SEJARAH DAN PERKEMBANGAN ARSITEKTUR II ARSITEKTUR ARSITEKTUR FUNGSIONALISM FUNGSIONALISME E
o o o o o
MATELDA TADA HURU (0026) FLORA G. CRISTIEN (0008) OKTAVIANA S. BRIA(0007) MARIA G. LAGA(0005) GAYATRI R. BEREMAU(0037)
Foundation’15
9/27/2016
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat tuhan yang maha esa, atas berkat dan rahmat dan bimbingan-nya kami dapat menyelesaikan penulisan makalah ini dengan baik.makalah ini disusun sebagai tugas mata kuliah perkembangan arsitektur ii dan yang menjadi pembahasan pada makalah ini adalah kajian terhadap perkembangan arsitektur modern fungsionalisme hingga masa kini. penulisan makalah ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan,oleh karena itu kami mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang bersifat membangun demi kesempurnaan makalah ini.
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DAFTAR ISI
KATA PENGANTA PENGANTAR R ................................. ................................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .................. 2 DAFTAR DAFTAR ISI ............................... ................................................ .................................. .................................. .................................. ............................... .............. 3 DAFTAR DAFTAR GAMBAR GAMBAR ............................... ................................................ .................................. .................................. .................................. .................... ... 4 BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1. LATAR BELAKANG ................... .......... ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .............. ..... 5 2. TUJUAN TUJUAN ..................... ...................................... ................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. .................... ... 5 3. RUMUSAN MASALAH .................. ......... ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ........... .. 5 4. BATASAN STUDI ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... .......... 6 BAB II PEMBAHASAN A. SEJARAH ARSITEKTUR ARSITEKTUR FUNGSIONALISME FUNGSIONALISME .................. ......... ................... ................... ................... ............. ... 7 B. KARAKTERISTIK FUNGSIONALISME FUNGSIONALISME.................. ......... .................. ................... ................... ................... ................ ...... 8 C. TOKOH ARSITEK ARSITEK DAN DAN KARYANYA.................. ........ ................... ................... ................... .................. .................. ........... 9 1. THE LOVELL HEALTH HOUSE................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .............. ..... 9 2. MAISON LA ROCHE ................... ......... ................... ................... ................... .................. .................. ................... .......... 12 3. THE CHURCH CHURCH OF NOTRE NOTRE DAME DU RAINCY .......... ................... ................... .............. .... 16 4. TUBERCULOSIS TUBERCULOSIS ALVAR AALTO .................. .................. ......... ................... ................... ......... 19 5. VILLA SAVOYE .................. ......... .................. ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................. ........ 20 BAB III PENUTUP KESIMPULA KESIMPULAN N ............................... ................................................ .................................. ................................. .................................. ........................... ......... 26 GLOSARI GLOSARI.................................. ................................................... ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................ ................ 27 DAFTAR DAFTAR PUSTAKA PUSTAKA ............................... ................................................ .................................. .................................. .................................. ................... 28
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1.1
....................................... ........................................ ....................................... 10
Gambar 1.2
....................................... ........................................ ............................... .........11
Gambar 1.3
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Gambar 1.4............................................................................................................................15 Gambar 1.5............................................................................................................................17 Gambar 1.6............................................................................................................................17 Gambar 1.7............................................................................................................................18 Gambar 1.8............................................................................................................................19 Gambar 1.9............................................................................................................................19 Gambar 1.10..........................................................................................................................20 Gambar 1.11..........................................................................................................................21 Gambar1.12...........................................................................................................................22 Gambar 1.13..........................................................................................................................23 Gambar 1.14..........................................................................................................................23 Gambar 1.15..........................................................................................................................23 Gambar 1.16..........................................................................................................................24 Gambar 1.17..........................................................................................................................24 Gambar 1.18..........................................................................................................................24
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BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
1.
