Apple’s Troubled Outsourced Manufacturing Plant
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment In collaboration with University of Sunderland
Department of Engineering and Technology Technology
Apples Troubled !utsourced "anufacturing #lant ASSI$%"E%T & of &
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Apple’s Troubled Outsourced Manufacturing Plant
1* 1* Abst Abstra ract ct Apple Apple !nc !nc is one of te te larg largest est co44u co44unic nicati ation on tecn tecnolo ologie giess produ produci cing ng co4pan5 co4pan5 in te 6orld 6orld tat outsourc outsources es 4anufac 4anufacturi turing ng plants plants to under)d under)de7el e7elopin oping g countries suc as (ina and Me8ico Tis is 6en 4an5 tings ine7itabl5 gone 6rong9 suc as 7iolations of regulations and la6s9 and follo6ed b5 a drop in product :ual :ualit it5 5 T Tis is repo report rt 6ill 6ill e8pl e8plai ain n abou aboutt te te co4p co4pan an5 5’s s5st s5ste4 e4ss in # t5pe t5pess of perspecti7es9 outsourcing9 4anufacturing operations9 and cost ;ro4 te outsourcing perspecti7e9 a ,OT anal5sis regarding outsourcing approac 6ill be gi7en9 along 6it e8planation of co4petiti7eness co4petiti7eness of outsourcing in ter4s of custo4er custo4er satisfaction Te operation perspecti7e9 o6e7er9 e8plains about te 4anufacturing process of co4puter production9 and9 te factors9 effects and solutions to defecti7e products Lastl59 te cost perspecti7e 6ill disclose o6 i4portant product :ualit5 is for Apple !nc financiall5 and in reputation
2* !ntrod !nt roduct uction ion Apple Apple !nc is an A4 A4eric erican an 4ultinat 4ultinationa ionall corporat corporation ion tat 4ainl5 4ainl5 designs9 designs9 de7elops and sells consu4er electronics and personal co4puter Te co4pan5 is ead:uartered in (upertino9 (alifornia oon after te success of iPod9 Apple !nc introduced iPone to te 4ar To 4an5 surprise9 Apple !nc does not 4anufacture all its products in)ouse bac< in A4erica Tere is no 6a5 Apple !nc 4anaged to pull tis off 6it 4anufacturing plants in A4erica /ence9 tere is onl5 one solution 6ic is outsourcing Outsourcing to oter 4anuf 4anufact actur uring ing co4pan co4panie iess 6ill 6ill ensur ensuree fast fast produc producti tion on and fast fast deli7e deli7er5 r5 to te custo4ers 6orld6ide ;o8conn is te largest electronics contract 4anufacturer Te co4pan5 does not design and de7elop its o6n products but 4ainl5 focus on producing electro electronic nicss products products for co4pani co4panies es li
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Apple’s Troubled Outsourced Manufacturing Plant disad7antages are e8plained torougl5 belo6 Outsourcing can be co4peting on cost9 speed9 :ualit5 and fle8ibilit5 Outsourcing is te onl5 6a5 to acie7e 4ass production at a fast pace 6it affordable price but te :ualit5 of te products are sacrificed !t depends on 6at te client co4panies 6ant at te first place !f te5 coose to preser7e te :ualit5 of teir products9 outsourcing is not te solution !f profits are 4ore i4portant tan :ualit59 ten outsourcing is onl5 6a5 Eac stage of 4anufacturing processes of co4puter production is included !4pro7e4ents a7e been suggested to 4ini4ise te outsourced troubles ;inancial 6ise9 te effects on Apple because of te poor):ualit5 products are discussed Last but not least9 if Apple decided to e8ecute close 4onitoring on te outsourced co4pan59 cost of te action 6as also discussed
