Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2B-85 - Traffic Signs Application

Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2B/85

Traffic Sign Application

7.0m

5.0m

Roads Branch Public Works Department Malaysia Jalan Sultan Salahuddin 50582 Kuala Lumpur

TRAFFIC SIGN APPLICATIONS

MANUAL ON TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES TRAFFIC SIGN APPLICATIONS PREFACE The purpose of this manual is to establish uniformity in design and application of all traffic signs and control devices in Malaysia for the benefit of road users, road and traffic authorities, and manufacturers of traffic signs. This manual supersedes and forms part of the revised version of JKR/J(Rb) 0001/80, Manual On Traffic Control Devices - Traffic Signs. The Manual is now divided into the following parts: 1.

Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85 - Standard Traffic Signs. Standard traffic signs drawings for Regulatory, Warning and Guide signs are illustrated complete with dimensions. A coloured chart for all the traffic signs indicated acceptable colours for each sign.

2.

Arahan Teknik (Jalan)2B/85 - Traffic Sign Application. It consists of, with the exception of Temporary signs, design criteria and location requirements for all traffic signs.

3.

Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2C/85 -- Temporary Signs and Work Zones Control It consists of standard temporary sign drawings and their application in the work zones.

4.

Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2D/85 - Road Markings and Delineation Standard road line paints, road markings and delineators are identified together with guides on their appli cations. The specifications in this manual are recommended to be used for all new signs and for all replacements of existing signs which have outlived their usefulness.

Page 1

FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY


SUMMARY TRAFFIC SIGN APPLICATIONS 1. Types of Traffic Sign a) Regulatory Signs i) Prohibitive Signs ii)Mandatory Signs b) Warning Signs c) Guide Signs i) Destination Signs ii) Distance Signs iii)Information Signs - General Service Signs - Historical & Cultural - Interest Area Signs - Recreational Area Signs - Town Name Signs - River Name Signs d) Route Markers e) Temporary Signs 2. Shapes and Sizes of Traffic Sign a) Circular i) Size when used with traffic signal : Diameter = 300 mm ii) Minimum size : Diameter = 600 mm iii) Normal size : Diameter = 750 mm

3. Functions of Colours on Traffic Sign a) Red on White background or vice versa i) Prohibitive ii) Warning for extreme danger b) White on Blue background i) Mandatory ii) Directive (destination and dis tance) iii) Inform on general services. c) White on Green background i) Inform on river names ii) Inform on historical and cultural interest areas. d) Yellow on Dark Green background i) Inform on recreational areas e) Black on White background i) Prohibitive for some cases ii) Inform on town names f) Black on Yellow background i) Warning g) Black on Orange background i) Temporary h) Red on Blue background i) Prohibitive for some cases

b) Octagonal i) Minimum size : Width = 600 mm. ii) Other size : Width = 900 mm c) Triangular (Equilateral) i) Minimum size ; Width = 600 mm ii) Normal size : Width = 750 mm d) Diamond (square with vertical diagonal) i) Minimum size : Width 400 mm ii) Normal size : Width = 600 mm iii)Other size : Width = 750 mm & 900 mm. e) Rectangular Size varies according to legend (word message/symbol) on sign. Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L

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4. Clearances for Traffic Sign. Vertical Rural areas : a > 1.5 m Business & Residential areas : a > 2.2m Divided Highways : a> 1.8 m a > 2.2 m for destination signs.

MANUAL ON TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES TRAFFIC SIGN APPLICATIONS CONTENTS

Lateral With road shoulders : b > 0.6m Without road shoulders : b > 3.6m Outside curb face, guardrail line, paved shoulder : b>,, 0.6 m

2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15

Vertical Clearance for Traffic Signs Lateral Clearance for Traffic Signs Erection of Traffic Signs Post and Mounting o£ Traffic-Signs Maintenance of Traffic Signs Traffic Sign Materials Colour Code for Traffic Signs

PREFACE PART ONE: TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES 1.1 Purpose of Traffic Control Devices 1.2 Function of Traffic Control Devices 1.3 Requirements of Traffic Control Devices 1.4 Effectiveness of Traffic Control Devices PART TWO: TRAFFIC SIGNS 2.1 Function of Traffic Signs 2.2 Effectiveness of Traffic Signs 2.3 Application of Traffic Signs 2.4 Excessive Use of Traffic Signs 2.5 Standardization of Traffic Signs 2.6 Design of Traffic Signs 2.7 Location of Traffic Signs 2.8 Overhead Traffic Signs Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L

SECTION 2A: Regulatory Signs 2A.1 General on Regulatory Signs 2A.2 Design o£ Regulatory Signs SECTION 2B: Warning Signs 2B.1 General on Warning Signs 2B.2 Design of Warning Signs SECTION 2C: Guide Signs 2C.1 General on Guide Signs 2C.2 Classification of Guide Signs 2C.3 Colour and Shape of Guide Signs 2C.4 Size of Guide Signs 2C.5 Lettering on Guide Signs 2C.6 Border on Guide Signs 2C.7 Directional Symbols on Guide Signs 2C.8 Destination Signs 2C.9 Distance Signs Page 3



PART ONE: TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES

2C.10 Information Signs 2C.11 Route Markers PART THREE: GUIDE ON APPLICATION 3.1 Scope of Guide 3.2 Intersections 3.3 Hills, Turns and Curves 3.4 Narrow Bridges, Culverts and Roadside Obstacles 3.5 Railroad Grade Crossings 3.6 School Zones 3.7 Speed Zones 3.8 Permanent Weighbridge Stations 3.9 Recreational, Historical and Cultural Interest Areas 3.10 Place Name

1.1

Purpose of Traffic Control Devices The purpose of traffic control, devices and warrants for their use is to help ensure highway safety by providing for the orderly and predictable movement of all traffic, motorised and non-motorised, and to provide the necessary guidance and warnings to ensure the safe and informed operation of every road user on the highway.

1.2

Function of Traffic Control Devices Road users depend upon traffic control devices to be advised of the requirements or conditions affecting road use at specific places and times so that appro priate action can be taken to avoid accidents, delays etc. Functionally, the traffic control devices in use are divided into the following three groups:

SUMMARY APPENDIX A - Location of Traffic Signs

1.2.1 Regulatory devices have the authority to impose precise requirements upon the actions of road users. 1.2.2 Warning devices call attention to potentially hazardous roadway conditions or unusual traffic movements which are not readily apparent to on-coming traffic. They impose the responsibility upon the individual road user to employ added caution. 1.2.3 Guiding devices show route designations, destinations, directions, distances, points of interest, and other geographical or cultural information.

1.3

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L

Requirements of Traffic Control Devices To be effective, all traffic control devices should meet the following five Page 4


1.4


elementary requirements: (a) They should fulfill an important need. (b) They should command attention. (c) They should convey a clear, sim ple meaning. (d) They should command the respect of road users. (e) They should give adequate time for proper response.

1.4.3 Operation or application should ensure that appropriate devices and related equipment are installed to meet the traffic requirements at a given location. Furthermore, the device must be placed and operated in a uniform and consistent manner to ensure, to the extent possible, that vehicle operators can be expected to properly respond to the device, based on their previous exposure to similar traffic control situations.

Effectiveness of Traffic Control Devices The effectiveness of traffic control devices used is directly dependent upon the degree to which the above mentioned basic requirements are met: To ensure these requirements are ful filled, consideration must be given to five major factors viz. design, placement, operation, maintenance and uniformity.

