Patricia Asuncion Ap Euro Period 5 Ap Euro Summer Assignment Assignment The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300-1527) Part I: Terms
1. Great Schism - The appearance of two and at times three rival popes between 1378 and 1415. 2. The Avignon Papacy - The period from 1309 to 1377 during which seven popes resided in Avignon. 3. Treaty of Troyes - an agreement in 1420 that Henry V of England and his heirs would inherit the throne of France upon the death of King Charles VI of France. 4. Joan of Arc- A peasant from Domremy, Domremy, presented herself to Charles VII in March 1429, declaring the King Heaven had called her to deliver besieged Orleans from English. 5. John Ball – A leader for a revolt in 1381 that consists of peasants and artisans. 6. Council of Basel - In the early 15th century provided a model of lay rights and responsibilities within church or national organizations. 7. Jacquerie – Revolt of the French peasantry in 1358. 8. Philip IV - A French king, that saw France become an efficient, centralized monarchy. 9. John Huss – The leader of the pro-Wycliffe faction at the University of Prague. 10. Unam Sanctam – Ruthless antipapal campaign made by Philip. 11. Council of Constance – In a famous declaration entitled Sacrosancta, the council asserted its supremacy and proceeded to elect a new pope, Martin V. 12. John Wycliffe - An Oxford theologian and a philosopher of high standing. 13. Council of Pisa – In 1409 deposed both the Roman and the Avignon popes, popes, and and elected a new pope, pope, Alexander Alexander V.
14. Marsilius of Padua - He is the one who stressed the independent origins and autonomy of secular government. 15. longbow - Welsh longbow, is a powerful type of medieval longbow 16. Hundred Years War – The war between England and France actually lasted for more than a century, from 1337 to 1453, though there were long intervals of peace during this period 17. Estates General – The medieval French parliament. It consisted of three separate groups, or the “estates”: clergy, nobility, and
commoners. It last met in 1789 at the outbreak of the French Revolution. 18. Pogroms - Organized riots against Jews in the Russian Empire. 19. Taille - In France the direct tax on the peasantry was increased and opposition to it was prominent among the grievances behind the Jacquerie. 20.
Lollards – Looked to writings of John Wycliffe to justify their demands.
21. Conciliar Theory of Church Gov. – The argument that General Councils were superior in authority to the pope and represented the whole body of the faithful. 22. Black Death – The bubonic plague that killed millions of Europeans in the fourteenth century. Part II: Questions
1. What are the three great calamities developed in the Chapter? Make sure you give a short explanation of each. The three great calamities that developed in the Middle Ages are war, plague, and schism. During 1337 to 1453 France and England fought in the Hundred Years’ War. France and England both wanted to be the more powerful country that led to the Hundred Ye ars’ War. The Bubonic plague sw ept through Europe and killed two-fifths of the population. The Great schism is when the church divided because the Popes did not want to step down from power. This divided the church. 2. What portion of the population is estimated to have been decimated by the
Black Death? What are the consequences of losing such a large portion of the population? During the Black Death 2/5 of Western Europe’s p opulation died. Since most of the people died there is less people to work in the fields. This leads to a shortage of food. When there is less food available more people will starve and die. Not just peasants died from this disease, kings and nobility also died which lessens the control of the hierocracy.
3. What book is an excellent source for understanding the reaction of the people to the Black Death? Why? The book the Decameron is an excellent source for understanding the reaction of the people to the Black Death. Since this book contains recorded reactions of many people by Boccaccio. Boccaccio recorded how people reacted to these disease, some people accepted their death and tried to live life to the fullness by being sexually active. He recorded many different people’s reaction which makes this book a great source for understanding people’s reactions. 4. In peacetime, what were the favorite amusements of the nobility in the Middle Ages? During the Middle Ages nobility uses tournaments for amusement. During these tournaments knights from each kingdom battles in events. These events consist of joust, and sword fights that displays their skillfulness. These tournaments can lead to injuries or even death. 5. What was the process of attaining knighthood? There are 5 steps to becoming a knight. The first step is the right connections. The second step is to learn good manners. The third step is to learn and practice to ride a horse. The fourth step is to learn about Chivalry, the rules of Heraldry, horsemanship and practice the use of weapons and the skills required of a Knight. The last step to becoming a knight is the knighthood ceremony. 6. What was the purpose of “tournaments”?
