CHAPTER 8 EXPLOSIVE BREACHING NOTE: Safety precautions regarding regarding the procedures outlined in this this chapter can be found in Chapter 9 (Breaching Safety) of this guidebook. 8.1 8.1 Gene Genera ral. l. Intim Intimat atee knowle knowledg dgee of explos explosiv ives es and and assoc associa iate ted d equipm equipment ent is is a must must for for the explosive breacher. This knowledge gives the breacher the capability to provide the assault team with a successful explosive breach. The following paragraphs present an overview of explosives, initiators, and accessories and discuss various ways in which the behavior of explosives can be altered to achieve a successful breach. 8.2 Compos Composit ition ion/Be /Behavi havior or of Chem Chemica icall Explos Explosive ives. s. An explosi explosive ve is is essen essentia tially lly a chemic chemicall ally y unstable material, which produces an explosion or detonation by means of a very rapid, self propagatin propagating g transform transformation ation of the material material into more stable stable substance substances. s. The transformat transformation ion always liberates heat, forms gases, and propagates shock and loud noise. The primary requisite of a chemical explosive is that it contains enough oxygen to initiate and sustain extremely rapid combustion. The surrounding air normally cannot supply enough oxygen by itself; itself; therefore, therefore, sources of oxygen are incorporated incorporated into the combustible combustible elements of the explosive. They can also be included by adding other substances in a mixture. These sources of oxygen are called oxidizers. 8.2.1 2.1 Explos plosiive Mixture ures. Explosive mixtur xturees are mecha chanicall ally blende nded, much like making making a cake batter. batter. The combus combustib tible le and oxidiz oxidizer er are mingle mingled d togeth together er from from separa separate te ingredients. For example, black powder is a mechanical mixture of charcoal, sulfur, and niter (potassium or sodium nitrate) with water used as a bonding agent to form a paste. When the pas paste te drie dries, s, it can can be brok broken en into into piec pieces es and and grou ground nd into into powd powder er form form for for use. use. Most Most mechanically blended mixtures are classified as low explosives or propellants. 8.2.2 8.2.2 Expl Explos osiv ivee Comp Compou ound nds. s. Expl Explos osiv ivee comp compoun ounds ds mole molecul cular arly ly ble blend nd the the com combus busti tibl blee and and oxidizer together. An example of a molecularly blended explosive is nitroglycerin. Glycerin is slowly poured into nitric acid where a chemical reaction occurs forming a new compound. Where physical mixtures are usually low explosives, chemical compounds are high explosives. ex plosives. 8.2. 8.2.3 3 Low Low Exp1o Exp1osi sive ves. s. Low Low explo explosi sive vess are are said said to defla deflagr grat atee (burn (burn)) rathe ratherr than than deton detonat atee (explode). In doing so, they produce a pushing effect rather than a shattering effect. Primarily used as propellants, the mechanically mixed low explosive charge reduces the danger of bursting inside a weapon. Burning is transmitted from one grain to another producing gases that rapidly build up internal pressure for pushing a projectile through and out the weapon barrel. 8.2. 8.2.4 4 High High Expl Explos osiv ives es.. Desig Designe ned d to shatt shatter er and and destr destroy oy,, high high explo explosi sive vess have have deton detonat atio ion n veloci ocities extending from 3,300 fps (ammoniu nium nitrate) to 29,9 9,900 fps HMX (cyclotetramethylene tetranitrate). They differ from low explosives in that they usually must be initiated by the concentrated shock generated by a blasting cap or other priming system. This initia initiati ting ng shock shock sets sets up a “wave” “wave” which which resona resonates tes throug through h the explos explosive ive compoun compound. d. The shockwave breaks apart the molecular bonds of the combustible material and oxidizer, releasing tremendous heat energy and rapidly expanding gases, all in a fraction of a second. 8.2.5 8.2.5 Expl Explos osiv ivee Wor Work. k. The The var varyi ying ng det deton onat atin ing g velo veloci citi ties es of exp explo losi sive vess det deter ermi mine ne the the typ typee of work performed. Low explosives push or heave objects while high explosives shatter or break
up objects. The breacher therefore selects an explosive based on the type of work or effect required for a specific target. A characteristic of explosives also related to work performance is that directional forces given off by a detonating explosive are at a 90 degree angle from the surface of that explosive. If, therefore, it is cut or shaped to provide 90 degree surfaces along a predetermined plane, the force of such a charge can be focused directionally with greater effect, ounce for ounce, than the same amount of explosive employed as a mass. Figure 8—1 illustrates the relationship of a shaped charge effect to a block charge effect. 8.2. 8.2.6 6 Shap Shaped ed Cha Charg rges es.. The imp impro rove ved d effe effect ctiv iven enes esss of a sha shape ped d char charge ge is is caus caused ed by by the the so called Monroe Effect. When the detonator is fired, the detonation wave propagates through the explosive used. The detonation front reaches the conical liner, and the liner is subjected to the intense pressure of the front and begins to collapse. The cone collapses from apex to base under the point of initiation of the high explosive. The apex region has collapsed and collided on the axis of symmetry. This collision results in liner material under very high pressure being extruded along the axis of symmetry. This extruded material is called the jet. When the pressure exceeds the yield strength of the liner material, the liner behaves like a non-compressible fluid. About 10 to 20 percent of the liner goes into the jet; the remainder of the liner goes into the slug. The tip of the jet moves with a velocity of 29500 fps, and the slug has a velocity of 1000-2600 fps. This process performs much like the flame of a cutting torch penetrating a target like a hot knife cutting through butter. Figure 8-2 illustrates the step by step step formation of a shaped charge jet. Shaped Shaped charge chargess repres represent ent an advance advance in the employ employmen mentt of explos explosive ivess for accomp accomplis lishin hing g specific work. Two basic types of shaped charge containers are available, the conical shaped charge and the linear shaped charge. Both are depicted in figure 8-3. Conical shaped charges are especially effective in punching holes in steel, concrete, and other materials. Linear shaped charges are used to cut or slice a target.
STEEL Copper Liner 4
3
12
Note: Liner does not burn like many people think.
