ORLD
APITALIS ISEO
,IDENTITY POLITIC
TH
W E RT R T HE HE I
B en e n ed ed i
L EC E C TU TU R
1 99 99 2
R . O 'G 'G . A nd nd e s o
LONG·DISTANCE NATIONALISM LD
TITV
PIT
LIS
LITI
Th post post-g -gra radu duat at Cent Centre re fo Asia Asia Stud Studie ie in Amst Amster erda da (CAS (CASA) A) ha establ establish ished ed the Werthe Wertheim im Lectur Lectur series series in recogn recogniti ition on ofW F. Wertheim's major major contri contribut bution ion to the Europe European an tradit tradition ion of histor historica ical-s l-soci ociolo ologic gical al resear search ch on mode mode Asia Asia CASA CASA tran transc scen ends ds th boun bounda dari ries es of th indi indivi vidu dual al disc discip ipli line ne whic whic cons consti titu tute te th soci social al scie scienc nces es an aims aims at unde unders rsta tand nd in th dyna dyna ic forc forces es at work work with within in Asia Asia duri during ng th colo coloni nial al an post post colo coloni nial al eras eras Patt Patter erns ns of cult cultur ural al an stru struct ctur ural al chan change ge ar anal analys ysed ed in frame framewor wor which which is compar comparati ative ve in both both ti an plac place. e. Some Someti ti es th focu focu is on th nati nation on-s -sta tate te in it went went et cent centur ur fo on ts ante antece cede dent nt in th rece recent nt past past bu it ma also also be dire direct cted ed towa toward rd othe othe societ societal al levels levels recurr recurrent ent concer concer in CAS public publicati ations ons isthe integr integrati ation on of inte intell llec ectu tual al rigo rigour ur with with comp compas assi sion on an soci social al conc concer ern. n.
Centre Centre for Asian Asian Studie Studie Amste Amsterd rdam am Oude Oude Hoog Hoogst stra raat at 24 1012CE Amsterda Amsterda I S B N 9 O - 72 72 2 23 23 . .Q .Q 6 . .
LONG-D LONG-DIST ISTANC ANC
NATION NATIONALI ALISM: SM:
World World Capital Capitalism ism an th Rise Rise of Iden Identi tity ty Po itic itic
In cele celebr brat ated ed essa essa writ writte te in th 1860 1860s,the s,the emin eminen ent, t, libe libera rall-Ca Cath thol olic ic Neap Neapol olit itan an-E -Eng ngli lish sh poli politi tici cian an-h -his isto tori rian an Lord Lord Acto Acto warn warned ed pres presci cien entl tl that that thre thre powe powerf rful ul an subv subver ersi sive ve idea idea were were thre threat aten enin in 'pre 'prese sent ntly ly exis existtin civi civili liza zati tion on.' .' Thes Thes thre thre idea idea were were egal egalit itar aria iani nism sm aime aime at th prin prin cipl cipl of aris aristo tocr crac acy; y; comm commun unis is (h wa thin thinki king ng of Babo Baboeu eu rath rather er than than Marx Marx), ), aime aime at th prin princi cipl pl of prop proper erty ty an nati nation onal alis ism, m, or nati nation onal alit ity, y, aime aime at th prin princi cipl pl of Legi Legiti tima macy cy Of th thir thir he wrot wrot that that itwas 'the 'the most most rece recent nt inits appe appear aran ance ce th most most attr attrac acti tive ve at th pres presen en time time an th rich riches es in prom promis is of futu future re powe power. r.'