Ashrae Comm Bldg Std-211p Draft 2015-09-21_clean

BSR/ASHRAE/ACCA BSR/ASHRAE/ACCA Stand ard 211P 211P

_____________________Pub l i c Revi ew Draf Dr aftt

Standard tandard for Commercial ommercial Building Buildi ng Energy Audi ts First Pub lic Review (November 2015) 2015) (Draft (Draft Show s Complete Propos ed New New Standard) This draft has been recommended for public review by the responsible project committee. To submit a comment on this proposed standard, go to the ASHRAE website at www.ashrae.org/standards-research--technology/public-review-drafts www.ashrae.org/standards-research--technology/public-review-drafts and access the online comment database. The draft is subject to modification until it is approved for publication by the Board of Directors and ANSI. Until this time, the current edition of the standard (as modified by any published addenda on the ASHRAE website) remains in effect. The current edition of any standard may be purchased from the ASHRAE Online Store at www.ashrae.org/bookstore www.ashrae.org/bookstore or or by calling 404-636-8400 or 1-800-727-4723 (for orders in the U.S. or Canada). The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this public review document does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, or design, and ASHARE expressly disclaims such. © 2015 ASHRAE. This draft is covered under ASHRAE copyright. Permission to reproduce or redistribute all or any part of this document must be obtained from the ASHRAE Manager of Standards, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329. Phone: 404-6368400, Ext. 1125. Fax: 404-321-5478. E-mail: [email protected] [email protected].. ASHRAE, 1791 Tull ie Cir cl e, NE, Atlan ta GA 30329-2305

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org

BSR/ASHRAE BSR/ASHRAE Standard 211P, Standard for Commercial Building Energy Audits Advisory Public Review Draft

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD............................................................................................................................. FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................. 1 1. PURPOSE ........................................................................................................................... 2 2. SCOPE........... SCOPE...................... ....................... ........................ ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ............... ... 2 3. DEFINITIONS ..................................................................................................................... 2 4. COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS.......................................................................................... REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................................... 5 5. PROCEDURES .................................................................................................................... 5 6. REPORTING ..................................................................................................................... 21 7. REFERENCES.................................................................................................................... REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 35 NORMATIVE ANNEX A – COMPLIANCE FORM....................................................................... FORM....................................................................... 36 NORMATIVE ANNEX B – ENERGY SAVINGS CALCULATIONS .................................................. 37 NORMATIVE ANNEX C – REPORTING FORMS........................................................................ FORMS ........................................................................ 38 INFORMATIVE ANNEX D – REPORT OUTLINES ...................................................................... 42 INFORMATIVE ANNEX E – TARGETED ENERGY AUDIT APPROACHES .................................... 47 INFORMATIVE ANNEX F – RECOMMENDED DATA EXCHANGE FORMATS............................. FORMATS ............................. 48 INFORMATIVE ANNEX G –ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES .................................................. 49

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD............................................................................................................................. FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................. 1 1. PURPOSE ........................................................................................................................... 2 2. SCOPE........... SCOPE...................... ....................... ........................ ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ............... ... 2 3. DEFINITIONS ..................................................................................................................... 2 4. COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS.......................................................................................... REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................................... 5 5. PROCEDURES .................................................................................................................... 5 6. REPORTING ..................................................................................................................... 21 7. REFERENCES.................................................................................................................... REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 35 NORMATIVE ANNEX A – COMPLIANCE FORM....................................................................... FORM....................................................................... 36 NORMATIVE ANNEX B – ENERGY SAVINGS CALCULATIONS .................................................. 37 NORMATIVE ANNEX C – REPORTING FORMS........................................................................ FORMS ........................................................................ 38 INFORMATIVE ANNEX D – REPORT OUTLINES ...................................................................... 42 INFORMATIVE ANNEX E – TARGETED ENERGY AUDIT APPROACHES .................................... 47 INFORMATIVE ANNEX F – RECOMMENDED DATA EXCHANGE FORMATS............................. FORMATS ............................. 48 INFORMATIVE ANNEX G –ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES .................................................. 49

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FOREWORD To the reviewers of Proposed Standard 211: Thank for taking your time to review our proposed Standard 211. As you probably know, the commercial energy audit industry ha s been largely unregulated and the work products that are labeled “energy audits” vary greatly in scope, rigor and quality. Our hope with this standard is to establish minimum performance levels for energy audits and bring some order to the chaos. Prior work on ASHRAE’s Special Publication “Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits” (aka “the green book”) has helped to define terms and Levels 1, 2 and 3 are now commonly used in the U.S. and abroad as a shorthand for audit scoping. However, the prior work was not written in code enforceable language, and the “green book” left much room for interpretation. Our intention in preparing this standard is to bring additional definition to the level descriptions within “Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits”. With mandatory energy audits required by cities around the U.S. there is a need for more closely ensuring audits are held to the appropriate level of rigor and depth. Greater consistency in approach also holds the promise for lowering costs if energy auditors can establish consistent reporting, rather than custom approaches that are often required by different contracting entities. Our hope is that standardization may help lead to efficiency, and greater overall impact. The project committee has struggled with setting appropriate minimum requirements in the hope of promoting energy audits that are rigorous, without handicapping energy auditors with details, if those details don’t result in energy and cost savings for the end users. We appreciate your input on this draft and have highlighted questions within the text where we seek particular guidance. Thanks again for your help with this important work. Jim Kelsey Chair – SPC 211

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BSR/ASHRAE Standard 211P, Standard for Commercial Building Energy Audits Advisory Public Review Draft

1. PURPOSE

The purpose of this standard is to establish consistent practices for conducting and reporting energy audits for commercial buildings. This standard: a. defines the procedures required to perform Energy Audits Levels 1, 2 and 3, b. provides a common scope of work for these audit levels for use by building owners and others, c. establishes standardized industry practices for conducting energy audits, and d. establishes minimum reporting requirements for the results from energy audits. 2. SCOPE

2.1

This standard applies to all buildings except one or two family dwellings and multi‐family residential buildings.

3. DEFINITIONS

3.1

General. Certain terms, abbreviations, and acronyms are defined in this section for the

purposes of this standard. These definitions are applicable to all sections of this standard. Terms that are not defined herein, but that are defined in standards that are referenced herein shall have the meanings as defined in those standards. Other terms that are not defined shall have their ordinarily accepted meanings within the context in which they are used. Ordinarily accepted meanings shall be based upon American standard English language usage, as documented in an unabridged dictionary accepted by the authority having jurisdiction.

ancillary quantifiable factors – Factors that can be quantified with estimates or calculations but are external to the EEM energy saving calculations. Represented for both the proposed EEM and base case

costs associated with service contracts, staffing demands, deferred need phase‐out, and code conformance. base case – An alternative scenario for which a subject EEM is not implemented; used for comparison

evaluation of subject EEM energy auditor: see qualified energy auditor. energy efficiency measure (EEM): an action taken in the operation or equipment in a building that

reduces the energy use of the building while maintaining or enhancing the building’s safety, comfort and functionality. . energy manager (EM): the individual, identified by the building owner , who has responsibility for ensuring that energy use in the building is minimized without compromising the indoor environmental quality (building indoor air quality, thermal comfort, visual acuity and comfort, sound quality). The EM may be the building owner , a tenant, an employee of the owner or tenant, or a contractor retained by

the owner or tenant. energy use intensity (EUI): an expression of building energy use per year in terms of net energy divided by gross floor area.

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gross floor area for non‐residential buildings: The sum of the floor areas of all the spaces within the building with no deductions for floor penetrations other than atria. It is measured from the exterior faces of exterior walls or from the centerline of walls separating buildings but it excludes covered

walkways, open roofed‐over areas, porches and similar spaces, pipe trenches, exterior terraces or steps, roof overhangs, parking garages, surface parking, and similar features. hard costs: Represents the material and labor costs inclusive of abatement work with overhead and

profit of implementing a specific EEM inclusive of construction phase contingencies interactive effect: The change in resultant energy savings estimates or actual energy savings due to analyzing or implementing multiple energy efficiency measures which act on one another. internal rate of return (IRR): the discount rate in a capital project that makes the net present value of all cash flows from a particular project equal to zero. The higher a project's internal rate of return, the more desirable it is to undertake the project. IRR can be used to rank several prospective projects

under consideration. IRR is defined by the following equation:



  CF 0   1 CFIRR   

where: n = the useful life of CFt = the annual cost savings of the measure CF0 = the initial cost of the measure (cash flow initial)

the measure in year t (cash

in flow

in

years year t)

maintain: the process of keeping equipment and components operating or functioning in accordance

with manufacturer’s recommendations and industry standards over their service lives. It involves, but is not limited to, carrying out observation, lubrication, adjustment, calibration, testing, cleaning, replacement and repair at appropriate intervals as applicable to the specific equipment or component. non‐quantifiable factors: also known as judgment factors and irreducible factors include occupant

comfort, ease‐of ‐maintenance, reliability/redundancy/resiliency, and political. owner: Any person, agent, firm, partnership, corporation or other legal entity having a legal or equitable interest in, or control of the premises. photosensor: a device that detects the presence of and/or measures the amount of visible light,

infrared (IR) transmission, and/or ultraviolet (UV) energy and emits a signal based on the presence, absence, and/or amount of these entities. practical measure: EEM that is determined by the auditor to be technically feasible and have a simple

payback period that is less than the anticipated lifecycle of the measure. premises: Land, improvements thereon, or any part thereof. qualified energy auditor: an energy solutions professional who assesses building systems and site

conditions; analyzes and evaluates equipment and energy usage; and recommends strategies to optimize building resource utilization. Experience must include completion of five commercial (non‐ residential) energy audits within the past three years, and be one of the following: a) A Building Energy Assessment Professional (BEAP), Certified Energy Manager (CEM), or Certified

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Energy Auditor (CEA) as certified by ASHRAE or AEE respectively. b) A person qualified by the authority having jurisdiction. recommended measure: A Practical Measure that has been vetted for interactive effects with other

Practical EEMs, ancillary quantifiable factors, and non‐quantifiable factors. Life‐cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) may be used as the methodology to filter Practical Measures to Recommended measures. simple payback : Estimated initial energy efficiency measure (EEM) cost divided by the EEM first‐year

calculated energy savings. Both savings and costs are in dollars ($) or other consistent monetary units. simple return on investment (Simple ROI): The energy efficiency measure (EEM) first‐year calculated

energy savings divided by estimated initial energy efficiency measure cost. Both savings and costs are in dollars ($) or other consistent monetary units. site energy: site energy use is the sum of annual electric use in kWh (converted to kBtu or MJ) and

annual fuel use (in kBtu or MJ). soft costs: Represents at a minimum, costs for: design, program management, construction

administration, construction management, general conditions, abatement monitoring, permit filing, expediting, inspections, temporary services, underground surveys, utility upgrades, and commissioning statistically valid : A statistically valid sample for benchmarking comparison is one of a sufficiently

large sample size such that the Relative Standard Error (RSE), a measure of the reliability or precision of the sample, is below 0.25 (equivalent to 25%). The RSE is defined as the standard error of the sample mean (square root of the standard deviation divided by the square root of N, where N is the number of sample facilities), divided by the sample mean. 3.2

Abbreviations and Acronyms

AHJ

Authority Having Jurisdiction

BAS

Building Automation System

DX

Direct Expansion

DDC

Direct Digital Control

Commented [JK2]: Need to verify these are all used

DHW Domestic Hot Water DOAS Dedicated Outdoor Air System ECI

Energy Cost Index

ECM

Energy Conservation Measure

EEM

Energy Efficiency Measure

EM

Energy Manager

ESP

Energy Service Provider

EUI

Energy Use Intensity

IRR

Internal Rate of Return

Commented [r1]: To get these statistical relationships correct may be more trouble than it's worth. The context for the definition is benchmarking where one wants to reference only statically meaningful studies. Such studies would have sufficient data to produce mean EUIs AND confidence intervals (read EUI ranges) for stated confidence levels that are not crazy wide.

LCCA Life‐Cycle Cost Analysis

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OA

Outside Air

O&M Operations and Maintenance VAV

Variable Air Volume

VRF

Variable Refrigerant Flow

ROI

Return on Investment

SHW

Service Hot Water

4. COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS

4.1

Compliance

4.1.1

Compliance with the standard shall be certified by a qualified energy auditor using the Compliance Form in Normative Annex A. By signing and certifying the Compliance form, the qualified energy auditor attests that the energy audit conforms to the methods and procedures of this standard, and that the work was completed by a qualified energy auditor .

5. PROCEDURES

5.1

Scope of Systems

5.1.1

The scope of the energy audit shall include the following systems as applicable to the building: 

Envelope



Lighting



HVAC (cooling, heating, air distribution, and ventilation and exhaust systems)



Heating, chilled, condenser and domestic water systems



Refrigeration [except for food processing refrigeration],



On‐site power generation equipment



Uninterruptible power supplies and power distribution units



People moving systems



Plug Loads (including office equipment, appliances)



Laundries



Food Preparation



Pools, saunas and spas

The following end uses are not included in this Standard:

5.2



Industrial processes



Agricultural processes



Irrigation

General Procedures

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5.2.1

Introduction. This standard defines three levels of energy audits (Levels 1, 2, and 3). Each successive level builds upon the lower level(s), such that a Level 2 Audit will include all items that had already been required through a Level 1 audit and analysis. A prerequisite to all audit levels is a preliminary energy‐use analysis, through a form of energy performance benchmarking.