LATAR BELAKANG
Arsitektur adalah bagian dari kebudayaan manusia, dan merupakan ungkapan fisik dan peninggalan budaya dari suatu masyarakat dalam batasan tempat dan waktu tertentu. Dari dahulu sampai sekarang bahkan yang akan datang, arsitektur akan selalu berkembang dalam bentuk semakin kompleks, sejalan dengan perkembangan peradaban dan budaya termasuk ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi dan tuntutan kebutuhan manusia baik secara kualitatif maupun kuantitatif. Perkembangan Arsitektur mencakup dimensi ruang dan waktu yang sukar ditentukan batasnya. Dan untuk mempermudah didalam mempelajarinya, suatu karya arsitektur dibedakan menurut ciri-ciri bentuk dan karakter arsitektural dalam kurun waktu tertentu. Arsitektur fungsionalisme fungsionalisme sendiri merupakan perkembangan perkembangan dari klasik Barat, berubah secara secar a revolusioner sejalan s ejalan dengan revolusi industri dengan terjadinya perubahan besar-besaran dalam pola hidup dan pola pikir. Dan perkembangann yaitu sendiri tidak lepas dari pengaruh atau perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi sejalan dengan perkembangan budaya berbagai bangsa. Oleh karena itu semakin sulit menentukan batas-batas sosial-budaya, ruang atau tempat dan waktu.
2. RUMUSAN MASALAH
a. Bagaimana sejarah dan perkembangan perkembanga n arsitektur fungsionalisme ? b. Apa saja karakteristik dari arsitektur arsitektur fungsionalisme fungsionalisme ? c. Siapa saja saja tokoh arsitek dan dan karyanya karyanya dalam arsitektur fungsionalisme fungsionalisme ? 3. TUJUAN
Tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam penulisan makalah ini yaitu mahasiswa
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4.
BATASAN STUDI
Yang menjadi batasan studi makalah yaitu : a. Sejarah perkembangan perkembangan arsitektur fungsionalisme fungsionalisme b. Karakteristik arsitektur fungsionalisme c. Tokoh arsitek serta karyanya
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BAB II
PEMBAHASAN
A. SEJARAH ARSITEKTUR FUNGSIONALISME
Arsitektur adalah adalah suatu bentuk bentuk hasil seni yang yang diterapkan ke dalam bentuk bangunan. Dimana dalam arsitektur ini terdapat berbagai aliran arsitektur. Diantara itu semua ada satu aliran yang memiliki pengaruh dalam perkembangan arsitektur dunia, yaitu Aliran Arsitektur Modern. Aliran Arsitektur Modern sendiri terbagi beberapa fase yang salah satunya adalah aliran Arsitektur Modern Fungsionalisme. Perkembangan Arsitektur Modern Fungsionalisme diwarnai dengan anti pada pengulangan bentuk-bentuk lama dengan teknologi baru (beton bertulang, baja). Dan pada awal abad 20 terjadi perubahan besar, radikal, cepat, dan revolusioner revolusioner dalam pola pikir. (Sumalyo,1997). (Sumalyo,1997). Pada era pra modern, yang dianggap sebagai arsitektur hanyalah bangunanbangunan gereja dan istana. Bangunan di luar kedua tipe bangunan tersebut (seperti perumahan) tidak dianggap sebagai suatu arsitektur. Pada era modern timbul aktivitasaktivitas baru yang membutuhkan wadah akibat dampak dari revolusi industri. Mulai bermunculan bangunan-bangunan pabrik, perkantoran, dan sebagainya. Sebagai akibat Revolusi Industri, cara produksi bergeser dari teknik individual yang cenderung custom made, menjadi teknik produksi massal yang mengedepankan kebutuhan akan produk yang cepat dan murah. Pada sudut pandang arsitektur, hal ini ditandai dengan adanya kebutuhan akan pemukiman yang murah dan efisien. Arsitektur modern mengedepankan mengedepankan fungsi dimana suatu arsitektur dapat mewadahi aktivitas. Berbeda dengan arsitek pada masa pra modern yang menata berdasarkan tipologi, arsitek modern menata berdasarkan fungsi.