! '! Ifwe look look at th worl worl arou around nd us 13 year year late later, r, it look look very very much much as ifActon ifActon wa righ right. t. Aris Aristo tocr crac ac ha been been elim elimin inat ated ed as seri seriou ou poli politi tica ca idea idea an adul adul suff suffra rage ge ha beco become me al os ever everyw yw er pr sent sent ac or an inel ineluc ucta tabl bl im inen inen futu futu e. Comm Commun unis is in al it form form seem seem head headed ed fo th hist histor oric ical al scra scrapp-he heap ap Bu Legi Legiti tima macy cy ha also also almo almost st ever everyw ywhe here re been been over overth thro rown wn such such that that th curr curren en memb member ersh ship ip of th Unit United ed Nati Nation on isfou time time that that of th orig origiinary nary Leag League ue ofNatio ofNations ns of seve seve deca decade de ago. ago. On afte afte anot anothe he th grea grea polygl polyglot ot empire empire constr construct ucted ed ove hundre hundreds ds of years years hav disint disintegr egrate ateddthos thos vast vast real realms ms once once rule rule from from Lond London on Ista Istanb nbul ul Mosc Moscow ow Madr Madrid id Lisb Lisbon on Th Hagu Hague, e, Vien Vienna na Pari Paris, s, even even Addi Addi Abab Ababa. a. Only Only th resi residu dues es of th Cele Celest stia ia Empi Empire re stil stil more more or lesssta lessstand nd an wh willbe willbe an larg larg su that that befo before re to long long Tibe Tibe an Taiw Taiwan an perh perhap ap Inne Inne Mong Mongol olia ia an Sink Sinkia iang ng willnot willnot find find seat seat at th U.N. U.N. It is also also quit quit easy easy to envi envisa sage ge an inde indepe pend nden en East East Timo Timor, r, Puer Puerto to Rico Rico Kurd Kurdis ista tan, n, or Koso Kosovo vo up ahea ahead. d. oodr oodr ilso ilso eems eems to av been been su er prop prop et than than Le in even even thou though gh th tw hero heroes es ha so much much othe otherw rwis is in comm common on Ye at th same same time time as this this enor enormo mous us proc proces es of disi disint nteg egra rati tion on whic whic of cour course se is al pr cess cess iber iber tion tion th worl worl ha beco beco ever ever or tigh tightl tl inte integr grat ated ed into into sing single le capi capita tali list st econ econom omy= y=-o -one ne in whic which, h, in our epoc epoch, h, bill billio ions ns of doUa doUars rs ca be sped sped almo almost st inst instan anta tane neou ousl sl arou around nd th
ovem ovemen en of inte integr grat atio io nd isin isinte tegr grat atio io to be gras graspe pe Ar thes thes forc forces es in cont contra radi dict ctio io or mere merely ly obve obvers rs face face of sing single le hist histor oric ical al proprocess cess Furt Furthe herm rmor ore, e, is capi capita tali lism sm with with it habi habitu tual al rest restle less ssne ness ss prod produc ucin in new forms forms of nation nationali alism? sm?
go star starti ting ng-p -poi oint nt fo expl explor orin in thes thes uest uestio ions ns is pa of fu ther ther pass passag ages es inActon inActon's 's essa essay.The y.The firs firs isactua isactuall ll an exce excerp rp from from serm sermon on of th grea grea seve sevent ntee eent nthh-ce cent ntur ur cler cleric ical al orat orator or Boss Bossue uet, t, whic whic ou hist histor oria ia mentio mentions ns wit approb approbati ation: on: La soci societ et huma humain in dema demand nd qu'o qu'o aime aime la terr terr OU1'0nha 1'0nhabi bite te ense ensemb mble le ou la rega regard rd comm comm un mere mere et un nour nourri rice ce comm commun une. e. Le homm hommes es en effe effect ct se sent senten en liespar liespar quel quelqu qu chos chos de fort fort lors lorsqu qu'i 'ils ls song songen ent, t, qu la meme meme terr terr qu le port portes es et nour nourri ri etan etants ts vivants,le rece recevr vr dans dans so sein sein quan quan il sero seront nt morts.