#* Outsourcing perspecti7e uestion 1 !utsourcing Li Nor4all59 te Bob functions being outsource are not part of te co4pan5’s core business Te5 6ill ence transfer te 6or< to oter co4pan5 to andle te4 =3ian caffauser9 2**%> ;or e8a4ple9 Apple 6ould bu5 4ost of its electronic co4ponents fro4 oter 4anufacturing co4panies ince Apple is a co4pan5 6ic designs teir o6n gadgets and cipsets9 te5 don’t actuall5 4anufacture te4 Tis is 6ere outsourcing ca4e in rescue !t is so4eti4es 4ore cost)effecti7e and affordable to purcase a good fro4 co44endable co4panies 6it co4parati7e ad7antages tan it is to produce te good internall5 =!n7estopedia9 2*1.> Tis practice is 6idel5 used b5 eiter large or s4all co4panies because outsourcing is a 6a5 to gro6 6ile restraining pa5roll and o7eread costs ,en a co4pan5 outsources its 6or< to oters9 it does not need to pa5 tird)part5 co4pan5 e4plo5ee indi7iduall5 and teir e4plo5ee pro7ident fund =EP;> Outsourcing deals 6it oter co4panies in7ol7e 4ulti)5ear contracts =Entrepreneur Media9 2*1.> /ence in long run9 it is a better deal to outsource tan andling te 6or< internall5
S,!T Analysis Luke, Matt and Juele
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Apple’s Troubled Outsourced Manufacturing Plant ,OT anal5sis is tool co44onl5 used in 4ar trengt and 6ea
trengts • • • • •
,ea
Product designs (apti7ating 4ar
Opportunities • •
• •
• • •
•
Patents are sared Language barrier Product :ualit5 ard to 4onitor Managerial po6er belongs to ser7ice pro7iders
Treats
"ro6t in te si@e of co4pan5 Product un7eiling and sales can be done in se7eral countries at te sa4e ti4e Reac untapped 4ar
• • • •
Lea
trengt Apple !nc is 6ell
,ea
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Apple’s Troubled Outsourced Manufacturing Plant te 4anagerial control to te outsourced co4pan5 /ence9 it is ard to 4onitor te :ualit5 of products being 4anufactured
Opportunities Tere is no doubt tat b5 outsourcing9 te co4pan5 6ill gro6 in si@e ,it te outsourced co4pan5 in o7erseas9 te products can be sent to countries 6ere te5 are far fro4 o4e countr5 /ence9 untapped 4ar
Treats ,en a co4pan5 outsourced to a ser7ice pro7ides9 tere is no guarant5 tat te e8clusi7e patents 6ill not lea
Domestic production 3o4estic production si4pl5 4eans e7er5ting is produced locall5 in te o4e countr5 Production does not in7ol7e an5 i4ports fro4 foreign countries ?ot u4an and natural resources fro4 o4e countr5 are e4plo5ed Te best ting is te 4anage4ent of all processes during production is under te co4pan5’s scrutin5 /o6e7er9 it does co4e 6it pros and cons
Ad7antages
•
*ower production costsProduction costs often in7ol7e transportation costs Manufacturer often need to i4port certain ra6 4aterial fro4 o7erseas o9 if a certain natural resource is abundant in o4e countr59 local production can be cost)effecti7e #roducts .uality increasedManufacturing te products locall5 6ill allo6 better 4onitoring of :ualit5 of products produced Managerial po6er is 6itin te co4pan5 3irect Burisdiction can be applied if an5 glitces are found +reate /ob opportunities Products 4anufacturing re:uire lots of u4an resources /ence9 b5 setting up a 4anufacturing plant in o4e countr59 tousands of 6or
uestion 2 +ost One of te 4ain reasons 65 co4pan5 no6ada5s 6ould prefer to outsource rater tan andling te4 internall5 is cost factor !t is undoubtedl5 true tat it is 4uc ceaper to rent a factor5 and te 6or
Speed Outsourcing offers greater speed of production to te client co4pan5 Te ti4e @one difference bet6een o4e countr5 and outsourced co4pan5’s countr5 pro7ides great benefit E7en 6en a business is closed9 te producti7it5 is al6a5s 4o7ing for6ard in te outsourcing factor5 Ta
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Apple’s Troubled Outsourced Manufacturing Plant da5s but $ 4onts are esti4ated in A4erica !n 2**+9 te7e -obs decided to a7e glass screens for te iPone onl5 a fe6 6ee
1uality Outsourcing to tird)part5 co4pan5 al6a5s brings out products :ualit5 issue uantit5 is often prioritised o7er :ualit5 and tis is 65 outsourced products are ceaper ,or !f co4pan5 outsourced to ser7ice pro7ider9 te5 a7e no po6er o7er u4an resources o4e poorl5 :ualified e4plo5ee 4a5 be e4plo5ed Poorl5)trained 6or /ence9 custo4ers 6o recei7ed te products 4a5 not be satisfied 6it te finising Ta !n addition9 te ca4era also suffered fro4 5ello6ing proble4 Te 6ite balance in ca4era soft6are ad so4e glitces and caused te poto captured to be 5ello6is =/eater Kell59 2*1*>