Figure 8-2. Shaped Jet Charge Formation
Liner Shaped Charge
EXPLOSIVE CORE
H
METRAL SHEATH W
Figure 8-3. Shaped Charge Containers
Certain factors affect the penetrating/cutting efficiency and functioning of all shaped charges: Cone Angle: The angle of the walls of the charge charge cone determine the speed and density density of the jet. Angles vary between 30 and 80 degrees for most conical shaped charges. Standoff: Standoff: To achieve optimum optimum penetration, penetration, the jet requires some air space space to properly form. The shaped charge is placed at some predetermined distance from the target. This “standoff distance” is usually about one and a half times the diameter of the cone. Liners: Liners: Penetratin Penetrating g efficiency efficiency is also enhanced by using lining lining materials materials such as steel, copper copper,, or glass glass on the surface surface of the shaped shaped charge charge.. Such Such materi materials als raise raise the jet temperature and add fine particles to the jet which act as an abrasive to assist cutting. 8.2. 8.2.7 7 Expl Explos osiv ivel ely y Forme Formed d Penet Penetra rato tors rs (EFP (EFP). ). EFPs EFPs oper operat atee using using what what is know known n as the the Miznay-Shardin effect. They are lower velocity devices compared to shaped charges and have a tip velocity in the 3,930 - 9,840 fps range. However, they generate larger diameter, high mass projectiles and produce large holes in the target material. The penetration does not diminish rapidly over a long stand-off distance if the projectile is aerodynamically stable. Air drag and tumbling are the main main causes causes of degrad degradati ation on of stand stand-of -off. f. A minim minimum um standstand-off off distan distance ce of about about 1.5 charge charge diameter is required since the penetrator must have the time to form. Optimum performance is within 2-50 charge diameters. Figure 8-4 depicts the formation of the EFP.
Figure 8-4. Explosively Formed Penetrators
8.2. 8.2.7. 7.1 1 Flyi Flying ng Plat Plate. e. A simp simpli lifi fied ed and and easy easy to to fabri fabrica cate te vers versio ion n of an EFP EFP is the the Flyi Flying ng Plate. It was developed to penetrate steel and concrete targets. The flying plate is made of copper
and consists of a concave liner that has the shape of a section of a sphere. The wall thickness is uniform and varies from about 1.2 to 4 percent of the charge diameter, and the radius of curvature is constant which greatly simplifies and reduces the cost of the manufacturing process. Figure 8—5 shows a schematic of the plate with explosive charge. The plate is backed by a thin layer of rubber to attenuate the shock wave. The explosive charge is placed placed behind behind the rubber layer. layer. Plasti Plasticc explosi explosive ve is hand packed packed behind behind the plate. plate. The explosive charge is centrally initiated with an electric or non— electric detonator or with det cord. Upon initiation, the center of the plate moves forward while the outside edge is stationary. After After travel traveling ing a distan distance ce of about about 1.5 - 2.0 plate plate diamet diameters ers,, the plate plate become becomess convex convex and finally assumes the shape of a hollow cylinder with a hemispherical nose. The velocity of the flying flying p1~adapinnds p1~adapinnds on the composition composition of the explosive explosive charge, the ratio ratio C/K (C. - mass of expl explos osiv ivee char charge ge,, M = mass mass of meta metall line liner) r),, and ezpltv ezpltv.. char charge ge of L/D L/D rati ratio o (L = lengt length h of explosive charge, D = diameter of explosive charge). The metal plate and explosive charge are assembled in a PVC casing and are fired from a tripod. An aiming device is used to hit point targets.
Figure 8-5. Schematic of Flying Plate
8.2.7.2 Recommendations Recommendations for Using the Flying Plate. The flying plate plate has been extensivel extensively y tested tested by various various military organizations organizations in this country. From the test results, results, the following following conclusions were drawn about performance of the flying plates against several targets. Most commonly encountered targets: • • •
Rolled homogeneous armor (RHA) Concrete Reinforced concrete
Recommendations: • •
Know your target Select proper C/M ratio
The C/M ratio: When attacking RHA targets up to 1.5” thick; C/M = 2.0. For RHA targets ~ - 6.0” thick, use C/N = 3.0 or 4.0.
When attacking concrete structures up to 20 inches, a C/M of 1.0 is sufficient. For concrete structures with rebars up to 60 inches thick, use C/N = 2.0. What damage to expect:
The depth of penetration (P) for RHA is: D/3 < P < D/2
Where D = plate diameter E.g., a 4” diameter plate will perforate a 1” thick RHA, but don’t expect it to pass through 4” thick armor. If a hole is to be made through 3 - 4” RHA, use a 6”, 8” or 10” plate. The depth of penetration (P) for concrete is: 2 D < P< SD E.g., a 10” plate will perforate at least 20” of concrete, but most likely will not go through 50” of concrete. The depth of penetration (P) for reinforced concrete, which depends on the number of rebars, in most cases is: D
insensitive or secondary explosive compounds. Explosive trains are classified as low or high based on the classification of the final explosive material in the train. The two step train has one primary and one secondary explosive as shown in figure 8-6. Low Explosive Trains: The majority of low explosives require only a two step train. For exampl example, e, a round round of small small arms ammuni ammunitio tion n uses uses a simple simple percussio percussion n primer primer and a propellant firing pin into a flame that ignites the propellant. The rapidly generated gases expel the bullet out through the core of the weapon. High Explosive Trains: The nature of high explosive trains is affected by the wide range of sensitivity within the category of high explosive compounds. Many are three step trains consisting of a detonator, booster, and a main charge. A booster is a secondary explosi explosive ve that that provid provides es ampli amplific ficati ation on of the shockw shockwave ave set off by the detona detonator tor,, a primary explosive. This “boosted” shockwave detonates the less sensitive main charge. The basic three-step train is depicted in figure 8-7. An example of a four-step train is illustrated in figure 8-8.
Figure 8-6. Two Step Train around main breaching charges. Success or failure of a demolition charge rests in the knowledge and abilities of the breacher to build a 100 percent reliable priming system. All explosives must be acted upon by one or more of the following three physical actions before an explosion or detonation occurs. • • •
Heat Shock Friction
As previously discussed, main charge explosives are normally too insensitive to detonate without the aid of a more sensitive initiating explosive called a primer, e.g., blasting caps or shock tube, etc. The following is a discussion of various types of priming systems. 8.3. 8.3.1 1 Blas Blasti ting ng Caps Caps.. Blast Blastin ing g caps caps are are used used for init initia iati ting ng high high expl explos osiv ives es.. They They conta contain in small amounts of sensitive primary explosives. Although manufactured to absorb a reasonable amount of abuse under normal circumstances, blasting caps must be protected from unnecessary shock, heat, impact, or rough handling which might cause accidental detonation. When not in use,’ keep blasting blasting caps in the protective protective carrying carrying case as issued; issued; never carry them loose in a pocket. Blasting caps are initiated either electrically or nonelectrically. Electric Blasting Caps: As illustrated in figure figure 8-9, an electric cap is constructed from a small metal tube that is closed at one end. It contains an ignition charge, an intermediate charge, and a base charge. Two plastic insulated lead or leg wires, an insulated plug, and a small small diamet diameter er corros corrosion ion resis resistan tantt bridge bridge wire wire across across the leg wires wires consti constitut tutee the electrical firing element. This assembly is crimped into the blasting cap tube.
