Arabic maqam
4 `Ajam (€•‚) trichord, starting on B•
Bayati (ƒ„…†‡) tetrachord, starting on D
Hijaz (ˆ…•‰) tetrachord, starting on D
Kurd (Š‹Œ ) tetrachord, starting on D Nahawand (Ž…Ž) tetrachord, starting on C
Nikriz (‘’‹“Ž) pentachord, starting on C
Rast (”–—) tetrachord, starting on C
Sikah (š…“†) trichord, starting on E
Saba (…˜™) tetrachord, starting on D
(for more detail see Arabic Maqam Ajnas [7]) Maqam families Bayati
Hijaz
Jiharkah
Husayni `Ushayran
Rast
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Arabic maqam
5 Shad `Araban
Huzam
Nawa Athar
Rahat al-Arwah
Saba
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`Ajam - `Ajam (€•‚), Jiharkah ( š…Œ—…›), Shawq Afza (
–‘œ– žŸ or –‘œ žŸ) Sikah - Bastah Nikar ( —…“Ž ¡¢£‡), Huzam ( ¤–‘¥), `Iraq (–‹‚), Musta`ar ( —…¦¢£§), Rahat al-Arwah ( ¨–—©– ª‰–— or ª‰–— ¨–—«–), Sikah (š…“†), Sikah Baladi ( ¬-‡ š…“†) Bayati - Bayatayn ( ®¯„…¯‡), Bayati ( ƒ„…†‡), Bayati Shuri ( ¬—žŸ ƒ„…†‡), Husayni ( ƒ°†£‰), Nahfat ( ”±Ž) Nahawand - Farahfaza ( –‘±‰‹œ), Nahawand ( Ž…Ž), Nahawand Murassah ( ²³ ™‹§ Ž…Ž or ²™‹§ Ž…Ž), `Ushaq Masri (¬‹´§ …µ‚) Rast - Mahur (—ž¥…§), Nairuz (ˆ—žŽ), Rast ( ”–—), Suznak ( ¶…Žˆž), Yakah ( š…“’) Hijaz - Hijaz (ˆ…•‰), Hijaz Kar ( —…Œ ˆ…•‰), Shad `Araban ( ·…‡‹‚ Ÿ), Shahnaz ( ˆ…°Ÿ or ˆ…°¥…Ÿ), Suzidil ( ¸Šˆž), Zanjaran (·–‹•Žˆ) Saba - Saba (…˜™), Saba Zamzam ( ¤‘§ˆ …˜™) Kurd - Kurd (Š‹Œ ), Hijaz Kar Kurd ( Š‹Œ —…Œ ˆ…•‰) Nawa Athar - Athar Kurd ( Š‹Œ ‹¹), Nawa Athar ( ‹¹ ºžŽ or ‹¹– ºžŽ), Nikriz (‘’‹“Ž)
Arabic maqam Emotional content
It is sometimes said that each maqam evokes a specific emotion or set of emotions determined by the tone row and the nucleus, with different maqams sharing the same tone row but differing in nucleus and thus emotion. Maqam Rast is said to evoke pride, power, soundness of mind, and masculinity. [8] Maqam Bayati: vitality, joy, and feminity. Sikah: love. Saba: sadness and pain. [9] Hijaz: distant desert. In an experiment where maqam Saba was played to an equal number of Arabs and non-Arabs who were asked to record their emotions in concentric circles with the weakest emotions in the outer circles, Arab subjects reported experiencing Saba as "sad", "tragic", and "lamenting," while only 48 percent of the non-Arabs described it thus with 28 percent of non-Arabs describing feelings such as "seriousness", "longing", and tension," and 6 percent experienced feelings such as "happy", "active", and "very lively" and 10 percent identified no feelings. These emotions are said to be evoked in part through change in the size of an interval during a maqam presentation. Maqam Saba, for example, contains in its first four notes, D, E-quarter-flat, F, and Gb, two medium seconds one larger (160 cents) and one smaller (140 cents) than a three quarter tone, and a minor second (95 cents). Further, E-quarter-flat and G-flat may vary slightly, said to cause a "sad" or "sensitive" mood. [10] Generally speaking, each maqam is said to evoke a different emotion in the listener. At a more basic level, each jins is claimed to convey a different mood or color. For this reason maqams of the same family are said to share a common mood since they start with the same jins. There is no consensus on exactly what the mood of each maqam or jins is. Some references describe maqam moods using very vague and subjective terminology (e.g. maqams evoking 'love', 'femininity', 'pride' or 'distant desert'). However, there has not been any serious research using scientific methodology on a diverse sample of listeners (whether Arab or non-Arab) proving that they feel the same emotion when hearing the same maqam. Attempting the same exercise in more recent tonal classical music would mean relating a mood to the major and minor modes. In that case there is some consensus that the minor scale is "sadder" and the major scale is "happier."[11] Modulation