Fle2ibility No6ada5s9 i4pro7ing fle8ibilit5 is Bust as i4portant as cost)sa7ing 6en it co4es to 4anaged ser7ices pro7ided b5 outsourced co4pan5 to te clients Te current business en7iron4ents 4ost co4panies face re:uire te4 to act :uic ;or e8a4ple9 Apple outsourced te production and asse4bl5 of its products to oter 4anufacturing co4pan5 6ile its e4plo5ee can concentrate on producing greater cipset and product designs for future use Te contract 4anufacturer 4igt produce goods for 4ore tan co4panies and e7en co4petitors in sa4e business ince te ser7ice pro7iders a7e 4ore production capacit59 te5 can Luke, Matt and Juele
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Apple’s Troubled Outsourced Manufacturing Plant respond to sudden surge of production re:uire4ents better Te client Bust needs to infor4 ser7ice pro7iders to increase production instead of bu5ing in e8tra e:uip4ent to 4eet te de4and =Kennet /a4lett9 2*1.> udden cange of fitting glass screen on iPone . is a great e8a4ple of fle8ibilit5 pro7ided b5 ser7ice pro7iders Outsourcing pro7ides fle8ibilit5 to te client co4panies as te5 can cange te ser7ice pro7iders if re:uired (anging an outsourced co4pan5 in case of poor perfor4ance can be done because 4ost outsourcing deals include conditions for cange in re:uire4ent or contract ter4ination =Tutorial Reports9 2*1#>
.* Manufacturing F Operation Perspecti7e uestion 1 "anufacturing #rocess of a +omputer #roduction A co4puter is a progra44able 4acine tat recei7es input 6ic is also called data9 and 4anipulates te recei7ed data using operations and instructions according to 6ell)defined 4anipulati7e 7ariable set of procedural infor4ation 6ic is oter6ise to ig)end top of te range superco4puter 6ic 4ost co4panies and go7ern4ent organi@ations use =(in (u Rong9 2*1*> Large 6ell)
/ard6are
!n general tere are 2 t5pes of asse4bl5 tat are used in 4anufacturing a certain product Te first 4etod is called te GAsse4bl5 Line ProductionH 6ic is basicall5 se7eral people perfor4ing a gi7en specific tas< 6ic is ten repeated and once te tas< is done9 it is ten passed on to te ne8t 6or
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Apple’s Troubled Outsourced Manufacturing Plant Te first step in 4anufacturing a co4puter is to find a balance bet6een te consu4er price inde8 =(P!> and te practicalit5 of te co4puter Te (P! is te 4easure of cange per ti4e in prices tat consu4ers pa5 for 4ar
3uring te asse4bl5 process9 a total of ' or 4ore 4aBor co4ponents are installed into te co4puter ousing 6ic include te processor cip9 rando4 access 4e4or5 =RAM>9 4ode49 4oterboard9 ard dri7e9 soundcard9 7ideo card9 net6or< card and (3 dri7e =(in (u Rong9 2*1*>
Te 4oterboard 6ic is also te eart’ of a co4puter is installed into te ousing and te RAM and processor cip is installed onto te 4oterboard9 4ost Microsoft operating s5ste4 uses a Pentiu4 (ip 6ile Apple co4puters uses an A) eries cip Te internal spea
After te asse4bl5 process9 co4es te inspection and testing9 inspectors 6o run te inspection process ensure tat te co4ponents installed are correctl5 and properl5 installed to pre7ent an5 proble4s 6ile operating te co4puter Te (o4ple4entar5 4etal)o8ide se4iconductor)circuitr5 =(MO> is installed during tis ti4e Te co4puter ousing is ten closed and is read5 for testing Te testing of finised products 7aries according to te co4pan5 producing te product A process called burn in’ is done to cec< for an5 earl5 faults in se4iconductors de7ices 6ic usuall5 a7e an operating electrical c5cle of .' ours9 tis is done to ensure all co4ponents are 6or
