30434946 Improvised Explosive Devices

Improvised Explosive Devices/mailroom screening

Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________

Improvised Explosive Devices/ Mailroom Screening Instructor Guide

______________________________________________________________________________ New Mexico Department Of Public Safety

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Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________ COURSE TITLE: Improvised Explosive Devices and mailroom screening procedures INSTRUCTIONAL GOALS:

To familiarize the student with the basics of recognizing and identifying improvised explosive devices and suspicious mailings and the principles associated with successfully doing so.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this block of instruction the participant will be able to: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Describe why bombs are popular terrorist weapons. Identify IEDs. List three categories of explosives. Describe the physical effects of explosives. Describe IED construction methods. Describe IED categories. Describe letter/package bomb construction. Identify safe handling procedures for letter/package bombs. List common types of Molotov cocktails. Identify actions to be taken when attacked with Molotov cocktails. 11 Explain safety precautions and appropriate response.

INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS:

interactive lecture, inert demonstration devices, discussion, audio-visual aides, and printed handouts

HANDOUTS:

NONE

COURSE DURATION:

2hours

CURRICULUM REFERENCES: J. Gordon Routley, Fire and Explosions at Rocket Fuel Plant, Henderson, Nevada. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 1988 SAFETY CONSIDERATION: None EQUIPMENT, PERSONNEL, AND SUPPLIES NEEDED: lap top computer, internet connection, power point projector, dry erase board or easel with flip chart; TARGET AUDIENCE:

Personnel assigned to provide security, civilian staff for Magistrate and District Courts within the state of New Mexico ______________________________________________________________________________

New Mexico Department Of Public Safety

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Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________ ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTOR NOTES _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________


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COURSE PREREQUISITES:

Certified law enforcement or civilian court personnel

INSTRUCTOR CERT.:

Certified EOD specialist

INSTRUCTOR RATIO:

one per class

EVALUATION STRATEGY:

Block test or cumulative test

AUTHOR & ORIGINATION DATE:

Lt. Robert Huntsman, APD

May, 2008

REVISION / REVIEW DATE(S): REVISED / REVIEWED BY: COURSE OUTLINE: I

EXPLOSIVES - THE TERRORIST’S CHOICE A. The advantage for the perpetrator of being psychologically and geographically distant from the crime makes the use of bombs preferable for the terrorist because of the following: 1. The use of a bomb allows for physical separation from the crime. 2. There is no opportunity to establish a relationship or "bond" with the victim, which a face-to-face encounter might create.

II DESTRUCTION OF EVIDENCE A. A detonating IED destroys or alters physical evidence at the Crime scene and increases the difficulty associated with forensic investigation, in identifying the bomber's signature. III FIRST WORLD TRADE CENTER BOMBING 1993 IV NATIONAL ATTENTION A. Detonations caused by IEDs are dramatic because of the following: 1. The act ensures extensive, and possibly prolonged, media coverage of the terrorist organization, its goals, and the crime ______________________________________________________________________________ New Mexico Department Of Public Safety

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Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________ committed. 2. The damage incurred may take time to repair and provides a daily reminder of the crime.

V INTERNATIONAL ATTENTION U.S.S. Cole was attacked while at anchor in Yemen. The suicide bombing conducted by members of the Al Quaida terrorist network. Bombers were in a zodiac type boat filled with 300 kg of semtex/C-4. The bomb ripped a hole in the side of the U.S.S. Cole and killed 17 Sailors. VI. IEDS ARE SIMPLE AND INEXPENSIVE

A IEDs can be simple and inexpensive to construct. Extensive knowledge of electronics or explosives is not required. 1. Many IED components are available commercially. Pipes, electronic components, flashbulbs, and black powder are available at little cost or risk to the purchaser. 2. Household products and chemicals can be combined to form explosive filler material. 3. Explosives such as black or smokeless powder can be legally purchased. Military and commercial explosives may be stolen or provided by sympathizers. VII

PUBLICATIONS A. Publications are available at libraries and bookstores providing instructions on building IEDs. There is also a huge amount of information available on the Internet.

VIII IEDs A. The following are a few of the reasons that IEDs are popular weapons: 1. An IED only has to work once. 2. An IED can produce multiple deaths in spite of its comparatively small size. 3. IEDs are easy to place and conceal. 4. The only limitation placed on IED construction, initiation, ______________________________________________________________________________ New Mexico Department Of Public Safety

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concealment, or placement is the extent of the bomber's imagination. IX WHAT DOES A BOMB LOOK LIKE? X

RECOGNITION OF IED A. The following are a few suggestions to assist the security professional with the identifications of IEDs.