Modulation is a technique used during the melodic development of a maqam. In simple terms it means changing from one maqam to another (compatible or closely related) maqam. This involves using a new musical scale. A long musical piece can modulate over many maqamat but usually ends with the starting maqam (in rare cases the purpose of the modulation is to actually end with a new maqam). A more subtle form of modulation within the same maqam is to shift the emphasis from one jins to another so as to imply a new maqam. Modulation adds a lot of interest to the music, and is present in almost every maqam-based melody. Modulations that are pleasing to the ear are created by adhering to compatible combinations of ajnas and maqamat long established in traditional Arabic music. Although such combinations are often documented in musical references, most experienced musicians learn them by extensive listening. Further reading
‚ el-Mahdi, Salah (1972). La musique arabe : structures, historique, organologie. Paris, France: Alphonse Leduc, Editions Musicales. ISBN 2-85689-029-6. ‚ Lagrange, Frƒdƒric (1996). Musiques d'•gypte. Citƒ de la musique / Actes Sud. ISBN 2-7427-0711-5. ‚ Maalouf, Shireen (2002). History of Arabic music theory. Lebanon: Universitƒ Saint-Esprit de Kaslik. OCLC 52037253 [12]. ‚ Marcus, Scott Lloyd (1989). Arab music theory in the modern period (Ph.D. dissertation). Los Angeles: University of California. OCLC 20767535 [13].
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Arabic maqam ‚ Racy Racy,, Ali Ali Jih Jihad ad (20 (2003 03).). Making Music in the Arab World: The Culture and Artistry of ‚arab. Publisher: Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-30414-8. Sources [1] Touma, Habib Hassan Hassan (1996). (1996). The Music of the Arabs, p.38, 203, trans. Laurie Schwartz. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. ISBN 0-931340-88-8. [2] Touma, Touma, 1996 1996 p.38. p.38. [3] Touma Touma 1996, 1996, p.38p.38-99 [4] Touma Touma 1996, 1996, p.40. p.40. [5] Touma Touma 1996, 1996, p.41. p.41. [6] Touma Touma 1996, 1996, p.42. p.42. [7] [7] http http:/ :/ / www.maqamworld. www.maqamworld.com/ com/ ajnas.html ajnas.html [8] Toumas Toumas 1996, 1996, p.43. p.43. [9] Touma Touma 1996, 1996, p.44. p.44. [10] Touma Touma 1996, 1996, p.45. p.45. [11] Fritz, T., Jentschke, S., Gosselin, N., Sammler, D., Peretz, I., Turner, R., Friederici, A. D., and Koelsch, Koelsch, S. (2009). Universal recognition of three basic emotions in music. Current biology : CB, 19(7):573-576. [12] [12] http http:/ :/ / www.worldcat. www.worldcat.org/ org/ oclc/ oclc/ 52037253 52037253 [13] [13] http http:/ :/ / www.worldcat. www.worldcat.org/ org/ oclc/ oclc/ 20767535 20767535
External links
‚ Maqa Maqam m Wor World ld (ht (http tp:/ :/ / www.maqamworld. www.maqamworld.com/ com/ ) ‚ Maqam Maqam Worl World: d: What What isis a Maqam Maqam?? (http: (http:/ / / www.maqamworld. www.maqamworld.com/ com/ maqamat.html) maqamat.html) ‚ Arab Arab Maq Maqam amat at (ht (http tp:/ :/ / www.oud.eclipse.co. www.oud.eclipse. co.uk/ uk/ maqamat.html) maqamat.html) ‚ Sephardic Sephardic Pizmoni Pizmonim m ProjectProject- Jewish Jewish use of of Maqamat Maqamat (http:/ (http:/ / www.pizmonim.org) www.pizmonim.org) ‚ Historical Historical audio examples examples from from different different maqams maqams (http:/ (http:/ / www.saramusik. www.saramusik.org/ org/ encyc/ encyc/ index.php/ index.php/ …†‡ˆ‰Š‹_ŒŽŠ‹_‘†’†“”Š:–—˜™), Arabic. ‚ Illustr Illustrati ation on of popul popular ar maqam maqamss (https: (https:/ / / www.youtube. www.youtube.com/ com/ watch?v=XPHJN607oZo) watch?v=XPHJN607oZo) on YouTube