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Banyak anggapan yang menyamakan aliran ini dengan Arsitektur Modern. Arsitektur Modern didukung oleh para arsitek yang bersikap dan berpandangan revolusioner. Sedangkan arsitektur fungsional adalah merupakan salah satu di antara alternatif yang muncul sepanjang sejarah Arsitektur Modern. Pada awal abad ke 20, Louis Sullivan mempopulerkan ungkapan “bentuk bangunan yang mengikuti fungsi” (forms follows function) untuk menangkap suatu ukuran, ruang dan
karakteristik dalam bangunan harus terlebih dahulu di tujukan semata-mata kepada fungsi dari bangunan tersebut. Implikasi bahwa jika aspek yang fungsional dicukupi, keindahan arsitektur akan secara alami mengikuti. Idealisme dari suatu arsitektur adalah perpaduan antara bentuk dan fungsi. “Setiap bangunan harus menemukan bentuk sesuai dengan fungsinya, sebuah rumah hendaknya berbeda dengan kantor atau gereja, dan tanpa menggunakan pandangan ini maka hubungan antara bagian dalam bangunan dengan bagian luarnya akan diabaikan. Tidak seharusnya mengorbankan kamar menjadi gelap tanpa jendela, untuk mendapatkan susunan jendela tampak simetris dari luar atau menambah bagian- bagian tak berguna” . (Ragon, dalam Sumalyo,1997) Dalam ideologi fungsionalisme bahwa arsitektur adalah seni, dimana prinsip-prinsip seni menyatu didalamnya. Bahwa dalam prinsip fungsionalisme nilai konstruksi mempunyai nilai yang sama dengan fungsi. Dianalogikan dengan perahu dimana hampir seluruh bagian dan bentuknya mengacu kepada fungsinya. (Ruskin, dalam Sumalyo, 1997) Eugen Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814 –1879) mengungkapkan : “Bahwa arsitektur hendaknya dapat
mengekspresikan
„kekuatan‟ seperti
halnya mesin uap, listrik dan dapat
memanfaatkan material baru misalnya baja. Dan apabila suatu bentuk tidak dapat menjelaskan alasan mengapa demikian, maka dia tidak akan memancarkan keindahan”. Ungkapan tersebut diatas menjelaskan bagaimana teori keindahan mendasari konsep fungsionalisme. Ciri umum dari gaya arsitektur yang melanda pada akhir abad ke-19 atau awal abad ke-20 adalah asimetris, kubis, atau semua sisi dalam komposisi dan
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suatu desain. Para arsitek pada masa itu menginginkan bangunan rancangannya bersih dari ornamen dan sesuai dengan fungsinya dengan menghilangkan paham eclecticism pada tiap rancangannya. Arsitektur modern merupakan Internasional Style yang menganut Form Follows Function (bentuk mengikuti fungsi). Bentukan platonic solid yang serba kotak, tak berdekorasi, berdekorasi, perulangan yang monoton, merupakan ciri arsitektur modern. Menurut Peter Gossel dan Gabriele Leu Thauser dalam bukunya “ Achitecture Achitecture in the 20th century”, 1991. Ciri-ciri dari arsitektur modern adalah: 1) Satu gaya Internasional atau tanpa gaya (seragam), merupakan suatu arsitektur yang dapat menembus budaya dan geografis. 2) Berupa khayalan, idealis 3) Bentuk tertentu, fungsional. Bentuk mengikuti fungsi, sehingga bentuk menjadi monoton karena tidak diolah. 4) Less is more, semakin sederhana merupakan suatu nilai tambah terhadap arsitektur tersebut (keindahan muncul karena fungsi dan elemen bangunan). 