1. Bombs can look like anything: a) Luggage, briefcases, or packages that are left unattended 2. Items that do not conform to their surroundings 3. Look for items out of the ordinary or unattended 4. Loose, clean wires on vehicles 5. New items of unexplained origin 6. Suspicious packages inside of, underneath, or attached to vehicles 7. Look for unusual behavior by individuals: a)

Surveillance of the premises

b)

Unexplained or unexpected deliveries

XI APPROPRIATE ACTIONS A. The appropriate reactions to an IED can save lives and minimize damage. 1. NEVER TOUCH AN IED! 2. Recognize its potential danger and clear the area in an expeditious manner. Use the R&R rule when dealing with suspicious devices, "RECOGNIZE AND REPORT." 3. Keep a minimum safe distance of 100 meters. If you can see it, it can see you. Take cover. XII WHAT DOES A BOMBER LOOK LIKE? ______________________________________________________________________________ New Mexico Department Of Public Safety

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A Could be anyone. Bombers are more likely to be male with their age in the mid-twenties to early forties. XIII DEFEATING THE BOMBER A. Intelligence is probably the greatest tool we have to defeat the bomber, especially the suicide bomber. Therefore you must: 1. 2.

3. 4.

Understand the terrorist threat in your area, Become familiar with the method of operation of not just local groups but all groups. Terrorists have been exchanging information and are training each other for some time now. Provide constant training for security forces to maintain the “edge” needed to defeat bombers. Provide constant vigilance to spot threats before they happen and to ensure protection for vital facilities and personnel.

XIV THE MYSTERY OF EXPLOSIVES A MILITARY EXPLOSIVES The following are some examples of military explosives:

1. Pentaerythrite Tetra nitrate (PETN). The explosive PETN was first prepared in 1901. The compound was not used on a practical basis until after WWI. PETN is generally white to light buff in color, although PETN can be olive drab. One of the most sensitive military explosives of the non-initiating class. Equal in brisance and explosive power to RDX and nitroglycerin, PETN is one of the most potent of the military explosives. 2. Military Dynamite (Ammonium Nitrate base). Ammonium nitrate was first prepared in 1659 and first used as an explosive in 1867. AN is very insensitive and highly hydroscopic. Detonation rates vary between 1100 – 2700 meters per second.


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3. Composition C-4 is made up of 91% RDX, 2.1% of polyisobutylene, 1.6% motor oil, and 5.3% of Di-(2ethylhexyl) secacate. It is dirty white to light brown in color and was developed from composition C-3 that was itself developed by the British during WWII. Detonation rate for C-4 is 8,040 meters per second. 4. Trinitrotoluene (TNT). First prepared in 1863, TNT was manufactured on a commercial scale in 1901 and adopted by the German Imperial Army as their standard explosive fill for H.E. shells in 1902. One of the least sensitive of military explosives. Detonation rate of TNT is about 6,900 meters per second. When comparing explosives, it is common to compare TNT equivalency; therefore TNT is “1” on the scale. B COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVES The following are examples of explosives commercially available in the United States: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Shape charges/well perforators Water gels Detonating cord Binaries Cast boosters Smokeless powder Black powder

C BLACK POWDER 1. Black powder is often homemade (high school, college) and less stable than commercially manufactured. 2. Frequently a mixture or compound that would normally burn rapidly, such as smokeless powder, will detonate when confined. D COMMERICAL DYNAMITE 1. Commercial dynamite can be nitroglycerin (NG) based, ammonium nitrate (AN) based, or can use ______________________________________________________________________________ New Mexico Department Of Public Safety

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Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________ nitrostarch. The strength of dynamite is given in percentages and was based on the amount of NG in the mixture. The strength of modern dynamite is still given in percentage, but it no longer indicates the percentage of NG. Dynamite consists mainly of wood pulp and the explosive mixture. E AN MIXTURES Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (ANFO) can be purchased commerically, or it can be homemade. It is not considered a high explosive, it is called a blasting agent because it is very insensitive and requries a high explosive booster to achieve a high order detonation. 1.

2.

AN Mixtures a) AN-FO b) AN-AL (ammonium nitrate and aluminum dust) ANFO

XV IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVES The following are just some of the more common improvised explosive mixtures:

1.

Improvised Explosives a) Chlorate mixtures b) Ammonium nitrate mixtures c) Potassium chlorate and sugar d) Potassium chlorate and red phosphorus

XVI POTASSIUM CHLORATE XVI IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVES TATP TATP was: 1. 2. 3.

Invented in 1895 88% equivalence of TNT Very unstable


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Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________ XVII INCENDIARY MIXTURES A. The following mixtures have been used to create incendiaries devices: 1. 2. 3.

