ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL, BASISTHA
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON BIOLOGY
TOPIC: - ADDICTION: DRUG ABUSE
Name: Shahmeenas Ara Akhtar
Roll no.: 36
Class: XII
Section: B
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is to acknowledge that this investigatory project would not have been successful without the help of the source that are mention below.
It was a great opportunity making this investigatory project so at the onset a very great thanks to our respected subject teacher Mrs Namita Deka (ma'am) without her guidance this investigatory project would not have been possible. Lastly I would like to thank our parents who really helped us in each and every movement, friends and everyone who is directly or indirectly associated with the completion of this investigatory project of biology.
-by Shahmeenas Ara Akhtar
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Shahmeenas Ara Akhtar, a student of class XII (science) APSB has successfully completed the biology investigatory project on the selected topic "A case study on ADDICTION: DRUG ABUSE" assigned by the biology subject teacher of APSB (Mrs Namita Deka Ma'am) as a part of the (practical section) class XII Annual Exam for the year 2016-17.
Signature of Teacher
(Mrs Namita Deka)
Dated:- PGT BIOLOGY
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS ADDICTION
TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE
CAUSES OF ADDICTION
EFFECTS OF ADDICTION
HISTORY OF ADDICTION: DRUG ABUSE
DIAGONISIS OF ADDICTION
STUDY (QUESTIONARY)
THE PROFILE OF FIVE PATIENTS
TREATMENT OF ADDICTION
SCENARIO OF ADDICTION
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Addiction is the one of the biggest disease of the world. More than millions of the individual are struggling against addiction. It takes away the happiness of the people by avoiding them to get what they want and many of the people were also not able to take correct decision. According to the recent studies it has been found that adolescent are more vulnerable to addiction. Addiction is that type of diseases whose rehabilitation is very difficult. As we know prevention is better than cure so we can prevent our self from getting addicted by not living under peer pressure. If we also get addicted, we should immediately take the help of specialist for rehab.
.
WHAT IS ADDICTION?
Addiction is the habitual, physiological, psychological dependence on a substance or practice which is beyond voluntary control. A person who is habituated to a substance or a practice, especially a harmful one, is called an addict. Addiction is a chronic, progressive and sometimes fatal disorder with both genetic and environmental roots. It manifests as a compulsion that derives an individual to continue to behave in a way that is harmful to self and loved ones, despite an intense desire to halt that behaviour. It is a disease of "more"- an active addict needs an increasing amount of substance to get high and is unable to cease usage without painful withdrawal symptoms. This is true whether the addictive substance is a drug or tobacco or alcohol or a behaviour. Medically, addiction is of three types : Tobacco Addiction, Alcohol Addiction, Drug Addiction
TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE
Heroin
As a destructive opioid, heroin can lead to seizures, psychosis, and hallucinations when it is abused. Heroin injections can also spread diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis. This drug is known to cause serious health issues when it is abused because it interferes with the brain's receptors. Individuals who take heroin always require professional rehabilitation because the symptoms of withdrawal may be life-threatening.
2. Cocaine
Cocaine is a very dangerous stimulant even when taken in small amounts. It induces euphoria, increases blood pressure, and accelerates the heart rate. The drug may lead to fatal strokes or heart attacks for some users. Due to the severe consequences of using cocaine, users require immediate professional treatment.
3. Crack
A potent form of cocaine, crack is often smoked and suddenly creates an intense euphoric sensation for a short while. Crack has turned into a problem because it is cheap and easy to buy and use. Abusing the substance, however, can lead to immediate addiction. Abusers are also at risk of suffering heart attacks and strokes with every use. Long-term use can cause liver, kidney, and lung damage.
4. Hallucinogens
PCP (phencyclidine) and LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) are hallucinogens, which means that they make users feel, see, and hear things that are not real. While they experience hallucinations with these drugs, users lose touch with reality and enter mental states of disconnection. Withdrawing from hallucinogens is not easy, and abusers will need professional treatment in a rehab facility.
5. Marijuana / Cannabis
Marijuana is the most common illegal drug that is abused, and many people begin using it as a recreational drug in social situations. Continued abuse of marijuana can lead to addiction, and the substance can affect the physical coordination, memory, and mental functions of users over time. While it is easy to abuse marijuana, it is not easy to stop using it.