5) Ornamen adalah suatu kejahatan sehingga perlu ditolak. Penambahan ornamen dianggap suatu hal yang tidak efisien. Karena dianggap tidak memiliki fungsi, hal ini disebabkan karena dibutuhkan kecepatan dalam membangun setelah berakhirnya perang dunia II. 6) Singular (tunggal), Arsitektur Arsitektur Modern Modern tidak tidak memiliki suatu ciri ciri individu dari arsitek, sehingga tidak dapat dibedakan antara arsitek yang satu dengan yang lainnya (seragam). 7) Nihilism, penekanan perancangan pada space, maka desain menjadi polos, simple, bidang-bidang kaca lebar. Tidak ada apaapanya kecuali geometri dan bahan aslinya. 8) Kejujuran bahan, jenis bahan/material bahan/mater ial yang digunakan diekspos secara polos, ditampilkan apa adanya. Tidak ditutup-tutupi atau
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C. TOKOH ARSITEK ARSITEK DAN KARYA ARSITEKTURNYA ARSITEKTURNYA
1. THE LOVELL HEALTH HOUSE karya Richard Neutra (1927-1929) di Los Angeles
Gambar1.1 THE LOVELL HEALTH HOUSE Sumber: http://www.archdaily.com/1047 http://www.archdaily.com/104713/ad-classics-l 13/ad-classics-lovell-hous ovell-house-richard-neutra e-richard-neutra The Lovell health House adalah gaya tinggal Modernis Internasional dirancang dan dibangun oleh Richard Neutra antara tahun 1927 dan 1929. Rumah, di Los Angeles, California, dibangun untuk dokter dan naturopath Philip Lovell. Hal ini sering digambarkan sebagai rumah pertama struktur baja yang ringan perpaduan dengan beton bertulang di Amerika Serikat, dan juga sebuah contoh awal dari penggunaan gunite. Pada dasarnya rumah mencerminkan kepentingan Richard Neutra dalam produksi industri, dan ini adalah yang paling jelas dalam penggunaan berulang dari buatan pabrik rakitan jendela. The Lovell Rumah dirancang untuk kesehatan keluarga Lovell di perbukitan Los
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Gambar1.2 Sumber: http://www.archdaily.com/1047 http://www.archdaily.com/104713/ad-classics-l 13/ad-classics-lovell-hous ovell-house-richard-neutra e-richard-neutra The Lovell House mengingatkan gaya Le Corbusier. Terlihat menonjol seperti dinding berdiri di antara daerah hutan. Jendela berkerangka baja dengan berbagai bentuk dan ukurannya, semuanya menyatu dengan konstruksi dinding dan balustrade putih, horizontal berkesan ringan melayang.
Terlihat bahwa Neutra dipengaruhi oleh Gaya
Internasional dan villa Corbusier, begitu banyak sehingga cara di mana seseorang masuk dan bergerak melalui rumah ini, mirip dengan promenade arsitektur Corbusier; Namun bukannya berakhir di atap taman penghuni berjalan dari atas r umah menuju teras dan kolam renang di lantai bawah. The Lovell House diklaim sebagai rumah pertama di Amerika Serikat untuk menggunakan struktur baja yang biasanya ditemukan dalam konstruksi gedung pencakar langit. Namun, konstruksi baja tidak hanya didukung oleh kolom baja, balok, dan pilotis. Karena rumah dibangun di sisi gunung itu adalah dikaitkan ke tebing dengan kabel tegangan yang terikat ke dalam medan berbatu. konstruksi rumah ini agak menarik selain struktur baja terintegrasi dengan kabel ketegangan, lovel merupakan salah satu
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2. Maison La Roche (1923), Paris, Le Corbusier dan Pierre Jeanneret
Gambar 1.3 Maison La Roche Sumber:google.image.com Villa Maison La Roche, adalah sebuah rumah di Paris, yang dirancang oleh Le Corbusier dan Pierre Jeanneret pada tahun 1923-1925. Bangunan Ini dirancang untuk Raoul La Roche, seorang bankir Swiss dan kolektor seni avant-garde. Villa La Roche