Figure 8-9. Electric Blasting Cap An electric current applied to the leg wires heats the bridge wire to incandescence which in turn kindles the extremely sensitive ignition charge. The resulting heat and flame sets off the intermediate charge and subsequently detonates the base charge. Electric current is usually supplied by a blasting machine. Base charges in electric caps are either PETN (pentaerythritol tetranitrate) or RDX (cyclotrimethylene trinitramine). Nonelectric Blasting Caps. The construction and functioning of a nonelectric blasting cap is similar to that of an electric blasting cap except that it has no electric firing element. It has the same tubular metal construction and contains the same three detonating charge series. The ignition charge, however, is set off using the spit of flame provided by a burning safety (time) fuse inserted and crimped into the cap well. Figure 8-10 portrays a military nonelectric blasting cap.
Figure 8-10. Nonelectric Blasting Caps
8.3.2 Shock Tube. See figure 8-11. 8.3.2.1 8.3.2.1 Descri Descripti ption. on. Shock Shock tube tube is design designed ed to carry carry a flame flame from from the firing firing device device to the explosive charge. It is the most widely used primer in the breaching community. The primary advantage is that it has the control of an electric system with the safety of a nonelectric system. The primary disadvantage is that the user requires specialized training; however, its use is easy to master. 8.3.2.2 Breaching Breaching Use. Use. Shock tube tube is used used in charge initiat initiation. ion. It is most most often often employed employed in a priming system with the MK54 mod 0 dual Firing Device found in the Pioneer Demo Kit. Other common military firing devices, such as the M81 fuse igniter, Ml42 firing device, or the MK55 Mod 0 handheld firing device (pen flare) may be used to ignite shock tube with adapters.
Figure 8-11. Shock Tube
8.3.2 8.3.2.3 .3 Cons Constr truc ucti tion. on. A shoc shock k tube tube is a cont contin inuou uouss core core of HMX HMX (cyc (cyclo lote tetr tram amet ethy hyle lene ne tetranitrate) dust (1 lb per 100,000 ft) encased in a polymer tube fitted on one end with a nonele nonelectr ctric ic blasti blasting ng cap contain containing ing 13.5 13.5 grains grains of RDX (cyclo (cyclotri trimet methyl hylene ene trinit trinitram ramine ine))
explosive as a base charge. 8.3.2.4 Characteristics Size. Shock tube is available in the ammunition supply system. Existing stock of single lead instantaneous shock tube is being exhausted and replaced with the dual lead, OD green shock tube. on 50 ft spools. Yellow shock tube has a built in delay of 3.8 seconds. There will also be a tag on the tube stating the cap strength and delay time. RE Factor. 1.50. Color. . OD green (Other colors may be found until depleted.) Explosive core is white/ gray. Water Resistance. Excellent. Packaging. Shock tube is packaged eight spools per container and issued individually from stock when required. single 3.8 second delay is issued individually. DODIC. The DODIC’s for shock tube are: NM56 - Dual Instantaneous, 100 ft NMX1 - Single 3.8 second delay, 6 ft Lona Lona and and Shor Shortt Ada Adapt pter ers. s. See See fig figur uree 8-12 8-12..
Figure 8-12. Brass Adapter
8.3.3.1 Description. Description. Brass adapters adapters are used to adapt shock tube to the standard standard M81 igniter, igniter, M142, and the MX54 Mod 0 firing devices. 8.3.3.2 8.3.3.2 Constr Construct uction. ion. Brass Brass adapte adapters rs are of three three piece piece brass brass constr construct uction. ion. The shock shock tube tube receiving end is cone shaped and has a threaded, knurled knob to secure the shock tube. The longer end is made to adapt to the different initiation devices. There is a hole in the knurled portion of the main body assembly to allow venting. Both adapters are identical in appearance except that the long adapter has a longer set of threads that allow it to fit deeper into the body of the M81 fuse igniter allowing the igniter to be recocked. 8.3.4 8.3.4 Milita Military ry Time Time Fuse Fuse M700. M700. See See figure figure 8—13. Milit Military ary time time fuse fuse is normal normally ly used used to detonate explosives nonelectrically. Most often, its purpose is to transmit a flame at a continuous and uniform rate to a nonelectric blasting cap. Black powder is widely used as the core burning powde powderr becaus becausee its burning burning rate rate can be easily easily regula regulated ted during during manufa manufactu cture. re. Time Time fuse fuse is designed to have either a 30 or 40 second per foot burning rate (a 10 percent variation is allowable). Doctrine requires that safety fuse be tested to determine its exact burning time before use in any field operation.
Figure 8-13. Military Time Fuse M700
Military time fuse M700 has a dark green plastic cover with single yellow bands at 12 or 18 inch intervals and double yellow bands at 60 and 90 inch intervals. This it is illustrated in figure 8-13. 8.3.5 3.5
M60 Fuse Igniter. See figure ure 88-14.
Figure 8-14. M81 Fuse Igniter
8.3.5 8.3.5.1 .1 Desc Descri ript ptio ion. n. The The M81 M81 fuse fuse ignit igniter er is used used to igni ignite te time time fuse fuses. s. When When fitt fitted ed with with a brass adapter or silicone adaptor, it can be used to initiate the shock tube. The M81 igniter has a recocking feature in case of misfire. 8.3.5.2
Breaching Breach ing Uses. The igniter ignite r is used in shock tube initiation init iation..
8.3. 8.3.5. 5.3 3 Cons Constr truc ucti tion on~ ~ The The outs outsid idee is is mad madee of plas plasti tic. c. The The ign ignit iter er con consi sist stss of of the the fir firin ing g assembly, fuse holder assembly, and primer base assembly. The primer is a M209 shotgun primer and is used to ignite time fuses and shock tube. 8 .3 .5 .4
Characteristics Size. Approximately 4.78 in. lg and 0.75 in. dia. RE Factor. NA. Color. OD Green with yellow markings. Water Resistance. Excellent. Packaging. Packed five per cardboard box with six cardboard boxes per amino can. The unit of issue is EA. DODIC. The DODIC for the M81 fuse igniter is: M766 - Igniter, Time Blasting Fuse, M81
8.3.6 8.3.6
M142 M142 Mult Multip ipur urpo pose se Demo Demoli liti tion on Firi Firing ng Devi Device ce.. See See figur figuree 8-1 8-15. 5.