5.2.2

Preliminary Energy‐Use Analysis (Benchmarking). Benchmarking a building’s normalized energy consumption relative to that of similar (peer) buildings is a required first measure of energy of energy efficiency. Informative Note: Summary information about benchmarking energy use is presented in the ASHRAE Handbook, 2015 HVAC Applications volume, in Chapter 36 (Energy Use and Management). 5.2.2.1 Calculate total annual building energy use, and normalize by gross building floor area to obtain the Energy Use Intensity (EUI). Building energy use, accounting for all energy sources entering the building, shall be collected and total site and primary energy use converted and calculated according the procedures in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 105‐2014 (Standard Methods of Determining, Expressing, and Comparing Building Energy Performance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions). Use the Standard 105‐2014 procedures to normalize the energy performance to energy use intensity (EUI), always measured as total energy per gross floor area of the building, and any other relevant normalizing parameters for the given building type. 5.2.2.2 Calculate total annual building energy cost, and normalize by relevant parameters to obtain the Energy Cost Intensity (ECI). The method used to determine total annual building energy cost and any relevant normalizing parameters shall be described in a transparent manner and included with any Level 2 reporting requirements for ECI. 5.2.2.3 Buildings shall be benchmarked using one or more of the following methods. Note that meeting performance targets or compliance with certification levels is not required under this standard. 



An appropriate benchmark for peer buildings, such as CBECS summary data documented in Tables 2‐4, Chapter 36, of the ASHRAE Applications Handbook (2015), Where space type is applicable, calculate ENERGY STAR score. Benchmark energy use, energy cost and emissions using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager benchmarking tool (accessible form: https://portfoliomanager.energystar.gov ). Informative Note: ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager is an online tool that compares measured building energy performance to other similar buildings. The calculator accounts for building characteristics and utilizes site specific historical weather data while allowing users

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to define the building specific operation characteristics for a variety of building types, or specify unique utilization features. Based on these user inputs the tool provides an ENERGY STAR Score based on a 1 to 100 scale percentile ranking, among other energy performance metrics. 

Benchmark using the ASHRAE Building Energy Quotient Operational Rating, a voluntary labeling program that compares a building’s annual metered energy use (EUI) to the median EUI by building type. Details may be found at www.buildingenergyquotient.org www.buildingenergyquotient.org.. To comply with this benchmarking procedure, documentation of a completed bEQ application, bEQ application, and resulting bEQ score and letter rating shall be provided. Regardless of the of the rating achieved, the bEQ process bEQ process provides a benchmark comparison of the building’s energy performance with a national median EUI, thus providing feedback on the building’s potential and measured energy use. Therefore no particular rating is required for compliance.





Benchmark using the EnergyIQ action‐oriented benchmarking tool, produced by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory at www.energyiq.lbl.gov.. www.energyiq.lbl.gov Other benchmarking systems that can be demonstrated to provide a Results of comparison should be reported using ASHRAE Standard 105‐2014 Form 6, documenting the normalization parameters used, and the type of comparison method.

statistically valid sample for comparison.

5.3

Level 1 Procedures

5.3.1

Review Historical Utility Data Review monthly and annual utility data prior to the site visit for a minimum of 12 consecutive months (up to three consecutive years shall be used as available), aggregated for the whole building by service class in accordance with Section 5.3 of ASHRAE Standard 105‐2014. In addition the following shall be reviewed: 



 



Years for which data are collected, indicating calendar year or beginning and ending months of record of record Utility or other energy suppliers (such as electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, steam, chilled or hot water) Monthly and annual electric use (kWh) and cost ($) for each year of record of record Actual and/or billed (or both if reported) monthly peak electric demand (kW), identified as on‐peak, mid‐peak, and off ‐peak, for each year of record of record Monthly and annual site fuel (or other energy source) use in therms, gallons, lbs, or Btu, as appropriate, and cost ($). If fuel is delivered as a liquid or solid,

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estimate and report the annual amount used from actual delivered quantities or inventory change, for each year of record of record 



Peak or billed monthly fuel, steam, hot water, or chilled water demand (in Mlbs/hr or other unit, as appropriate), if reported, if reported, for each year of record of record Annual EUI (kBtu/ft2‐yr) and ECI ($/ft2‐yr)

Review unexpected or irregular patterns in monthly energy use that may indicate abnormal building operation and suggest identify possible causes. 5.3.2

Rate Structure Consideration 5.3.5.1 For each metered energy source, identify utility rate/tariff schedule (such as standard, time‐of ‐use, block structure, demand charges [ratchet or non‐ ratchet], power factor charges, consumption charges, renewable portfolio standard charges, taxes) for each year of record. For each delivered energy source identify delivered fuel rate/tariff schedule, rate/tariff schedule, including taxes, for each year of record. of record. 5.3.5.2 Review monthly utility bills for opportunities to lower costs. Consider taking advantage of different of different utility rate classes, accounting for peak electric demand patterns and charges. Consider potential advantages/disadvantages of optional rates such as time‐of ‐use and real time pricing. Consider load‐shifting opportunities to reduce peak demand charges.

5.3.3 Facility Site Survey 5.3.3.1 Prior to Site Visit. Prior to visiting the facility communicate with the building owner or operator to determine basic facility characteristics and to request as‐ built drawings, historical utility bills (see Section 5.3.1), and equipment schedules. Record these characteristics including 

Project and client names



Key contacts



Site address



Building type and function



Year constructed and dates of renovations/additions of renovations/additions



Number of floors of floors







Number of occupants and schedule of building occupancy (e.g., night and weekend use) Utility rates, suppliers, and meter locations, data availability (hard copy or electronic) Security procedures

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5.3.3.2 Site Visit.

Accompanied by the building operator or maintenance staff, a

qualified energy auditor shall conduct a brief walk through survey of the facility

to become familiar with its construction, equipment, operation, and maintenance. 



Record the gross floor area, using definition in Standard 105 Review available as‐built drawings and equipment schedules to identify lighting, HVAC zones and controls, and integration of same (if any) with the Building Automation System, thermostat locations, HVAC and lighting equipment types and capacities, insulation levels, and fenestration types and locations.

5.3.3.3 Identify O&M Problems and Needs. Identify operating problems, malfunctioning equipment, maintenance costs, and maintenance needs, including revisions to O&M procedures. Determine whether any maintenance issues or practices affect energy efficiency. If so, estimate costs and energy and cost savings, of implementing improved O&M procedures, as specified in Section 5.3.5. 5.3.3.4 Identify important energy‐using systems, processes, and equipment. Gather equipment nameplate information and control strategies. Take photographs to record the condition of equipment and details of equipment configuration and nameplate information. 5.3.3.5 Interviews. Interview the owner and/or operator and occupants to identify special problems (especially, as relates to thermal comfort or Indoor Air Quality) or planned improvements (e.g., equipment and/or controls upgrades, envelope upgrades) of the facility. Determine the history of changes made at the site and whether any maintenance problems and/or practices, or occupant behaviors, affect energy efficiency or Indoor Environmental Quality. 5.3.4

Space Function Analysis Conduct a space function analysis using the Form in Normative Annex C; allocate the gross floor area of the building by standard space function types as listed in the forms. For each space function type record the following: 

Gross floor area associated with that function



Weekly operating or occupied hours



Weeks/year of operation



Number of occupants



Number of PCs and/or laptops



Fraction of space heated and/or cooled



Principle HVAC type serving the area



Principle lighting type serving the area

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Determine whether efficiency may be affected by functions that differ from the original functional intent of the building. QUESTION TO REVIEWERS:

The list of space types found in the Appendix materials (see the attached reporting forms) was derived from ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager. Is it complete, sufficient, excessive? 5.3.5

Identify Low‐Cost and No‐Cost Energy Efficiency Measure (EEM) Recommendations During the walk‐through facility site survey, and after subsequent review of the results of that survey, low‐cost and no‐cost changes to the facility or to O&M (Operations and Maintenance) procedures shall be identified and the approximate level of economic return from savings that will result from these changes shall be estimated. Low and no‐ cost changes are changes that can be implemented within the O&M budget for the facility, where such exists. The items to be considered shall be guided by the observations of a qualified energy auditor . Some of these items can require education of building operators and/or occupants as to the importance of operational behavior. Some involve implementation of routines (and logs) to improve the efficiency of operations, or maintenance of such improvements after tune‐ups. Others likely will involve changes to lighting and HVAC (e.g., thermostats) controls, to reduce lighting and HVAC in areas that are unoccupied or unused for substantial periods of time 5.3.5.1 Opportunities to Consider Low‐ or no‐cost changes shall be identified by space type and energy system. Each item shall be qualitatively prioritized as high, medium, or low, depending on the significance of the expected savings (e.g. ROI), impact on the facility’s energy consumption, effect on the other measures and building systems, and the ease of implementation. Opportunities to be recommended for owner consideration are suggested below, but are not limited to those areas. A list of these opportunities, for the following energy system types, is given in Informative Annex D. Lighting HVAC and Service/Domestic Hot Water Processing/Plug Loads Envelope [QUESTION TO REVIEWERS:

Is it useful to readers to include potential energy efficiency measures in the standard? Is the level of depth appropriate? Does the industry move too fast for it to be current/useful?] 5.3.6 Identify Potential EEM Capital Recommendations During the walk‐through facility site survey, and after subsequent review of the results of that survey, potential capital‐expensed EEMs (items not normally within the O&M budget) shall be identified and a preliminary qualitative estimate of the level of

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potential costs and savings shall be provided. These qualitative estimates may be simply represented as “high”, “medium” and “low” in terms of potential costs and savings separately based upon the qualified energy auditor’s experience. These items involve the replacement of energy‐using equipment or reconfiguration of existing systems. The items to be considered shall be guided by the judgment of a qualified energy auditor. For major systems or equipment changes, similar estimates of the level of potential costs and savings shall be identified for further study. 5.3.6.1 Opportunities to Consider Potential capital changes shall be identified by energy system type (lighting, HVAC [thermostats and heating/cooling equipment, fans], process/plug loads, etc., and by space type (offices, classrooms, conference rooms, kitchens, break rooms, assembly areas, hallways/circulation areas, storage, etc.). Each item shall be qualitatively prioritized as high, medium, or low, depending on the significance of the expected savings (e.g., ROI), level of capital cost, improved IEQ, effect on building systems, and the ease of implementation based on the best judgment of the qualified energy auditor . A list of these opportunities, for the following energy system types, is given in Informative Annex D. [QUESTION TO REVIEWERS:

Should the standard also address Demand Response (DR) measures. DR measures allow buildings to temporarily shed loads on peak days to relieve the electric distribution grid. Participation in DR programs offer’s financial incentives for equipment and participation.] 5.4

Level 2 Procedures

The Level 2 audit shall follow upon and take into consideration the findings of a Level 1 audit or, if no separate Level 1 audit has been conducted, shall comply with all the procedural requirements for a Level 1 audit as defined in section 5.3. 5.4.1

Facility Site Survey 5.4.1.1 To guide identification of energy cost saving opportunities, the qualified energy auditor shall develop a breakdown of the annual total energy cost by cost component (a pie chart is useful for this analysis): 

Electric use



Electric demand



Fuel use

5.4.1.2 Guided by the initial Level 1 walk‐through survey, a review shall be conducted of the mechanical and electrical systems and their operating conditions, based on direct observation, testing and as‐built documentation, if available. This review shall be conducted as part of a second walk‐through survey of the building, subsequent to the Level 1 survey conducted in Section 5.3.1. The qualified

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energy auditor shall be accompanied by the building owner’s representative, project manager, maintenance staff, or others with knowledge of the building’s systems and operating conditions if available (i.e. they must be given the opportunity to attend). This survey shall add further detail to the documentation assembled during the Level 1 audit. If the audit process is initiated with a Level 2 audit, then it shall include an initial walk‐through survey by the Qualified Energy Auditor responsible for the overall supervision of the audit. Describe and analyze the energy‐using systems, resulting from on‐site observations, measurement (see Section 5.4.3), and engineering calculations. The review shall include the following systems: 

Envelope



Lighting



HVAC



Service hot water



Plug loads



Pools/saunas/spas



Process loads (laundry, food preparation, refrigeration)



Others

The forms in Normative Annex C shall be used to report these characteristics. These forms shall be completed per the facility description reporting requirements of Section 6.2.1. 5.4.2

Review of Current Operations and Maintenance Procedures The current operations and maintenance (O&M) of the end‐use systems shall be reviewed and discussed with the building owner or manager and with the building O&M staff, including the current use of spaces, how space use has changed since prior design and remodels, occupancy, scheduling, comfort and ventilation requirements of the building. The qualified energy auditor shall review the following end‐use system information as available: 





General building O&M information, including but not limited to building plans, as‐built drawings and specifications, O&M manuals and programs, repairs history, an equipment database, and building automation/control system specifics as available; Summary of the O&M history and past issues associated with the performance of energy‐using building systems, as related to building comfort and energy use; Recommendations by O&M staff for potential solutions to building operations and maintenance issues discovered in the course this review.