HTH and Score7 hair gel Sodium peroxide and water Match heads and battery acid

XIX PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF EXPLOSIONS A. These are the physical effects of explosions:

1.Thermal effects 2.Blast pressure a. Positive phase b. Negative phase 3.Fragmentation

B. ROCKET PROPELLANT PLANT EXPLOSION IN HENDERSON, NEVADA The PEPCO rocket propellant plant in Henderson Nevada was rocked by seven different explosions in May of 1988. These explosions were caused when flammable material (fiberglass) was ignited by welding. The resulting fire could not be extinguished and the 3.6 million kilos of Ammonium Perchlorate stored on the site began to detonate. The only casualties were two employees, one whom stayed behind to call the fire department; the other also was an employee confined to a wheel chair. He could not escape in time. Casualties from flying glass were confirmed up to three kilometers away. The evacuation cordon was eight kilometers. During the initial response, the Henderson fire chief was wounded, and his vehicle almost destroyed. Most of the Henderson fire department was put out of commission due to the explosions when they set up to close to the accident site. ______________________________________________________________________________ New Mexico Department Of Public Safety

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Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________ XX BLAST PRESSURE EFFECTS ON HUMANS A. These are the effects that can occur to humans during explosions. These effects decrease with distance due to the fact that the farther away a person is the lower the kPa they are exposed to.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Eardrum rupture in 50% of the population at 103.4 kPa Lung damage in 50% of the population at 551 kPa 100% lethality at 1379 – 1724 kPa The amount of pressure generated depends on the quantity of explosives used.

XI CONSTRUCTION OF IEDs

A. IEDs are generally made up of four components: 1.

2. 3.

4.

The container simply holds the explosives in place. It could be the paper wrapper around dynamite or a coffee can holding homemade explosives. The container also could provide fragmentation as in a pipe containing black powder. In some cases a container may not be present as in cast TNT. The main charge is the explosive or incendiary filler. The detonator causes the main charge to explode. The detonator could be a blasting cap, flashbulb, or a percussion primer. Finally, the fuse is used to fire the detonator. It could be a simple burning time fuse, or it could involve a complex system of electronic booby traps. The fuse can be electric or non-electric.

XII INITIATION SYSTEMS A IEDs can be electrically or non-electrically initiated. 1.

Electrically-initiated IEDs would be those that use electric blasting caps or flashbulbs and require a power source such as a battery, a wall plug, or a charged capacitor.


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2.

Non-electrically-initiated IEDs are those that use a burning fuse or percussion primers. Military booby traps are a good example of percussion primers.

XIII FOUR CATEGORIES OF IEDs

A. IEDs can be categorized into four different types: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Time delay Victim activated (booby-trap) Command Environmental

B. TIME DELAYED 1. Time delayed IEDs include:

a. b. c. d. e.

Clocks and watches Time fuse Chemical reaction Metal fatigue Electrical systems

C. VICTIM ACTIVATED (BOOBY TRAPS) 1. These types of switches are normally used to build what is commonly refered to as booby traps: a. b. c. d. e.

Mercury switch Mousetrap Clothespin Loop switch Anti-disturbance

D.COMMAND 1. Command detonated devices are controlled by the bomber and include the following: ______________________________________________________________________________ New Mexico Department Of Public Safety

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a. b.

Radio controlled Hard Wire

E. ENVIRONMENTAL 1. Photos are of Pan Am flight 103. The Boeing 747 aircraft was brought down with an IED hidden in a radio and rigged with a barometric switch. The following are some examples of environmental fusing.

a. b. c. d.

Barometric (altitude) Temperature Sensitive Hydrostatic Light Sensitive (photoelectric cell)

F.LETTER BOMBS 1. Letter bombs are made with a flexible explosive, and a booby-trap initiator is designed to function upon opening. Most letter bombs can be detected with a metal detector or x-ray. 2. IDENTIFYING LETTER BOMBS

a. The first step in screening letter bombs is recognizing the ID features normally associated with mail bombs. These ID features include: a1. Foreign mail, airmail, special delivery a2. Restrictive markings, such as confidential or personal a3. Excessive postage a4. Handwritten or poorly typed address


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Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. PACKAGE BOMBS a. Package bombs, because of their larger size, can contain any type IED. The fusing system is still designed to function upon opening. X-rays can detect most package bombs. 4. BRIEFCASE BOMB XIV ACTIONS TO TAKE A. All the actions lead to deciding if the letter or package is suspicious or genuine. If at any point any of the following indicators do not appear correct, consider the letter or package suspicious and notify the appropriate authorities.

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

6.

7. 8.

