 Experimental etup
3
1.0 INTRODUCTION ir pollution occur# in the pre#ence o" unde#irale material in the #urrounding air in with &uantitie# that are large enough to produce harm"ul e""ect# to human eing# and the environment. articulate matter i# the #um o" all #olid and li&uid particle# that are #u#pended in air. irorne particulate matter repre#ent# a complex mixture o" organic and inorganic #u#tance#. Ma## and compo#ition in uran environment# tend to e divided into two principal group#5 which are coar#e particle# and "ine particle#. 6he pre#ence o" particulate matter cau#e# air to e contaminated y a range o" di""erent particle# #uch a# du#t5 pollen5 #oot and #mo7e. 8hen inhaled5 the#e tiny particle# can cau#e #evere coughing5 headache# and lung damage9 hence mea#ure# to eliminate the "ormation and #preading o" the#e particle# are o" utmo#t nece##ity. #pray chamer5 al#o 7nown a# du#t #cruer5 i# a wet #cruer that i# categori$ed a# one o" the particulate control techni&ue#. In #pray chamer# or #pray tower#5 #cruing li&uid5 commonly water5 i# #prayed or di#per#ed in "ine droplet# via #prayer# or no$$le# at the top o" the #cruer5 while ga# i# "ed tangentially "rom underneath5 thu# "orming a counter:current "low 'Emi#5 201/*. )enerally5 a #pray chamer remove# pollutant# #uch a# "ine5 #tic7y or hygr#copic du#t particle# "rom ga# #tream# y capturing the particle# in li&uid droplet# or in #heet# o" #cruing li&uid. 6he droplet# containing the pollutant particle# are then #eparated "rom the ga# #tream a# cleaner ga# "low# to the top o" the #pray chamer5 while the li&uid containing pollutant# "low# out o" the #pray chamer.
Figure 1.1: Diagram of spray chamber and
the flow of gas and liquid 2
6ypically5 the e""iciency o" a #pray chamer range# "rom 0; to <<; depending on the di#triution o" the pollutant particle# in the ga# #tream. -ue to it# good #eparation e""iciency5 #pray chamer# are widely u#ed in variou# indu#trie#. =or example5 a# #tated in Lenntech 'n.d.*5 the chemical indu#try u#e# #pray chamer# to #eparate du#t and aero#ol#5 the metal indu#try u#e# it "or wa#te ga#e#5 the pharmaceutical indu#try5 pla#tic indu#try and #uch "or the puri"ication proce##. %e#ide# that5 #ome indu#trie# al#o u#e #pray chamer# a# a cooler to &uench hot "lue ga#e#. In thi# experiment5 the #pray chamer model u#ed con#i#t# o" a #eparation chamer5 water recirculation #y#tem5 du#t "eeding #y#tem5 variale #peed air lower and in#trument# "or mea#urement o" incoming air "low and pre##ure drop acro## the #pray chamer. 6he #pray chamer incorporate# a range o" #pray no$$le# that produce di""erent droplet #i$e#. %e#ide# that5 a mi#t eliminator i# al#o in#talled at the top o" the chamer to prevent the e#caping o" water droplet#. 6here are two o>ective# that thi# experiment aim# to achieve. =ir#t5 i# to determine the e""ect o" droplet #i$e upon #eparation e""iciency o" the #pray chamer unit y u#ing di""erent no$$le #i$e#. ?ext5 i# to determine the e""ect o" li&uid to ga# ratio 'L()* upon #eparation e""iciency o" the #pray chamer unit.