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5.4.3

Determine Key Operating Parameters The qualified energy auditor shall determine existing operating parameters for energy‐ using systems and major equipment, as appropriate for installed systems: Operations set‐points, including but not limited to: 

Space temperature



Space humidity



Space lighting levels



Minimum outdoor airflow rates



Carbon dioxide levels



Economizer limits



Hot water supply setpoint



Chilled water supply setpoint



Condenser water temperature setpoint



Supply air temperature setpoint



DHW storage and delivery temperatures



Fan system flow control static pressure



Water loop system flow control static pressures



Heating and cooling system enable conditions



Flow control resets



Equipment operating temperature resets

Cooling tower condenser water resets Operating schedules, including but not limited to: 



Occupied or unoccupied hours in each controlled zone



Space temperature setpoint schedules



Warm‐up and cool‐down periods



Unoccupied override conditions

The load conditions under which equipment operates, including but not limited to: 

Heating and cooling loads



Peak loads



System start‐up loads



Lighting power density



Fan power loads



Pump power loads

Equipment efficiencies, including but not limited to:

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5.4.4



Combustion efficiency



Cooling efficiency



Energy recovery efficiency

Conduct end‐use breakdown. For each end‐use system and separated by fuel type, the energy use and cost allocation shall be quantified in accordance with this section and recorded in accordance with Section 6.2.3. 5.4.4.1 Building system end use categories. Whole building performance shall be quantified as total building energy use. The energy consumption of end‐use systems shall be determined in accordance with this section. Each system or unit of equipment that uses energy shall be assigned to one of the end‐use system types listed in this section. Equipment shall not be assigned to more than one end‐use system type. Each system or equipment that uses energy shall be further identified with its site energy source(s) by type. End‐use system types shall be categorized as follows: 1. Space Heating 2. Space Cooling 3. Air Distribution (fans) 4. Water Distribution (pumps) 5. Service Water Heating 6. Conveyance (elevators, escalators, dumbwaiters, people‐movers) 7. Lighting 8. Plug Loads 9. Process Loads 10. Refrigeration 11. Cooking 12. Data Centers 13. Other [QUESTION TO REVIEWERS:

Is this the appropriate list of end use categories? ] 5.4.4.2 End‐use system considerations. For the purposes of energy use assessments in accordance with section 5.4.4.1 and reporting of end use breakdown in accordance with section 6.2.3, the following end use categories shall apply: 1. Space heating shall include fuel and electricity for heating air or water used to heat conditioned areas. Air handling unit fans shall be categorized as Air Distribution.

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2. Space Cooling shall also include refrigeration associated with cooling spaces, chilled water and condenser pumps and fans, and cooling towers. Air handling unit fans shall be categorized as Air Distribution. 3. Air Distribution shall also include electricity consumed by fan operation for ventilation, supply air, return air, exhaust, hoods, powered VAV, and ERVs/HRVs. 4. Water Distribution shall include all electricity used by pumps for chilled water, condenser water, heating hot water, condensate return or service hot water circulation. 5. Service Water Heating shall include hot water used for handwashing, dishwashing and laundries. 6. Conveyance shall include elevators, escalators and automated people movers. 7. Lighting shall include all indoor and outdoor lighting for area and task lighting. 8. Plug Loads shall also include office equipment, conference room audio and video equipment, desktop and laptop personal computers, printers and reprographic equipment, and appliances. 9. Process Loads shall be itemized if the energy consumed exceeds 5% of total building energy consumption. Process loads shall also include dishwashing in food services. 10. Refrigeration shall include walk‐in coolers, freezers, refrigerated cases (self ‐ contained or remote), refrigerated storage, and process cooling. 11. Cooking shall include all primary cooking and food storage equipment such as ovens, stoves, steamers fryers, food warmers, cold tables, etc. 12. Data Centers shall include all centralized equipment for data storage, processing and access but does not include personal or desktop computers or office equipment. 13. Other shall include miscellaneous loads, including but not limited to pumps or motors that are not included in categories above. 5.4.4.3

End‐use system energy use assessment methodology. Fuel and electricity consumption units shall be expressed in energy consumption units at the site value (i.e., the energy consumption at the boundary of the facility site, typically at the meter, not adjusted for power generation efficiency). End‐use system energy consumption shall be determined in accordance with one or both of the following methods: 1. A calculated method that allocates proportional energy use according to the size of the end‐use system and its operating hours. Assumptions used in this

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analysis must be the same as those used for calculations of energy and demand savings. OR 2. An hourly whole‐building energy simulation. The same simulation must be used as is used for calculation of energy and demand savings. 5.4.5

Preliminary Energy Savings Analysis List potential energy saving opportunities for each system included in the facility site survey (see Section 5.4.1). Conduct preliminary calculations to estimate the range of savings and costs in order to assess the economic feasibility of each measure on an individual measure basis. Summarize the results in an Initial Measures List.

5.4.6

Bundle Interactive Measures Create integrated bundles of measures where combined efficiency measures have significant interactive effects. Measures shall be bundled to achieve different levels of whole‐building energy use reduction and financial performance, based on the following considerations: 

 

5.4.7

the impact of load reduction measures on distribution system energy (i.e., pumps and fans) the impact of load reduction measures on equipment capital replacement costs potential for overstating energy savings due to savings overlap between individual measures

Calculate Energy Savings 5.4.7.1 Energy Use Impacts. For each bundle of measures (per 5.4.6), describe key energy uses that will be impacted by the improvement, by energy source type (electricity, gas, etc.) and the basis of values used. Describe the change in the energy used, and the basis for this change. 5.4.7.2 Calculation Method. Identify the methodology of calculation: stipulated values, engineering calculations, computerized model (simulation) and/or other, including a reference for the methodology used. If computer modeling software is used, name the software tool(s) and version. Describe different software tools for specific calculation purposes, if multiple tools are used. 5.4.7.3 Evaluation of Individual Measures. Using a preliminary cost estimate (see 5.4.11), provide a separate calculation (or computer model run) for each measure or bundle of measures to determine if the measure/bundle meets an established economic performance criterion. State clearly what that criterion is and on what basis it was selected (e.g. – program upper limit, owner stated hurdle rate). Maintain a record of these individual measure/bundle calculations for inclusion in the audit report. Measures/bundles not meeting the criterion should be dropped from further consideration and listed in the “ECMs Considered but Not Recommended” section of the report (see Section 6.2.4.4)

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Commented [b3]: Some of this belongs in Reporting section, not Procedures section.


5.4.7.4 Interactions. Identify interactions between measures and/or bundles of measures and clearly state that all interactions have been accounted for and that total savings account for all of the interactions between the modifications. State the order in which the measures are considered and the rationale for that order. 5.4.7.5 Requirements for All Calculation Methods The same energy analysis method shall be used for pre‐retrofit and post‐ retrofit calculations. Assumptions shall be noted and any change in assumptions between pre‐ and post‐retrofit calculations shall be justified. Analysis of measures and/or measure bundles shall include interactions. Energy savings by end‐use shall be compared to total building energy use to ensure that calculated savings are reasonable. Weather data shall be long‐term average data. Measured building data shall be adjusted to correspond to long‐term average weather characteristics. Equipment performance characteristics shall be noted and shall be based upon part‐load or seasonal efficiencies. Full load efficiencies are not permitted to be used to represent efficiency across all load conditions.. The source of values for key inputs (equipment efficiencies, equipment load factors, ventilation rates, conductance of unknown constructions) shall be noted. Equipment operating schedules and hours of operation shall be based on building operations. Run time meters shall be used if schedules cannot be established by other means. For each metered or delivered energy source a marginal unit energy price shall be calculated. Energy cost savings shall be based on the marginal costs and demand charges. Use of average unit cost (blended rates is) prohibited. For seasonal or time‐of ‐use rates, an algorithm shall be developed to reflect the actual rate. For real time commodity pricing, a seasonal algorithm shall be developed based upon historical data. 5.4.7.6 Additional Requirements for Computer model (simulation) The simulation software shall meet the requirements of ASHRAE Std 140. The model shall be calibrated against building operation and energy use prior to use in measure calculation. QUESTION TO REVIEWERS: To what degree should we require model

calibration? What is an appropriate standard? 5.4.7.7 Quality Assurance Review The reviewer shall compare the calculated savings to other appropriate sources and specific retrofit experience to verify the‐reasonableness of the projected

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Commented [b4]: Definition or requirement needed.


savings. Comparisons shall be based on percentage savings factors and EUI impacts, with consideration given to the owner’s ROI requirements. The reviewer shall ensure the recommended measures are feasible and appropriate for the subject building considering the existing equipment, building occupancy and owner’s economic requirements. The reviewer shall compare the energy savings, costs and ROIs for each measure to expected ranges for the type of measure specified. Higher or lower than expected ROIs shall be discussed with the qualified energy auditor, and explained in the report or corrected as required. 5.4.8

Estimate EEM Costs 5.4.8.1 Estimate the hard cost for each practical measure. Material costs may be obtained from manufacturer or vendor price lists, records from similar audits, cost estimating guidelines, or similar sources. Labor costs may be developed from estimates of required installation time, and in‐house or external contractor labor rates, depending on which party installs the measure. 5.4.8.2 Estimate the soft costs for each practical measure. Soft costs include mechanical or electrical design fees, costs associated with coordination among multiple contractors for installation, shipping and transportation costs, rental of cranes, permits, ancillary tasks such as hazardous material abatement, and commissioning. Some owners may have resources that offset some soft costs. 5.4.8.3 Bundling measure costs. Multiple measures affecting the same building systems may be combined, and their hard and soft costs estimated as a package. Combining costs may improve the cost‐effectiveness of combined measures.

5.4.9

Conduct Economic Analysis Measures may be grouped according to type (e.g. lighting, HVAC, etc.) or cost (e.g. low, medium, and high cost). Each measure should be assessed for financial benefits separately at first. Afterward, the auditor may develop packages of measures that maximize the energy savings cost‐effectively after discussion with the facility owner. Identify and quantify available incentives from a local utility or government program. Identify and quantify applicable tax credits for installation of measures. Calculate the simple payback of each practical measure, based on the total of hard, soft, and on‐going costs. If the measures are grouped, the simple payback of the group of measures may also be estimated. Note the ancillary benefits of each measure or group. Ancillary benefits may include improved thermal control of a space, reduced maintenance costs, and improved indoor light and air quality. Where possible, quantitatively estimate the ancillary benefits.

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Identify the measures that meet the owner’s simple payback criteria, whether individually, or in aggregate. Assess which measures may be reasonably combined and assessed as a group. Calculate each group’s return‐on investment, including the on‐ going costs and quantifiable ancillary benefits. 5.4.10 Review EEMs with Owner’s Representative Provide to the owner or their appropriate representative a list of identified measures, their brief descriptions, energy and cost savings, available incentives, and simple paybacks. Schedule a meeting to review the measure list, and implications of each individual measure including ancillary benefits and on‐going costs. Review recommendations for measure groupings and their savings, costs and payback. Obtain from the owner or owner’s representative their comments and directives about which measures to recommend, and how to present the financial analysis. After the review with the owner, revise the audit to show the recommended measures, measure groups, and measures identified but not recommended. 5.5

Level 3 Procedures

5.5.1

Determination of Recommended EEMs. The Level 3 analytical procedure is guided by Level 1 and 2 analyses and the owner’s/operator’s selection of measures for greater definition. It follows Level 1 and 2 work and includes the following additional steps: 











Additional analysis shall be conducted for all measures that account for > 15% of the total energy savings, and that have variable operating loads or conditions beyond steady‐state operation. This shall include expanded definitions of all modifications requiring further analysis and consideration of system interactions to create integrated packages of recommendations. The analyst shall prepare a schematic layout of each of the modifications. Measurement and Analysis. Analysis may be conducted using either energy models or detailed spreadsheets of engineering calculations; modeling is required for envelope measures. If energy sub‐measurement is feasible, measurement of the energy use of the existing, pre‐retrofit, system shall be acquired for a minimum of two weeks and encompass over 80% of the system operating range. If demand savings are claimed, the operating range shall include operation at building peak demand. The operating range used in the analysis shall be documented. Measures shall be evaluated using spreadsheets or energy models and then compared to the measured energy use data.

Commented [b5]: Needs definition.

If measurement is not feasible, the building shall be modeled to evaluate the proposed measures. The analyst shall ensure that the baseline model is calibrated to the operation of the existing building.

Commented [b7]: Needs definition.

The analyst shall evaluate the impact of proposed modifications on seasonal HVAC requirements and the building occupants and develop a plan to accommodate those needs during construction.

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Commented [r6]: what other variables might be measured and required for the calculations mentioned below? reference Guideline 14‐2002?