oft6are
(o4puter soft6are is generall5 di7ided into t6o parts 6ic are te s5ste4 soft6are 6ic includes co4pilers9 loaders and debuggers and application soft6are Luke, Matt and Juele
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Apple’s Troubled Outsourced Manufacturing Plant 6ic consists of 6ord processor9 spreadseet progra4s and database s5ste4s =?eal9 2*1.>
Te oft6are 3e7elop4ent Life (5cle =3L(> is a t5pe of process 4odel in 6ic soft6are is de7eloped fro4 idea to product and includes a fe6 stages Te first stage is re:uire4ent gatering and anal5sis 6ic in7ol7es 4eetings eld bet6een 4anagers and sta
Te ne8t stage is te s5ste4 and soft6are design9 tis stage includes te design of te end product and te re:uire4ent ele4ents fro4 te initial stage are used as a guideline A s5ste4 design is ten prepared 6ic elps in defining te o7erall structure of te s5ste4 =Pare<9 2*1#>
After te s5ste4 design is prepared9 i4ple4entation and unit testing is done Tis stage is 6ere te actual coding is i4ple4ented into te s5ste49 te s5ste4 is ten di7ided into units 6ic 6ill be integrated in te ne8t stage Te units are ten de7eloped and tested to 7erif5 if te units 4eet te re:uired specifications =Pare<9 2*1#>
Te ne8t stage is te integration and s5ste4 testing 6ic includes te integration of te units de7eloped in te pre7ious stage to for4 a co4plete s5ste4 Tis is ten tested to anal5se if te units are 6or
uestion 2 +ause and Effect of Defective Apple #roduct 3espite being a brand 6ell
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Apple’s Troubled Outsourced Manufacturing Plant and careless andling o4e of te causes are poor design9 4anufacturing and 4aterial Te crac Anoter issue tat Apple !nc is facing is te bending of te recentl5 released iPone & plus Te iPone & plus 6as released in 2*1. and sortl5 after te release custo4ers a7e been co4plaining of te pone literall5 bending sligtl5 6en a reasonable a4ount of pressure is applied to it Te iPone & plus as a di4ension of 1%'1 8 ++' 8 +144 and is considered a long pone and as a 6ea< point due to its long structure9 te bod5 of te pone is co4posed of anodi@ed alu4iniu4 6ic nor4all5 6ould 6itstand pressure applied to it but due to te lengt9 te bod5 of te pone is susceptible to bending Te bending of te iPone & plus as brougt about dissatisfactor5 a4ong consu4ers and can e7entuall5 effect te sales of te iPone & plus if te issue is not dealt 6it =Esposito9 2*1.> A recent issue regarding Apple !nc online ser7ices 6ic is te i(loud tat is 4eant to bac
Actions to Improve !utsourced Troubles Te first outsourcing proble4 tat Apple !nc is facing is te abuse of o7erseas 6or ?esides tat9 te e4plo5ees 6or< in 7er5 poor conditions and a lo6 salar5 of J112 an our as 6ell as long 6or Tis 4a Tis proble4 can be sol7ed b5 i4ple4enting a strict regulation to ensure !nternational Labour standards are 4et9 tis includes eli4ination of underage labour and discri4ination of 6or
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Apple’s Troubled Outsourced Manufacturing Plant ?esides o7erseas 6or Apple !nc also faces an inno7ation proble4 tat needs to be resol7ed9 an idea suc as te iPone tat 6ill ta
!bstacles 3espite outsourcing issues 6ic can be sol7ed 6it a couple of i4pro7e4ents on certain aspects9 tere are 4ore tan a fe6 obstacles tat 4a5 inder an5 atte4pt at a solution Most outsourcing proble4s faced b5 co4panies are te cultural differences 6ic ta ?esides tat9 anoter obstacle faced b5 Apple !nc is te outsourced co4panies tat Apple !nc is in contact 6it 4a5 not be 6illing to in7est 4one5 on a plan tat Apple !nc proposes to reduce an5 proble4s 6itin tat co4pan59 tese outsource co4panies 4a5 feel te canges brougt for6ard are not 6ort te in7est4ent Tis can seriousl5 effect and 4a