Confirm return address. Contact the addressee and determine if the item was expected. Confirm delivery from general mail or special courier. If mail came through normal channels, it can probably withstand limited movement. However, do not move the item further if delivery cannot be confirmed Do not place the item in a confined space, such as a filing cabinet or safe. Confining the blast may increase the intensity, and it will be more difficult for the bomb technicians to gain access to the suspect device. If you suspect a letter or package is a bomb, move the item to a designated safe area. This area should be away from people and clear of power, gas, and fuel lines. Cease all handling of the item. Evacuate the area; 100 meters is the recommended initial cordon. Notify the appropriate personnel.

XV MOLOTOV COCKTAILS A. These can be made in many different ways. Two of the most common are as follows:


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1. 2.

The classic Molotov uses a saturated burning wick that ignites the filler when the bottle is broken. The sealed Molotov uses a chemical reaction to ignite the filler when the bottle is broken. Normally, the chemicals are sulfuric acid mixed with the filler and a sugar/chlorate mixture in a sock or rag on the outside of the bottle.

B. MOLOTOV COCKTAIL ATTACK

1. 2.

3.

If you are attacked with a Molotov while in a vehicle, continue to move. A moving vehicle will not catch fire after the burning filler is consumed. A stationary vehicle may catch fire if the burning filler ignites the tires and grease under the car. If you stop when attacked, you are at the mercy of the attackers.

XXVI SAFETY PRECAUTIONS A. The following are some basic safety precautions that will keep security personnel safe in what could be a potentially dangerous situation:

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

Check for methods of initiation that do not appear obvious. Minimize personnel exposure. Do not allow variations in light sources. Wait 30 minutes for dud fired grenades. Do not remove the fuse from a dud fired grenade; grenades are easily booby- trapped. Use remote procedures if at all possible. Do not touch any suspicious objects.


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Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________ XVII MAKE APPROPRIATE NOTIFICATIONS

They may include, but are not limited to the following: A. B. C. D. E.

Supervisory personnel Local security Bomb squad Federal officials Supervisors of adjoining offices

XVIII BE PROACTIVE A.

The security procedures to follow in order to counter the terrorist bomb threat involve adherence to already existing security guidelines. Use common sense and always be aware of your surroundings. 1.

BE ALERT!

Know what is going on around you.

Notice lone cars or people who are loitering and out of place when you are at your residence, en route, or at work. 2.

3. 4. 5.

Vary your itinerary as much as possible. Constantly change departure times, arrival times, routes, and even vehicles if possible. Perform a routine vehicle search each time a vehicle is left unsecured. Establish mail and package processing procedures at home and at work. Establish and exercise a bomb search plan to handle bomb threats and suspicious devices.

XXIX SUMMARY There are no limitations to the physical configuration of an IED. The only limitation would be the imagination of the builder and the resources available to him. DISPOSAL OF EXPLOSIVE DEVICES IS THE JOB OF TRAINED BOMB DISPOSAL TECHNICIANS. REMEMBER! Our job is to defend against, recognize, and report. ______________________________________________________________________________ New Mexico Department Of Public Safety

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Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________ A. Review Instructional Objectives B. Questions C. Exam D. Evaluations XXX. COURSE AUDIT

COURSE CONTENT:

IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES (IEDs) A fundamental understanding of explosives and explosive devices allows the security professional to implement the necessary security procedures to protect himself, others, property, and facilities from terrorist attack. This lesson will cover:

PERFORMANCE

1.1. 2.2. 3.3.

State Statethe thecharacteristics characteristicsof ofIEDs IEDsand andbooby boobytraps traps Identify Identifythe thecomponents componentsand andfiring firingsystems systems Describe Describeemergency emergencyprocedures proceduresupon upon encountering encounteringan anIED IED

OBJECTIVES

Describe why bombs are popular terrorist weapons. Identify IEDs List three categories of explosives. Describe the physical effects of explosives. Describe IED construction methods. Describe IED categories. Describe letter/package bomb construction. Identify safe handling procedures for letter/package bombs. List common types of Molotov cocktails. Identify actions to be taken when attacked with Molotov cocktails. Explain safety precautions and appropriate response.


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Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________ EXPLOSIVES - THE TERRORIST’S CHOICE

The advantage for the perpetrator of being psychologically and geographically distant from the crime makes the use of bombs preferable for the terrorist because of the following: 1. The use of a bomb allows for physical separation from the crime. 2. There is no opportunity to establish a relationship or "bond" with the victim, which a face-to-face encounter might create.

DESTRUCTION OF EVIDENCE A detonating IED destroys or alters physical evidence at the crime scene and increases the difficulty associated with forensic investigation, in identifying the bomber's signature. FIRST WORLD TRADE CENTER BOMBING 1993 NATIONAL ATTENTION The Murrah Federal Building after it was blown up in Oklahoma City. This is a prime example of a daily reminder of the act, and of extended media coverage.