Commented [b8]: Definition. Commented [r9]: reference IPMVP?


5.5.2

Cost and Cost Savings of Recommended EEMs. Estimate the cost and savings of each measure and each integrated bundle of measures in detail. Cost estimates shall either be 



5.5.3

Obtained from a vendor with a letter stating willingness to perform the work at the quoted price, or Completed by the analyst, including parts, labor, and any cost element that is greater than 10% of the total cost.

Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) Conduct a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) to inform decision making. The LCCA shall be conducted for the life of the measure with the longest service life and shall include 

First cost



Financing



Annual energy costs and escalation rates



Discount rate

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Annual maintenance costs

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Tax credits



Cash Incentives

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Expected periodic replacements

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5.5.4

Estimated recurring costs of each measure or set of measures. Such costs include annual maintenance and service labor costs, routine replacement of worn parts, or annual warranty fees from manufacturers. On‐going costs must be included in Life Cycle Cost Analysis.

Risk Assessment For the measures that receive Level 3 analysis, a risk assessment shall be performed. 





The auditor shall identify critical technical, operational and fiscal parameters that are potentially most uncertain, sensitive, and critical to the installation, operation, and potential savings of each EEM in the project. The auditor shall determine realistic high and low levels for each of these parameters. This may be accomplished through further measurement, selection of a realistic range (for parameters such as equipment efficiency levels), or by examining historical data or industry projections for parameters such as energy cost. To assess the uncertainty and sensitivity of critical parameters the Level 3 analysis shall be repeated varying a single critical parameter within the range defined in the preceding paragraph. while the remaining parameters are held constant. Each critical parameter is assessed independently. The auditor shall create a presentation of the scenario runs to illustrate the effects of best case, more likely and worst case impacts, and resulting

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Commented [FG10]: Going back to my original draft I added “Operational” to make it clear what we were trying to describe/capture. Technical – rated full load and part load efficiency levels, peak demand reduction, … Operational ‐ equipment availability, potential load variations (including run hours), weather factors, maintenance and operational conditions or settings, … Fiscal ‐ loan rates (or cost of capitol), discount rate, energy rates/costs, energy cost escalation, and demand impact, …

Commented [JK11]: For engineering variables, high and low make sense. For costs it’s trickier because cost escalation rate themselves vary a lot depending on the period. Maybe we should offer more specific guidance on rate escalation because it’s unique and subjective. Also it has a huge impact on results.


5.5.5

economics. These results can be shown in tabular or graphical format such that the owner may best understand the implications and risks involved with the uncertainties presented. The analyst shall meet with the owner/operator to discuss/develop recommendations and to present results.

6. REPORTING

6.1

Level 1 Required Elements

6.1.1

Facility Description Report basic site information for the building in tabular format using Level 1 Forms in Normative Annex C: 

Building name and/or identification



Client name (building owner, operator, or tenant)

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Key contacts

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Site address

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Gross floor area

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Annual Heating and Cooling Degree Days (with base temperatures noted)

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

Provide a breakdown of space function by space type

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Number of stories

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Year constructed/occupied and dates of renovations/additions

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Occupied hours and number of occupants

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Previous energy audit or engineering study

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6.1.2

Classify the primary and secondary uses of the building; if multiple uses, record the fraction of total floor area for each use

Problems or needs identified in walk‐through survey of Section 5.3.1, including revisions to O&M procedures

Historical Energy Use 6.1.2.1 Annual Utility Data Annual utility data for a minimum of 12 consecutive months (although three consecutive years is preferable), aggregated for the whole building by service class, shall be reported (using Table 2 in Std. 105‐2014), including: 





Utility or other energy suppliers (such as electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, steam, chilled or hot water) Utility rate/tariff schedule (such as standard, time‐of ‐use, block structure, demand charges [ratchet or non‐ratchet], power factor charges) shall be identified, for each year of record On‐site renewable energy produced on site from solar and/or wind, or cogeneration/CHP sources, in kWh, kBtu, or other units, including

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an identification of the fraction used on site and the fraction exported for each year of record. 

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







Years for which data are collected, indicating calendar year or beginning and ending months of record Annual electric use (kWh) and cost ($) for each year of record Actual and/or billed (or both if reported) peak electric demand (kW), identified as on‐peak, mid‐peak, and off ‐peak, for each year of record Annual site fuel (or other energy source) use in therms, gallons, lbs, or Btu, as appropriate, and cost ($). If fuel is delivered as a liquid or solid, report annual amount used from actual delivered quantities or inventory change, for each year of record Peak or billed fuel, steam, hot water, or chilled water demand (in Mlbs/hr or other unit, as appropriate), if reported, for each year of record Identification of irregularities in monthly energy use patterns and suggestions about their possible causes

6.1.2.2 Annual Energy and Cost Intensity For each year of record the following shall be reported: 



Energy Utilization Index (EUI) for the whole building, expressed as kBtu/ft2‐yr, where the building area is the gross building area determined as in ASHRAE Standard 105‐2014. Whole‐building site energy use is the sum of annual electric use in kWh (converted to kBtu) and annual fuel use (in kBtu). Energy Cost Index (ECI) in $/ft2‐yr for annual site energy supplied from all sources.

The Level 1 Forms in Normative Annex C shall be used. 6.1.3

Benchmarking To determine the need for, and benefits of, further analysis the annual weather‐ normalized EUI and ECI shall be compared to at least one of the following benchmarks for peer buildings, per the criteria in Section 5.2.2: 

Standard 105 Procedures

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ENERGY STAR Score

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Building Energy Quotient (bEQ) Operational Rating

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EnergyIQ

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Other Benchmarking Systems

Consistent definitions of building use and floor area shall be used in this comparison. 6.1.4

Facility Description ‐ Notable Conditions ‐22‐


The audit report will list any observed conditions at the facility that indicate:

6.1.5

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Safety concerns including Indoor Environmental Quality deficiencies

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Need for repairs

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Poor maintenance practices

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Other conditions causing unnecessary operating costs

Reporting Low‐Cost and No‐Cost Recommendations The low‐cost and no‐cost changes to the facility or to O&M (Operations &, Maintenance) procedures, and estimates of the approximate level of savings that will result from those changes, which were identified in Section 5.3.3, shall be reported per the criteria of this section. These changes and their estimated annual savings shall be listed in tabular form, by energy system type (lighting, HVAC and SHW, plug/process loads, envelope), and organized as follows: 

Energy system type

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Recommended change



Brief description of change

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Priority (high, medium or low)

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Estimated level of annual savings (high, medium, low)

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Estimated level of ROI (high, medium, low)

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Impact on IEQ (improved thermal comfort, IAQ, lighting quality, acoustics)

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Effect on building systems

The Level 1 Forms in Normative Annex C shall be used. 6.1.6

Reporting Potential Capital EEM Recommendations The potential capital‐expensed EEM changes to the facility, and estimates of the approximate level of savings that will result from those changes, which were identified in Section 5.3.4, shall be reported per the criteria of this section. These changes and their estimated annual savings shall be listed in tabular form, by energy system type, and organized as follows: 

Energy system type

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Recommended change

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Brief description of change

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Level of capital cost (high, medium or low)

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Priority (high, medium or low)

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Estimated level of annual savings (high, medium or low)

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Estimated level of ROI (high, medium or low)

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Impact on IEQ (improved thermal comfort, IAQ, lighting quality, acoustics)

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BSR/ASHRAE Standard 211P, Standard for Commercial Building Energy Audits Advisory Public Review Draft 

Effect on building systems

The Level 1 Forms in Normative Annex C shall be used. 6.2

Level 2 Required Elements

6.2.1 Facility Description Descriptive information of the audited building shall be provided to identify and describe the audited building systems, current operating requirements, operation, and occupant needs as required by this section. These data shall be reported in tabular form. The template presented in Normative Annex C shall be used. The descriptive information shall be based on on‐site observations, review of architectural drawings and specifications, measurements and/or engineering calculations. 6.2.1.1 Building Information. A description of the building shall be provided that will include, but not be limited to, the following: 1. Building type and use – A description of the building type and use shall be based on the building types and percent of gross floor area including, but not limited to 

Historic landmark status

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Year built and dates of renovations/additions

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Prior energy audits, date completed

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Number of conditioned floors

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Number of occupants.

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A listing of building spaces impacting energy use (e.g., offices, conference rooms, assembly areas, data centers, laboratories, food service, etc.) A listing of energy uses associated with space types that are not included in the Gross Floor Area in Item 2 below (e.g., parking garages, surface parking)

2. Gross floor area – Gross floor area shall be determined in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 105‐2014. 3. Owner vs. tenant energy responsibilities – a description of the respective responsibilities of the owner and tenant regarding payment of energy utility bills shall be provided. 4. Commissioning conducted – the year of new and/or existing building commissioning conducted on the building shall be provided, 5. Schedules ‐ Schedules of occupant density, thermostat settings, lighting and equipment use shall be provided. 6. Energy Sources ‐ The energy sources serving the building shall be described including:

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Types of cogeneration on site (fuel cells, combined heating and power, and their respective capacities) Types of on‐site renewable energy generation (solar, wind, hydro) and their capacities

6.2.1.2 Building Envelope. Descriptive information for the building envelope shall be provided that will include, but not be limited to, the following: 1. Roof 





Roof area, gross: the area of the roof measured from the exterior faces of walls or from the centerline of walls separating buildings. A description of the condition of the roof shall include, but not be limited to, degree of degradation due to weathering, evidence of moisture intrusion and standing moisture. Exterior material (asphalt, shingles, built‐up roof, metal, reflective or non‐reflective)

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Insulation level (R‐value or U‐value)

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Surface reflectance

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If present, describe the extent (fraction of roof covered by vegetation) and characteristics of the green (vegetated) roof

2. Opaque walls (above ground) 

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

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Area, gross: the area of the wall measured on the exterior face from the top of the floor to the bottom of the roof. Exterior material (steel‐framed, wood‐framed, metal, mass wall: as defined in Standard 90.1‐2013) Insulation level (R‐values or U‐values) Assessment of general condition (excellent, good, average, poor), including notation of deficiencies

3. Fenestration: windows and doors 

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

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Glazed window area: total area of the fenestration measured using the rough opening and including the glazing, sash, and frame. Window‐wall ratio by orientation: the ratio of glazed area to opaque wall area. Glazing assembly type (casement, slider, double‐hung) and characteristics (single, double, or triple glazed; low‐e; wood or metal frames [with or without thermal‐break]) Assessment of general condition (excellent, good, average, poor), including notation of deficiencies

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4. Floors and underground walls 

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Floor type (on‐slab or over a crawlspace) and insulation level (R‐value or U‐value) Underground wall area and insulation level (R‐value or U‐value) Assessment of general condition (excellent, good, average, poor), including notation of deficiencies

5. Envelope sealing/infiltration condition (extent of leakage paths); infiltration rate obtained from testing shall be provided, if available. 6.2.1.3 HVAC The qualified energy auditor shall collect, develop, and present in report documents an HVAC equipment inventory (or “schedule of equipment”) that represents in aggregate, in the qualified energy auditor’s best judgment, 90% or more of the energy use allocated to HVAC in the end‐use allocation (Section 5.4.4 above). For all listed items, this schedule shall show information as indicated on the normative form provided in Normative Annex C. For multiple identical units, the HVAC schedule shall show a quantity for the listed item. In such cases, the qualified energy auditor shall describe the operation of the multiple units, i.e., – units serving different locations, lead‐lag operation, back‐up operation. Where there are many different units to which the qualified energy auditor may not have access (as with tenant equipment in leased spaces), the qualified energy auditor shall indicate the general nature and quantity of such equipment based on best‐available information. The HVAC system shall be described, including 1. System type: the system type(s) serving the building (rooftop, split, DX, heat pump, VRF, VAV, CAV, central plant, etc.), or combination thereof, shall be identified, including the following information 

Year installed

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System design capacity (kW, Btu/hr, and/or tons)

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Assessment of general condition (excellent, good, average, poor) determined by observation or testing, including notation of deficiencies

2. Central plant: the following information, describing any central plant serving the building, shall be provided 

Boiler type, fuel, capacity, rated efficiency

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Chiller type, fuel, capacity

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Cooling tower and fluid coolers (type, capacity)

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Pumping systems (configuration, controls) ‐26‐


Assessment of general condition (excellent, good, average, poor) determined by observation or testing, including notation of deficiencies)

3. Air handling/ventilation: the following information describing the air handling/ventilation system serving the building shall be provided 



Heating/cooling capacity OA control type (economizer type [temperature, enthalpy], heat recovery as applicable)

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Humidity control

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Supply air temperature reset, if applicable

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Dedicated Outdoor Air System (DOAS), if applicable

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Assessment of general condition (excellent, good, average, poor) determined by observation or testing, including notation of deficiencies

4. Controls: the following information describing the control system type shall be provided 

Pneumatic or DDC?