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Apple’s Troubled Outsourced Manufacturing Plant
%* (ost Perspecti7e uestion 1 0ow reducing .uality affects Apple-inc financiallyApple !nc is a 4ultinational corporation 6ell) Te :ualities in Appleinc electronic de7ices tat 6ill be de4anded b5 te 4ar
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Perfor4ance :ualit5 of an iPone is about o6 6ell it carries out its basic co44unication functions as a pone suc as pone calls and 4essaging ;eature :ualit5 tal
(o44unication and co4puting tecnolog5 produced b5 Apple !nc9 na4el5 te iPone and te Macintos co4puters are one of te 4ost used electronic tools in te 6orld toda5 because te5 ad been producing products on te 4ar
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Apple’s Troubled Outsourced Manufacturing Plant se7eral increases in te cost of te product caused b5 poor product :ualit5 =Roberta Russell9 ?ernard , Ta5lor9 2*11> As product :ualit5 reduces9 failures 6ill e4erge9 6ic creates ne6 t5pes of cost to be paid9 te internal failure cost and e8ternal failure costs ;or e8a4ple9 a reduction in durabilit5 and reliabilit5 b5 using lo6er grade 4aterials for te iPone casing 6ill induce scrap costs9 re)6or< costs and price)do6ngrading costs crap costs are indirect costs tat 6ill be carged to te Apple !nc 6en poor :ualit5 iPones are discarded9 suc as labour costs for asse4bl5 6or E8ternal failure costs are cost tat are created 4uc 4ore easil5 and are 4uc 4ore sensiti7e to :ualit5 cange 6en 6ate7er :ualities 4entioned abo7e is reduced i4pl5 b5 using a ceaper 4aterial 6it lo6er durabilit5 for te parts of a Mac?oo< 6ill cause custo4er co4plaints9 product returns and 6arrant5 clai4s to rise :uic ?ot te failure abo7e ea7il5 taints Apple !nc’s reputation9 6ic 6ill lead to 4uc 4ore dire conse:uences in teir financial status Muc dissatisfaction 6ill rise upon sta E8ternal sta
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Apple’s Troubled Outsourced Manufacturing Plant in bad 6or !n a nut sell9 for 6ate7er te intention is9 reducing :ualit5 on a product tat is :ualit5 dependent in its sales is an un6ise coice especiall5 for e8pensi7e products li
uestion 2 Appraise the cost3profit to maintain product .uality and global reputationA corporate’s profit 4argin tat as been decreasing calls for an inspection to be conducted9 ten stricter actions 4ust be ta to deal 6it public relations /igl5 s Te i4ple4entation of stringent regulations and 4anage4ent is ne7erteless9 a 6ise option to i4pro7e o7erall producti7it5 in Apple !nc ;irstl59 te regulation of staff in Apple !nc is i4portant to
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Apple’s Troubled Outsourced Manufacturing Plant co4pletel5 assess e7er5 staff in Apple !nc efficientl59 e8tra costs 6ill be incurred suc as labour costs for conducting te assess4ent of perfor4ance9 or e:uip4ent costs for a punc card attendance 4acine for attendance !n te long run9 Apple !nc 6ill benefit fro4 tis operation as co4pared to no action ta Tis could also assist in 4a (onducting an audit on a co4pan5 is 7er5 necessar5 to E7er5 6or
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Apple’s Troubled Outsourced Manufacturing Plant te good 6or
&* (onclusion Outsourcing is te partnersip or contracting of a co4pan5 or indi7idual to co4plete a specific tas< or function9 al4ost all co4panies outsource in one 6a5 or te oter Outsourcing as been around for a 7er5 long ti4e but onl5 in recent 5ears co4panies started utili@ing te outsourcing 4odel to narro6 do6n certain aspects suc as salar59 data entr5 and billing Tese aspects could be ta Apple is a 4ega corporation tat outsource te 4anufacturing of teir products as it is 4ore cost effecti7e and it is a better deal to outsource tan andle te 6or< internall5 Te 4anufacturing process of a co4puter is indeed a co4ple8 one fro4 te designing all te 6a5 to te finised product and re:uires a co4pan5 to a7e a 6ell) structured facilit5 in order to 4ass produce a co4puter to be sold on te international 4ar Apple is indeed a 6ell) ?5 e8a4ining te cost perspecti7e of Apple products in ter4s of reduced :ualit59 tis is not a s4art 4o7e as reducing :ualit5 on a product tat is :ualit5 dependent in its sales is an un6ise coice especiall5 for e8pensi7e products li ?esides tat it is also i4portant to