7. Alcohol
Abusing alcohol can cause psychological, physical, and social problems, and it can lead to the destruction of relationships, friendships, and marriages. A lot of alcohol abusers drink so much that their bodies are unable to handle it. Sometimes this requires that they are hospitalized for alcohol poisoning. Furthermore, alcohol abuse can lead to injury or death to the people around them while they are under the influence. Alcohol withdrawal can be fatal because of delirium tremens, which is a symptom with the potential to trigger heart failure or stroke. Refraining from drinking also is not easy when it becomes a habit because of mental and physical issues. Professional assistance is often necessary for abusers of alcohol.
CAUSES OF ADDICTION
Some of the causes of addiction are :-
Peer pressure
Stress and depression
Lack of education
Religious rituals
EFFECTS OF ADDICTION
Fatigue - the patient is tired most of the time.
Memory loss - especially the patient's short-term memory.
Eye muscles - the eye muscles can become significantly weaker.
Liver diseases - the patient has a considerably higher chance of developing hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis of the liver is an irreversible and progressive condition
Heart problems - regular heaving drinking can lead to cardiomyopathy (damaged heart muscle), heart failure, and stroke.
Menstruation - alcoholism will usually stop menstruation or disrupt it
Cancer - alcoholics have a much higher risk of developing several cancers, including cancer of the mouth, oesophagus, liver, colon, rectum, breast, prostate and pharynx.
Suicide - suicide rates among people who are alcohol-dependent or who abuse alcohol are much higher than among other people.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
"Prevention is better than cure" is also true here. Tobacco, drug/alcohol abuse are more during young age and adolescence. The remedial measure should be taken in time. The following measures would be particularly useful for prevention and control of alcohol and addiction during adolescents.
1.Avoid undue Peer pressure.
2.Education and counselling.
3.Seeking help from parents and peers.
4.Looking for Danger Signs.
5.Seeking Professional and Medical helps.
HISTORY OF ADDICTION
Beer
Since the dawn of history, mankind has found ways to relieve the daily grind of life. In ancient Mesopotamia (the area now known as Iraq), agriculture slowly began to flourish, and a large network of city states started to gain prominence. With the cultivation of wheat and barley came another product: beer. After all, the water wasn't particularly healthy, and the weak alcohol content in beer killed off a lot of harmful organisms in the water.
While the beer wasn't particularly strong, it also wasn't particularly nice, as the concept of sterility was unknown in 3,000 BCE. However, beer was consumed in bulk. Consequently, addiction to alcohol was rampant in the so-called cradle of civilization, and people during that time generally lived much shorter lives thanks to disease and, presumably, drunkenness.
Opium
Throughout the time that beer was gaining popularity, the Indians, Assyrians and Egyptians were cultivating and preparing opium from the opium poppy. Indeed, the upper classes of many civilizations would use this to relax and pass time, although some uses are much less benign. One Egyptian scroll recommends using opium to soothe a crying baby.
Hallucinogens and Natural Highs
Moving on 15 centuries, the ancient Greece used a special form of mead (fermented honey) or beer to induce visions known as mysteries. Naturally, there is something very mystical in seeing hallucinations, and plants containing entheogens (natural chemicals that induce hallucinations) have been widely cultivated throughout the world; these include the peyote cactus, fly agaric, and cannabis. Clearly, this is a form of drug abuse, although it was a socially acceptable one at the time.
Cocaine
During the second millennium, world trade started to be more prominent. Ships started sailing from China to Europe-Marco Polo rediscovered major trade routes to India and China, and in 1492, cocaine came to be major product of trade.
After that, the American continent became ripe for development. Various conquistadors discovered the drugs that kept the locals going, especially cocaine, which was touted as a wonder cure for all ailments.
Tobacco
One of the major drugs that came out of the New World was tobacco. Sir Walter Raleigh famously introduced dried tobacco leaves to England, where they were controlled and taxed heavily. Again, abuse of tobacco led to very expensive addictions, as it was a risky but incredibly profitable voyage for those who made it over the Atlant
DIAGNOSIS OF ADDICTION
Blood test or imaging scan can determine whether somebody is addicted to drug or alcohol or smoking, and to what degree.