3
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ccording to 6he Lancet '1<or #ource o" thi# type o" pollution i# "rom indu#trial activity. # it i# almo#t impo##ile to #olve thi# prolem completely5 action# are ta7en to reduce the amount o" air pollutant each day. Indu#trial company mo#tly will e u#ing #pray chamer in their proce## plant to remove harm"ul material# "rom indu#trial exhau#t ga#e# e"ore they are relea#ed into environment 'Lieerman5 1<<*. pray chamer or al#o 7nown a# #pray tower i# a ga#:li&uid contactor with "unction to achieve ma## and heat tran#"er etween a continuou# ga# pha#e in which can contain di#per#ed #olid particle# or li&uid pha#e. 6hi# type o" technology can e u#ed a# wet #cruer "or air pollution control purpo#e#. -evice# that remove# pollutant# "rom a "urnace "lue ga# or "rom other ga# #tream# i# expre##ed a# wet #cruer#. In which5 "or thi# experiment i# #pray chamer #cruer. 6hi# type o" wet #cruer i# the #imple#t type o" particulate wet #cruer "or commercial u#e. In wet #cruer5 the polluted ga# #tream i# rought into contact with the #cruing li&uid to remove the pollutant#. et# o" #pray no$$le# located near the top o" the #cruer ve##el which will produce water droplet# that give# an impact to the ga# particle# in ga# #tream 'Eert and %uttner5 1<<+*. 8et #cruer# remove large drop# with #u""icient gravity #ettling velocity y capturing them in li&uid droplet# which will e collected at the a#e o" the tower at the end o" proce##. 6he ga# that "low# upward in ga# #tream which going through the #pray no$$le# will pa## through the mi#t eliminator. 6hi# device "unction a# to prevent exce##ive carryover o" droplet# with the clean ga# 'eu7ert and 8adenpohl5 2001*. @n the other hand5 a# thi# wet #cruer "unction a# #eparation e&uipment5 there are a "ew "actor# which will a""ect the #eparation proce## in#ide the #pray chamer. 6he "ir#t "actor i# impaction 'Aiuan5 200/*. 6he impact o" water droplet# "rom the no$$le# play# an important part in #eparating the particulate matter that enter the chamer. -u#t particle# will tend to "ollow the ga# #tream ut a# the li&uid droplet# introduce# to the #y#tem5 the du#t particle# will e "orce to move down to the a#e o" the chamer. Impaction doe# increa#e with the decrea#e o" li&uid droplet #i$e due to the pre#ence o" more droplet# within the ve##el that increa#e the li7elihood o" the particle# that will impact on the droplet# 'Bim et al.5 2001*. # eing #tated y ilat and rem '1<+*5 the 4
other "actor that a""ected the #eparation proce## i# di""u#ion. article# with very #mall diameter that i# le## than 0.1Cm will li7ely to move in random manner in the #treamline. # the diameter o" the particle# i# too #mall5 it will di""u#e with the water droplet when it hit with them in the middle o" the way and e collected at the end o" the proce##. 6he #maller the diameter o" the particle#5 the higher the rate o" di""u#ivity. 6here are advantage# and di#advantage# to the u#e o" a wet #cruer. =ir#tly5 thi# #cruer i# ene"icial a# they can handle high temperature and high humidity ga# #tream# which ma7e them ideal in any environment. In addition5 wet #cruer can e u#ed to remove wide range o" pollutant "rom mercury to acidic ga#e# that contriute to acid rain a# it i# minimal "ire and explo#ion ha$ard# due to the u#e# o" water that eliminate# the po##iility o" explo#ion 'hang and )hori#hi5 2003*. %e#ide5 only #mall #pace re&uirement to in#tall thi# wet #cruer in the proce## plant. Dowever5 de#pite all the advantage#5 there are al#o a "ew down#ide# o" thi# device. =ir#t and "oremo#t5 a# eing #tated y idic5 hang and 6hurnau '1<<* i# the corro#ion prolem due to #olution "ormed "rom water and di##olved pollutant# that can produce highly corro#ive acid #olution. Digh acidity wa#te al#o will contriute to water di#po#al prolem that will needed the #ettling pond# or #ludge clari"ier to meet wa#te water regulation#. 8et #cruer al#o re&uire# high power to operate that add up point to the di#advantage# o" the #cruer.
/
3.0 ET!ODOLO"# 3.1 E$%e&i'ent A( To )t*+, t-e eect o +&o%/et )ie *%on )e%a&ation eicienc,
1. ll the valve# were chec7ed and en#ured clo#ed except "or valve < which i# to e opened. 2. entri"ugal ump5 1 wa# #witched @?. 3. 6he i#olation valve wa# opened depending on the no$$le to e te#ted which wa# outlined in 6ale 3.1 elow. 4. ?ext5 the appropriate control valve wa# ad>u#ted to en#ure that the no$$le pre##ure5 615 wa# #et a#ed on 6ale 3.1.