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Apple’s Troubled Outsourced Manufacturing Plant respected to ensure a conduci7e 6or< en7iron4ent 6ic indirectl5 boost producti7it5 =(and9 2*1.>
+* References 1. /o6 Man5 iPones /a7e ?een old ,orl6ide aboutco4 2*1. How Many iPhones Have Been Sold Worlwide? | about.com. ONL!NE A7ailable at ttpFFipodaboutco4FodFglossar5FfFo6)4an5)ipones)soldt4 Accessed *' 3ece4ber 2*1. 2 ,at is outsourcing ) 3efinition fro4 ,at!sco4 2*1. What is outsourcing? ONL!NE A7ailable e!inition !rom What"s.com atttpFFsearcciotectargetco4FdefinitionFoutsourcing Accessed *. 3ece4ber 2*1. # Outsourcing ) ,at is Outsourcing ourcing4agco4 2*1. #utsourcing ONL!NE A7ailable What is #utsourcing? | Sourcingmag.com atttpFF666sourcing4agco4F6at)is)outsourcingF Accessed *. 3ece4ber 2*1. . Outsourcing 3efinition !n7estopedia 2*1. #utsourcing e!inition | ONL!NE A7ailable "nvesto$edia atttpFF666in7estopediaco4Fter4sFoFoutsourcingasp Accessed *. 3ece4ber 2*1. % Outsourcing 3efinition 4all ?usiness Enc5clopedia 2*1. #utsourcing ONL!NE A7ailable e!inition | Small Business %ncyclo$edia atttpFF666entrepreneurco4Fenc5clopediaFoutsourcing Accessed *. 3ece4ber 2*1. & McAfee9 R Preston9 2*1. ,OT Anal5sis SW#& 'nalysis9 Online 19 1 A7ailable atttpFF6664cafeeccF(lassesF?EM11&FP3;F,OTpdf Accessed *% 3ece4ber 2*1. + Te Real Reason te U 3oesnt Ma
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Apple’s Troubled Outsourced Manufacturing Plant ssed *+ 3ece4ber 2*1.iPone . screen 5ello6ing could be a te4porar5 proble4 fro4 asse4bl5 2*1. 11 iPhone 8 screen yellowing could be a tem$orary $roblem !rom assembly ONL!NE A7ailable atttpFFappleinsiderco4FarticlesF1*F*&F2.Fipone.screen5ello6ingcouldbe ate4porar5proble4fro4asse4bl5 Accessed *+ 3ece4ber 2*1. 12 o4e iPone . ca4eras a7e 5ello6ing proble4 Mac6orld 2*1. Some iPhone 8 cameras have yellowing $roblem | Macworld ONL!NE A7ailable at ttpFF6664ac6orldco4FarticleF11%2.#.Fipone.flasissuest4l Accessed *+ 3ece4ber 2*1. 1# "et ;le8ibilit5 6it Outsourcing 2*1. 9et le4ibility with #utsourcing ONL!NE A7ailable at ttpFF666strategicad7isorcaFarticles)4ain4enu)#.F&1) get)fle8ibilit5)6it)outsourcing Accessed *+ 3ece4ber 2*1.
1. Reasons for Outsourcing in a Manufacturing !ndustr5 (ronco4 2*1. (easons !or #utsourcing in a Manu!acturing "ndustry | hron.com ONL!NE A7ailable at ttpFFs4allbusinesscronco4Freasons)outsourcing)4anufacturing)industr5) 12$2t4l Accessed *+ 3ece4ber 2*1. 1% Ad7antages of outsourcing Tutorial)Reportsco4 2*1. 'dvantages o! outsourcing | &utorial-(e$orts.com ONL!NE A7ailable atttpFF666tutorial) reportsco4FbusinessFoutsourcingFad7antagespp Accessed *+ 3ece4ber 2*1. 1& (in (u Rong9 2*1*9 Manufacturing Process of (o4puters9 ONL!NE A7ailable at ttpFFgreenda54bg#b4*+.1s12*1*pb6or
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Apple’s Troubled Outsourced Manufacturing Plant 22 (assandra "on@ales 2*12 Apples outsourcing poses etical proble4 ONL!NE A7ailable atttpFFci4esbiolaeduFstor5F2*12F4arF1#Fapples)outsourcing)poses) etical)proble4F Accessed *+ 3ece4ber 1. 2# !nternational Labour Organi@ation9 2*1.9 !nternational Labour Organi@ation9 !LO Publications9 6it@erland 2. Ro5 ,illia4s 2*1. Apple’s suppl5 cain in trouble ONL!NE A7ailable atttpFF666telegrapcou
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