Figure 8-15. M142 Multipurpose Demolition Firing Device 8.2.6 8.2.6.1 .1
Desc Descri ript ptio ion. n. The The M142 M142 is for for use use with with ant anti— i—pe pers rson onnel nel lan land d mine miness and and for for sett settin ing g up
booby traps using demolition charges. It has a four-mode capability; pressure, pull, pressure release, and tension release. The Ml42 can also be used to set off blasting caps or time blasting fuse. 8.3. 8.3.6. 6.2 2
Brea Breach chiing Use. Use. The The pr primar imary y use use for for br breach eachiing is as as an an ini initi tiat ator or..
8.3.6 8.3.6.3 .3 Cons Constr truc ucti tion. on. The The devi device ce is is made made of pla plast stic ic.. The The only only explo explosi sive ve (M42 (M42 Prim Primer er), ), which is an explosive initiating element, is located in the coupling. 8.3. 8.3.6. 6.4 4 Char Charac acte teri rist stic ics. s. The The bas basic ic comp compon onen entt of of the the M142 M142 is a mec mecha hani nica call swi switc tch h designed for mechanical actuation by pressure, pull, pressure release, or tension release. Color. The M142 is olive drab with yellow markings. Water Resistance. The firing device is weather sealed and will function under water. Packaging. The firing device is packaged 14 per box with 4 boxes (56 devices) per wooden crate. DODIC. The DODIC for the M142 firing device is: MLO3.- M142, Firing Device, Multipurpose 8.3. 8.3.7 7
MKS MKS5 Mod Mod 0 Fi Firing ring Devi Device ce.. Se See fi figur gure 8-1 8-16. 6.
Figure 8-16. M7K55 Mod 0 Firing Device
8.3. 8.3.7. 7.1 1 Desc Descri ript ptio ion. n. The The MK5 MK55 5 Mod Mod 0 is is a fir firin ing g devi device ce int inten ende ded d for for use use as a sig signa nali ling ng device. It is commonly referred to as a pen flare. 8.2. 8.2.7. 7.2 2
Brea Breach chiing Use. Use. The The pr primar imary y use use for for br breach eachiing is as as an an ini inittiator ator..
8.3. 8.3.7. 7.3 3 Cons Constr truc ucti tion on.. The devi device ce cons consis ists ts of of an alum alumin inum um cyli cylind nder er cont contai aini ning ng a sprin spring g launched trigger. 8.3.7.4 Characteristics Color. Aluminum, brass or black in color. Water Resistance. Waterproof to a depth of 200 ft. Packaging. The firing device is individually sealed in a waterproof bag with 25 devices packaged per fiberboard box.
DODIC. The DODIC for the MKS5 Mod 0 firing device is: MN12 — MK55 Mod 0 Firing Device 8.4 Main Charges. Most main charge explosives made for military use are designed to shatter and destroy. They must have high detonation rates and, because of combat conditions, must be relatively insensitive to impact, heat, shock and friction. Additionally, these explosives must possess high power per unit weight, be usable under water, and be of convenient size, shape, and weight for troop use. The following is a brief discussion of military explosives. 8.4.1 Trinitoluene (TNT). See figure 8—17. 8.4.1.1 Description. TNT is the most commonly used military explosive. It is used as a standard to rate other military high explosives. TNT has a detonation velocity of approximately 22,600 fps. 8 .4 .1 .2
Breaching Uses • •
Charge explosive Booster
8 .4 .1 .3 Construction. ThT is enclosed in an olive drab water resistant fiberboard container that has metal enclosures. One end is provided to receive a blasting cap. The cap well is threaded to receive a priming adapter or the standard coupling base on a firing device. 8.4.1.4 Characteristics Size. Military TNT is available ·in 1/4, 1/2, and 1—pound block configurations. Their explosive weight is also calculated using those weights. RE Factor. 1.00.
Figure 8-17. Demolition Charge 1/4, 1/2, and 1 Pound TNT Blocks
Color. TNT appears bright yellow, brown or gray and turns dark brown with prolonged exposure to sunlight. Water Resistance. TNT is insoluble in water and can be used in underwater demolitions. Packaging. TNT is packaged 100 per box for the 1/2 and 1/4 pound blocks and 50 per box for the 1 lb blocks. DODIC. The DODIC for TNT are: M041 - 1/4 lb block
M031 - 1/2 lb block M032 - 1 lb block 8 .4 .2
Composition C-4. See figure 88-18.
Figure 8—18. M112 Demolition Charge (C—4 Block)
8.4. 8.4.2. 2.1 1 Desc Descri ript ptio ion. n. Com Compo possiti ition C—4 C—4 is is use used d for for gene genera rall dem demol olit itio ion n pur purpo posses to include underwater applications. It is particularly effective for cutting steel and timber and for breaching concrete. Detonation velocity is approximately 26,000 fps. 8 .4 .2 .2
Breaching Uses • • •
8 .4 .2 .3
Shape charges Explosively formed penetrators Charge explosive
Construction Explosive. C—4 is a mixture of 91% RDX (cyclotrimethylene trinitramine) and 9% nonexplosive plasticizer. It is a plasticized explosive having the same consistency as putty. Encasement. C—4 is enclosed in an olive drab plastic bag and sealed with a metal clip. There is a strip of pressure sensitive tape with a paper cover liner protecting the adhesive.
8 .4 .2 .4
Characteristics Size. C-4 is a rectangular shaped block, 11 x 2 x 1 inches, weighing 1.25 lb. RE Factor. 1.34. Color. Odorless and white to light tan in color. Water Resistance. Excellent in water. DODIC. The DODIC for Demolition Charge M112 (C-4 block) is: M023 - Mll2 Demolition Charge.
8 .4 .3
Sheet Explosive. See figure 8-19.