No/e
Table 3.1: Conditions of variable to be tested for !periment " Particle size I)o/ation Set P&e))*&e F/o'ete Cont&o/
(μm ) N1 N2 N3 N4 N5
/20 2<0 130 1000 1<0
a/e 1 2 3 4 /
PT1 2 ar 2 ar / ar 2 ar 2 ar
& =M1 =M2 =M2 =M1 =M2
Va/e 1 2 2 1 2
/. 6he no$$le water "lowrate "rom either =M1 or =M2 wa# recorded a#ed on the no$$le to e te#ted. +. alve < wa# clo#ed. 6he water level in#ide the #pray chamer wa# allowed to increa#e until it reached the de#ired level indicated y the line on the chamer. "ter that5 the valve < wa# ad>u#ted to maintain thi# water height. . ir lower #peed wa# #et to it# minimum. 6he lower wa# #witched @?. 6hen5 the air lower #peed controller wa# #lowly ad>u#ted to achieve lower "re&uency o" 20.0 D$. . 100g o" #ample '300Fm #and* wa# then mea#ured and poured into the "eed ve##el with the "eed control valve5 11 wa# "ully clo#ed. 6hen5 control valve 11 wa# #lightly opened to allow the #ample to "low down #teadily. <. "ter all the #and wa# delivered into the air #tream5 a time o" 2 minute# wa# given to en#ure all the du#t ha# cleared "rom the pipeline then centri"ugal pump 1 and centri"ugal air lower wa# #witched @==. 10. alve < wa# #lowly opened to allow the du#t:laden water in the #pray chamer to "low down y gravity to the du#t collecting uc7et. 11. 6he du#t wa# allowed to #ettle down in the uc7et "or 'approximately / minute#* once the water ha# "lowed down "rom the chamer. 12. 6he uc7et wa# ta7en out care"ully to avoid du#t #ample "rom #pill. Exce## water wa# drained. 6he5 the du#t wa# collected on a #uitale oven tray. 6he wet du#t #ample wa# #u#e&uently heated up in the oven at 10 G "or around 2 hour# until the #ample wa# dried. +
13. 6he collection e""iciency wa# determined.
3.2 E$%e&i'ent B( To )t*+, t-e eect o /i6*i+ to ga) &atio 7L8"9 *%on )e%a&ation eicienc,
1. ll the valve# were en#ured clo#ed "ir#t except "or valve < which i# to e opened. 2. entri"ugal ump5 1 wa# #witched @?. 3. ?o$$le ?/ '1<0 Fm no$$le #i$e* wa# u#ed "or the "ir#t te#t. ppropriate i#olation valve wa# opened and the control valve wa# ad>u#ted to en#ure that no$$le pre##ure5 6/ wa# #et a#ed on 6ale 1. 4. 6he no$$le water "lowrate wa# recorded "rom "lowmeter '=M 2*. /. alve < wa# clo#ed. 6he water level in#ide the #pray chamer wa# allowed to increa#e until it reached the de#ired level indicated y the line on the chamer. "ter that5 the valve < wa# ad>u#ted to maintain thi# water height. +. ir lower #peed wa# #et to it# minimum. 6he lower wa# #witched @?. 6hen5 the air lower #peed controller wa# #lowly ad>u#ted to achieve lower "re&uency o" 20.0 D$. . 100g o" #ample '300Fm #and* wa# then mea#ured and poured into the "eed ve##el with the "eed control valve5 11 wa# "ully clo#ed. 6hen5 control valve 11 wa# #lightly opened to allow the #ample to "low down #teadily. . "ter all the #and wa# tran#"erred into the air #tream5 a time o" 2 minute# wa# given to en#ure all the du#t ha# cleared "rom the pipeline then centri"ugal pump 1 and centri"ugal air lower wa# #witched o"". <. alve < wa# #lowly opened to allow the du#t:laden water in the #pray chamer to "low down y gravity to the du#t collecting uc7et. 10. 6he du#t wa# allowed to #ettle down in the uc7et "or 'approximately / minute#* once the water ha# "lowed down "rom the chamer. 11. 6he uc7et wa# removed care"ully to avoid du#t #ample "rom #pilling. Exce## water wa# drained. 6he5 the du#t wa# collected on a #uitale oven tray. 6he wet du#t #ample wa# #u#e&uently heated up in the oven at 10 G "or around 2 hour# until the #ample wa# dried. 12. 6he collection e""iciency wa# determined. 13. 6he aove procedure wa# repeated y u#ing no$$le ?/ with #tep + modi"ied to 2./ D$ and 42./ D$ in#tead o" 20.0 D$ #et "re&uency "or the #econd te#t.