Detonations caused by IEDs are dramatic because of the following: 1. The act ensures extensive, and possibly prolonged, media coverage of the terrorist organization, its goals, and the crime committed. 2. The damage incurred may take time to repair and provides a daily reminder of the crime.

INTERNATIONAL ATTENTION U.S.S. Cole was attacked while at anchor in Yemen. The suicide bombing conducted by members of the Al Quaida terrorist network. Bombers were in a zodiac type boat filled with 300 kg of semtex/C-4. The bomb ripped a hole in the side of the U.S.S. Cole and killed 17 sailors. ______________________________________________________________________________ New Mexico Department Of Public Safety

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Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________ IEDs ARE SIMPLE AND INEXPENSIVE

IEDs can be simple and inexpensive to construct. Extensive knowledge of electronics or explosives is not required.

         

Black BlackPowder Powder C4 C4 Dynamite Dynamite Deta Detasheet sheet Semtex Semtex

     

TNT TNT Composition CompositionBB Improvised ImprovisedMixtures Mixtures

Many IED components are available commercially. Pipes, electronic components, flashbulbs, and black powder are available at little cost or risk to the purchaser. Household products and chemicals can be combined to form explosive filler material. Explosives such as black or smokeless powder can be legally purchased. Military and commercial explosives may be stolen or provided by sympathizers.

PUBLICATIONS Publications are available at libraries and bookstores providing instructions on building IEDs. There is also a huge amount of information available on the Internet. IEDs The following are a few of the reasons that IEDs are popular weapons:    

An IED only has to work once. An IED can produce multiple deaths in spite of its comparatively small size. IEDs are easy to place and conceal. The only limitation placed on IED construction, initiation, concealment, or placement is the extent of the bomber's imagination.

WHAT DOES A BOMB LOOK LIKE? RECOGNITION OF IED The following are a few suggestions to assist the security professional with the identifications of IEDs. ______________________________________________________________________________ New Mexico Department Of Public Safety

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Bombs can look like anything: o Luggage, briefcases, or packages that are left unattended o Items that do not conform to their surroundings

Instructor’s notes: at this point refer to the different everyday items used as bombs in slide show

Look for items out of the ordinary or unattended o o o 

Loose, clean wires on vehicles New items of unexplained origin Suspicious packages inside of, underneath, or attached to vehicles

Look for unusual behavior by individuals: o Surveillance of the premises o Unexplained or unexpected deliveries

APPROPRIATE ACTIONS The appropriate reactions to an IED can save lives and minimize damage. o NEVER TOUCH AN IED! o Recognize its potential danger and clear the area in an expeditious manner. Use the R&R rule when dealing with suspicious devices, "RECOGNIZE AND REPORT." o

Keep a minimum safe distance of 100 meters. If you can see it, it can see you. Take cover.


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Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________ WHAT DOES A BOMBER LOOK LIKE? 

Could be anyone. Bombers are more likely to be male with their age in the midtwenties to early forties. DEFEATING THE BOMBER

Intelligence is probably the greatest tool we have to defeat the bomber, especially the suicide bomber. Therefore you must: o Understand the terrorist threat in your area, o Become familiar with the method of operation of not just local groups but all groups. Terrorists have been exchanging information and are training each other for some time now. o Provide constant training for security forces to maintain the “edge” needed to defeat bombers. o Provide constant vigilance to spot threats before they happen and to ensure protection for vital facilities and personnel.

THE MYSTERY OF EXPLOSIVES MILITARY EXPLOSIVES The following are some examples of military explosives: 





Pentaerythrite Tetra nitrate (PETN). The explosive PETN was first prepared in 1901. The compound was not used on a practical basis until after WWI. PETN is generally white to light buff in color, although PETN can be olive drab. One of the most sensitive military explosives of the non-initiating class. Equal in brisance and explosive power to RDX and nitroglycerin, PETN is one of the most potent of the military explosives. Military Dynamite (Ammonium Nitrate base). Ammonium nitrate was first prepared in 1659 and first used as an explosive in 1867. AN is very insensitive and highly hydroscopic. Detonation rates vary between 1100 – 2700 meters per second. Composition C-4 is made up of 91% RDX, 2.1% of polyisobutylene, 1.6% motor oil, and 5.3% of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) secacate. It is dirty white to light brown in color and was developed from composition C-3 that was itself developed by the British during WWII. Detonation rate for C-4 is 8,040 meters per second.


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Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________ 

Trinitrotoluene (TNT). First prepared in 1863, TNT was manufactured on a commercial scale in 1901 and adopted by the German Imperial Army as their standard explosive fill for H.E. shells in 1902. One of the least sensitive of military explosives. Detonation rate of TNT is about 6,900 meters per second. When comparing explosives, it is common to compare TNT equivalency; therefore TNT is “1” on the scale.

COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVES          

Black BlackPowder Powder C4 C4 Dynamite Dynamite Deta Detasheet sheet Semtex Semtex

     

TNT TNT Composition CompositionBB Improvised ImprovisedMixtures Mixtures

The following are examples of explosives commercially available in the United States: Shape charges/well perforators Water gels Detonating cord Binaries Cast boosters Smokeless powder Black powder

BLACK POWDER Black powder is often homemade (high school, college) and less stable than commercially manufactured. Frequently a mixture or compound that would normally burn rapidly, such as smokeless powder, will detonate when confined. BLACK POWDER PIPE BOMB Instructor’s notes: refer to slides of BP pipe bombs

COMMERICAL DYNAMITE 

Commercial dynamite can be nitroglycerin (NG) based, ammonium nitrate (AN) based, or can use nitro starch. The strength of dynamite is given in percentages and was based on the amount of NG in the mixture. The strength of modern dynamite is still given in percentage, but it no longer indicates the percentage of NG. Dynamite consists mainly of wood pulp and the explosive mixture.


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Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________ AN MIXTURES Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (ANFO) can be purchased commerically, or it can be homemade. It is not considered a high explosive, it is called a blasting agent because it is very insensitive and requries a high explosive booster to achieve a high order detonation. 

AN Mixtures o AN-FO o AN-AL (ammonium nitrate and aluminum dust)

ANFO IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVES The following are just some of the more common improvised explosive mixtures: 

Improvised Explosives o Chlorate mixtures o Ammonium nitrate mixtures o Potassium chlorate and sugar o Potassium chlorate and red phosphorus

POTASSIUM CHLORATE IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVES TATP TATP was:   

Invented in 1895 88% equivalence of TNT Very unstable

INCENDIARY MIXTURES The following mixtures have been used to create incendiaries devices: 

HTH and Score7 hair gel


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Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________  

Sodium peroxide and water Match heads and battery acid

PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF EXPLOSIONS These are the physical effects of explosions:  

Thermal effects Blast pressure o Positive phase o Negative phase



Fragmentation

ROCKET PROPELLANT PLANT EXPLOSION IN HENDERSON, NEVADA The PEPCO rocket propellant plant in Henderson Nevada was rocked by seven different explosions in May of 1988. These explosions were caused when flammable material (fiberglass) was ignited by welding. The resulting fire could not be extinguished and the 3.6 million kilos of Ammonium Perchlorate stored on the site began to detonate. The only casualties were two employees, one whom stayed behind to call the fire department; the other also was an employee confined to a wheel chair. He could not escape in time. Casualties from flying glass were confirmed up to three kilometers away. The evacuation cordon was eight kilometers. During the initial response, the Henderson fire chief was wounded, and his vehicle almost destroyed. Most of the Henderson fire department was put out of commission due to the explosions when they set up to close to the accident site. BLAST PRESSURE EFFECTS ON HUMANS These are the effects that can occur to humans during explosions. These effects decrease with distance due to the fact that the farther away a person is the lower the kPa they are exposed to.   

Eardrum rupture in 50% of the population at 103.4 kPa Lung damage in 50% of the population at 551 kPa 100% lethality at 1379 – 1724 kPa


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Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________ 

The amount of pressure generated depends on the quantity of explosives used.

CONSTRUCTION OF IEDs

Homemade Homemadebomb bombor orbooby boobytrap trap  Primarily Primarilydesigned designedto tokill killor ormaim maim  Limited Limitedonly onlyby bybuilder’s builder’simagination imaginationand and materials materials  Consists of initiator, firing system, and Consists of initiator, firing system, and explosive explosivecharge charge 

o IEDs are generally made up of four components: o The container simply holds the explosives in place. It could be the paper wrapper around dynamite or a coffee can holding homemade explosives. The container also could provide fragmentation as in a pipe containing black powder. In some cases a container may not be present as in cast TNT. The main charge is the explosive or incendiary filler.

Some Someinclude includeaasafe-arm safe-armswitch switch  Many Manytypes typesof ofcontainers containers 

o The detonator causes the main charge to explode. The detonator could be a blasting cap, flashbulb, or a percussion primer. o Finally, the fuse is used to fire the detonator. It could be a simple burning time fuse, or it could involve a complex system of electronic booby traps. The fuse can be electric or non-electric.

INITIATION SYSTEMS IEDs can be electrically or non-electrically initiated. Electric Electric Non-electric Non-electric  Mechanical Mechanical  Chemical Chemical  Combination Combinationof ofone oneor ormore moresystems systems  

Electrically-initiated IEDs would be those that use electric blasting caps or flashbulbs and require a power source such as a battery, a wall plug, or a charged capacitor. Non-electrically-initiated IEDs are those that use a burning fuse or percussion primers. Military booby traps are a good example of

percussion primers.