Figure 8-19. Sheet Explosives
8.4.3.1 8.4.3.1 Descri Descripti ption. on. Sheet Sheet explosi explosive ve is a versat versatile ile,, flexibl flexiblee plasti plastic—b c—bonde onded d form form of high high explosive. Sheet explosive allows the user to quickly apply accurately measured quantities of high explosive in simple and complex patterns. Detonation velocity is approximately 22,000 fps. 8.4.3.2 Breaching Uses • • • •
Priming systems Charge explosive Kicker charge Explosive continuity (jumpers)
8.4.3.3 8.4.3.3 Constr Construct uction. ion. Sheet Sheet explos explosive ivess are compos composed ed of a mixtur mixturee of PETN PETN (penta (pentaery erythr thrito itoll tetranitrate), RDX (cyclotriiaethylene trinitraniirie) or HMX (cyclotetramethylene tetranitrate) and elastomeric binder (various polymers with elastic properties resembling those of natural rubber). The extruded composition has both the appearance and some physical characteristics of rubber. 8 .4 .3 .4
Characteristics Size. Sheet explosive weight is expressed in grams per square inch. Sheet explosive is available in a series of thicknesses to provide a range of explosive weight per square inch of surface. Thickness for sheet explosive is expressed as C—2, C—3, C—4, etc. The “C” value, 2, 3 and 4, is equal to the grams per square inch. If desired, many thicknesses of explosives may be laminated together to increase the explosive weight for a charge. Refer to table 8—1 for sheet explosive dimensions. Table 8-1. Sheet Explosive Chart
RE Factor. 1.14. Color. Sheet explosive is green. Water Resistance. Sheet explosives are completely waterproof. Packaging. Sheet explosive is packaged in 20 pound rolls. Each roll is 10 inches wide. The length of each roll is determined by the thickness of the sheet. Sheet explosive is issued by the foot from stock when required.
DODIC. The DODICs for sheet explosives are: MM27 — Sheet Explosive C-2 MM2B - Sheet Explosive C-3 MM29 — Sheet Explosive C—4 8.4.4 4.4
Booster 20 Gram. See figure 8—20.
Figure 8-20
20 Gram Flexible Charge
8.4.4.1 Description. Description. Booster Booster 20 gram is tubular shaped. Its function is to detonate detonate with high energy in all directions. Boosters have a detonating velocity of approximately 24,000 fps with high brisance. Boosters are compatible with electric, nonelectric, det cord and shock tube firing systems. Boosters are used for highly consistent firing system performance to ensure 100 percent initiation of breaching charges. 8 .4 .4 .2
Breaching Uses • • • •
Priming systems Charge explosive Kicker charge Explosive continuity (jumpers)
8.4.4.3 Construction. Boosters are composed of a mixture of PETN (pentaerythritol tetranitrate) and elastomeric binder (various polymers with elastic properties resembling those of natural rubber). The extruded composition has both the appearance and some physical characteristics of rubber. 8.4.4.4 Characteristics Size. Booster explosive weight is expressed in grams. Boosters are approximately 3 in. long and weigh 20 grams. Boosters have a 0.27 in. hole that runs down the center of the booster that will accept up to 100 gr/ft det cord or blasting cap. RE Factor. 1.14. Color. Booster color will vary. Common colors are pink/red, gray, and green. Water Resistance. Boosters are completely waterproof. Packaging. Boosters are packaged in a non—standard bulk pack. They are individually
issued from stock when required. DODIC. The DODIC for Booster 20 gram is: MM3O - Booster 20 gram 8.4. 8.4.5 5
Flex Flex Line Linear ar Shap Shapee Cha Charg rgee (FLS (FLSC) C).. See See figu figure re 8-21 8-21..
8.4.5.1 Description. FLSC is a shaped charge intended to produce a linear cutting action. It cuts through material based on the Monroe effect. The primary advantage is low explosive volume for the work work perfor performed med.. Disadv Disadvant antages ages are fragme fragmenta ntatio tion n resul resultin ting g from from the coveri covering, ng, jet dispersal, and lead/ copper fumes. Detonating velocity for FLSC is approximately 23,000 to 26,300 fps. Figure 8-21. Flex Linear Shaped Charge
8 .4 .5 .2
Breaching Use. Charge explosive.
8.4. 8.4.5. 5.3 3
Cons Consttruct ructio ion. n. FLSC LSC is shap shaped ed in the the form form of an inver nvertted V.
8.4. 8.4.5. 5.4 4 Expl Explos osiv ive. e. FLSC FLSC has has a cont contin inuo uous us expl explos osiv ivee core core cons consis isti ting ng of expl explos osiv ivee CH-6 CH-6 which is 95 percent RDX (cyclotriinethylene trinitrainine) and 5 percent plasticizer. 8.4. 8.4.5. 5.5 5 Enca Encase seme ment nt.. FLS FLSC C is is enc encas ased ed in a lea lead d or or copp copper er line linerr for for bre breac achi hing ng pur purpo pose sess because its low melting temperature promotes melting and spattering rather than production of sharp, high velocity fragments in the vicinity of the target. 8 .4 .5 .6
Characteristics Size. Size is expressed in grains of explosive per foot (e.g., 40 gr/ft FLSC, 225 gr/ft FLSC, etc.). RE Factor. 1.35. Color. Sheathing is shiny to dull gray/ copper. Water Resistance. Excellent. Packaging. Military FLSC is usually issued in six foot lengths. Lengths of 4 feet may be substituted until depleted from the system. DODIC. The DODIC5 for the various sizes are: MM41 - 30 gr/ft FLSC MM42 - 40 gr/ft FLSC MM43 - 60 gr/ft FLSC MM44 - 75 gr/ft FLSC MM45 - 125 gr/ft FLSC
MM46 - 225 gr/ft FLSC MM47 MM47 - 400 gr/ft gr/ft FLSC FLSC MM148- 600 gr/ft FLSC 8 .4 .6
Explosive Cu Cutting Ta Tape (E (ECT)
8.4. 8.4.6. 6.1 1 Des Descri cripti ption. on. ECT ECT is al also know known n as Low Low Haz Hazar ard d Flex Flexiible ble Line Linear ar Sha Shape ped d Char Charge ge (LHFLSC), figure 8—22. ECT is a foam jacketed linear shaped charge designed to be nonfragmenting. It may be used in under-water operations to a depth of 32 feet. After 32 feet, the air bubbles in the foam casing compress, reducing the standoff. ECT may be cut with a knife and leaves leaves no residu residue, e, toxic toxic fumes fumes and has no fragmen fragmentat tation ion from from the coveri covering. ng. The primar primary y disadvantage is that it takes nearly the double explosive weight of FLSC to do an equal amount of work with ECT. Detonating velocity is in excess of 24,000 fps.