1.4.4 Maintenance of devices should be to high standards to ensure that legibility is retained, that the device is visible, and that it is removed if no longer needed. Clean, legible and properly mounted devices in good working condition command the respect of road users. In addition to physical maintenance, functional maintenance is required to adjust needed traffic control devices to current conditions and to remove unnecessary traffic control devices. The fact that a device is in good physical condition should not be a basis for deferring needed replacement,or change. Furthermore, carelessly executed maintenance can destroy the value of a group of devices, throwing them out of balance; e.g. replacement of a sign in a group or series by one that is disproportionately large may tend to deprecate others in the vicinity. The following procedures on cleaning can be used for specific maintenance purposes: (a) TAR, OIL, DIESEL, SMUT, BITUMINOUS MATERIAL Use a mild solvent such as mineral spirits. Then wash the surface with mild detergent and water, and rinse with clean water.

1.4.1 Design of the devices should ensure that such features as size, contrast, colours, shape, composition, and lighting or reflectorization are combined to draw attention to the devices, that shape, size, colours, and simplicity of message combine to. produce a clear meaning; that legibility and size combine with placement to permit adequate time for response; and that uniformity, legibility, reasonableness and size to command respect. 1.4.2 Placement of the device should ensure that it is within the optimum visual cone, i.e. 100 to 200 on the horizontal axis of the cone base and 50 to 80 on the vertical axis, of the viewer so that it will command attention; that it is positioned with respect to the point, object, or situa tion to which it applies to aid in conveying the proper meaning; and that its location, combined with suitable legibility, is such that a driver traveling at normal speed has adequate time to make the proper response. Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L

(b) POLLEN AND FUNGUS Wash the surface with a 3-50/o sodium hypochlorite solution followed by detergent and water. Rinse with clean water.

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or where hazards are not self-evident. They also give information as to highway routes, directions, destinations and points of interest. Traffic signs ordinarily are not needed to confirm rules of the road. Functionally, traffic signs are classified as follows: (a) Regulatory signs give notice of traffic laws and regulations. (Refer to Section 2A where RP regulatory prohibitive and RMregulatory mandatory)

(c) LIPSTICK, CRAYON Use a mild solvent such as mineral spirits to remove the material. Follow with detergent and water, and rinse with clean water. (d) PAINT It may be possible to remove paint sprayed onto an Engineering Grade Sheeting sign face using a commercial paint remover designed for this purpose. The type of paint, length of exposure, and type of remover used may affect the performance life of the sheeting. Following cleaning, clear coating may be necessary, depending upon surface conditions. 1.4.5 Uniformity of traffic control devices simplifies the task of the road user because it aids in recognition and under standing. It aids road users, police officers, and traffic courts by giving everyone the same inter pretation.It aids JKR and road authority officials through economy in manufacture, installation, maintenance and administration. In other words, uniformity means treating similar situations in the same way. The use of uniform traffic con trol devices does not, in itself, constitute uniformity. A standard device used where it is not appropriate is as objectionable as a nonstandard device; in fact, this may be worse, in that such misuse may result in disrespect at those locations where the device is really needed.

PART TWO: TRAFFIC SIGNS 2.1

Function of Traffic Signs Traffic signs are used to regulate, warn, or guide road users. Signs should be used only where necessary and justified by facts and field studies. Traffic signs are essential where special regulations apply at specific places or at specific times only,


(b)

(c)

Warning Signs call attention to conditions on, or adjacent to, a highway that are potentially haz ardous to traffic operations.(Refer to Section 2B where WD - warn ing danger) Guide signs show route designa tions, destinations, directions, dis tances, services, points of interest, and other geographical, recretioal, historical or cultural information (Refer to Section 2C where GD guide destination, GX - guide distance, GI - guide information and GR - guide route marker)

In order to differentiate these functions, traffic signs are shaped differently, such as those listed below:

SIGN TYPES AND SHAPES Regulatory

Warning

Guide

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2.2

Effectiveness of Traffic Signs The effectiveness of any traffic sign depends upon its attention, meaning, time and respect values. The increased volume and speed of traffic on our high ways today has made the requirements of directional signing more exacting. All unofficial and non-essential traffic signs should be removed as they weaken the value of the necessary signs.

2.3

Application of Traffic Signs Each standard traffic sign shall be displayed only for the specific purpose prescribed. Signs required by road conditions or restrictions shall be removed immediately when those conditions cease to exist or the restrictions are with drawn. Before any new highway, detour, or temporary route is opened to traffic, all necessary signs shall first be put in place. Identical conditions should always be marked with the same type of sign. It must be recognised that urban conditions differ from those in rural areas in such aspects as speed, frequency of intersections, traffic congestion, number of pedestrains, parking, lighting, etc. that sometimes necessitate the traffic signs to be applied and located differently. If this occurs, the general principles set in this manual., as to colour, design, shape, and size should be followed wherever practi cable.

2.4

Excessive Use of Traffic Signs Excessive use of traffic signs is bad practice and care should be taken not to install too many signs. A conservative use of regulatory and warning signs is recommended as these signs, if used to excess, tend to lose their effectiveness. On the other viand, a frequent display of route markers and directional signs to keep the road user informed of his location and his course will not lessen their value.


2.5

Standardization of Traffic Signs In situations where messages are required other than those here in provid ed for, the signs shall be of the same shape and colour as standard signs of the same functional type. The basic requirements of a traffic sign are that it be legible to those for whom it is intended and that it be understood in time to permit proper response. This means high visibility, lettering or symbols of adequate size, short word messages, and simple symbol designs for quick comprehension by a road user approaching a sign at high or low speed. Standard sized colours and shapes are specified so that the several classes of traffic signs can be promptly recognised.

2.6

Design of Traffic Signs Uniformity in design includes shape, size, colour, word messages, symbols illumination or reflectorization. The manual Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85 shows many typical, standard traffic signs approved for use on the highways. All symbols shall be unmistakably similar to those shown, and where a word message is applicable, the wording shallbe as therein provided. Standardization of these designs does not preclude further improvement by minor changes in the proportion of symbols, width of borders, or layout of word messages, but all shapes and colours shall be as indicated.

2.7

Location of Traffic Sign Standardization of position cannot always be attained in practices; however, the general rule is to locate traffic signs on the left-hand side of the roadway. On highways where some degree of laneuse control is desirable, or where space is not available at the roadside, overhead signs are often necessary. Signs in any other locations ordinarily should be considered only as supplementary to signs in the normal locations. Under Page 7



some circumstances signs may be placed on channelizing islands, or medians, on sharp curves and on the right-hand shoulder of the road. A sup plementary sign located on the right of the roadway is often helpful on a multilane road where traffic in the left-hand lane may obstruct the view to the left. Normally, traffic signs should be individually erected on separate posts or mountings except where one sign supplements another or where route or directional signs must be grouped. In general., signs should be located to optimize night time visibility and minimize the effects of mud splatter and in conformance with safety factors related to fixed obstacles near the roadway. Signs should be located so that they do not obscure each other or are hidden from view' by other roadside objects. Signs requiring different decisions by road users must be spaced sufficiently far apart for the required decisions to be made safely. Some examples on locations of traffic signs are shown in Appendix A. 2.8

Overhead Traffic Signs The operational requirements of our present, highway system are such that overhead signs will have value at many locations. The factors ;justifying the erection of overhead sign displays are not definable in specific numerical term, but the following conditions deserve consideration. However, the existence of any one or more of the conditions listed does not automatically justify the use of overhead signs. (a) Traffic volume at or near capacity. (b) Complex interchange design. (c) Three or more lanes in each direction. (d) Restricted sight distance. (e) Closely spaced interchanges. (f) Street lighting background.


(g) (h) (i) (j)

(k)

2.9

Multi-lane exits. Large percentage of trucks. High Speed Traffic. Consistency of sign message location through a series of inter changes. Insufficient space for ground mounted signs.