Zone controls (core, perimeter, space types)

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Building Automation System (BAS)

6.2.1.4 Service Hot Water The service water system shall be described, including: 1. Process loads serviced (lavatory faucets, kitchen faucets, dishwasher, showers, laundry) 2. System type (boiler/water heater, storage/non‐storage) 3. Storage capacity 4. Assessment of general condition (excellent, good, average, poor) determined by observation or testing, including notation of deficiencies 6.2.1.5 Lighting A description of the lighting system shall be described, including: 1. Interior lighting 



An inventory of lighting types (incandescent, fluorescent, LED), fixtures, lamps, ballasts by space type Assessment of general condition (excellent, good, average, poor) of the lighting fixtures and lamps, determined by observation or testing, including notation of deficiencies

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A listing of lighting control system types (manual switching, step switching, dimmers, photo‐sensors, occupancy sensors, timers)

2. Exterior lighting 





An inventory of exterior lighting types (incandescent, fluorescent, LED), fixtures, lamps, ballasts, and areas serviced by each (façade, walkways, landscaping, parking) Assessment of general condition (excellent, good, average, poor) of the exterior lighting system, determined by observation or testing, including notation of deficiencies A listing of lighting controls (manual switching, photosensors, timers), including the lighting services controlled by each

6.2.1.6 Electrical The electrical system shall be described, including: 1. Electrical distribution system attributes 

Uninterruptible power supply

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Backup power

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Transformers

2. Assessment of general condition (excellent, good, average, poor) of the electrical distribution system, determined by observation or testing, including notation of deficiencies 6.2.1.7 Process and Plug Loads 1. Process loads (food service, laundry, swimming pools, refrigeration, lab equipment, data centers/servers) shall be identified 2. Plug loads shall be listed, including 



Approximate installed power density (W/ft2) of receptacles in the building Approximate inventory of office equipment type, including number and type [desktop, laptop, or servers] of computers/monitors.

3. Vertical transportation equipment (elevators, escalators) shall be identified, including their condition (excellent, good, average, poor) 6.2.2

Historical Utility Data Utility data for a minimum of 12 consecutive months, (although three consecutive years is preferable), aggregated for the whole building by service class, shall be reported. 6.2.2.1 Data Summary and Rate Structure 1.

Monthly utility data

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Monthly data shall be reported in tabular using the Level 2 Form in Normative Annex C, and/or graphical form, by year, and shall include: 







Utility or other energy suppliers (such as electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, steam, chilled or hot water) and account numbers – electricity, natural gas and/or fuel oil shall be reported on one form; steam and/or chilled or hot water shall be reported on a separate form. Utility rate schedule (such as standard, time‐of ‐use, block structure, demand charges [ratchet or non‐ratchet], power factor charges) shall be identified based on the year for which the audit is being conducted. Meter number (or other identifying reference) and rate/tariff schedule for each meter if multiple meters on varying rates are present. On‐site renewable energy (solar and/or wind) or cogeneration/CHP sources, including an identification of the portion used on site and the portion exported.



Month or other data period, including read or delivery dates



Number of days in month or period

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

Electric use (kWh by rate periods as appropriate to the rate, e.g. peak, mid‐peak, and off ‐peak periods) Actual and/or billed (or both if reported) peak electric demand (kW), identified as on‐peak, mid‐peak, and off ‐peak



Electric cost ($)



Monthly or period load factor (%)







Peak or billed fuel, steam, hot water, or chilled water demand (in Mlbs/hr or other unit, as appropriate), if reported Fuel or other energy source cost ($) Energy produced by on‐site renewable or other sources in kWh, kBtu, or other units

2. Delivered fuels (Non‐monthly) Delivered fuel (or other energy source) use in therms, gallons, lbs, or Btus, as appropriate. If fuel is delivered as a liquid or solid, determine annual amount used from actual delivered quantities or inventory change. 3. Annual data Annual Energy Use Intensity (kBtu/ft2‐yr) for all energy used in the building, as well as annual Energy Cost Intensity ($/ft2‐yr), shall be reported. Any relevant normalizing parameters shall be described.

‐29‐


The annual building energy consumption percentage for each energy source type shall be recorded and calculated as the total energy use for that energy source type, divided by the total building energy consumption. The summation of all energy source type percentages shall equal 100%. The summation shall be recorded in the form of a pie chart with percentage share of total building energy consumption indicated for each fuel type. 4. Sub‐metering A description of the sub‐metering installed in the building, including a listing of the systems so metered, the frequency of data recording, and a description of the data acquisition system (fixed, portable, or integrated with the BAS), shall be provided. 6.2.2.2 Benchmarking To determine the need for, and benefits of, further analysis the annual EUI and ECI shall be compared with at least one appropriate benchmark for peer buildings (e.g., CBECS [summary data documented in Tables 2‐4, Chapter 36, of the ASHRAE Applications Handbook (2015) may be used], direct peer ensembles, ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager score), ASHRAE Building Energy Quotient Operational Rating, EnergyIQ analysis, or other benchmarking system, following the criteria in Section 5.2.2. 6.2.2.3 Establish Target and Estimate Savings By comparing the EUI and/or ECI with that for the benchmark building(s), an improved EUI and/or ECI shall be identified and reported as a target. An estimate shall then be made of the annual energy and cost savings that would be achieved if the target EUI is met. The target established shall meet the owner’s goals. 6.2.3

Report End‐Use Breakdown. The energy consumption of end‐use systems in the buildings shall be determined in accordance with section 5.4.4 and reported in accordance with this section. An individual end‐use system that consumes less than 5% of the total annual building energy consumption need not be recorded for the purposes of the audit but shall be included in an “Other” category. Any given unit of equipment shall be assigned to only one end‐use system type. 6.2.3.1 End‐use system energy consumption recording methodology. End‐use system energy consumption, as determined in accordance with section 5.4.4, shall be recorded in accordance with one or both of the following: 1. Spot measurements of end uses, shall be recorded in table format and shall include a narrative description of the analysis used to support annualization of the spot measured data. 2. Calculations of equipment performance shall be recorded in table format and shall include a narrative description of the calculation methodology and inputs used to support the calculations. ‐30‐


6.2.3.2 Compilation of end‐use energy data. The recorded energy use of each end‐use system shall be compiled in accordance with the following: 1. For each end‐use system type, the measured or calculated annual energy consumption shall be listed by end‐use system type and energy source type in tabular format. (Refer to the procedures documented in Section 5.4.4). Where a given energy source type is not applicable for the end‐use system type, the table cell does not require a value. 2. For each end‐use system type, the combined energy use of each energy source type shall be recorded in units of that source type, then each source type shall be expressed in kBTU units. 3. The total building energy consumption shall be recorded and expressed in kBTU, as defined by Section 5.4.4. 4. The end‐use energy consumption percentage for each end‐use system type shall be recorded and calculated as the total energy use for that end‐use system type, divided by the total building energy consumption. The summation of all end‐use system type percentages, including systems categorized as “Other,” shall equal 100%. The summation shall be recorded in the form of a pie chart with percentage share of total building energy consumption indicated for each end‐use system type. 6.2.4 Energy Saving Opportunities The energy savings opportunities resulting from the audit shall be reported using the Level 2 form in Normative Annex C, including the following items. Assumptions and procedures used to estimate energy and energy cost savings shall follow the criteria in Normative Annex B. 6.2.4.1 Low cost/no cost savings measures 



Describe the existing conditions that provide background for understanding the basis for each recommended measure. Describe each recommended implementation.

measure

and

the

actions

required



List major assumptions used in the savings calculations for each measure.



List major assumptions used in the cost estimate (if any) for each measure.







for

Present a summary of the savings for each measure, including annual energy usage by energy source, electric demand, and annual energy cost savings. Present a summary of the implementation cost (if any) for each measure and simple payback period in years. List any ancillary (non‐energy related) impacts of the measure that would be relevant to the implementation decision‐maker.

6.2.4.2 Capital project savings measures

‐31‐




Describe the existing conditions that provide background for understanding the basis for each recommended measure. Describe each recommended implementation.

measure

and

the

actions

required



List major assumptions used in the savings calculations for each measure.



List major assumptions used in the cost estimate for each measure.



Discuss the impact of each measure on maintenance costs or savings.











for

Present a summary of the savings for each measure, including annual energy usage by energy source, electric demand, annual energy cost savings, and annual maintenance cost savings. If maintenance costs are projected to increase after measure implementation, express the maintenance savings as a negative number. Present a summary of the implementation cost for each measure and simple payback period in years. Calculate available utility incentives applicable to each measure, and present the impact of these incentives on the implementation cost and payback. List any ancillary (non‐energy related) impacts of the measure that would be relevant to the implementation decision‐maker. When HVAC or SHW equipment is recommended for replacement, building or zone heat‐loss/heat‐gain load calculations shall be recommended as part of the retrofit.

6.2.4.3 Treatment of Rates (Level 2) The auditor shall identify the rate structure and other arrangements (e.g. commodity contract) under which all types of energy are purchased (as per Level 1 procedure above, section 5.3.2) and the relevant characteristics for energy cost/savings analysis. This shall include, at minimum, the following features of utility rates and other means of procurement: 



Utility service classification Energy rate structure and the marginal values (from such) of the following used in analyses:



Incremental block rate structures for energy use



Demand component structure (blocks …) and rates





Ratchet – length (and time frame) of window, along with an explanation on how saving will not accrue until such window is complete Seasonal, and/or Time‐of ‐use and/or Real‐time rates that may be in effect

‐32‐








ESP (Energy Service Provider) or other independent commodity purchase pricing and other applicable contract terms (such as penalties for reduced consumption) Interruptible rates in effect, (the conditions imposed by the LDC) how that might come into play and what back‐up fuel is to be utilized, and the potential economic impact on the projected measure(s) savings Taxes (sales, gross receipts, locality, other) applied*. Fuel and other rate adjustments* or add‐ons (there is a better term) – such as Renewable Portfolio Standard ‐ that apply

* These need not be spelled out individually, but rather a statement confirming all such applicable taxes and adjustments have been factored into the energy cost value computations The qualified energy auditor shall identify and briefly describe features that are in effect, how they impact energy costs, and how they are treated in the audit’s conversion of energy unit and demand savings cost impacts to dollars. With the exception of bulk fuels (such as oil or coal, where simple per‐unit rates are used) the auditor shall not employ average energy unit costs in calculations unless the underlying rate is indeed one rate for all times of the day and all seasons. 6.2.4.4 EEMs considered but not recommended Present a list of energy saving opportunities considered but not recommended, along with the reason for not recommending the measure. Discuss considerations that might change in the future that would then justify recommending implementation. 6.2.5

EEM Cost Estimate Reporting 6.2.5.1 Hard costs ‐ For each Practical EEM, report on the estimating methodology used, assumptions, and risk factors 



Report on the geographic location(s), capacity(ies), and year of base(s) of reference For all methods of estimating, report on hard cost estimate risk factors including at a minimum: complexity of the project, quality of estimating base of reference(s), quality of assumptions used in preparing the estimate, experience and level of effort of the estimator, contract procurement assumptions , and abatement/historic building/public design commissioning known versus unknowns.

6.2.5.2 Soft costs ‐ For each Practical EEM report on soft cost estimates. At a minimum the categories of 5.4.8.2 shall be reported on as either ‘estimated’, ‘not applicable’, or ‘unknown at this time.’

‐33‐


6.2.6

EEM Economic Analysis Reporting 6.2.6.1 For each practical measure report the simple payback and simple ROI and the ancillary quantifiable factors. Include a description of the non‐quantifiable factors and an indication of whether a given practical measure is recommended for implementation. 6.2.6.2 Report on the aggregate simple payback and simple ROI of all recommended measures inclusive of interactive effects.

6.3

Level 3 Reporting

The Level 3 reporting requirements are guided by Level 1 and 2 reporting and the owner’s/operator’s selection of measures for greater definition. They follow Level 1 and 2 requirements (see Normative Annex C for forms) and include the following additional steps: For measures that account for > 15% of the total energy savings, and that have variable operating parameters, describe additional analysis or measurements that were conducted. Report system interactions among measures and describe in the audit report how those interactions were treated in the results. The report shall include a schematic layout of each of the modifications. Basis for energy savings estimates (whether spreadsheet or energy model) will include a narrative description of sequence of operations. 6.3.1

Measurement and Analysis. Report shall include descriptions of methods used 

Energy modeling is required for envelope measures.



Detailed spreadsheets of engineering calculations;

Report results of energy sub‐measurement if applicable. The operating range used in the analysis shall be presented. Report shall document how the baseline model is calibrated to the existing building. The report shall describe the treatment of system interactions either within simulation methods or spreadsheet calculations. The report shall present estimated costs and savings of each measure and each integrated bundle of measures in detail. Vendor and the energy analyst’s quotes shall be included with the final report. 6.3.2

Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) Results of the Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) shall be included in the final report. The LCCA shall be conducted for the life of the measure with the longest service life and shall include 

First cost



Financing



Annual energy costs and escalation rates

‐34‐


6.3.3



Discount rate



Annual maintenance costs



Tax credits



Cash Incentives



Periodic replacement

Risk Assessment The final report shall include a section documenting the results of the risk assessment. The final report shall identify the critical technical (e.g., full and part‐load efficiencies, peak demand reduction), operational (equipment availability, load variation, weather, M&O considerations) and fiscal (loan rates, discount rate, energy rates and escalation assumptions) parameters that are potentially most variable and critical to the installation, operation, and potential savings of each EEM in the project. The report shall list the high and low levels for each of the key parameters. The Level 3 analysis shall be repeated, with one of the critical parameters varied within the range defined in the previous paragraph and the remaining parameters held the same as in the Level 3 analysis. The auditor shall create a presentation of the scenario runs to illustrate the effects of best case, most likely, and worst case impacts, and resulting economics. These results can be shown in tabular and/or graphical format such that the owner may best understand the implications and risks involved with the uncertainties presented.