Figure 8-22. Low Hazard Flexible Linear Shaped Charge
8.4.6.2 Breaching Uses. Charge explosive. 8.4. 8.4.6. 6.3 3
Cons Consttruct uction. on. ECT ECT is sha shap ped int into the the for form of of an an inv inver ertted “V.
8.4.6.4 Explosive. ECT is a continuous explosive core of SX2 (88 percent cyclonite, 12 percent non-explosive plasticizer). 8.4. 8.4.6. 6.5 5 Enca Encase seme ment nt.. ECT ECT is made ade of twotwo-pi piec ecee con constru struct ctio ion, n, ligh lighttwei weight ght pol polyethy ethyle lene ne foam. It has a flexible copper-polymer liner. The underside has an adhesive backed tape, which adheres to most dry smooth surfaces. 8 .4 .6 .6
Characteristics Size. Size is expressed in grains of explosive per foot (e.g., 300 gr/ft ECT, 5,400 gr/ft, etc.). RE Factor. 1.25. Color. Primarily OD green, but can be other colors. Water Resistance. Excellent. Packaging. ECT is packaged in 20 ft lengths packed in a metal drum. Packaging per drum is as follows: 300 gr/ft 18x20 ft Lengths (360 ft)
600 1200 2400 5400
gr/ft gr/ft gr/ft gr/ft
9x20 4x20 2x20 lx2O
ft Lengths ft Lengths ft Lengths ft Lengths
(180 ft) (80 ft) (40 ft) (20 ft)
DODIC. The DODICs for the different sizes of ECT are: ~Q~124 300 MM51600 !~521200 1fl~532400 IQ&545400 8.4.7 4.7
gr/ftMX gr/ftMX gr/ftMX gr/ftMX gr/ftMX
142MOD 143MCD 144MCD 145MCD 149MCD
0 0 0 0 0
Detonating Co Cord. See fi figure 8-2 8-23 3.
Figure 8-23. Military Detonating Cord 8.4. 8.4.7. 7.1 1 Des Descri cripti ption. on. Com Commonl monly y ref refer erre red d to to as as det det cord, ord, det deton onat atiing cor cord d is is a ver very y st strong rong,, flexible cord that contains a core of high explosives. Its function is to deliver an effective detonation wave along its entire length. Depending on the core load, the approximate rate of detonation is between 20,000 and 26,000 fps. This is a rugged explosive ignition system which is less sensitive than most other high explosives exp losives to heat, shock, friction, and static electricity. 8 .4 .7 .2
Breaching Uses •
Priming systems
•
Charge explosive
8.4. 8.4.7. 7.3 3 Cons Constr truc ucti tion on.. Mos Mostt det det cord cord is two two par part. t. The The two two part part det det cor cord d con consi sist stss of of an an explosive core inside an encasement. Other types of det cord may use multiple strands of two part det cord held together with an outer covering of mesh or plastic. Figure 8-22 shows the construction of military detonating cord (50 grains/foot (gr/ft)). 8 .4 .7 .4
Core High Explosive. •
PETN (pentaerythritol tetranitrate) - white powder
•
RDX (cyclotrimethylene trinitramine) - white powder
8.4. 8.4.7. 7.5 5 Enca Encase seme ment nt.. Text Textil ilee weav weaves es,, wate waterp rpro roof ofin ing, g, plas plasti ticc wire wire,, diff differ eren entt colo colors rs,, and trace threads are used to cover the highly explosive core. Common issue det cord colors include (there may be some variation; do not rely on color to determine size): Green (50 gr/ ft) White (100 gr gr/ft)
Orange Blue 8 .4 .7 .6
(200 gr/ft) (400 gr/ft)
Characteristics Size. Det cord size is expressed by the amount of high explosive per foot. The unit of measure is grains per foot (gr/ft). Common issue det cord sizes are as follows: 50 gr/ft (Green) 100 gr/ft (White) 200 gr/ft (Orange) 400 gr/ft (Blue) RE Factor. 1.45. Water Resistance. Det cord ends should be waterproofed with waterproof compound. In addition to sealing the ends, a 6 inch free end will protect the rest of the line from moisture for 24 hours under water. Packaging. Det cord is issued by the foot. The unit package is either a 500 or 1,000 foot spool. DODIC. The DODICs for det cord are: M456 — 50 gr/ft (Green) MU4O — 100 gr/ft (White) MU41 — 200 gr/ft (Orange) MU42 — 400 gr/ft (Blue)
8.5 Divers Diversion ionary ary Charge Charges/D s/Devi evices ces.. A diver diversio sion n may be defin defined ed as anythi anything ng that that distr distract actss the the attention. Diversions fall into two broad categories: (1) deceptive, something that deceives, and (2) physiological, something that affects the sensory functions of an organism; e.g., blind or stun momentarily. For the breacher, this may be accomplished with the use of diversionary charges and devices that can be an essential element in an assault plan and should always be incorporated at least as a contingency measure. The use of a diversion must always be rehearsed. These charges and devices may distract or stun a hostile individual long enough to successfully breach a target and accomplish the mission. 8.5.1 8.5.1 Diver Diversi siona onary ry Char Charge ges. s. Thes Thesee explo explosi sive ve char charge gess are det deton onat ated ed to dire direct ct atte attent ntio ion n away away from a mission crisis point. Generally, they are set off prior to or in conjunction with the start of an assault. Diversionary charges are usually bulk explosive charges primed and detonated with a standa standard rd initia initiator tor.. The breache breacherr should should use either electric electric blasti blasting ng caps caps or shock shock tube tube for detonation. Nonelectric caps and time fuse can be unreliable. Diversionary charges can be enhanced for a particular effect (e.g., bright fireball) with fuel, photoflash powder, or other accelerants. 8 .5 .2 Diversionary Charge Employment. The keys to successful employment of diver diversi siona onary ry charg charges es are are coor coordi dinat natio ion, n, comm communi unica cati tion, on, trai traini ning ng,, and and prec precis isee plan planni ning ng.. Empl Employm oymen entt requ requir ires es only only that that the the char charge ge be plac placed ed unde undete tect cted ed and and be deto detona nate ted d at a predetermined time. Some uses include: •
Diverting attention away from a crisis point.
• • •
Initiating an assault. Signaling for a breacher to fire a breaching charge. Causing confusion, disruption, or stunning a hostile force.