Vertical Clearance for Traffic Signs Traffic signs erected at the roadside in rural areas shall be mounted at a height of at least 1.Sm above the level of the roadway edge, measured from the bottom of the sign. In business and residential areas where parking, pedestrian movement, and other obstructions are likely to occur, the height shall be 2.2m.On expressways or divided highways, this height shall be at least 2.2m for destination signs, but 1.8m for warning, regulatory, and other types of guide signs. If however, a secondary sign has to be mounted below a major sign, the height of the secondary sign may be 0.3m less than the appropiate height specified above. Refer to Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 in Appendix A. Overhead traffic signs shall provide a vertical clearance of not less than 5m with further consideration for three cycles of overlay over the entire width of the pavement and shoulders except where a lesser vertical clearance is used for the design of other structures.

2.10 Lateral Clearance For Traffic Signs Traffic signs should not be placed less than 0.6m from the edge of road shoulder, or if none, 3.6m from the edge of the traveled way. Where a raised curb, guardrail., or paved shoulder is present, a sign should be placed with its nearest edge at least 0.6m outside such curb face, guardrail line, or paved shoulder edge.

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Nevertheless, in urban areas where side walk width is limited or where existing poles are close to the guardrail, a clearance of 0.3m is permissible. Refer to Fig. 1 and Fig.2 Appendix A. 2.11 Erection of Traffic Sign All traffic signs shall be mounted approximately at right angles to the direction of and facing the traffic that they are to serve, i.e.870 tilt if the sign is erected 5m or more away from the roadway edge, or 930 tilt if the sign is erected less than 5m away from the roadway edge. Where mirror reflection from the sign face is encountered in such degree as to reduce legibility, the sign should be turned slightly away from the road. Where signs are offset 9m or more from the roadway edge, signs should generally be turned toward the road. At curved alignments, the angle of placement should be determined by the course of approaching traffic rather than by the roadway edge at the point where the sign is located. Sign faces normally are vertical, but on grades it may be desirable to tilt a sign forward or backward from the vertical to improve the viewing angle. Refer to Fig. 3 in Appendix A. 2.12 Post and Mounting of Traffic Signs Traffic sign posts, mountings, and their foundations shall be so constructed as to hold signs in a proper and permanent position, to resist swaying in the wind or displacement by vandalism. In areas where ground mounted sign supports cannot be sufficiently offset from the roadway edge, sign supports should be of a suitable breakaway or yielding design. Concrete base for sign supports should be flush with the ground level. In some cases, signs can be correctly placed on existing supports used for other purposes, such as traffic signals, street lights, and public utility


TRAFFIC SIGN APPLICATIONS poles where permitted, thereby saving expense and minimizing sidewalk obstruction. Standard ,JKR post and taunting procedures should be used for all. posts and mountings of traffic signs. Over crossing structures can sometimes serve as the support for overhead traffic signs, and under some circumstances, may be the only practical solution that will provide adequate viewing distance. Use of such structures as sign supports will eliminate the need for the founda tions and sign supports along the road side. On urban expressways or divided highways where overhead crossings are closely spaced, it is desirable to place signs on overpasses or bridges to enhance safety and economy. 2.13 Maintenance of Traffic Signs All traffic. signs should be kept in proper position, clean and legible at all times. Damaged signs should be replaced with out undue delay. A suitable schedule for inspection, cleaning and replacement of signs should be established. Special attention and necessary action should also be taken to see that weeds, trees, shrubs and construction materials do not obscure the face of any sign. JKR, police, other governmental employees and the general public should be encour aged to report any damaged or obscured signs at the first opportunity to AR or the road authorities at the Maintenance Section. 2.14 Traffic Sign Materials Except for signs erected along major highways and all BERHENTI signs, which uses High Intensity retroreflective sheeting, the minimum requirement for traffic signs in Malaysia is a material known as Engineering Grade retroreflective sheeting. However, it is recognised that technological progress may develop new and more satisfactory or superior materials for traffic signs, particularly in the fields of illumination and reflectorization. This Manual should not Page 9



be interpreted to exclude any new material that meets the standard requirements for colour and legibility, both by day and by night. 2.15 Colour Code For Traffic Traffic Signs The following colour code has been established and identified by JKR as being appropriate for use in conveying traffic control information. Note: The colours coded below are used for road furnitures, other than traffic sign faces, such as road markings, traffic signal and traffic sign posts, guardrails,

Yellow - No. 356 British Standard 381C (Golden Yellow) White - Part 1 clause 1.3.2 and 1.3.3 British Standard 873 Black - Part 1 clause 1.3.2 and 1.3.3 British Standard 873 Orange - British Standard 0.004 Note: The colours used for all traffic sign faces should be comparable to that formed by the chromaticity coordinates below, and should be of retro-reflective material.

curbs and so on, and should be of gloss finish paint or of higher quality material. Traffic sign and signal posts should be striped with alternating colours of orange and black of 0.3 m interval. CHROMATICITY COORDINATES 1

2

3

4

COLOUR X

X Y

Red

0.690

0.595 0.310

Orange

0.610

0.140

Dark Green 0.040

Blue

0.134

White

0.350


0.030

0.154

0.380 0.114

0.125 0.285

0.310

0.378

0.380

0.097 0.300

0.360

0.115

0.100

0.169

0.488

0.438

0.460

0.043

0.474

0.110

0.100

0.418

0.507

0.440

0.460

0.581

0.493

0.135

0.345

0.394

0.473

0.380

0.655

0.516

0.525

Y

0.341

0.375

0.458 Green

0.569

0.535

0.504

X Y

0.315

0.390 Yellow

X Y

0.007 0.335

0.325

0.375

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SECTION 2A: REGULATORY SIGNS 2A.1 General on Regulator Signs 2A.1.1 Regulatory signs inform road users of traffic laws or regulations and indicate the applicability of legal requirements that would not other wise be apparent. These signs shall be erected whenever needed to fulfill this purpose, but unnecessary man dates should be avoided. Regulatory signs are recognised as those that generally impose certain obligations or prohibitions to road users. For example, a sign giving notice to merging traffic to give-way is included in the regulatory group. 2A.1.2

Regulatory signs shall be erected at those locations where regulations apply. The sign message shall clearly indicate the requirements imposed by the regulation and shall be easily visible and legible to road users.

2A.2 Design of Regulatory Sign Regulatory signs are generally circular in shape except for the BERHENTI, BERI LALUAN and ZON HAD LAJU SIGNS. Colours dimensions, letterings and/or symbols shall be as specified and shown in Part 1 of Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85. These illustrations are divided into the following parts: (i) (ii.)

Prohibitive signs - prohibit certain maneuvers Mandatory signs - mandate certain maneuvers

conditions on, or adjacent to, a highway. Warning signs require caution on the part of road users and may call for reduction of speed or a maneuver in the interest of safety. Adequate warnings are of great assistance to road users and are valu able in safe-guarding and expediting traffic. The use of warning signs should be kept to a minimum because the unnecessary use of them to warn off conditions which are apparent tends to breed disrespect for all signs. 2B.1.2

Warning signs are placed In advance of the conditions to which they call attention to. New warning signs, like all other new signs that are not readily recognisable by the public, shall be accompanied by educational plaques which are to remain in place for at least 3 years after the initial installation. No special effort need be made to remove the educational plaques as long as they are in service able conditions.

2B.2 Design of Warning Signs 28.2.1 Warning signs are generally diamond in shape (square with one diagonal vertical), however, there are a few which are rectangular. The colours shall be black symbols and borders on yellow background except for the signs AWAS, and OBSTRUCTION MARKER. All warning signs must be in accordance to those shown and specified in Part 2 of Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85.