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bergerak dan ditemukan dalam waktu. Kelangsungan spasial dicapai melalui banyak terobosan dan menghapus partisi dan pintu. Penggunaan warna juga berpartisipasi dalam persepsi baru ruang ini. Le Corbusier bereran di sini setelah teori polikrom murni arsitektur. Warna-warna yang digunakan milik tiga keluarga - yang kuat, dinamis dan transisi - yang séquencent yang "promenade arsitektur". Rumah ini dibangun untuk Albert Jeanneret, saudara Le Corbusier, istri dan tiga anak-anak mereka. Digabungkan menjadi sebuah ensemble, arsitektur tunggal bentuk-bentuk geometris murni tanpa hiasan apapun, Rumah La Roche dan Jeanneret pada tahun 1923 adalah sebuah karya yang unik dari avant-garde di Perancis dan di seluruh dunia. Tidak adanya atap miring, diganti dengan atap teras masih menuduh sifat radikal komposisi ini. Le Corbusier menimbulkan fondasi arsitektur modern yang baru: bentuk-bentuk geometris murni, kurangnya dekorasi, tumpukan, atap teras, jendela Strip. Poin sebanyak Le Corbusier berteori pada tahun 1926 dalam Manifesto lima poin untuk arsitektur baru. 1. Konsep Rumah ganda ini dirancang pada tahun 1923 untuk Raoul La Roche dan Albert Jeanneret, menandai tonggak dalam refleksi arsitektur Le Corbusier, yang sangat memperhatikan pendekatan dari Eropa avant-garde. "Lima poin" untuk menyusun fasad dan "Fenetres en longeur" (jendela panjang) yang oleh semua mas ini, serta ruang dua lantai dan balkon karakteristik arsitek. Tapi tidak seperti
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Sementara merancang ruang baru dan gabung interior, proporsi volume dan bukaan eksternal didefinisikan oleh garis peraturan "berdasarkan jumlah Aureus yang mengatur tindakan dan lokasi dari setiap item". 3. Situasi The maison, dibangun pada 8-10 Square du Docteur Blanche, di Auteuil, lingkungan kelas menengah di pinggiran Paris, yang bahkan kemudian memiliki suasana yang membuat orang-orang seperti banyak proyek lain yang lebih kecil milik Le Corbusier bekerja, tidak spekulasi real estate belaka. 4. Proyek Sebagai hasil dari antusiasme yang ditunjukkan dengan melihat model Theo van Doesburg dan Cornelis van Eesteren, arsitek dari De Stijl Group, Ulasan prinsip-prinsip Le Corbusier tersebut telah berdasarkan desain kamar Maison La Roche-Jeanneret, Le Corbusier diganti jendela kecil di dinding permukaan kaca besar, yang merupakan salah satu fitur dari konstruksi tersebut. 5. Pedalaman Rangkaian ruang interior rumah, yang mengarah ke jalan di galeri lukisan, memerintahkan sebagai "promenade arsitektur." Le Corbusier melakukannya di sini untuk pertama kalinya sebuah konsep yang terinspirasi oleh studi tentang Acropolis di Athena: teater untuk prosesi, seperti yang diusulkan oleh Auguste Choisy di "Histoire de 'Architecture" di akhir abad kesembilan belas. Sebuah perjalanan panjang yang dilihat
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dibutuhkan oleh keluarga, sedangkan yang kedua dirancang untuk bujangan, pemilik koleksi lukisan modern, dan penuh gairah tentang seni. 3. The Church Of Notre Dame Du Raincy, Perancis karya (Auguste Perret )
Gambar 1.4 The Church Of Notre Dame Du Raincy Perancis (1922-1923)