4.0 RESULTS : DISCUSSIONS 4.1 E$%e&i'ent A( To )t*+, t-e eect o +&o%/et )ie *%on )e%a&ation eicienc,
Table #.1: Data table for !periment " No/e
D&o%/et Sie
Wate& /o &ate
Weig-t o )an+
Se%a&ation
7;'9 /20 2<0 15000 1<0
7'38-9 3.2 0.1 1./ 0.4<1
co//ecte+ 7g9 1<+./< 114.04 12.2 1<0.+
eicienc, 7<9 <.2
?1 ?2 ?4 ?/
D&o%/et Sie ) F/o&ate 20 #' Florate (m!"#)
#0 ' 0 0
200
500
600
800
#000
#200
Droplet Size (µm)
Figure #.1 $a%: &elationship between droplet si'e and water flowrate
D&o%/et Sie ) Se%a&ation Eicienc, #00 0 80 Separation $%cienc& (')
40 60 '0 #00
300
'00
400
00
##00
Droplet Size (µm)
Figure #.1 $b%: &elationship between droplet si'e and separation efficiency
=or thi# experiment5 the "re&uency o" air lower wa# "ixed at 20D$ and the pre##ure o" the chamer wa# #et at 2 ar. 200g o" #and wa# loaded into the chamer and the water droplet #i$e wa# varied etween 1<0Cm5 2<0Cm5 /20Cm5 and 15000Cm. @ur re#ult# "or the relation#hip etween droplet #i$e and #eparation e""iciency doe# not exhiit a certain trend5 a# #een in =igure 4.1 '*. 6he #eparation e""iciency wa# highe#t when droplet #i$e H /20Cm5 "ollowed y 1<0Cm5 then 15000Cm and "inally 2<0Cm. 6hi# ma7e# it di""icult to conclude the e""ect o" droplet #i$e on the collection e""iciency. Dowever5 i" we were to "ollow the theory5 #maller water droplet# would generally produce higher collection e""iciencie#. 6hi# i# due to the a#ic aerodynamic principle on which a #pray chamer '#cruer* operate#. 8hen the #i$e o" water droplet# i# igger than that o" ga# #tream particle#5 the chance# o" colli#ion <
etween the droplet# and the particle#5 #tati#tically5 would e #lim. reviou# #tudie# have revealed that a water droplet typically ha# a #urrounding "ilm who#e thic7ne## i# approximately 1(200 the droplet# diameter9 any ga# #tream particle# with diameter le## than thi# #i$e will a#ically glide through the #treamline "ilm o" the water droplet5 ma7ing the occurrence o" colli#ion impo##ile. 6he chance o" colli#ion5 however5 can e improved when the #i$e o" water droplet# i# increa#ed '=lynn5 200<*. 6here are a "ew rea#on# a# to why our experimental data i# le## than accurate. =ir#t5 there might have een #ome le"tover #and in#ide the chamer or the pipeline# "rom previou# experiment#. %ecau#e o" thi#5 the amount o" #and we collected ecame higher than the initially added #and5 thu# a""ecting the "inal re#ult# we otained. @ther than that5 the collection e""iciency o" the #pray chamer might have een a""ected y pre##ure lo##e#. =rom =igure 4.1 'a*5 we can #ee that the water "lowrate increa#e# a# the droplet #i$e increa#e# #ince we "ixed the chamer pre##ure at 2 ar. ccording to Aa"ari5 )ha#emi5 Mehrai5 Ja$dana7h#h5 and Da>iaaei '2012*5 an increa#ed li&uid "low would increa#e pre##ure lo##e# in#ide the chamer. 6hi# re#ult# in the inaccurate data we otained #ince increa#ed pre##ure lo##e# would mean higher collection e""iciencie#.