SECTION 2C: GUIDE SIGNS SECTION 2B: Warning Signs 2B.1 General On Warning Signs 2B.1.1

Warning signs are used when it is deemed necessary to warn traffic of existing or potentially hazardous


2C.1 General on Guide Signs 2C.I.I Guide signs are necessary to guide road users along highways to direct them to towns, villages, or other important destinations, and to informhim of interesting routes.

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These signs are essential to identify nearby rivers and streams, parks, forests and historical sites. In a general way, guide signs give road users the information that will help them along their way in the most simple, direct manner possible. 2C.1.2

2C.1.3

Guide signs, unlike other signs, do not lose effectiveness by frequent use. Therefore, in case of doubt as to their necessity, guide signs should be erected as frequently as practicable. However, the amount of information on any one sign should not exceed three destinations, and in addition, must be so located as to allow any necessary maneuver to be made without confusion. Guide signs for highways must be large and legible enough to be read from moving vehicles at high or low speed. At interchanges, road users depend on signs in choosing the proper roadways, and an error in turning may increase the distance of the trip. Besides, a last minute maneuver may result in an accident on busy highways. on controlled access highways, it is essential that road users be informed where and how to reach certain service facilities that are not directly visible or accessible from the highways.

2C.2 Classification of Guide Signs 2C.2.1 Guide Signs are generally classified into the following four parts: (I) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Destination Signs Distance Signs Information Signs Route Markers

2C.3 Colours and Shapes of Guide Signs 2C.3.1 Guide Signs are all rectangular in Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L

shape, and the colours are generally either white letters and/or symbol and border on blue background. For desti nations to local streets, the letterings and arrows should be yellow. 2C.4 Size_ of Guide Signs 2C.4.1 The size of guide signs must be such as to be legible to road users approaching them. Route markers should be of standard designs and of fixed standard sizes. however, for other guide signs, the legend Is so variable that the size must be fixed in terms of the length of word messages and the size of lettering and spacing necessary for proper legibility. 2C.4.2

The size of a guide sign is not always dependant on the word message and/or the symbol. In the case of overhead signs mounted over a partic ular roadway lane to which it applies, the size is limited in length to the width of lane. Overhead signs are also, generally, limited in their vertical dimensions because of roadway clearance and visibility requirements.

2C.4.3

It is recommended that the size of guide signs follow the standard sizes produced by the manufacturers or in fractions and multiples of the standard manufactured sizes. This is to reduce wastage and unsightly joint marks.

2C.5 Lettering On Guide Signs 2C.5.1 Except for names of places and rivers, sign lettering shall be in clear, open capital letters of the type approved. Names of places and rivers shall be in lower-case lettering, with initial capitals. The initial capitals and numerals shall be of a height 1 1/3 times the "loop" height of the lower case letters. The use of very narrow alphabet is not recommended for guide signs. 2C.5.2

The size of lettering used must be such as to be legible at distance that Page 12



will give road users sufficient time to read the sign before passing it. In general, for highway in rural dis tricts other than major highways; the principal word message on guide signs shall be in letters at least 150mm in height. On less important rural roads and urban streets, the principal word mes sage shall be at least 100mm high. On expressways and major highways the principal word messages shall be in letters at least 200mm high.

words and lines should not be less than 3/4 of the letter height. However, when only capitals are used the spacing between rows of words may be reduced to 1/2 letter height. Nevertheless, the task of spacing lettering Series 1 has been made simpler by the introduction of letter mosaics. The size of each letter mosaic is fixed. Therefore in order to form a word, the relevant letter mosaic is taken and placed adjacent to one another. The positioning of the alphabet within the mosaic is already calculated. Lettering Series 1 is used on all guide signs. See Appendix 2 in Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85.

Letter height = 2tV + 5.7s (mm) 0.04d where t

= time required for a simple glance (1.5 seconds for a simple sign)

v = vehicle speed in meter per second s = distance from the center of sign to the line of travel of the road user (6.6 meters for signs less than 6 meters long) d = distance in meter at which 25mm letters can be read (d = 15m) See Table 1 in Appendix A.

2C.5.3

The height-stroke width ratio should be approximately 1:5. The heightwidth ratio varies with individual letters.

2C.5.4

In general, the spacing between letters of the same word should be about 1.5 times the stroke width for paralleled strokes but for strokes of opposing slope the spacing may be reduced proportionately. A generous spacing is advisable whenever practical, for high legibility and is mandatory in numerals. The spacing between


2C.5.5

Legibility distance for guide signs is influenced by: (i) alphabet design (ii) letter height (iii) letter width (iv) letter stroke (v) letter spacing (vi) sign margin (vii) word and line spacing (viii) colour, contrast and brightness

2C.6 Border on Guide Signs 2C.6.1 The use of a narrow border improves the appearance of a sign and makes it more conspicuous. The border should be of the same colour as the word message or symbol and should be at or just inside the edge. A dark border should be set in from the edge, while a light border should extend to the edge of the plate. 2C.6.2

In general, a 750mm sign with a light background use a border of 15mm to 20mm in width, and set in 1Omm from the edge. For other sizes of signs, border widths should be of similar proportions but should not ordiPage 13



narily exceed the stroke-width of the largest letter on the sign. For high speed highway, guide signs exceeding 2 meters by 3 meters in size, the border should be about 50mm and on unusually large signs about 70mm. 2C.6.3

2C.6.4

The corners of the sign panels shall be rounded and corners of sign borders should be similarly rounded to fit the sign panel. Rounding the corners improves the appearance of the signs, and for signs mounted at a height of less than 2.2m, this is an important safety measure. A suitable corner radius for sign panels up to 7.50mm in the greater dimension is 40mm to 50mm with similar proportions for larger size panels. On very large guide signs, corners should be rounder on a radius approximately 1/18 of the lesser side dimension, but not to exceed 300mm.

Border line or dividing line across the signboard, stacking, shall be used when the destinations indicated are of different directions on a destination signboard. It is not required on a distance or information signboard.

2C.7 Directional Symbols on Guide Signs 2C.7.1 Arrows are used to indicate the direc tions toward destinations. The arrows should be made to point horizontally or vertically or at any desired angle to convey a clear comprehension of the direction to be taken. At right-angle intersections a horizontal. arrow is appropriate. On a roadside sign a directional arrow for a straightthrough movement should point vertically upwards. For a turn the arrow should be pointed upward at a 45degree angle related to the sharpness of the turn. If there is more than one Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L

2C.7.2

arrow, the arrangement of these arrows must be in anti -clockwise direction. See Table 2. Arrows may be placed below or to one side of the word message or symbol. The width across the barbs of the arrow (between 650 and 900) should be at least equal to the height of the largest letter on the sign, and should have a uniform shaft long enough to stand out, distinctly from the back of the head. See Appendix 4 in Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85.

2C.7.3

The use of diagramatic signs should be confined to "Roundabouts" and other more complicated interchanges. (This should not be confused with the use of symbols in signs such as those enumerated in the Road Traffic Ordinance).

2C.7.4

Where cardinal directions have to be shown, they should be indicated before the names of towns in that direction. however, the use of cardinal signs should be kept to a minimum.