7. REFERENCES

‐35‐


NORMATIVE ANNEX A – COMPLIANCE FORM

Form A ‐ Compliance with Standard 211

Name of Facility Street Address City

State

Zip Code

Building Owner:

Name of qualified energy auditor : Street Address City

State

Zip Code

Telephone No. Qualifying Certification: Have the xxx requirements of Section x been met? [ ] Yes [ ] No Have the xxx requirements of Section x been met? [ ] Yes [ ] No Date the Level 1 Audit was completed. Date the Level 2 Audit was completed. Date the Level 3 Audit was completed.

I state that the attached Energy Audit Report complies with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 211:

Signature of qualified energy auditor : _______________________ Date: ____________ Signature of Authority Having Jurisdiction:

Compliance ________________________ ____________Date: ____________

‐36‐


NORMATIVE ANNEX B – ENERGY SAVINGS CALCULATIONS Savings calculations shall be prepared and documented in a manner that shows the procedure(s) followed, building data and variables used for calculating projected energy and energy‐cost savings. Describe the existing conditions that provide background for understanding the basis for each recommended measure and list major assumptions used in the energy and cost savings calculations for each measure. List any ancillary (non‐energy related) impacts of the measure that would be relevant to the implementation decision‐maker. For Level 2 discuss the impact of each measure on maintenance costs or savings. For each measure calculated, the auditor shall state clearly what values are changed to calculate savings and shall provide information showing how the calculation was performed. Information provided in this appendix shall take any one or combination of the following forms: 1. Full calculation of each individual measure and its interaction with other measures; 2. Spreadsheets showing data inputs, constants, variables and results; input, constant, and variables used in calculated cell definitions shall be shown on the spreadsheet in a tabular (“look‐up table”) format; it is not required to show all formulaic cell definitions but a locked spreadsheet record with cell definitions shall be maintained by the auditor for review if requested; 3. Where energy modeling or simulation tools are applied, provide print‐out sheets showing data inputs and key outputs for baseline and successive runs.

‐37‐


NORMATIVE ANNEX C – REPORTING FORMS The following forms are mandatory minimum reporting requirements for Level 1 and Level 2 Energy Audits. The qualified energy auditor shall provide these as part of any compliant energy audit. The forms report basic building characteristics, energy use, and recommended energy efficiency measures in a standardized format. The Level 2 forms provide the minimum data required to determine a Building Energy Asset Score using the DOE’s online Energy Asset Score tool. However, inclusion of the Asset Score is not required for compliance with the Standard. Fields that are required for Asset Score evaluation are marked with an *.

‐38‐


[SEE ATTACHED NORMATIVE FORMS SPREADSHEET]

‐41‐


INFORMATIVE ANNEX D – REPORT OUTLINES (This annex is not a requirement of this standard. It is merely informative and does not contain requirements necessary for conformance to the standard. It has not been processed according to the ANSI requirements for a standard and may contain material that has not been subject to public review or a consensus process. Unresolved objectors on informative material are not offered the right to appeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)

1. Level 1 Report Outline 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY a. Overall Assessment of Benchmarking and Energy Performance b. Potential Savings and Return on Investment c. Table of Recommended Measures with Savings and Benefit 2. INTRODUCTION a. Audit Scope b. Key Dates c. Contact Information 3. FACILITY DESCRIPTION a. Building Information (General Description of Facility) b. Notable conditions 4. HISTORICAL UTILITY DATA a. Data Summary and Rate Structure b. Benchmarking c. Target and Savings Estimate 5. ENERGY SAVING OPPORTUNITIES a. Low Cost/No Cost Savings Measures b. Capital Projects c. EEMs Considered but Not Evaluated d. O&M Measures 6. SPECIAL CONDITIONS APPENDICES Tabulated Utility Data Utility Rate Schedules Basis for Savings and Cost Estimates Equipment Inventory Tables    

‐42‐


2. Level 2 Report Outline 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY a. Overall Assessment of Benchmarking and Energy Performance b. Aggregated Savings and Costs of Recommended Measures c. Table of Recommended Measures with Savings and Costs 2. INTRODUCTION a. Audit Scope b. Key Dates c. Contact Information 3. FACILITY DESCRIPTION a. Building Information b. Building Envelope c. HVAC d. Service Hot Water e. Lighting f.

Electrical

g. Process and Plug Loads, Vertical Transportation 4. HISTORICAL UTILITY DATA a. Data Summary and Rate Structure b. Benchmarking c. Target and Savings Estimate d. End‐Use Breakdown 5. ENERGY SAVING OPPORTUNITIES a. Low Cost/No Cost Savings Measures b. Capital Projects c. EEMs Considered but Not Recommended d. O&M Measures 6. SPECIAL CONDITIONS APPENDICES

‐43‐


Tabulated Utility Data



Utility Rate Schedules



Calculation Methodology



Savings Calculations



Cost Estimates



Equipment Inventory Tables



O&M Logs



Equipment Specifications

‐44‐


3. Level 3 Report Outline 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY a. Overall Assessment of Benchmarking and Energy Performance b. Aggregated Savings and Costs of Recommended Measures c. Table of Recommended Measures with Savings and Costs d. Life‐Cycle Cost Analysis of Measures e. Risk Assessment of EEMs 2. INTRODUCTION a. Audit Scope b. Key Dates c. Contact Information 3. FACILITY DESCRIPTION a. Building Information b. Building Envelope c. HVAC d. Service Hot Water e. Lighting f. Electrical g. Process and Plug Loads, Vertical Transportation 4. HISTORICAL UTILITY DATA a. Data Summary and Rate Structure b. Benchmarking c. Target and Savings Estimate d. End‐Use Breakdown 5. ENERGY SAVING OPPORTUNITIES a. Measure Interactions / Energy Modeling Approach b. M&V Approach c. Low Cost/No Cost Savings Measures i. Measure specific measurements/monitoring data (if savings > 15% of total savings, interactions, M&V approach, risk assessment, and LCCA d. Capital Projects i. Measure specific measurements/monitoring data (if savings > 15% of total savings, interactions, M&V approach, risk assessment, and LCCA e. EEMs Considered but Not Recommended f. O&M Measures 6. SPECIAL CONDITIONS APPENDICES Tabulated Utility Data Utility Rate Schedules Calculation Methodology Savings Calculations Including Energy Model I/O    

‐45‐

BSR/ASHRAE Standard 211P, Standard for Commercial Building Energy Audits Advisory Public Review Draft       

Cost Estimates Equipment Inventory Tables O&M Logs Equipment Specifications Additional monitoring data – supporting information LCCA calculations Additional risk assessment data

‐46‐


INFORMATIVE ANNEX E – TARGETED ENERGY AUDIT APPROACHES [QUESTION TO REVIEWERS:

Is there value in defining, or recommending approaches for energy audits where the scope is not a comprehensive, whole‐building approach? If so, what elements of those approaches would you require?]

‐47‐


INFORMATIVE ANNEX F – RECOMMENDED DATA EXCHANGE FORMATS ASHRAE Standard Project Committee 211 recommends that, if electronic reporting is used to report the required data in Normative Annex C, the data exchange format used by the ALJ be BuildingSync. Electronic reporting of this data is not required by the standard. However, the normative forms of the standard have been developed to provide consistency with the BuildingSync data definitions. Making energy audit results easily transferable is highly desirable and may help streamline energy audit reporting to agencies. If consistent data formats are used, electronic data reporting can make sharing of information faster and more consistent. Collecting this data in aggregate provides a useful source for analysis of energy efficiency measures, and a way to compare results from multiple auditors, and multiple sites. Collecting aggregate energy audit data may streamline quality control procedures and improve consistency of audit savings and costing methods. BuildingSync™ was developed with support from the U.S. Department of Energy and is a standardized language for commercial building energy audit data that software developers and auditors can use to exchange data between audit tools and data storage platforms. Building owners and audit program managers can use BuildingSync, which takes the form of an extensible markup language (XML) schema, to analyze and aggregate energy audit data across multiple buildings, evaluate audit program performance, and analyze trends. BuildingSync uses the standard energy data terminology defined in the Building Energy Data Exchange Specification (BEDES) (http://energy.gov/eere/buildings/building‐ energy‐data‐exchange‐specification‐bedes) and is available as a free download for all users (http://www.nrel.gov/buildings/buildingsync.html). BuildingSync data terms cover the full range of ASHRAE energy audits from Preliminary Energy‐Use Analysis to Level 3 (Detailed Analysis of Capital‐ Intensive Modifications). No strict rule set has been written for the data that should collected at each level, but recommendations for which audit level corresponds to each data term are provided in the BuildingSync Data Dictionary.

‐48‐


INFORMATIVE ANNEX G –ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES QUESTION FOR REVIEWERS: Is this list helpful? Should it be included, expanded or omitted?

This informative annex provided categorized listings of typical energy efficiency measures (EEMs) that can be applied to enable buildings to meet the set energy targets. It identifies commonly applied elements that can improve building performance but is not intended to suggest specific requirements, nor does it comprehensively covered all of the options available to an owner. Measures included in these listings are intended to improve energy efficiency and reduce overall energy use. They are not intended to encourage fuel switching unless such actions as installation of cogeneration, or combined heating, generation and cooling plants would result in overall reduction in total energy used. Some measures, such as demand response/control, may also save energy as an incidental side benefit. Other measures may result in extension of the capacity of given infrastructure systems and/or the ability for energy efficiency to defer or eliminate the need for plant expansions. Such results can be factored into the resulting return on investment or life‐cycle cost analysis. G1. BUILDING ENVELOPE G1.1 Walls G1.1.1 Insulate Walls. Retrofit insulation can be external and internal. G1.1.1.1 External post insulation makes large savings possible, as this type of insulation contributes not only to a reduction of the heat loss through large wall surfaces but also eliminates the traditional thermal bridges where floor and internal wall are anchored in the exterior wall. G1.1.1.2 Internal insulation is typically used when external insulation is not allowed (e.g., for historical buildings). G1.1.2 Insulate cavity walls using spray-in insulation. G1.1.3 Consider converting internal courtyard into an atrium to reduce external wall surface. G1.2 Roofs G1.2.1 Use “cool roof” (high-reflectance roofing material) with reroofing projects. G1.2.2 Determine roof insulation values and recommend roof insulation as appropriate. G1.2.3 Insulate ceilings and roofs using spray-on insulation. G1.2.4 Where appropriate, exhaust hot air from attics. G1.3 Floors

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Commented [JK12]: List is now consistent with Std 100


G1.3.1 Insulate floors. G1.3.2 Insulate floors using spray-on insulation. G1.3.3 Insulate basement wall with a slab over unheated basement. G1.4 Windows G1.4.1 Replace single-pane and leaky windows with thermal/operable windows to minimize cooling and heating loss. G1.4.2 Install exterior shading, such as blinds or awnings, to cut down on heat loss and to reduce heat gain. G1.4.3 Install storm windows and multiple glazed windows. G1.4.4 Use tinted or reflective glazing or energy control/ solar window films. G1.4.5 Replace existing fenestration (toplighting and/or sidelighting) with dual-glazed low-e glass wherever possible to reduce thermal gain. G1.4.6 Adopt weatherization/fenestration improvements. G1.4.7 Consider replacing exterior windows with insulated glass block when visibility is not required but light is required. G1.4.8 Landscape/plant trees to create shade and reduce air-conditioning loads. G1.5 Doors G1.5.1 Prevent heat loss through doors by draft sealing and thermal insulation. G1.5.2 Install automatic doors, air curtains, or strip doors at high-traffic passages between conditioned and unconditioned spaces. G1.5.3 Use self-closing or revolving doors and vestibules if possible. G1.5.4 Install high-speed doors between heated/cooled building space and unconditioned space in the areas with high-traffic passages. G1.6 Install separate smaller doors for people near the area of large vehicle doors air leakage (see Informative Appendix E). G1.6.1 Seal top and bottom of building. G1.6.2 Seal vertical shafts, stairways, outside walls, and openings. G1.6.3 Compartmentalize garage doors and mechanical and vented internal and special-purpose rooms.