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Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________ FOUR CATEGORIES OF IEDs

IEDs can be categorized into four different types:        

Pull Pull Pressure/pressure Pressure/pressurerelease release Tension Tensionrelease release Motion Motion

     

Photo-electric Photo-electric Infra-red Infra-red Clocks Clocks

Time delay Victim activated (booby-trap) Command Environmental

o o o o

TIME DELAYED Time delayed IEDs include: o o o o o

Clocks and watches Time fuse Chemical reaction Metal fatigue Electrical systems

VICTIM ACTIVATED (BOOBY TRAPS) These types of switches are normally used to build what is commonly refered to as booby traps: GROUP PERU LUMINOSO” GROUPRESPONSIBLE RESPONSIBLE ---- “SENDERO “SENDEROLUMINOSO” LUMINOSO” LUMINOSO” PERU

STRING TO STRING TO CLOTHES PIN & CLOTHES PIN & WEDGE WEDGE

DYNAMITE DYNAMITE (DYNAMITE)

(STRING TO (STRING TO CLOTHES PIN & WEDGE) CLOTHES PIN & WEDGE)

(DYNAMITE)

ELECTRIC ELECTRIC BLASTING CAP BLASTING CAP

(ELECTRIC BLASTING CAP) (ELECTRIC BLASTING CAP)

PRESSURE PRESSURE RELEASE SWITCH RELEASE SWITCH (Anti--Disturbance BATTERY BATTERY (BATTERY)

(Anti Disturbance (Anti(Anti-Disturbance Device) Device)

(BATTERY)

(PRESSURE (PRESSURE RELEASE SWITCH) RELEASE SWITCH)

GROUP RESPONSIBLE -- “SENDERO LUMINOSO” PERU GROUP RESPONSIBLE -- “SENDERO LUMINOSO” PERU (GROUP RESPONSIBLE -- “SENDERO LUMINOSO” PERU)

o o o o o

Mercury switch Mousetrap Clothespin Loop switch Anti-disturbance

(GROUP RESPONSIBLE -- “SENDERO LUMINOSO” PERU)

COMMAND Command detonated devices are controlled by the bomber and include the following:  

Radio controlled Hard Wire


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Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________ ENVIRONMENTAL The Boeing 747 aircraft was brought down with an IED hidden in a radio and rigged with a barometric switch. The following are some examples of environmental fusing.    

Barometric (altitude) Temperature Sensitive Hydrostatic Light Sensitive (photoelectric cell)

LETTER BOMBS Letter bombs are made with a flexible explosive, and a booby-trap initiator is designed to function upon opening. Most letter bombs can be detected with a metal detector or x-ray. IDENTIFYING LETTER BOMBS The first step in screening letter bombs is recognizing the ID features normally associated with mail bombs. These ID features include: o o o o

Foreign mail, airmail, special delivery Restrictive markings, such as confidential or personal Excessive postage Handwritten or poorly typed address PACKAGE BOMBS

Package bombs, because of their larger size, can contain any type IED. The fusing system is still designed to function upon opening. X-rays can detect most package bombs.


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Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________ ACTIONS TO TAKE All the actions lead to deciding if the letter or package is suspicious or genuine. If at any point any of the following indicators do not appear correct, consider the letter or package suspicious and notify the appropriate authorities.     

  

Confirm return address. Contact the addressee and determine if the item was expected. Confirm delivery from general mail or special courier. If mail came through normal channels, it can probably withstand limited movement. However, do not move the item further if delivery cannot be confirmed Do not place the item in a confined space, such as a filing cabinet or safe. Confining the blast may increase the intensity, and it will be more difficult for the bomb technicians to gain access to the suspect device. If you suspect a letter or package is a bomb, move the item to a designated safe area. This area should be away from people and clear of power, gas, and fuel lines. Cease all handling of the item. Evacuate the area; 100 meters is the recommended initial cordon. Notify the appropriate personnel. MOLOTOV COCKTAILS

These can be made in many different ways. Two of the most common are as follows: The classic Molotov uses a saturated burning wick that ignites the filler when the bottle is broken. CONICAL BASE CONICAL BASE

END CAP SOLDERED ON END CAP SOLDERED ON

CHEMICAL MIXTURE CHEMICAL MIXTURE

NON-ELECTRIC NON-ELECTRIC BLASTING CAP BLASTING CAP

TIN BOTTLE TIN BOTTLE

HOLLOW STICK HOLLOW STICK

TIME FUSE TIME FUSE

SAFETY PIN SAFETY PIN 9mm CARTRIDGE 9mm CARTRIDGE

SPRING SPRING

GROUP RESPONSIBLE -- “REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT TUPAC AMARU” PERU GROUP RESPONSIBLE -- “REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT TUPAC AMARU” PERU