2C.8 Destination Signs 2C.8.1 Destination signs shall be a horizontal rectangle carrying the name of towns villages or other objectives and directional. arrows. The distance to the place named may also be shown. If several, destinations are shown on a single panel, the several names are so placed with an arrow (and the distance, if desired) for each name. If more than one destination lies In the same direction, a single arrow may be used for such a group of destinations. however, adequate separation or stacking should be made between any destination or group of destinations in one direction and those in other direc tions. 2C.8.2

On a destination sign, an arrow pointPage 14



ing to the right shall be at the extreme right of the name and an arrow pointing left or vertically shall be at the extreme left, unless there is only one direction to turn, in which case the arrow may be at the bottom of the sign. The distance figures, it used, shall follow after the destination name. The horizontal or sloping arrow should be of sufficient length to clearly distinguish them from the vertical arrows, See Table 2. 2C.8.3

Not more than two or three names should normally be used in combination on one or more sign. As a general rule, the next important town or point lying straight ahead should be at the top of the sign, and below it the next important destinations to the left and to the right, in that order. In the case of overlapping routes, there should be shown only one destination in each direction for each route. If there is more than one destination shown in any direction, the name of the nearest city or town shall, appear above that of any farther away. The destination shown for each direction should ordinarily be the next principal town rather. than a more distant destination.

2C.8.4

If preferred, the names of major destinations may be in larger letters than those of minor destinations on the same sign. If several individual, name panels are assembled into a group, all panels in the assembly should be of the same length.

2C.8.5

Destination signs should be generally located at a distance not less than 100m and not more than 150m in advance of the intersections on local streets and minor roads. Road users must be given sufficient time to make up their minds as to the direction they wish to go before reaching the inter sections, so that they can get into the


proper lane for turning if necessary. Supplementary or confirmatory destination signs may be erected on the far left-hand corner before entering the intersection or at a °T' or °Y' junction, on the far side of the junction directly ahead of approaching traffic. Refer to Fig.4 in Appendix A. 2C.8.6

High speed highways require special types of destination signs. Such signs should indicate destinations and directions, in a single large sign, placed in such a sequence as to give road users advance information concerning diverging roadways and confirming information at the actual point of divergence.

2C.8.7

Three destination signs in advance of a diverging roadway, such as a slip road or a ,junction, and one sign at the junction itself shall be provided on all heavily trafficked major roads or multi-lane highways. The first advance destination sign shall be erected one kilometer away from the junction, and shall carry both the name(s) of town(s) of the turning roadway and the distance one kilometer. The second advance destination sign shall be erected 500 meters away from the junction and shall be similar to the first sign except it will carry the distance 500 meters. The third sign which is an ordinary destination sign, shall be erected 100m to 150m in advance of the junction. The final sign shall be erected in the gore area or on the tar left-hand side on entering the junction. A warning sign normally supplements these signs, and is generally placed 50m (urban) or 80m (rural) away from, but before coming to, the third destination sign. Refer to Fig. ,5 and Fig.6 in Appendix A.

2C.8.8

The omission of any reference to the exit or junctions in the final destinaPage 15



tion sign will indicate that road users have reached the point where the route begins to diverge. 2C.8.9

The distances to the places named should not be given on the advance first, second and third destination sign since road users are still concerned with selecting and getting on their right route. However, on the final and other confirmatory signs, after the correct route has been reached, dis tances to the place named may be given.

2C.9 Distance Signs 2C.9.1 Distance signs shall be of a horizontal rectangle, carrying the name of not more than three towns and the distance (to the nearest kilometer) to the center of these places. As a general rule the top most name should be that of the major destination of the route or the town in which the greater portion of the through traffic is interested while the second name from the top should be that of the next town. The bottom-most. name should remain the same on successive signs throughout the length of the route until the destination is reached. 2C.9.2

Distance signs shall be erected on important routes leaving municipalities, and just beyond intersections in rural districts, or at intervals of approximately 20 km along the route. However, these signs need not be used on minor roads.

2C.9.3

Distance signs shall be erected on the left-hand side of the road, facing the traffic, approximately 100m from an intersection or 70m beyond an acceleration lane. Where a road passes through a municipality, distance signs shall be erected 100m outside the municipal limits or at the edge of the built-up districts. Refer to Fig.4 and Fig.6 in Appendix A.


2C.10 2C.10.l

Information Signs Information signs shall be rectangular in shape, informing road users of the names of towns, recreational and historical places, and the availability of facilities or services such as gas, tele phone, bus-stop, etc.

2C.10.2 Information signs may be either symbols or word messages, and shall be erected according to the nature of the information to be given; e.g. a busstop sign should be erected at a particular bus-stop, but for a gas station ahead, it should be erected at a suitable distance in advance of the station. Information signs are divided into the following parts: (i) General Service Signs Colours : White letters, symbols and borders, Blue background lettering : Series 1, 100mm height (on supplementary plaque) Utilization : Inform road users of the availability of facilities or services such as gas, tele phone, etc. (ii) Historical and Cultural Interest Area Signs Colours : White letters, symbols and borders, Green background Lettering: Series 1, 100mm height Utilization : Inform road users of the names and directions of historical or cultural interest areas. (iii) Recreational Area Signs Colours : Yellow .letters, symbols and borders Dark Green back ground Lettering . Series 1, 100 mm height Utilization : Inform road users of the names and directions of recreational areas. Page 16



prescribes standards for the application of the various types of traffic signs at various locations for roadway safety. The principles outlined are applicable to both rural and urban areas. Since it is not practical to prescribe detailed standards of application for all the situations that may conceivably arise, minimum standards are presented here for the most common situations. It is emphasized that these are minimum desirable standards for normal situations and that additional protection must be provided when special complexities and hazards prevail.

(iv) Town Name Sign. Colours : Black letters and borders White background Lettering : Series 1, 300mm height Utilization : Inform road users of the names of towns . (v) River Name Sign Colours : White letters and borders Green background Lettering : Series 1, 100mm height Utilization : Inform road users of the names of rivers. 2C.11 Route Markers 2C.11.1 Route markers shall be used to identify and mark all numbered highways. Route markers are ordinarily incorporated as JKR logo, for Federal Highways and State highways, on large directional (destination and distance) guide signs and on kilometer posts. They should be used for identification of roads, for route confirmation, and for guidance and reassurance along the highway. On State Highways, the route markers should be initiated with the same alphabet designated on car registration numbers which has already been assigned for that particular state e.g. T for Terengganu , C for Pahang , and etc. 2C.11.2 Route markers shall be placed, on directional guide signs and kilometer posts, at 5km interval. Refer to Fig. 7 in Appendix A. NOTE: Standards and examples of guide signs shall be shown in Part 3 of Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85.

PART THREE : GUIDE ON APPLICATION 3.1

Scope of Guide This part sets forth basic principles and


3.2

Intersections The basic rules of the road require that a driver approaching an intersection yield to a vehicle approaching an intersection leg which is on his left. This uncontrolled intersection is found on many 'Low volume rural roads. The uncontrolled inter section requires that each driver be able to see other vehicles and determine who has the right to enter the intersection first. Because of the difficulty of maintaining adequate sight. distances, this method of intersection control has fallen into dis favour. Most intersections require the installation of. a traffic control device to allocate the right-of-way. The BERHENTT and BERT LALUAN signs are the two signs which may be used for this control.

3.2.1 BERHENTT Sign (RP.1) Because the BERHENTT sign causes a substantial inconvenience to motorists, it should be used only where warranted. A BERHENTT. sign may be warranted at an intersection where one or more of the following conditions exist: (a) intersection of a less important road with a main road where application of the normal right-ofway rule is unduly hazardous. (b) Road entering a through highway. (c) Unsignalised intersection in a signalised area. Page 17


(d)

other intersections where a combination of high speed, restricted view, and serious accident record indicates a need for control by the BERHENTT sign. BERHENTT signs should not be used for speed control.