Blood test - this may be ordered to determine whether the substance is still in the blood (whether the substance has been taken recently). It is not used to diagnose addiction.
A GP (general practitioner, primary care physician) can help the patient determine their degree of dependence by asking pertinent questions, or using a specific questionnaire. The following questions may help determine how dependent a patient is:
How many cigarettes do you smoke per day?
Do you find it hard not to smoke in places where it is not allowed, such as in a church, school, movie theatre, library, public transport, hospital, etc.?
If you had to give up, which cigarette would you miss the most (e.g. the first one in the morning)?
Do you smoke more cigarettes during the first few hours after waking up, than during the rest of the day?
If you are ill, with a bad cold or the flu, do you still take drug or alcohol?
Have you ever smoked more than you intended to?
Have you ever neglected a duty because you were smoking, or so that you could have a cigarette?
STUDY (QUESTIONARY)
QUESTIONAIRE
What was the age when you started having addiction?
What makes you want to take drug?
Was there anyone in your family who is also addicted?
Did you start the treatment as soon as you started having the addiction?
Do you think addiction has affected your normal life?
Which was the first problem you started to have at the onset of addiction?
Are you satisfied with the available treatment of this disease?
Do you think the treatment of this disease is an expensive process?
Is Guwahati an appropriate place for the treatment of this disease?
THE PROFILE OF 5 PATIENTS
Case no: 1 Patient name: Sofia Akhtar
Age: 65 Type: T2DM
Gender: Female Date of admission: 22/12/15
Comments: After I am started having T2DM, my life has totally changed. I am the first person to have diabetes in my family. At the onset of this disease I felt very much weakness and hunger.
Case no: 2 Patient name: Mrs Neha Das
Age: 40 Type: T1DM
Gender: Female Date of admission: 22/12/15
Comments: I am middle aged house wife and I have lots of difficulties to tackle this disease due to weakness. I cannot meet the common need of my family, and some time I become unconsciousness and my family gets worried. Recently my husband spends lots of money for this disease but I didn't get any such good result.
Case no: 3 Patient name: Shubankar Deka
Age: 45 Type: T1DM
Gender: Male Date of admission:06/01/16
Comments: I started having this disease at the age of 35, I didn't take much attention to it due to very busy job. I din' took medicine regularly or neither did any physical exercise and now I'm suffering from this dangerous disease I have to lose my job, during urination I feel burning sensation. Now I am unable to take care of my family,
Case no:4 Patient name: Karan Barman
Age: 54 Type: T2DM
Gender: Male Date of admission:06/01/16
Comments: I am poor worker who earn few just to stay alive and to take care of family. I don't have much savings that I would go in a big hospital for better cure or for medicine. Nowadays I also cannot go to work site as I remain weak and my hand and leg shakes if I try to do any hard work. Due to this I cannot send my children to school.
Case no:5 Patient name: Miss Rupali Nath
Age: 33 Type: T2DM
Gender: Female Date of admission:15/01/16
Comments: I am both working women and house wife I have no time to care of my health I always remain busy taking care of my family and doing stressful work at my office and due to this I had gained my weight rapidly, presently my weight is about 93 kg and my recent diagnosis says that I am suffering from diabetes.
TREATMENT OF ADDICTION
Do-it-yourself - experts say about 30% of people with an alcohol problem manage to reduce their drinking or abstain without seeking professional help. There is a great deal of material in books and the internet that may help the self-helper.
Counselling - a qualified counsellor can help the alcoholic talk through his/her problems and then devise a plan to tackle the drinking. CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) is commonly used to treat alcohol dependency.
Detoxification - the patient takes some medication to prevent withdrawal symptoms (delirium tremens) which many alcoholics experience when they give up drinking.
Drugs for cravings -
SCENARIO OF ADDICTION
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Special thanks to the following source: -
Internet (Wikipedia)
NCERT biology class XI
Some diabetic patients
Online library
151 base hospital
Dr . P Kalita