The sealed Molotov uses a chemical reaction to ignite the filler when the bottle is broken. Normally, the chemicals are sulfuric acid mixed with the filler and a sugar/chlorate mixture in a sock or rag on the outside of the bottle. Instructor’s notes: refer to slide for chemical Molotov cocktail


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Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________ MOLOTOV COCKTAIL ATTACK

If you are attacked with a Molotov while in a vehicle, continue to move. A moving vehicle will not catch fire after the burning filler is consumed. A stationary vehicle may catch fire if the burning filler ignites the tires and grease under the car. o If you stop when attacked, you are at the mercy of the attackers. o



IfIfaasuspected suspecteddevice deviceisisfound found----

Quick Quickvisual visualscan scanof ofall allareas areas Identify Identifyitems/objects items/objectsthat thatappear appearsuspicious suspicious  Assessment Assessmentby byteam teamleader leaderto toevacuate evacuateor ornot not 

 Determine Determineimmediate immediatethreat threat  Evacuate Evacuatehostages/personnel hostages/personnelififnecessary necessary



 Met Metby byteam teammember member  Escorted Escortedto tosuspicious suspiciousobject object

 Decisions Decisionsof ofEOD EODtechnician technicianshould shouldnot notbe be

questioned questioned

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS The following are some basic safety precautions that will keep security personnel safe in what could be a potentially dangerous situation:

         

Do DoNOT NOTtouch touch Mark Markall allsuspect suspectdevices devices Crime Crimescene scenetape tape Chem-lights Chem-lights Chalk Chalkororspray spraypaint paint

     

Keep Keepunder undersurveillance surveillance Must Mustbe beininSOP SOP Leave for Leave forexplosive explosiveordnance ordnance disposal disposal

     



Check for methods of initiation that do not appear obvious. Minimize personnel exposure. Do not allow variations in light sources. Wait 30 minutes for dud fired grenades. Do not remove the fuse from a dud fired grenade; grenades are easily booby- trapped. Use remote procedures if at all possible. Do not touch any suspicious objects.


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Court Security Certification NMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143 ______________________________________________________________________________ MAKE APPROPRIATE NOTIFICATIONS

They may include, but are not limited to the following:     

Supervisory personnel Local security Bomb squad Federal officials Supervisors of adjoining offices

BE PROACTIVE The security procedures to follow in order to counter the terrorist bomb threat involve adherence to already existing security guidelines. Use common sense and always be aware of your surroundings. o BE ALERT! Know what is going on around you. Notice lone cars or people who are loitering and out of place when you are at your residence, en route, or at work. o Vary your itinerary as much as possible. Constantly change departure times, arrival times, routes, and even vehicles if possible. o Perform a routine vehicle search each time a vehicle is left unsecured. o Establish mail and package processing procedures at home and at work. o Establish and exercise a bomb search plan to handle bomb threats and suspicious devices.

SUMMARY Recognition Recognitionof ofIEDs/booby IEDs/boobytraps traps Marking Marking  Emergency Emergencyprocedure procedure  Security SecurityOfficers Officersare arenot nottrained trainedEOD EOD technicians technicians  

There are no limitations to the physical configuration of an IED. The only limitation would be the imagination of the builder and the resources available to him. DISPOSAL OF EXPLOSIVE DEVICES IS THE JOB OF TRAINED BOMB DISPOSAL TECHNICIANS. REMEMBER! Our job is to defend against, recognize, and report.


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COURSE AUDIT PRIMARY INSTRUCTOR: SECONDARY INSTRUCTOR: SUPPORT STAFF (i.e.: Scenario Managers, Role Players, etc):

DATE(S)/ TIME(S) OF INSTRUCTION: LOCATION OF INSTRUCTION: RECOMMENDED CURRICULUM CHANGES: Identify inaccurate information, outdated information, new information to be added to update material, etc. (Use additional pages if necessary)


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COURSE AUDIT (Continued) ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTOR COMMENTS: (If any portion of the course content was not presented, indicate the specific content here)

If course content other than the NMDPS TRD approved Basic or PST academy curriculum is taught, the alternative curriculum must be submitted to the Law Enforcement Academy Deputy Director’s office and approved prior to delivery of the alternative instructional materials. Alternative curriculum was taught. Accreditation number of alternative curriculum:

SIGNATURE

DATE

Primary Instructor Reviewed by Program Coordinator

Reviewed by Bureau Chief Reviewed by LEA Director or Designee ______________________________________________________________________________ New Mexico Department Of Public Safety

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30434946 Improvised Explosive Devices

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