Generally, a BERHENTT sign should be located in line with the Stop Line, which is placed normally not more than 10m nor less than 1.2m in advance of the near est edge of the intersecting roadway. however, if a marked crosswalk is present, the BERHENTI sign should be erected at a distance of not less than 1.2m in advance of the crosswalk. The vertical and lateral clearances for this BERHENTI sign are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 Appendix A. 3.2.2 BERI LALUAN (RP.13) The BERI LALUAN sign may be warranted on a minor road at the entrance to an intersection where it is necessary to assign right-of-way to the major road, but where a stop is not necessary at all times, and where the safe approach speed on the minor road exceeds 20 kilometers per hour, and at any intersection where a special problem exists and where an engineering study indicates the problem to be susceptible to correction by use of the BERI LALUAN sign. A BERI LALUAN sign should be erected in the same manner as the BERHENTI sign, but at a location where the vehicle is to stop (not to be located in conjunction with a Stop Line) if necessary, to yield the right-of-way such as, on the entrance ramp to an expressway where an acceleration lane is not provided, or at the exit of a separate left-turn lane where the acceleration lane is not adequate, or on the approach leg to a roundabout where the safe approach speed on the leg exceeds 20 kilometers per hour. The vertical. and lateral clearances for Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L

TRAFFIC SIGN APPLICATIONS this sign are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig. 9 in Appendix A. 3.2.3 Cross Road Signs (WD.3) The Cross Road sign is intended for use on a through highway to indicate the presence of an obscured cross-road inter section. Since a motorist is not expected to stop on a major road or a through high way, this sign should not be used in con junction with a BERHENTI or BERI LALUAN sign. This sign should be erected at a distance 200m or not less than 150mm in urban areas, and 230m or not less than 180m in rural areas or high speed highways in advance of the intersection. The vertical and lateral clearances for this sign are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig. 4 and Fig. 6 in Appendix A.

3.2.4 Side Road Sign (WD27b, WD.2'7c,WD.27d,WD.27e ,WD.28a ,WD.28b) The Side Road sign, showing a side-road symbol, either left or right, and at an angle of either 90 or 45 degrees, is intended for use on a through highway in advance of a side-road intersection or slip road. Since a motorist is not expected to stop on a major road or a through highway, this sign should not be used in con junction with a BERHENTI or BERI LALUAN sign. The location of this sign is as stated above for Cross Road sign, Clause (3.2.3). Refer to Fig. 4, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 in Appendix A. 3.2.5 T- Symbol Sign (WD.27a) The T-Symbol sign is intended for use to warn traffic approaching a T-intersection on the road where traffic must make a turn either to the left of the right. This sign should not generally be used for a Tintersection that is channelised by traffic Page 18


islands. It may be desirable to place a double-headed chevron (WD.44) sign at the head of the T, directly in line with approaching traffic. The location of this sign is as stated above for Cross Road sign, Clause (3.2.3). Refer to Fig. 8 in Appendix A. 3.2.6 Y -- Symbol Sign (WD.42) The Y-Symbol sign is intended for use to warn traffic approaching a Y-intersection on the road that forms the stem. of the Y. The sign should not generally be used for a Y-intersection that is channelised by traffic islands. It may be desirable to place a double-headed chevron (WD.44) sign at the fork of the Y directly in line with approaching traffic. The location of this sign is as stated above for Cross Road Sign, Clause (3.2.3). Refer to Fig. 8 in Appendix A.

3.2.7 BERHENTI Ahead Sign (WD.18) And BERI LALUAN Ahead Sign (WD.19) A BERHENTI Ahead or BERI LALUAN Ahead sign is intended for use on an approach to a BERHENTI orBERI LALUAN sign, respectively, that is not visible for a sufficient distance to permit the driver to bring the vehicle to stop at the BERHENTI or BERI LALUAN sign. Obstruction(s) causing the limited visibility may be permanent or intermittent. In some cases, such as at locations along high speed roads or where there is poor observance of the BERHENTI or BERI LALUAN sign, the respective BERHENTI. Ahead or BERI LALUAN Ahead Sign should be used for emphasis. This sign, either BERHENTI Ahead or BERI LALUAN Ahead sign, should be erected at a distance 200m or not less than 150m in urban areas, and 230m or not less than 180m in rural areas, or high speed highways in advance of the respecCawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L

TRAFFIC SIGN APPLICATIONS tive BERHENTI or BERI LALUAN sign. The vertical and lateral clearances for either of these signs are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 in Appendix A. 3.2.8 Traffic Signal Ahead Sign (WD.22) And Roundabout Ahead Sign (WD.31) A Traffic Signal Ahead or Roundabout Ahead Sign is intended for use on an approach to a signalised intersection or a roundabout (respectively) that is not visible for a sufficient distance to prepare motorists of the unpredictable change or conflicting flow of traffic at the intersection. At locations along high speed roads, the respective Traffic Signal Ahead or Roundabout Ahead sign should be used for emphasis. This sign, either Traffic Signal Ahead or Roundabout Ahead Sign, should be erected at a distance 200m or not less than 150m in urban areas, and 230m or not less than 180m in rural areas or high speed highways in advance of the respective traffic signal or roundabout. The vertical and lateral clearances for either of these signs are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig. 9 in Appendix A. 3.2.9 Chevron Sign (WD.44) A Chevron sign is used to give notice of a sharp change in alignment in the direction of travel It is not to be used where there is no change in the direction of travel (ends of median, center pier, etc). The Chevron sign, when used, shall be erected on the far side of an intersection, in line with and at right angles to, approaching traffic. To be effective the Chevron sign should be visible for at least 150 meters and trial runs by day and night might be desirable to determine final positioning. The vertical and lateral clearances for this sign are as observed in Part Two earlier, Page 19


Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. However, a lateral clearance of 4.5m is desirable whenever possible. Refer to Fig.8 in Appendix A. 3.3

Hills, Turns and Curves In areas where the horizontal and vertical elements of a road change unexpectedly, it is necessary to provide traffic control devices to notify the driver of the impending change. This is especially critical when a major change in the road character occurs. The following traffic control devices can be used to provide this notification whenever the effective design speed changes and/or sight distances are not sufficient or when a section line road intersects a standard parallel and the offset correction occurs in the road.

3.3.1 Curve Sign (WD.10a, WD.10b) The curve sign is intended for use where engineering investigations of roadway, geometric, and operating conditions show the recommended speed on the curve to be in the range between 50 and 100 kilometer per hour and equal to or less than the speed limit established by law or by regulation for that section of highway. Additional protection may be provided by use of an advisory Speed plate. If the curve is to the right, a Right Curve sign (WD.l0a) shall be used, and if the curve is to the left, a Left Curve sign (WD.10b) shall be used. (See Clause 3.3.3), Winding Road Sign for location of sign).

3.3.2 Reverse Curve Sign (WD.2a,WD.2b) The Reverse Curve sign is intended for use to mark a succession of two or more curves in opposite directions to each other. The warrant for this sign is when the chord distances separating the curves is less than 180 meters. If the first curve is to the right, a Right Reverse Curve sign (WD.2a) shall be used, and if the first curve is to the left a Left Reverse Curve Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L

TRAFFIC SIGN APPLICATIONS sign (WD.2bshall be used. (See clause (3.3.3), Winding Road sign for location of sign).

3.3.3 Winding Road Sign (WD.11) The Winding Road sign is intended for use where there is a series of turns or curves, as defined in the warrant for Reverse Curve sign, separated by chord distances of less than 180 meters. When the Winding Road sign is used, it shall be erected in advance of the first curve. Additional. guidance may be provided by the installation of road delineation markers and by use of the advisory speed plate. The advisory Speed plate is intended for use to supplement. Warning signs. It may be used in conjunction with any standard yellow Warning sign to indicate the maximum recommended speed (determined by an engineering study) around a curve or through hazardous .location. It shall not be used alone. This Winding Road sign should be located at a distance 2.30m in advance of the tangent point to the first curve. The vertical and lateral clearances for this sign are as observed in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig. 10 Appendix A.