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Pada awal abad ke-20, Le Raincy adalah sebuah gereja paroki kecil untuk pinggiran kota yang penduduknya sedang berkembang pesat. Pada tahun 1918, kepala biara Le Raincy, Felix Negre, diusulkan pada tahun 1918 untuk membangun sebuah gereja untuk memperingati kemenangan Perancis di Pertempuran Marne di 1914. Melalui koneksi antara umat, Negre datang ke dalam kontak dengan Perrets. Desain yang digunakan beton untuk ekonomi. Gereja selesai mendapat perhatian yang menguntungkan luas, mempengaruhi pemikiran arsitektur pada saat pembangunan kembali dan pemulihan ekonomi. Ciri-ciri arsitektur fungsional f ungsionalisme isme adalah: 1. Bentuk mengikuti fungsi (form follow function). 2. Mengutamakan penyederhanaan dari gaya sebelumnya (klasik). 3. Ditujukan kepada fungsi utama bangunan. 4. Bentuk bangunan geometris geometris dan jelas. 5. Minim/anti ornament. 6. Batas –batas antar ruang jelas dan saling terhubung. 7. Terbentuk dari garis garis vertikal, horizontal, dan diagonal yang sederhana.
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Struktur Notre Dame du Raincy · Raincy, France
Gambar 1.5 Notre Dame du Raincy · Raincy, France
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Gambar 1.7 Notre Dame du Raincy · Raincy, France Sumber.google.image
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4. Tuberkulosis Tuberkulos is Alvar Aalto ini Sanatorium Sanatoriu m di Paimio
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jendela pita -clude, sedikit ornamen,serta ornamen,serta beberapa bahan yang relatif sederhana dengan bentuk persegi panjang. Fitur-fitur yang modern, kontras dengan bentuk vegetal ditemukan pada pagar oranye dari balkon. setiap bagian dari desain dikembangkan dari kebutuhan pasien. selama periode periode waktu waktu ini, diyakini bahwa bahwa yang terbaik terbaik pengobatan pengobatan untuk pasien Tuberkulosis adalahberada di sekitar lingkungan yang hijau denganudara segar dan sinar matahari. ide ini adalah bagian dari dasar dari desain bangunan (Cur -tis, 1996 p. 343). Semua bagian bangunan desain mencakup aspek untuk membuatnya berfungsi lebih baik untukklien.
STATEMENT :
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dalam arsitektur baru: pemanfaatan ground-level dari pilotis, mengangkat gedung dari tanah dan menyediakan kesempatan untuk mendesain taman diatasnya. Atap yang fungsional berfungsi sebagai atap dan teras yang menggantikan tanah tanah sebagai tempat berpijaknya gedung. Rencana lantai yang bebas, menghilangkan dinding-dinding pemikul (diganti dengan pilots) menyediakan kesempatan untuk meletakkan dinding secara bebas dan estetis. Jendela horizontal yang panjang, menyediakan pencahayaan dan ventilasi. Fasad yang didesain secara bebas, hanya berfungsi sebagai kulit bangunan yang tidak terkait oleh pemikul beban.
Proximity: (close (close to each each other). Hal Hal ini dapat dapat diartikan sebagai bentukan bentukan atau grup/cluster akibat adanya beberapa elemen yang diletakkan berdekatan satu sama lain. Proximity tidak hanya dapat dilihat dari grup bangunan, tapi juga dari distribusi massa dan fassad bangunan.
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Sentral bangunan berupa entrance. STATEMENT :
Bangunan ini menggunakan International Style. Dapat kita lihat bangunan ini tidak memiliki banyak ornamen. Untuk estetikanya, bangunan ini menggunakan banyak jendela dan juga tiang yang menopang bangunan diatasnya.
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BAB III
PENUTUP
KESIMPULAN
Arsitektur adalah adalah suatu bentuk bentuk hasil seni yang yang diterapkan ke dalam
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