Th seco second nd isActo isActon' n' ow apho aphori rism sm that that 'exi 'exile le isth nurs nurser er of nati nation onal al ity.'3 Acto Acto wa atte atte ptin ptin to dr co tras tras betw betwee ee tw ty es of poli politi tica ca loya loyalt lty, y, on full full comp compat atib ible le with with Legi Legiti ti acy, acy, th othe othe prof profou ound ndly ly in imic imical al to it (w ight ight glos glos thes thes as 'pat 'patri riot otis ism' m' an 'nat 'natio iona nali lism sm') ') Fo ossu ossu di ot spea spea ofFra ce (let (let alon alon of th Fr nch) nch) bu ra he of genera genera social social condit condition ion in which which human human beings beings fee thems themselv elves es powerf powerfull ull conn connec ecte te toge togeth ther er bywhate bywhateve ve moth mother er-t -ter erra rain in ha nour nouris ishe he them them an inwhos inwhos boso bosomm-so so they they drea dreamm-th they ey willat willatta tain in thei thei fina fina rest rest Itseemed to hi abso absolu lute tely ly norm normal al that that peop people le woul woul drea drea of dyin dyin exac exactl tl wher wher they they were were born born an rais raised ed This This im obil obilit ity, y, cont contai aine ne at th limi limi by th invo involu lunt ntar ary, y, fata fata mome moment nt of birt birt an deat death, h, alig aligne ne itse itself lf with with th soci social al axio axioms ms of feud feudal al soci societ ety: y: that that it wa buil buil as GodGod-gi give ven, n, unch unchan ange geab able le hier hierar arch chy. y. Comb Combin ined ed with with prof profou ound nd atta attach ch en to loca loca soil soil this this made made poss possib ible le th seda sedate te an stat statel el aggl agglom omer erat atio io of hund hundre reds ds of such such comcomunit unitie ie into into th huge huge ra shac shackl kl Impe Imperi ri of Legi Legiti ti acy, acy, and, and, wher wher nece necess ssar ary, y, thei thei deta detach chme ment nt to othe othe impe imperi ri thro throug ug dyna dynast stic ic marr marria iage ges, s, diplomacy diplomacy and war." Bossue Bossuet's t's focus focus was thu onheimat, or perh perhap ap bett better er patria, th wond wonder erfu fu Ib rian rian word word that that ca ge tl stre stre ch from from ho vill villag age, e, thro throug ug 'hom 'homee-to town wn an 'hom 'homee-re regi gion on,' ,' on to 'hom 'homee-co coun untr try. y. Bycontr Bycontras ast, t, Acto Acto beli believ eved ed 'nat 'natio iona nali lity ty aros aros from from exil exile,wh e,when en me coul coul no long longer er easi easilydrea lydrea of retu return rnin in to th nour nouris ishi hing ng boso boso that that ha given
mind mind were were th grea grea nati nation onal alis is lead leader er ofhis ow eraera-Ma Mazz zzin ini, i, Gari Gariba bald ldi, i, Koss Kossut uth, h, an soon-man soon-man ofwhom, ofwhom, fo obvi obviou ou poli politi tica ca reas reason ons, s, live live fo long long peri period od 'out 'outsi side de thei thei heim heimat at an some someti time me died died ther there. e. Bu hi acut acut inst instin inct ct le hi in th righ righ dire direct ctio ion: n: he woul woul no have have been been in th leas leas surp surpri rise se that that th firs firs expl explic icit itly ly Indo Indone nesi sian an-n -nat atio iona nali list st orga organi niza zati tion on th Perh Perhim impo poen enan an Indo Indone nesi sia, a, wa so esta establ blis ishe he (i 1922 1922 half half glob glob away away from from th Neth Nether erla land nd Indi Indies es What What Acto Acto di no note note howe howeve ver, r, wa that that Boss Bossue ue wa alre alread ad an anac anachhonis onis fo he wa bo 627, 627, even even ears ears afte afte th Puri Purita ta Pi grim grim Fath Father er ha land landed ed at Plym Plymou outh th Rock Rock an over over cent centur ur afte afte th Cath Cathol olic ic He na Cort Cort ha stor stor ed th fabl fabl apit apit of octe octe uma. uma. From From th late late sixt sixtee eent nt cent centur ur on mill millio ions ns of at leas leas nomi nomina nall ll free free Euro Europe pean ans, s, an mill millio ions ns more more ensl enslav aved ed Afri Africa cans ns went went 'int 'int exil