4.2 E$%e&i'ent B( To )t*+, t-e eect o /i6*i+ to ga) &atio 7L8"9 *%on )e%a&ation eicienc,
Table #.( $a%: &aw data table for e!periment ) No/e
?/ ?/ ?/
D&o%/et )ie
Set &e6*enc,
Wate& /o &ate
Weig-t o )a'%/e
7;'9
7!9
L 7'38-9
co//ecte+ 7g9
1<0 1<0 1<0
20.0 2./ 42./
0.4<1 0.4<1 0.4<
1<0.+ 1<1.04 1<1.33
Table #.( $b%: Calculated data table for e!periment ) Set &e6*enc, 7!9
20 2./ 42./
Se%a&ation eicienc, 7<9 10.00 13./ 21.2/
Ai& e/ocit,
Ai& /o &ate "
7'8-&9
7'38-9
2/.132 34.//+ /3.402
3.1/+<0304 4.3431<<1+ +.1221+<+
10
L8" &atio
0.1//44412 0.1130/030 0.02/223/
Se%a&ation Eicienc, ) L8" Ratio 2' 20 #' Separation $%cienc& (')
#0 ' 0 0$0' 0$04 0$0 0$## 0$#3 0$#' 0$#4 iuid to Gas *atio ("G)
Figure #.( $c%: ffect of liquid to gas ratio on separation efficiency of spray chamber
11
=or thi# experiment5 we "ixed the pre##ure o" the #pray chamer at 2 ar and the water droplet #i$e at 1<0Cm. 200g o" #and wa# loaded into the chamer and the ga# "low rate wa# varied y changing the "re&uency o" the air lower. In =igure 4.2 'c*5 we can o#erve that the #eparation e""iciency decrea#e# when li&uid to ga# ratio increa#e#. ccording to many5 thi# relation#hip would e otherwi#e #ince a lower L() ratio would #ugge#t a larger #ur"ace area per volume o" water droplet5 thu# increa#ing the chance "or colli#ion# etween ga#:#tream particle# and the water droplet#. Dowever5 our experimental re#ult i# #upported y Aa"ari et al. '2012*5 who claimed that a #maller li&uid to ga# ratio will re#ult in higher e""iciencie#. #tudy wa# conducted and re#ult# #howed that the pre##ure lo## in#ide a #cruer wa# rai#ed y 11.+; when the "low rate o" ga# wa# increa#ed and thi# highly inter"ered with ga# "low rate# direct e""ect on the #eparation e""iciency. # previou#ly explained in Experiment 5 a higher pre##ure lo## will re#ult in higher #eparation e""iciency9 hence it i# important to 7eep the pre##ure lo## acro## the tower con#tant. 6u7ey po#t:hoc te#t wa# per"ormed and "urther atte#ted the in"luence o" pre##ure lo## on the #eparation e""iciencie#. 8hen pre##ure lo## wa# 7ept con#tant5 "inal re#ult# revealed that a lower L() ratio actually increa#ed the #eparation e""iciency o" the tower.
5.0 CONCLUSION : RECOENDATION pray chamer experiment i# a #tudy on the characteri#tic# and ehaviour o" particulate matter in the atmo#phere. 6he o>ective# o" the experiment are to determine the e""ect o" droplet #i$e upon #eparation e""iciency o" the #pray chamer unit y u#ing di""erent no$$le# and to determine the e""ect o" li&uid to ga# ratio 'L()* upon #eparation e""iciency o" the #pray chamer unit. pray chamer i# commonly u#ed in the pharmaceutical indu#try5 "ertili#er indu#try and gla## indu#try. 6here are #everal "actor# that may a""ect the e""iciency o" a #pray chamer #uch a# no$$le diameter "or li&uid droplet# in the chamer5 pre##ure o" the water "lowrate and no$$le5 and the #i$e o" particulate matter in air. Dence5 we conducted an experiment to determine the e""iciency o" a #pray chamer y manipulating the variale# mentioned.
12
In experiment 5 the re#ult# #how that a# the droplet #i$e decrea#e#5 the e""iciency will increa#e. 6hi# i# due to the "act that a #maller no$$le #i$e will produce #maller water droplet# that can help in increa#ing the overall #ur"ace area o" the #cruing proce##. 6he #i$e o" the droplet i# al#o a""ected y the "lowrate o" the li&uid. =or experiment %5 we o#erved the e""ect o" particle in"low velocity to the #pray chamer e""iciency. %a#ed on the re#ult#5 we are ale to conclude that the e""iciency i# inver#ely proportional to the "re&uency. 6he "re&uency indicate# the air lower #peed in the #pray chamer. Dowever5 an optimum particle "low inlet velocity and water droplet #i$e need# to e otained "or etter e""iciency o" the #pray chamer. 6here are #everal error# that may have occurred when the experiment wa# conducted5 which can a""ect the accuracy o" the re#ult#. =ir#t5 clogging occurred at the "eeder due to the relatively large and irregular #ample #i$e. In order to recti"y thi#5 the diameter o" the "eeder #hould e increa#ed to avoid clogging. %e#ide# that5 the "lowrate could not e regulated preci#ely #ince it experienced "luctuation5 a# di#played on the control panel. ?ext5 regular maintenance #hould e done on the #pray chamer #ince it i# a &uite ac7dated in#trument. -e#pite the occurrence o" the error#5 the o>ective# o" thi# experiment were #ucce##"ully achieved.