3.3.4 Chevron Delineator Sin (WD.39a, WD.39b) A Chevron Delineator sign may be used to supplement standard delineation treatments. It is intended to provide addition al emphasis and guidance for vehicle operators as to changes in horizontal alignment in the direction of travel. It is not to be used where there is no change in the direction of travel(ends of median, center piers, etc). The Chevron Delineator signs, when used, shall be erected on the outside of a curve, laterally 6m apart from each other, in line with and at right angles to, approaching traffic. Page 20


3.4


To be effective, the Chevron Delineator sign should be visible for at least 150 meters and trial runs by day and night might be desirable to determine final positioning. The vertical and lateral clearances for this sign are as observed in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. However, a lateral. clearance of 1.8m is recommendable. Refer to Fig. 10 in Appendix A.

a structure having a clear roadway width of 6 meters or less. A Narrow Bridge sign should be provided on approaches to all narrow bridges or structures. The sign shall be erected at a distance of 150m in advance of the structure. The vertical and lateral clearances for this sign are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig .ll in Appendix A.

Narrow Bridges, Culverts and Roadside Obstacles Many old bridges and culverts were built for a single lane of traffic. Many others are defined as narrow when they are not 1.2 meters wider than the approaching roadway. The total definition states that a narrow bridge or culvert is any bridge or culvert which is narrower than the distance from edge of shoulder to edge of

3.4.2 Obstruction Marker (WD.24) Objects not actually in the roadway may be so close to the edge of the road that they need a marker. These include underpass, piers, bridge abutments, handrails and culvert headwalls. In some case there may not be a physical object involved, but other roadside conditions such as narrow shoulder drop-offs, gores, small islands and abrupt changes in the

shoulder of the roadway. These bridges should be marked to provide guidance to the drivers. Many special. problems exist in rural. areas with bridges. The following section shows devices which can be used in conjunction with narrow bridges and culverts. Obstruction Markers are used to mark obstructions within or adjacent to the roadway.

roadway alignment may make it undesir able for a driver to leave the roadway. Obstruction Markers are intended for use at such locations. An Obstruction Marker should be located not more than 6m in advance of an obstruction, with its inside edge in line with the inner edge of the obstruction. When erected, this marker should have a vertical clearance of 1.2m above the level of the roadway edge, measured from the bottom of the marker. Preferably, three Obstruction Markers should be erected on each side of the road in advance of underpass piers, bridge abutments, handrails and culvert. head walls. These markers should be placed 2m apart from each other, and the one nearest the obstruction should be placed 2m in advance of the obstruction. The markers should be arranged such that the one furthest from the obstruction would be erected 3.6m away from the road edge. Refer to Fig. l and Fig.12 In Appendix A.

3.4.1 Narrow Bridge Sign (WD.35) A Narrow Bridge sign is intended for use on two--way roadways in advance of a bridge or culvert having a clear roadway width of less than .5 meters or having a clear roadway width of less than 6 meters when a high proportion of the traffic is commercial vehicles. In other words this sign is intended for use on roadways in advance of a bridge having roadway clearance less than the width of the approach pavement. The Narrow Bridge sign is also intended for use when there exist a poor alignment on the approach to


Page 21


3.5

Railroad Grade Crossings Railroad grade crossings are the location, of serious injury and deaths whenever a typical, vehicle-train accident occurs. The low volume crossing presents a special hazard because the drivers do not expect to find a train and signs are often ignored. Vehicles are required to stop for trains when: (a)

(b) (c) (d)

An electric or mechanical device (such as a traffic signal) gives warning. A gate is lowered or a flagman signals. A train is within 450 meters. A train is visible and in hazardous proximity.

3.5.1 Railroad Grade Crossing Sign (WD.4, WD.5, WD.6, WD.7) A Railroad Grade Crossing sign shall be used on each roadway in advance of every grade crossing. This sign is recommended to be erected at most 230 meters away from the crossing on both sides of the road. This sign should be located at a distance 230m or riot less than 200m in rural areas, and 150m and not less than 75m in urban areas, in advance of the railroad gate or railroad track for the ones without gates). The vertical and lateral. clearances for this sign are as stated In Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig.13 in Appendix A.

3.6

School Zones Pedestrian safety depends in large measure upon public understanding of accepted methods for efficient traffic control.. This principle is never more important than in the control of pedestrians and vehicles in the vicinity of schools


TRAFFIC SIGN APPLICATIONS (school zones). Neither school. children nor vehicle operators can be expected to move safely in school zones unless they understand both the need for traffic and the ways in which this control function for their benefit. The following section shows traffic control devices which can be used in conjunction with school zones to provide traffic control.

3.6.1 Children Crossing Sign (WD.15 ). The Children Crossing sign is intended for use in advance of locations where school buildings or grounds are adjacent to the highway, and at established marked crossings including signalized locations used by pupils going to and from school. However, at crossings located on roads where the flow of traffic is heavy and/or fast moving, BERHENTI Kanak-Kanak Melintas signs (RP.15) should be placed in conjunction with this signs. When used, the Children Crossing Sign should be erected at the crosswalk, or at the minimum distance possible In advance of the crosswalk. It should also be located not less than 50m nor more than 200m in urban areas, and not less than 80m nor more than 230m in rural areas, in advance of school buildings or grounds. The vertical and lateral clearances for this sign are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig.14 in Appendix A.

3.6.2 BERHENTI Kanak-Kanak Melintas Sign (RP.15) The BERHENTI Kanak-Kanak Melintas sign is to be exhibited by a school crossing patrol at places where school children cross the road on their way to or from schools between the hour of six in the morning and seven in the evening. Generally, this sign is intended for use at established school crossings, which are located adjacent to the school buildings or grounds where the flow of traffic is Page 22



heavy and/or fast moving. Refer to Fig. 14 in Appendix A.

3.6.3 School Speed Limit Sign (WD.43) The School Speed Limit sign shall be used to indicate the speed limit where a reduced speed zone for a school are has been established (after an engineering and traffic investigation) or when a speed limit is specified for such areas by statute. This sign should be erected at a distance 200m or not less than 150m in urban areas, and 230m or not less than 180m in rural areas or high speed highways, in advance of Children Crossing sign (WD.1.5). The vertical and lateral clearances for this sign are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig.14 in Appendix A. 3.7 Speed Zones A speed zone is an area where a speed limit has been established by law, or by regulation, after an engineering and traffic investigation has been made in accordance with established traffic engineering practices. In general, speed zones are town areas and those residential areas that are adjacent to rural, or highspeed open highways. The following section describes, in order, the traffic signs that are used in conjunction with speed zones.

3.7.1 ZON HAD LAJU Sign (RP.16) The ZON HAD LAJU sign is intended to be used on highways in rural. areas to inform the motorist of a reduced speed zone ahead when an advance notice is needed to comply with the speed limit posted ahead. This sign is not ordinarily needed in urban areas where speeds are relatively low. When used, this sign shall be erected 100m in advance of the boundary line of the established speed zone. The vertical Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L

and lateral clearances for this sign are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig. 15 in Appendix A.