8.5.3 MK143. Mod 0 Diversionary Charge. See figure 8-24. 8.5.3.1 Description. This is a small explosive charge in the form of a grenade that produces a disruption or diversion from the main focus of effort. The MX141 Mod 0 diversionary charge is commonly called “flash bangs.” 8.5. 8.5.3. 3.2 2
Brea Breach chiing Use Use. The The MK14 MK141 1 Mo Mod 0 is used used to cr create eate a di divers versio ion. n.
8.5.3. 5.3.3 3 Constructi ction. The charg arge is a one piece plastic fuse head extendi nding into a pyrot pyrotechn echnic ic charge charge encase encased d in a plasti plasticc sleeve sleeve and covered covered with with a rigid rigid foam foam materi material al to minimize minimize the fragmentati fragmentation on hazard. It has a 1.5 second delay and and produces 183 dB at 3.5 ft, 11,50a,aOo op peak, and produces shock at 4.2 psi at 3.5 ft. 8 .5 .3 .4
Characteristics Size. 5 in. h, 1.75 in. dia. Figure 8-24. MX141 Mod 0 Major Components
Weight. 105 grams. RE Factor. NA. Color. Black and white label. Water Resistance. Water immersion at 26-31 psi, 2 hrs. Packaging. Sealed in waterproof vacuum-sealed bags, packed 3 per ammo can. The unit of issue is EA. DODIC. The DODIC for the MK141 Mod 0: DWBS - Diversionary Charge, MK141 Mod 0 8.5.3.5 8.5.3.5 Functi Function. on. Removi Removing ng the the safety safety pin and releas releasing ing the lever lever will will allo allow w the the spring spring loaded striker to initiate the primer and begin a 1.4 second delay which then ignites a separation charge. This results in the fuze/T1 delay assembly separating from the base a minimum of one foot during the 0.1 second T2 delay before the ignition of the output charge.
8.5.4 5.4
Diver versiona onary Devic vice Employ ploym ment WARNING DC NOT RELEASE THE PRESSURE (CALLED “MILKING”) ON THE GRENADE UNTIL ACTUALLY THROWN. THE SAFETY SPOON CAN MOVE
PREMATURELY, RELEASING THE FIRING PIN AND CAUSING THE GRENADE TO DETONATE IN THE BREACHER’ S HAND. Diversionary devices function like most other grenade-type munitions. The safety pin is pulled, the “spoon” releases and separates from the munition body when tossed at a target, the firing pin strikes the primer and after the prescribed delay, the main photoflash filter deteriorates. The device should be tossed into the center of a target area, as illustrated in figure 8-25. As with charges, use of diversionary devices requires precise planning, coordination, proper training and rehearsal.
Figure 8-25. Employment of MK141 Mod 0 Diversionary Charge 8.5.4 8.5.4.1 .1
Inst Instru ruct ctio ions ns for for MK1 MK141 41 MOD MOD 0 Dive Divers rsio ionar nary y Cha Charg rge. e. Refe Referr to to fig figur uree 8-26 8-26..
Figure 8-26. Safety Pin Angle WARNING DO NOT REMOVE THE ADHESIVE ALUMINUM FOIL FROM THE MAIN BODY OF THE CHARGE. THE FOIL SERVES AS AN ELECTROSTATIC SHIELD. WARNING USE OF THE CHARGE CAN CAUSE HEARING DAMAGE. EAR PROTECTION MUST BE WORN THAT WILL PROVIDE THE USER’S EAR PROTECTION FOR 185 dB IMPACT
NOISE. WARNING THE CHARGE BODY IS MADE OF FOAM. AVOID EXCESSIVE ROUGH HANDLING. Step Step 1.
Unpa Unpack ckag agee the the char charge ge from from the the shi shipp ppin ing g and and stor storag agee con conta tain iner er and and rem remov ovee cha charg rgee from the barrier bag.
NOTE: Any damaged charge or charge with movement of the fuze relative to the main body shall be disposed of in accordance with local regulations. Step Step 2.
Imme Immedi diat atel ely y ins inspe pect ct the the cha charg rgee ffor or dama damage ge.. Hol Holdi ding ng the the main main body body,, appl apply ya slight torque to the fuze body. Any charge with movement of the fuze relative to the main body SHALL NOT BE USED. WARNING
ANY ALTERATION OF THE SAFETY PIN ANGLE (BENDING, FLEXING, REMOVAL AND REINSERTION, CHANGING OF ANGLE, ETC.) FROM THE POSITION OF THE STRAIGHT LEG AND ONE LEG AT 90 DEGREES RELATIVE TO THE OTHER CAN RESULT IN AN INCREASE IN THE PULL FORCE. THIS HIGHER FORCE MAY FRACTURE INTERNAL STRUCTURE THEREBY CAUSING PREMATURE FUNCTION IN HANDLING. Step Step 3.
Remo Remove ve the the red red prot protec ecti tive ve slee sleeve ve on the the str strai aigh ghtt leg leg of the the saf safet ety y pin pin and and dis disca card rd..
Step Step 4.
Prio Priorr to to pul pulli ling ng saf safet ety y pin pin,, tak takee act actio ion n to to ens ensur uree tha thatt one one of the the saf safet ety y pin pin legs legs is straight and the other leg is bent approximately 90 degrees relative to the other. See figure 8-26, view A.
Step Step 5.
Gras Grasp p the the char charge ge firm firmly ly,, hold holdin ing g the the safe safety ty rele releas asee lev lever er agai agains nstt the the main main body body and in palm of throwing hand. Hold the fuze body tightly against the main body by curling the index finger and thumb of the throwing hand around the plastic fuze body flange. See figure 8-26, view B. WARNING
DO NOT REMOVE THE SAFETY PIN UNTIL READY TO USE. ONCE SAFETY PIN HAS BEEN REMOVED, CHARGE MUST BE THROWN. DO NOT ATTEMPT TO REINSTALL THE SAFETY PIN. Step Step 6.
Usin Using g the the othe otherr han hand, d, pull pull on the the pul pulll rin ring g to to rem remov ovee the the safe safety ty pin. pin. See See figure 8-26, view C.
Step Step 7.
Do not not rel relea ease se the the spr sprin ing g loa loade ded d saf safet ety y rel relea easse lev lever er unti untill thr throw own. n. WARNING
DO NOT LOOK DIRECTLY AT THE DISPLAY OF THE CHARGE.
WARNING DO NOT ATTEMPT TO RETRIEVE AN ARMED CHARGE.
Step Step 8.
It is rec recom omme mend nded ed that that the the cha charg rgee be be thr throw own n a mini minimu mum m dis dista tanc ncee of of ten ten feet. After the charge has been thrown, turn away.