=.0 REFERENCES hang5 A. .5 , )hori#hi5 . %. '2003*. imulation and evaluation o" elemental mercury concentration increa#e in "lue ga# acro## a wet #cruer. nvironmental science * technology5 3+ '24*5 /+3:/++. Eert5 =.5 , %Kttner5 D. '1<<+*. Recent inve#tigation# with no$$ le #cruer#. ,owder technology5 - '1*5 31:3+. Emi#. '201/*. /pray Chamber . Retreived "rom http#!((emi#.vito.e(en(technie7"iche(#pray:chamer
=lynn5 -. '200<*. 8et )a# cruer#. In 6he ?L@ 8ater Dandoo7 '3rd ed.* 'pp. 120*. Mc)raw:Dill ro"e##ional.
13
Aa"ari5 M. A.5 )ha#emi5 R.5 Mehrai5 J.5 Ja$dana7h#h5 . R.5 , Da>iaaei5 M. '2012*. In"luence o" li&uid and ga# "low rate# on #ul"uric acid mi#t removal "rom air y pac7ed ed tower. Iranian Aournal o" Environmental Dealth cience , Engineering5 <'1*5 20. http!((doi.org(10.11+(13/:24+:<:20
Aiuan5 J. L. '200/*. valuation of wet scrubber systems '-octoral di##ertation5 niver#ity o" outhern Nueen#land*. Bim5 D. 6.5 Aung5 . D.5 @h5 . ?.5 , Lee5 B. 8. '2001*. article removal e""iciency o" gravitational wet #cruer con#idering di""u#ion5 interception5 and impaction. nvironmental ngineering /cience5 1-'2*5 12/:13+. Lieerman5 E. '1<<*. ir ollution ontrol 6echnology and 6ran#"erale ollution redit#. In nvironmental 0nfrastructure anagement 'pp. 4:/*. pringer ?etherland#. Lenntech. 'n.d.*. Dust purification techniques. Retrieved "rom http!((www.lenntech.com(air: puri"ication(du#t:puri"ication:techni&ue#(#pray:chamer.htm eu7ert5 8.5 , 8adenpohl5 . '2001*. Indu#trial #eparation o" "ine particle# with di""icult du#t propertie#. ,owder Technology5 11-'1*5 13+:14. ilat5 M. A.5 , rem5 . '1<+*. alculated particle collection e""iciencie# o" #ingle droplet# including inertial impaction5 %rownian di""u#ion5 di""u#iophore#i# and thermophore#i#. "tmospheric nvironment $12+%51'1*5 13:1<. Ro#en"eld5 -. '2000*. uppre##ion o" rain and #now y uran and indu#trial air pollution. /cience5 (-+ '/4/<*5 1<3:1<+. eaton5 .5 )odden5 -.5 Mac?ee5 8.5 , -onald#on5 B. '1<
idic5 R. -.5 hang5 M. 6.5 , 6hurnau5 R. . '1<<*. Binetic# o" vapor:pha#e mercury upta7e y virgin and #ul"ur:impregnated activated caron#. 5ournal of the "ir * 6aste anagement "ssociation5 #-'3*5 24:2//.
14
>.0 APPENDICES >.1 Sa'%/e Ca/c*/ation
1. 6he #eparation e""iciency5 ƞ=
ƞ
i# calculated u#ing the "ormula!
Weight of sample collected Weight of sampleloaded
O 100;
Example! ƞ=
196.59 g
O 100; H <.2
200 g
7ote: For e!periment ) only 2. ##uming the radiu# o" air duct5 r H 0.2m5 the cro##:#ectional area o" the air duct i# calculated. H
π
r 2
Example! H
π
'0.2m*2 H 0.12+ m2
3. onvert the air lower "re&uency to air velocity u#ing "ormula v H 0.1042 O r O RM Example! v H 0.1042'0.2m*'20 D$ O
60 RPM 1 Hz
*
v H 2/.132 m(h 4. alculate the air "low rate u#ing "ormula ) H v Example! ) H '0.12+ m2*' 2/.132 m(h* H 3.1/+<0304 m3(h /. alculate li&uid to ga# ratio 'L()*. Example! L() H
0.491 3.158690304
>.2 E$%e&i'enta/ Set*%
1/
H 0.1//44412
Figure -.(: !perimental setup of the spray chamber model
1+