‐50‐


G1.7 Moisture Penetration G1.8 Reduce air leakage. G1.9 Install vapor barriers in walls, ceilings, and roofs. G2. HVAC SYSTEMS G2.1 Ventilation G2.1.1 Reduce HVAC systems outdoor airflow rates when possible. Minimum outdoor airflow rates should comply with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.19 or local code requirements. G2.1.2 Reduce minimum flow settings in single-duct and dual-duct variable-air-volume (VAV) terminals as low as is practical to meet ventilation requirements. G2.1.3 Minimize exhaust and makeup (ventilation) rates when possible by complying with the most stringent federal, state, and/or local code requirements. G2.1.4 When available, use operable windows for ventilation during mild weather (natural ventilation) when outdoor conditions are optimal. Confirm that the facility has been designed for natural ventilation and that control strategies are available to operate the facility in the natural ventilation mode. G2.1.5 Eliminate outside air ventilation during unoccupied building morning warm up. G2.1.6 Convert mixing air supply systems into displacement ventilation systems to create a temperature stratification in spaces with high ceilings and predominant cooling needs. G2.1.7 Consider replacement of all-air HVAC system with a combination of a dedicated outdoor air system coupled with radiant cooling and heating systems. G2.1.8 Convert constant-volume central exhaust systems into demand-based controlled central exhaust systems when possible. G2.1.9 Convert HVAC systems to provide ventilation in accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1.9 G2.2 HVAC Distribution Systems G2.2.1 Convert a constant-air-volume system (CAV) (including dual duct, multizone, and constantvolume reheat systems) into a VAV system with variable speed drives (VFDs) on fan motors. A VAV system is designed to deliver only the volume of air needed for conditioning the actual load. G2.2.2 Control VAV system VFD speed based on the static pressure needs in the system. Reset the static pressure set point dynamically, as low as is practical to meet the zone setpoints. G2.2.3 Reset VAV system supply air temperature setpoint when system is at minimum speed to provide adequate ventilation.

‐51‐


G2.2.4 If conversion to VAV from CAV systems is impractical, reset supply air temperatures in response to load. Dynamically control heating duct temperatures as low as possible, and cooling duct temperatures as high as possible, while meeting the load. G2.2.5 Use high-efficiency fans and pumps; replace or trim impellers of existing fans if they have excessive capacity relative to peak demand. G2.2.6 Install higher efficiency air filters/cleaners in HVAC system. Size ducts and select filter sizes for low face velocity to reduce pressure drop where available space permits. G2.2.7 Insulate HVAC ducts and pipes, particularly where they are outside the conditioned space. Ensure that duct insulation and vapor barrier is maintained or enhanced to ensure thermal performance and avoid water vapor intrusion. G2.2.8 Check for air leaks in HVAC duct systems, and seal ductwork as indicated. G2.2.9 Rebalance ducting and piping systems. G2.2.10 Provide cooling effect by creating air movement with fans. G2.2.11 Select cooling coils with a face velocity range of 300 to 350 fpm (1.5 to 1.75 m/s) to reduce the air pressure drop across the cooling coil and increase the chilled-water system temperature differential across the system. G2.2.12 Replace standard fan belts with fan belts designed for minimum energy losses, such as cog belts. G2.2.13 Eliminate or downsize existing HVAC equipment in an existing building or group of buildings when improvements in building envelope, reductions in lighting or plug loads, and other EEMs that reduce cooling or heating loads have been implemented. G2.2.14 Eliminate HVAC usage in vestibules and unoccupied spaces. G2.2.15 Minimize direct cooling/heating of unoccupied areas by system zone controls, occupancy sensors or by turning off fan-coil units and unit heaters. G2.2.16 Replace forced-air heaters with low- or medium-temperature radiant heaters. G2.2.17 Replace inefficient window air conditioners with high-efficiency (i.e., high SEER rating) modular units or central systems. G2.2.18 Employ heat recovery from exhaust air and processes for preheating or precooling incoming outdoor air or supply air. G2.2.19 Install transpired air heating collector (solar wall) for ventilation air preheating. G2.2.20 Modify controls and/or systems to implement night precooling to reduce cooling energy consumption the following day.

‐52‐


G2.2.21 Use waste heat (e.g., hot gas, return air heat, return hot water) as an energy source for reheating for humidity control. (Often air is cooled to dew-point to remove moisture and then must be reheated to desired temperature and humidity.) G2.2.22 Avoid temperature stratification with heating, either by proper air supply system design or by using temperature destratifiers (e.g., ceiling fans). G2.2.23 In humid climates, supply air with a temperature above the dew point to prevent condensation on cold surfaces. G2.2.24 Insulate fan-coil units and avoid their installation in unconditioned spaces. G2.2.25 Clean heat exchangers (to maintain heat exchange efficiency) in the evaporators and condensers of refrigeration equipment on a seasonal basis. G2.2.26 Use high-efficiency dehumidification systems based on either dedicated outdoor air systems (DOAS) or VAV systems. G2.2.27 Identify if there are any rogue zones (i.e., zones that determine the cooling or heating demand on the entire system) in a multiple-zone air-handling system, and modify them to eliminate their negative impact. G2.2.28 Modify supply duct systems to eliminate duct configurations that impose high friction losses on the system. G2.2.29 Convert three-pipe heating/cooling distribution systems to four-pipe or two-pipe systems. Eliminate simultaneous heating and cooling through mixed returns. G2.2.30 Convert steam or compressed air humidifiers to ultrasonic or high-pressure humidifiers. G2.2.31 Replace mechanical dehumidification with desiccant systems using heat-recovery regeneration. G2.2.32 Consider small unitary systems for small zones with long or continuous occupancy. Avoid running large distribution systems to meet needs of small, continuously occupied spaces. G2.2.33 Install thermostatic control valves on uncontrolled or manually controlled radiators. G2.2.34 Replace unitary systems with newer units with high-efficiency and high SEER ratings. G2.2.35 Install evaporative precooling for direct-expansion (DX) systems. G2.2.36 Install air-side heat recovery for systems using 100% makeup air (e.g., run-around piping or energy exchange wheels). G2.2.37 In reheat systems, making adjustments as necessary to minimize reheat energy consumption while maintaining indoor environmental quality. G2.2.38 In multiple-zone systems, identify any rogue zones that consistently cause the reset of system level setpoints in order to satisfy that one zone’s heating or cooling demands.

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G2.3 Building Automation and Control Systems G2.3.1 Create building/air-conditioned space zones with separate controls to suit solar exposure and occupancy. G2.3.2 Use night setback, or turn off HVAC equipment when building is unoccupied. G2.3.3 Install occupancy sensors with VAV systems; set back temperatures and shut off boxes. G2.3.4 Install system controls to reduce cooling/heating of unoccupied space. G2.3.5 Lower heating and raise cooling temperature setpoints to match the comfort range prescribed in ANSI/ ASHRAE Standard 55. 8 G2.3.6 Install an air-side and/or water-side economizer cycle with enthalpy switchover when compatible with the existing equipment, space occupancy, and distribution system. G2.3.7 Schedule off-hour meetings in a location that does not require HVAC in the entire facility. G2.3.8 Retrofit multiple-zone VAV systems with direct digital controls (DDC) controllers at the zone level, and implement supply air duct pressure reset to reduce supply air duct pressure until at least one zone damper is nearly wide open. G2.3.9 Eliminate duplicative zone controls (e.g., multiple thermostats serving a single zone with independent controls). G2.3.10 Adjust hot-water and chilled-water temperature to develop peak-shaving strategies based on an outside air temperature reset schedule. G2.3.11 Adjust housekeeping schedule to minimize HVAC use. G2.3.12 Install programmable zone thermostats with appropriate deadbands. G2.3.13 Use variable-speed drives (VSDs) and DDC on water circulation pump and fan motors and controls. G2.3.14 Reduce operating hours of complementing heating and cooling systems. Ensure proper location of thermostat to provide balanced space conditioning. G2.3.15 Implement an energy management system (EMS) designed to optimize and adjust HVAC operations based on environmental conditions, changing uses, and timing. G3. REFRIGERATION G3.1 Reduce Loads G3.1.1 Install strip curtains or automatic fast open and close doors on refrigerated space doorways. G3.1.2 Replace open refrigerated cases with reach-in refrigerated cases.

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G3.1.3 Replace old refrigerated cases with new high-efficiency models (improved glazing, insulation, motor efficiency, and reduced antisweat requirements). G3.1.4 Replace worn door gaskets. G3.1.5 Replace broken or missing automatic door closers. G3.1.6 Check defrost schedules and avoid excessive defrost. G3.1.7 Repair/install refrigeration piping insulation on suction lines. G3.1.8 Install humidity-responsive antisweat heating (ASH) controls on refrigerated case doors. G3.1.9 Install refrigerated case, walk-in, or storage space lighting controls (scheduled and/or occupancy sensors). G3.1.10 Install night covers to reduce infiltration in open cases. G3.1.11 Install low/no ASH refrigerated case doors. G3.1.12 Replace lights with LED strip lights with motion sensors in refrigerated cases and spaces. G3.1.13 Increase insulation on walk-in boxes and storage spaces that have visible moisture or ice on walls, corners, etc. Ensure that insulation and vapor barrier are maintained or enhanced to ensure thermal performance and avoid water vapor intrusion. G3.2 Improve System Operating Efficiency G3.2.1 Clean condenser coils. G3.2.2 Check the refrigerant charge and add when needed. G3.2.3 Reclaim heat from hot gas line for domestic water heating or space heating. G3.2.4 Install floating-head pressure controls, adjustable-head pressure control valve, and balanced port expansion valves for DX systems. G3.2.5 Install floating suction pressure controls on DX systems. G3.2.6 Install evaporator fan motor VSDs and controllers in walk-ins and refrigerated storage spaces. G3.2.7 Replace single-phase, less than 1-hp evaporator fan motors with electrically commutated motors. G3.2.8 Replace three-phase evaporator and condenser motors with premium efficiency motors. G3.2.9 Replace single compressor systems with multiplex systems and control system. G3.2.10 Install mechanical subcooling.

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G3.2.11 Install mechanical unloaders on appropriate multiplex reciprocating semihermetic compressors. G3.2.12 Install VFD on ammonia screw compressors. G3.2.13 Install high specific-efficiency (Btu/W) condensers. G3.2.14 Install hybrid air-cooled/evaporative-cooled condensers. G4. WATER SYSTEMS G4.1 Domestic Hot-Water Systems G4.1.1 Lower domestic water setpoint temperatures to 120°F (49°C). G4.1.2 Install point-of-use gas or electric water heaters. G4.1.3 Install water-heater blankets on water heaters. G4.1.4 Where permitted by the manufacturer, and in conjunction with the manufacturer’s control system, install automatic flue dampers on fuel-fired water heaters. G4.1.5 Insulate hot-water pipes. G4.1.6 Reclaim heat from waste water, refrigeration systems, cog eneration, or chillers. G4.1.7 Install solar heating where applicable. G4.1.8 Replace dishwashers by installing low-temperature systems that sanitize primarily through chemical agents rather than high water temperatures. G4.1.9 Retrofit dishwashers by installing electric-eye or sensor systems in conveyor-type machines so that the presence of dishes moving along the conveyor activates the water flow. G4.1.10 Reduce operating hours for water-heating systems. G4.1.11 Install gray water heat recovery from showers, dishwashers, and washing machines. G4.1.12 Install low-flow dishwashing prewash spray nozzles. G4.1.13 Replace outdated laundry equipment with newer models. G4.2 Water Conservation G4.2.1 Replace faucets with units that have infrared sensors or automatic shutoff. G4.2.2 Install water flow restrictors on shower heads and faucets. G4.2.3 Install covers on swimming pools and tanks.

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G4.2.4 Install devices to save hot water by pumping water in the distribution lines back to the water heater so that hot water is not wasted. Install industrial waste/sewage metering. G4.2.5 Install water metering. G4.2.6 Install landscape irrigation timers to schedule sprinkler use to off-peak, night, or early morning hours when water rates are cheaper and water used is less likely to evaporate. G4.2.7 Use low-flow sprinkler heads for landscape irrigation instead of turf sprinklers in areas with plants, trees, and shrubs. G4.2.8 Use sprinkler controls for landscape irrigation that employ soil tensiometers or electric moisture sensors to help determine when soil is dry and to gauge the amount of water needed. G4.2.9 Use trickle or subsurface drip systems for landscape irrigation that provide water directly to turf roots, preventing water loss by evaporation and runoff. G4.2.10 Install low-flow toilets and waterless urinals G4.2.11 Use water reclamation techniques. G5. ENERGY GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION G5.1 Boiler System G5.1.1 Install air-atomizing and low NOx burners for oil-fired boiler G5.1.2 Investigate economics of adding insulation on presently insulated or uninsulated lines. If pipe or duct insulation is missing, replace it with new material. Ensure that the pipe insulation and vapor barrier is maintained or enhanced to ensure thermal performance and avoid water vapor intrusion. G5.1.3 Review mechanical standby turbines presently left in the idling mode. G5.1.4 Review operation of steam systems used only for occasional services, such as winter-only tracing lines. G5.1.5 Review pressure-level requirements of steam-driven mechanical equipment to consider using lower exhaust pressure levels. G5.1.6 Survey condensate presently being discharged to waste drains for feasibility of reclaim or heat recovery. G5.1.7 Reduce boiler operating pressure to minimize heat losses through leakage. G5.2 Chiller System G5.2.1 Chiller retrofits with equipment that has high efficiency at full and part load.