The purpose of tournaments is to give entertainment to the king and nobility. Tournaments also let knights show of their skills and let them know is the best. These tournaments also let knights practice for war. 7. The clergy of the Middle Ages were divided into what two groups? Explain how they were different. The two groups of the clergy are the regular and the secular. The secular group is not devoted to the religious institute. While the regular clergy took vows to become religious and follow religious teachings like chastity, poverty and
obedience. 8. What were the duties of the secular clergy? The duties secular clergy are giving mass and the blessed sacraments. The secular clergy consist of priest and deacons. They do not have the same privileges as the regular clergy that consist of bishops and archbishops. 9. In the Late Middle Ages, why were the clergy resented by the townspeople? The townspeople resented the clergy because they were richer than most people. They had political power which let them create taxes for the townspeople. Since they were a clergy they had privileges which let them get out of trouble with the court. 10. Whose works became the primary focus for scholastic study? Thomas Aquinas’ work is the primary focus for scholastic study
11. What was the purpose of St. Aquinas’ Summa Theologica? The Summa Theologica is a manual for people who want to learn theology. In this manual you can learn the teachings of the church. The main topics of the Summa Theologica are God, Creation, Man’s purpose, and Sacraments. Thomas Aquinas’ work, Summa Theologica, teaches people about the theology of the church. 12. How did Christian theologians of the period depict women? How do you think this influences the way society saw women and how they were treated? Christian theologians of the period depict women as people who bring pain to the world because Eve persuaded Adam to eat the forbidden fruit. This caused the society to ignore women’s rights and their importance in this world. Women were not given the same treatment as a man. They did not have the same rights as men in that time period had. 13. What effect did the high infant and child mortality rate of the Middle Ages have on parents? Since the infant and child mortality rate are high, parents of these children causes them great stress, and depression. Parents will feel devastated for their lose which will bring them closer to the church. Being closer to religion will help the parents cope with their dead child. Parents will also be more cautious with their children who are still alive.
Part III: Primary Source Documents
Read the following Primary Source Documents from the chapter and summarize them in YOUR OWN WORDS. Then answer the questions beside the red box on the page. 1. Boccaccio Describes the Ravages of the Black Death in Florence (page 300) People who were affected by the Black Death had black bumps all over their body. These black bumps could reach to a size of apples and eggs, common folks called these bumps gavoccioli. These people died after three days from their first symptoms. What did people do to escape the plague? o People tried escape the plague by buying indulgences and often went to procession. Was any of it sound medical practice? No, none of these sound medical practice. o What does the study of calamities like the Black Death tell us about the people of the past? The study of calamities like the Black Death tells us that o people during the time didn’t have today’s medical practices. This also tells us the people lived in very close quarters which makes this disease spread easily through the country/region. 2. Marsilius of Padua Denies Coercive Power to the Clergy (page 306) Marsilius talks about how the Bible doesn’t give the pope the right to prosecute and execute people. The only power of the clergy is to have moral and spiritual rule, and their judgment should only be persecuted in the afterlife. The clergy and the pope should be obedient to the secular authority. Does Marsilius’s argument, if accepted, destroy the worldly authority of the church? o Yes, since Marsilius talks about how the church does not have the power to put a person in jail or even give them the death sentence. Marsilius argument doesn’t mean that the church doesn’t have authority to control the religious asp ect of their religion. Why was his teaching condemned as heretical? His teaching is condemned as heretical because he o believes that the church does not have political power. While the church believes they have power over the king.
3. The Chronicler Calls the Roll at the Council of Constance (page 310)
The Council of Constance was in session for three years from 14141417.They brought in a variety of members from all different social classes. How “representative” of the church was this council? The church representative itself with a bunch of popes, o patriarchs, cardinals. Archbishops, and bishops. The church had a big majority in the council compared to other groups, which gives them a big advantaged.
Why were foreign embassies in attendance? o The foreign embassies were in attendance in the council because they want to know what was going with the trade route in Europe. What does their presence suggested about the power of councils in the late Middle Ages? Since their was a big majority of council members from the o church the council they had a higher advantage on making decisions for the council.
Part IV: Art & The West (page 315)
Answer the questions on page 315 regarding death as it was depicted in medieval art. What contrasting images of death were present in medieval art? The contrasting images of death that were present in medieval art were heaven that means eternal happiness or hell that means eternal sadness. How does The Prince of the World illustrate the importance people in the Middle Ages gave to the “art of dying”? People in the middle ages saw that if you do horrible things in the world you would be punished in the afterlife. In the Prince of the world it illustrates how inside people’s soul can be rotten even if they are bea utiful in the outside.