Step Step 9.
The The cha charg rgee wil willl fun funct ctio ion n bet betwe ween en 1.2 1.2 and and 1.8 1.8 sec secon onds ds afte afterr rel relea ease se of spring loaded safety release lever. NOTE:
The charge is water resistant but is not waterproof. Submersion of the charge in water can cause unsatisfactory performance. The charge should remain in the heat sealed barrier bag until just prior to use. 8.5.5 Non-explosive Materials. These materials help to support the explosive used to make various charges. The materials are available through the Marine Corps supply system. The following describes some of the non-explosive n on-explosive materials used. Tape. Used for everything from charge construction to charge adhesion to the target. The types most commonly used are: •
Riggers tape, 3/4 and 4 inch.
•
Mac-Tac/Breachers Tape double—sided tape, all sizes.
•
Electrical/insulation tape.
Spray Glues. Used for charge construction and adhesion to the target. Automotive Greases and Breacher Paste. Used for charge adhesion to the target. Cardboard. Used to make a foundation for the explosives to be supported and to make charges more durable. Zip Ties. Used to hold charges and Det Cord in place. Hand Tools. Saws, knives, tape measures, etc., are used to help in the construction of
charges. These tools are available in the Pioneer Tool Kits, NSN . 8 .6
Net Explosive Weight
8.6. 8.6.1 1 Gene Genera ral. l. Diffe Differe rent nt type types, s, amou amount nts, s, and conf config igur urat atio ions ns of explo explosi sive vess will will prod produc ucee different effects on like targets. As discussed in chapter 2, the breacher uses the Breachers Log Book to store information on breaching charges and equipment. A principal element of the Breach Breachers ers Log Book Book is the Breachi Breaching ng Report Report.. In order order to comple complete te a Breach Breaching ing Report Report,, bre breac ache hers rs must must be able able to calc calcul ulat atee the the NEW NEW for for char charge ges. s. NEW NEW calcu calcula lati tions ons are are used used to determine safe blast and fragmentation distances. Safe blast and fragmentation distances are addressed in chapter 9. A breacher’s ability to accurately determine the NEW for explosive charges will allow operational training to be conducted at the highest level of realism possible to meet mission readiness requirements. This training gives the assault force the ability to safely stack close to the breach point without sacrificing speed, surprise, and violence of action. 8.6. 8.6.2 2 Unit Unit of Mea Measur sure. The The NEW NEW for for expl xplosi osive char charge gess is expr expreessed ssed in in poun pound ds TNT equivalent. This is the simplest approach to explain in briefings and is the unit of measure and type of explosive that personnel are the most familiar with. All NEW calculations will be figured out to thousandths (three places) of a pound and rounded off to hundredths (two places) of a pound. To round of f a decimal: (1) (1)
If fir first st dig digit it to to right right of of roun round-o d-off ff place place is les lesss than than 5: dig digit it in in round round off off plac placee is unchanged. 3.244
= 3.24
If first digit to right of round-off place is 5 or more: digit in round off place is increased by 1. 3.247 (2) (2)
Digi Digits ts to left left of roun round d off off plac placee are are unch unchang anged ed.. 3.244
(3)
= 3.25
or 3.247 = 3.24 or or 3.25
Digit Digitss to to right right of both both round round off place place and decima decimall poin pointt are are drop dropped. ped.
3.24333
or 3. 3.24722 = 3.24 or or 3. 3.25
Digits to right of round off place and left of decimal point are replaced by zeros. 0.999 8.6.3
or .8 .899 = 1.00 or or 0. 0.90
The Formula . The formula for calculating NEW for explosive charges is: NEW = W (in TNT equivalent) 7000
(1)
(2) (3) (3)
NEW is the net explos explosive ive weight weight in pound poundss of of a given given expl explosi osive ve char charge ge equivalent to the weight in TNT. W is is the the weight weight of all explos explosive ives, s, includi including ng blas blastin ting g caps caps in grains grains used used to to construct the charge and priming system converted to TNT equivalent. 7000 7000 is the the conve convers rsio ion n fact factor or for for conver converti ting ng grai grains ns to to pound pounds. s.
8.6.4 Use of the Formula. Use the formula in the following manner: All explosives, including blasting caps, used to construct the charge and priming system will be included in NEW calculations. (1)
Determ Determine ine the the tota totall amount amount of of explos explosive ive invol involved ved by by weigh weight. t. Explo Explosiv sivee weight weightss and measures can be found in this chapter under the characteristics heading of each explosive that is discussed.
(2)
Ensure Ensure that that the the total total weig weight ht is is expre expresse ssed d in grai grains. ns. If If not, not, use the the appro appropri priate ate conversion table in appendix F and multiply the weight of the type of explosive used by the conversion factor to determine the grains.
(3)
Multi Multiply ply weight weight in grams grams by the the RE factor factor for that that explo explosiv sivee to get grams grams TNT TNT equivalent. Refer to the appropriate table in chapter 9.
(4) (4)
Add Add the the weig weight ht equ equiv ival alen entt in TNT TNT of all all com compo pone nent ntss toge togeth ther er..
(5)
Divide the weight of all components equivalent in TNT by 7000.
Calculations for NEW should be figured out to thousandths (three places) of a pound and rounded off to hundredths (two places) of a pound. (6) 8.6. 8.6.5 5
The weig weight ht prov provide ided d is in pound poundss TNT TNT equiv equivale alent nt and and can can be be used used to to deter determin minee the stack point, anticipated overpressure, and fragmentation hazards.
Samp Sample le Calc Calcul ulat atio ions ns.. See See tabl tables es 8—2, 8—2, 8—3, 8—3, and and 8—4 8—4.. (1) (1)
You You have have 25 25 feet feet of of 50 gr/ gr/ft ft det deton onat atin ing g cord cord and and 6 feet feet of of 400 400 gr/f gr/ftt deto detonat natin ing g cord. Table 8-2. Example 1 for Determining TNT Equivalent
(2)
You have 12 feet feet of of 40 gr/ft gr/ft FLSC, FLSC, 1 booste boosterr 20 gram gram,, 3 feet feet of 50 gr/f gr/ftt detonat detonating ing cord, cord, and a 3” x 5” piece of C-3 sheet explosive.
Table 8-3. Example 2 for Determining TNT Equivalent
(3) You have 1.25 pounds of C-4 explosive, explosive, 12 inches of 50 gr/ft detonating detonating cord, and 2 blasting caps.
Table 8-4. Example 3 for Determining TNT Equivalent