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Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors Arabic maqam Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=619020901 Contributors: 000masa000, Abjiklam, Apeloverage, Apiquinamir, BD2412,
Badagnani, Bdiscoe, Bender235, Bobo192, Bryan P. C. C., ChiefWikiEditing, Chris Capoccia, Cyberkid ua, DeMonsoon, DePiep, EagleFan, EdChem, Eflatmajor7th, Fenevad, Fratrep, Gwalla, Hyacinth, Jagged 85, JamesAM, Jan civil, Jattawi, Jmcw37, John of Reading, Joostik, Koavf, Le Anh-Huy, Makamik, Mwasheim, NAHID, Nancy, Neyzenhasan, Ninly, Oerjan, OneTopJob6, Redheylin, Rigadoun, Rjwilmsi, Testingnessomg, Thingg, Twinkling, Vanished user g454XxNpUVWvxzlr, Werldwayd, ZxxZxxZ, 42 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors Image:arabic music notation half flat.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arabic_music_notation_half_flat.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Surachit Image:Arabic music notation half sharp.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arabic_music_notation_half_sharp.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: HeavyD14 Image:Maqam tone level example.PNG Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Maqam_tone_level_example.PNG License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors:
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Image:Maqam bayati and 'ushshaq turki tone row.PNG Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Maqam_bayati_and_'ushshaq_turki_tone_row.PNG License: GNU Free
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Image:Arabic maqam jins saba.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arabic_maqam_jins_saba.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
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Image:Arabic music notation half flat.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arabic_music_notation_half_flat.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Surachit Image:Arabic maqam jins sikah.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arabic_maqam_jins_sikah.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
Contributors: Johnny Farraj Image:Bayati.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bayati.svg License: unknown Contributors: User:Ksd5
Image:Hijaz scale.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hijaz_scale.svg License: unknown Contributors: Ksd5 Image:Jiharkah.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jiharkah.svg License: unknown Contributors: Ksd5 Image:Ouchairan-houssaini.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ouchairan-houssaini.png License: unknown Contributors: Ksd5 Image:Rast scale.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rast_scale.svg License: unknown Contributors: User:Ksd5 Image:Chadda arabane.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chadda_arabane.svg License: unknown Contributors: Ksd5 Image:El houzam.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:El_houzam.svg License: unknown Contributors: Ksd5 Image:Nawa atar.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nawa_atar.png License: unknown Contributors: Ksd5 Image:Rahat el arouah.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rahat_el_arouah.svg License: unknown Contributors: Ksd5 Image:Saba.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Saba.png License: unknown Contributors: Ksd5
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