3.7.2 Speed Limit Sign (RP.17) The Speed Limit sign shall display the limited speed established by law, or by regulation, after an engineering and traffic investigation has been made in accordance with established traffic engineering practices. The speed limits shown shall be in multiples of 10 kilometer per hour. In order to determine the proper numerical, value (speed limit) for a speed zone, the following factors should be considered: (a)

Road surface characteristics, shoulder condition, grade, alignment and sight distance. (b) The 85-percentile speed and pace speed. (c) Roadside development and culture, and roadside friction. (d) Safe speed for curves or hazardous locations within the zone. (e) Parking practices and pedestrian activity. (f) Reported accident experience for a recent 12-month period. A Speed Limit sign, indicating a speed limit for which posting is required by law, shall be located at the point of change from one speed limit to another, and at a point 100m away from a ZON HAD LAJU (RP.16) sign ie. on the boundary line of the established Speed Zone. The vertical and lateral clearances for this sign are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig. 15 in Appendix A.

Page 23


3.7.3 End Of Speed Limit Sign (RP.9). End of Speed Limit sign is intended to be used on highways In rural areas,in con junction with ZON HAD LAJU sign (RP.16) to inform the motorist that he has reached the end of the speed zone and should proceed with the normal speed limit posted earlier (before the speed zone) for that highway. When used, this sign shall be erected 100 m away from the boundary line of the established speed zone. The vertical. and lateral clearances for this sign are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig. 15 in Appendix A.

3.8

Permanent Weighbridge Stations In some places, such as at ports of entry, the law provides for the establishment of Permanent Weighbridge Stations which requires that trucks, lorries, and other heavy vehicles to stop at these stations for weighing, inspection, and clearance. Signs are usually necessary to direct the concerned traffic into the Permanent Weighbridge Stations. The following section shall describe in order, the signs that should appear at the approach to each Permanent Weighbridge Station.

3.8.1 TIMBANG Sign (WD.41) Two TIMBANG signs shall be used at the approach to each Permanent Weighbridge Station. The first sign shall be located 500m in advance of the access road to the station. An advance destination sign carrying 'Lencongan Ke Jambatimbang' and the distance 500m shall be mounted, as a secondary sign, on the same post as the first sign. The second sign shall be located at the access road to the station with a destination sign, carrying an arrow and KENDERAAN BERAT, attached to It as a secondary sign.


TRAFFIC SIGN APPLICATIONS The vertical and lateral clearances for these signs are as stated in Part Two earlier, clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig. 16 in Appendix A.

3.8.2 Supplementary Signs AWAS (WD.1'7), KURANGKAN LAJU and KENDERAAN BERAT IKUT KIRI signs normally supplement the TIMBANG (WD.41) signs mentioned above. The AWAS, KURANGKAN LAJU and KENDERAAN BERAT IKUT KIRI signs shall be located lkm, 250m and 700m respectively, in advance of the access road to the Permanent Weighbridge Station. Their vertical and lateral clearances are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig. 16 In Appendix A. 3.9 Recreational, Historical, and Cultural,_ Interest Areas When recreational, historical, and cultural interest areas are a significant destination on a highway, special Information signs may be posted for such areas, at least to the first point at which an access road intersects the highway. A recreational, historical or cultural Interest area information sign may be posted on its own, or as a secondary (placed below a primary sign) sign. Similar to other guide signs, this special. information sign would be rectangular in shape and using lettering series 1 for its word messages. However, unlike any other guide sign, the colours assigned for this special sign depend on its purpose, as are the following;

(i)

Recreational Area signs have yellow letters, border and symbols on dark green background.

Page 24



(ii)

Historical and Cultural Interest Area signs have white letters, border and symbols on green background.

The vertical and lateral clearances for these special information signs are as stated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer also to the illustrations in Part 3 of Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85.

SUMMARY In the location of a signboard, the following steps of action may help. (i) (ii)

3.10 Place Name Signs Place name signs are information signs which inform road users of the names of towns or villages along their traveling route. These signs are rectangular in shape with black letterings and borders on white background. A place name sign should be located at the beginning of the built-up area and not on the boundary of the urban or rural district as this may often be some distance from the town or village named and can cause confusion. The vertical. and lateral. clearances for this sign are as stated in Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively. Refer also to the illustrations in Part 3 of the Arahan Teknik.(Jalan) 2A/85.


(iii) (iv) (v)

(vi)

(vii) (viii)

(x)

Define the purpose of the signboard. Decide on the legend or wording required. Find outthe conditions of the traffic and surrounding. Choose the size of lettering required. Make sure the size of lettering, colour, and spacing conform to required standards. Find out the area of board and thus determine the number of post required. Select a site based on the conditions stated for that type of sign. Ensure that the board is sufficiently clear of the edges of the pavement and In line of the best vision. (ix) Clear all unwanted or surplus material away from the shoulder. Ensure that the board is always clean and visible.

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APPENDIX A LOCATION OF TRAFFIC SIGN


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TABLE 1 RECOMMENDED LETTER HEIGHT


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NOTE:

1) Refer to 'A Guide On Geometric Design Of Roads' for classification details of road design standard where 'R' stands for 'Rural' and 'U' stands for 'Urban'. 2) Terrain: F - Flat R - Rolling M - Mountainous 3) Area Type: I -Relatively free in road location with very little problems as regards to land acquisition, affected buildings and other socially sensitive areas. Il - Intermediate between I and III III - Very restrictive in road location with problems as regards to land acquisition, affected buildings and other sensitive areas.


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TABLE 2 ARRANGEMENT OF DIRECTIONAL ARROWS IN DESCENDING ORDER

Should be located on the upper lefthand side of the sign to indicate straight through movement

Should be located on the left-hand side of the sign to indicate sharp turning movement to the left.

Should be located on the lower lefthand side of the sign to indicate right-angle turning movement to the left .

Should be located on the tower rightside of the sign to indicate fight - . turning movement to the right.

Should be located on the right-hand side of the sign to indicate sharp turning movement to the right .


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FIG. 4

TYPICAL LOCATION FOR DESTINATION SIGNS

FOR LOCAL SIEEI AND MINOR ROADS


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FIG. 5 TYPICAL LOCATION FOR DESTINATION SIGNS


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FIG. 7


TYPICAL LOCATION OF ROUTE MARKERS ON DIRECTIONAL GUIDE SIGNS AND ON KILOMETRE POSTS

ROUTE MARKER SHOWN ON A KILOMETER POST

ROUTE MARKER SHOWN ON A DIRECT04AL GUIDE SIGN


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FIG. 10 TYPICAL LOCATION 1. SIGNS FOR CURVES

NOTES : 1. ON GUADRAIL CURVES THERE SHOULDALWAYS BE TWO CHEVRON DELINATOR SIGN IN THE DRIVER’S LINE VISION. 2. NUMBER OF CHEVRON DELINATOR SIGN SMALL DEPEND ON THE LENGTH OF CURVE THE LONGER THE CURVE THE MORE THE NUMBER OF SIGN. 3. CHEVRON DELINATOR SIGN SMALL BE ERECTED AS INDICATED ABOVE. 4. ADVISORY SPEED SMALL BE DETERMINED BY THE ENGINEER AND THE SPEED WILL NOT BE GREATER THAN THE POSTED SPEED LIMIT. 5. USE CURVE SIGN IF THE ROAD HAS NO REFETITIVE CURVE. 6. USE WINDING ROAD SIGN IF THE ROAD HAS MANY CURVE AND TURNS SUCH AS THOSE ROADS IN HILL AREAS.


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KANDUNGAN KERTAS INI TELAH DILULUSKAN OLEH BENGKEL PIAWAIAN DAN GARIS PANDUAN YANG TELAH DIADAKAN DI IBU PEJABAT J.K.R KUALA LUMPUR PADA 27- 28, NOVEMBER, 1885


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Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2B-85 - Traffic Signs Application

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