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G5.2.2 Cooling tower retrofits including high-efficiency fill, VSD fans, fiberglass fans, hyperbolic stack extensions, fan controls, VSD pump drives, and improved distribution nozzles. G5.2.3 Install economizer cooling systems (HX between cooling tower loop and chilled-water loop before the chiller). G5.2.4 Install evaporative cooled, evaporative precooled, or water-cooled condensers in place of aircooled condensers. G5.2.5 Isolate offline chillers and cooling towers. G5.2.6 Reduce overpumping on chilled-water systems. G5.2.7 Replace single compressor with multiple different-size staged compressors. G5.2.8 Compressor motors. G5.2.9 Use of absorption chiller when there is cogeneration system, waste heat, or solar thermal available. G5.2.10 Install double-bundle chillers for heat recovery. G5.2.11 Free cooling cycle by piping chilled water to condenser during cold weather. G5.2.12 Prevent chilled water or condenser water flowing through the offline chiller. Chillers can be isolated by turning off pumps and closing valves. G5.2.13 For equipment cooling, control makeup water and reduce blowdown by adding temperature control valves to cooling water discharge lines in equipment such as air compressors and refrigeration systems. G5.2.14 For evaporative cooling systems, install drift eliminators or repair existing equipment. G5.2.15 For evaporative cooling systems, install softeners for makeup water, side-stream filtration (including nanofiltration, a form of low-pressure reverse osmosis), and side stream injection of ozone. G5.2.16 For evaporative cooling systems, install submeters for makeup water and bleed-off water for equipment such as cooling towers that use large volumes of water. G5.2.17 Evaporative cooling systems control cooling tower bleed off based on conductivity by allowing bleed off within a high and narrow conductivity range. This will achieve hig h cycles of con centration in the cooling system and reduce water use in cooling towers. G5.2.18 Clean evaporator and condenser surfaces of fouling. G5.2.19 Optimize plant controls to raise evaporator temperature as high as possible while meeting system loads. Also optimize condenser water temperature control to achieve best combination of chiller and tower efficiency.

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G5.2.20 Optimize multiple chiller sequencing. G5.2.21 Control crankcase heaters off when they’re not needed. G5.2.22 Raise evaporator or lower condenser water temperature. G5.2.23 Optimize multiple chiller sequencing. G5.2.24 Use two-speed or variable-speed fans instead of water bypass to modulate the cooling tower capacity. G5.2.25 Balance water flow in the chilled-water system. G5.2.26 Use VFDs for the primary chilled-water pumps above 5 hp (3.7 kW). Consult chiller and tower manufacturers’ specifications to set appropriate minimum flow limits. G5.2.27 Apply cooling load-based optimization strategies. G5.2.28 Install water-source heat pumps (WSHPs) to augment the capacity of the hot-water boiler and to reduce the cooling load on the existing chiller systems when heat is required. G5.2.29 Trim impellers on all condenser water and chilled-water pumps that are oversized. G5.2.30 Replace all pump and fan motors with premium efficiency motors. G5.3 Thermal Storage and Heat Pumps G5.3.1 Install cool storage to reduce peak demand and lower electric bills. G5.3.2 Install hot-water storage to shave peaks of hot-water usage or to store reclaimed energy from combined heat and power systems or waste heat from chillers for later use. G5.3.3 Install add-on heat pumps. G5.3.4 Install secondary pumping systems. G5.3.5 Install VFDs on secondary pumps and replace most three-way valves with two-way valves. G5.3.6 With cool storage and VFDs on fans and pumps, consider use of low-temperature chilled water to reduce fan and pump energy. G5.3.7 Replace electrically powered air conditioning and heating units with heat pumps. Consider geothermal or ground-source heat pumps. G5.3.8 Replace electric water heaters with electric heat-pump water heaters. G5.4 Electric and Heat Cogeneration G5.4.1 The application of cogeneration should be considered where use of both electrical and thermal energy can be achieved on a cost-effective basis.

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G5.4.2 Subject to AHJ approval, where combined heat and power plants are installed as energy efficiency improvements, then the Energy Audit and Analysis of overall building energy use performance may follow the FEMP guidelines, Reporting Guidance for Federal Agency Annual Report on Energy Management (Per 42 U.S.C. 8258) Attachment 3. Energy efficiency projects may be allowed to receive a credit in the amount of the annual source energy savings from combined heat and power, CHP, which would be used to offset the building site energy used in calculating and comparing against the EUI targets. G6. NONRESIDENTIAL LIGHTING In implementing any of these EEMs, care should be taken to not compromise the photometric distribution or any required light levels. G6.1 General. Check the current IES recommended light levels for the tasks in the facility. They may be lower than when the original lighting system was designed. Use these current recommended light levels to help shape all future lighting decisions, including those enumerated here. G6.2 Daylighting G6.2.1 In any spaces with fenestration, evaluate opportunities for daylight harvesting by determining the spatial daylight autonomy (sDA) in accordance with IES LM-83. In spaces where sDA 300,50% is greater than 55%, consider installing daylight switching or daylight dimming controls (and appropriate ballasts if the lighting system is fluorescent or HID) to reduce use of electric lighting. G6.2.2 In any spaces with fenestration, evaluate the need for shading by determining the annual sunlight exposure (ASE) in accordance with IES LM-83. In spaces where ASD1 000,250 is greater than 10%, interior and/or exterior shading should be installed to reduce solar heat gain and cut down on heat loss and control the amount of light entering the space from the exterior. G6.2.3 Install a skylight, tubular daylighting device, or sunlight delivery system to reduce the use of electric lighting and provide natural daylight to the internal spaces of the building. G6.3 Luminaire Upgrades G6.3.1 Upgrade incandescent lamps in existing luminaires with more effective sources, such as halogen, integrally ballasted compact fluorescent, solid state (LED), or metal halide retrofit lamps. Alternatively, replace incandescent luminaires with luminaires using these sources. G6.3.2 Upgrade T12 fluorescent luminaires with more effective sources, such as high-performance T8 or T5 systems, by replacing lamps and ballasts, utilizing luminaire upgrade kits, or installing new luminaires. G6.3.3 If the lighting system is already a high-performance fluorescent system, consider replacing the lamps with reduced wattage lamps (where appropriate). G6.3.4 For fluorescent lighting, install high-performance electronic ballasts that are multilevel or continuously dimmable with the appropriate controls.

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G6.3.5 Replace mercury vapor or probe-start metal halide HID luminaires with pulse-start metal halide or high-performance T8 or T5 fluorescent luminaires. G6.3.6 Upgrade task and display lighting, including lighting in refrigeration and freezer cases, to more effective sources such as LED. G6.4 Signage G6.4.1 Evaluate upgrading standard fluorescent or neon signage with more effective sources, such as high-performance T8 or T5 fluorescent systems or solid-state (LED) systems. G6.4.2 Upgrade all exit signs to solid state (LED). Supplemental lighting may need to be added if the existing exit sign also provided general lighting. G6.5 Lighting Controls G6.5.1 Reduce lighting use through management and controlled systems. In general, consider bringing the lighting control protocols for the building up to ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2010 (Section 9.4.1) standards; this includes the following. G6.5.2 Reduce operating hours for lighting systems through the use of controls and building management systems. This includes the use of shut-off controls, such as time switches. G6.5.3 Use reduced lighting levels, including off, when spaces are unoccupied, during nighttime hours, for restocking, cleaning and security. Whenever possible move restocking and cleaning operations to normal operating hours. G6.5.4 Use occupancy, vacancy, or motion sensors. Wherever applicable, these sensors should either be manual-on or turn lighting on to no more than 50% of lighting power. G6.5.5 Use controls to provide multiple light levels or dimming where appropriate. G6.5.6 Recircuit or rezone lighting to allow personnel to only turn on zones based on use rather than operating the entire lighting system. G6.5.7 Install personal lighting controls so individual occupants can vary the light levels within their spaces. G6.5.8 Consider installation of lighting systems that facilitate load shed requests from the electric utility or energy aggregator. G6.5.9 Evaluate turning emergency lighting off or to a lower level when a building or portion of a building is completely unoccupied, without sacrificing safety requirements. G6.6 Exterior Lighting G6.6.1 Use automatic controls that can reduce outdoor lighting levels or turn lights off when either sufficient daylight is available or when lighting is not needed. All facade and landscape lighting should be off from an hour after closing until an h our before opening. All other lighting sh ould be reduced by at

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least 30% during that same time frame or when a motion sensor detects no activity for 15 minutes. These controls are not applicable to lighting for covered vehicle entrances or exits from buildings or parking structures where required for safety, security, or eye adaptation. G6.6.2 Reduce power levels or turn exterior signage off when appropriate. G6.6.2.1 Signs that are meant to be on for some part of daylight hours should be reduced in power by at least 65% during nighttime hours. All other sign lighting should automatically turn off during daylight hours and reduced in power by at least 30% from an hour after closing until an hour before opening. These controls are not applicable to sign lighting using metal halide, high-pressure sodium, induction, cold cathode, or neon lamps that are automatically reduced by at least 30% during nighttime hours. G6.6.3 When selecting new outdoor luminaires, consider the amount of backlight, uplight, and glare delivered by each luminaire type to improve functionality and minimize environmental impacts. See Section 5.3.3 of ANSI/ASHRAE/ USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2011, Standard for the Design of HighPerformance Green Buildings . G6.7 Luminaire Layout G6.7.1 Consider using lower levels of general illumination overall and then supplement with task lighting where needed. G6.7.2 Consider new layouts that may maximize efficiency and reduce the total connected lighting load. Consider plug- and- play systems to provide flexibility as space use changes. G6.8 Other G6.8.1 Implement a plan to recycle lamps, ballasts, and luminaires removed from the building. G6.8.2 Consider updating lighting systems to provide for demand response capability so that lighting loads are reduced during periods of peak electricity demand. These types of systems can provide day-today energy savings in addition to demand response capability. G7. LIGHTING FOR RESIDENTIAL SPACE TYPES G7.1 General G7.1.1 Replace incandescent lamps with halogen, integrally ballasted compact fluorescent, or solid state (LED) retrofit lamps in existing luminaires. G7.1.2 Color temperature indicates the color appearance of the light produced by the lamp. Halogen lamps are a more energy-efficient form of incandescent technology and will deliver light similar to incandescent lamps. Linear fluorescent, compact fluorescent, and solid state (LED) lamps are available in a variety of color temperatures. Lamps with color temperatures of 2700 K and 3000 K will deliver the most incandescent-like light. Lamps with a color temperature of 3500 K deliver a neutral, white light. Lamps with color temperatures of 4000 K and higher will deliver cooler, white light; the higher the color temperature number, the cooler the light.

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G7.1.3 Select lamps appropriate for use in enclosed luminaires, outdoor applications, and cold temperature applications, and for use with dimming controls. Check the packaging or manufacturer’s website for guidance. G7.1.4 Use energy efficient technologies such as fluorescent, compact fluorescent, or solid state (LED) in applications with the longest operating times. G7.1.5 Use a whole-home lighting control system that provides energy-saving features, such as dimming, occupancy sensing, and daylight harvesting, and allows occupants to turn all the lights off from a single location or remotely. G7.2 Interior G7.2.1 Replace on/off switches with dimming controls, vacancy sensors, or count-down timers. Use dimming controls, vacancy sensors, or count-down timers for lights or fans in bathrooms. Use vacancy sensors in garages, laundry rooms, closets, and utility rooms. G7.2.2 By replacing lamps and ballasts or installing new luminaires. Ballasts should be FCC rated for residential use. G7.2.3 Evaluate replacing incandescent and halogen luminaires with dedicated compact fluorescent or solid state (LED) luminaires. G7.2.4 When replacing fluorescent ballasts or installing new fluorescent luminaires, evaluate using electronic dimming ballasts with the appropriate dimming controls. G7.2.5 Evaluate adding daylight-sensing controls for general illumination lighting in rooms with windows or skylights. Use in combination with dimming systems so that the electric light level can be adjusted based on the amount of daylight available. G7.2.6 Install vacancy sensors to automatically turn off lighting in closets, storage, work rooms, garages, and exterior buildings when the space has been vacated for 15 minutes. G7.2.7 Add task lighting that utilizes energy-efficient technologies, such as fluorescent and solid state (LED), and reduce or eliminate overhead lighting. G7.3 Exterior G7.3.1 Install time switches and/or motion sensors to control outdoor lighting. G8. ELECTRIC SYSTEMS, MOTORS G8.1 Install energy-efficient transformers. Use infrared cameras to identify high-heat-loss transformers. G8.2 Install electrical meters for sub -metering lighting, elevators, plug loads, and HVAC equipment. G8.3 Reduce demand charges through load shedding, operational changes, and procedural changes. G8.4 Replace oversized electric motors with right-sized or slightly oversized motors.

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Ashrae Comm Bldg Std-211p Draft 2015-09-21_clean

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