exile, e, as it were were acro across ss th Atla Atlant ntic ic Thes Thes migr migrat atio ions ns whic whic ha no hist histor oric ical al prec preced eden en in thei thei scal scal an dist distan ance ce were were only only made made poss possib ible le by feud feudal alis ism' m' neme nemesi sis: s: capcapital italis ism. m. Larg Largel el priv privat atee-en ente terp rpri rise se inve invest stor or buil buil th comp comple le seaw seawor orth th tran transo soce cean anic ic ship ship that that phys physic ical allymov lymoved ed thes thes mill millio ions ns of bodi bodies es an they they were were guid guided ed bythe co pass pass th sext sextan ant, t, th Merc Mercat ator oria ia ap an al th cumula cumulativ tiv knowle knowledge dge stored stored and massi massivel vel dissem dissemina inated ted in the milli millions ons of books books create create after after 145 by printprint-cap capita italis lism. m. ha sens sens wa ad of thes thes extr extrao aord rdin inar ar disp displa lace ceme ment nts? s? ca ob serv serv stri striki king ngly ly para parall llel el move moveme ment nt in th conc concep epti tion on that that aros aros both both adri adri were were inve invent nted ed th 'cri 'criou oulo lo an th 'cri 'criol ollo lo', ', in Lond London on th 'col 'coloonial nial.' .' Thes Thes term term di no spri spring ng from from an clea clea heim heimat at-l -lik ik nati native ve soil soil bu impl implie ie cert certai ai kind kind of huma huma bein being, g, wh coul coul come come from from almo almost st anyw anywhe here re exce except pt th real real heim heimat at .non .non-S -Spa pani nish sh Span Spania iard rd an Engl Englis ishhma wh ha neve neve been been in Engl Englan and. d. sort sort of dubi dubiou ous, s, quas quasii-bi biol olog ogic ical al disp displa lace ce iden identi tity ty Bu on ca obse observ rv some someth thin in quit quit simi simila la deve develo loppin in th colo coloni nies es Thke Thke fo exam exampl ple, e, th imme immens nsel el popu popula la acco accoun un (fir (first st publ publis ishe he in 1 6 8 2 ) by ry Ro land land on of he br ef capt captiv ivit it th hand hand of 'Ind 'India ians ns (act (actua uall ll Algo Algonq nqui uins nsj. j. Fo sh desc descri ribe be ho 'the 'the Indi Indian an quic quickl kl spre spread ad them themse selv lves es over over th dese desert rted ed Engl Englis is fiel fields ds,' ,' ho sh foun foun 'the 'the hide hide us insu insult ltin in an triu triu phin phin th re wa over over so Engl Englis ishm hmen en's 's scal scalps ps they they ha take take (a thei thei anne anne is). is). Ye it wa only only in assa assach chus uset etts ts that that sh coul coul imag imagin in befo before re he gaze gaze 'Eng 'Engli lish sh fiel fields ds an 'Eng 'Engli lish sh catt cattle le an they they were were so imag imagin ined ed beca becaus us sh felt felt that that they they
insi inside de he wret wretch ched ed scal scalpe pe comp compan anio ions ns Agai Agai displaced displaced identity. identity.
sort sort of quas quasii-bi biol olog ogic ical al
It took took
seve severa ra gene genera rati tion on befo before re this this 'Eng 'Engli lish shne ness ss,' ,' grad gradua uall ll atta attach ched ed to what what wa beco beco in real real heim heimat at or patr patr a, ould ould be tran transf sf rmed rmed into into 'Ame 'Ameri rica cann-ne ness ss.' .' Th 1776 1776 Decl Declar arat atio io of Inde Indepe pend nden ence ce stil stil gave gave no gene genera ra name name to thos thos decl declar arin in thei thei inde indepe pend nden ence ce simi simila la slowpro slowpro cess cess as also also work work in th Span Spanis is er cas, cas, as ha ee eaut eautif iful ully ly demo demons nstr trat ated ed in rece recent nt book book by Davi Davi Brad Bradin ing, g, wh note note that that alre alread ad in th seve sevent ntee eent nt cent centur ur some some crio crioUo Uo inte intell llec ectu tual al were were seek seekin in ance ancest stor or amon amon Inca Inca roya royalt lt as well well as amon amon Iber Iberia ia conq conqui uist stad ador orsf sf Once Once th tran transf sfor orma mati tion on occu occurr rred ed th stag stag wa se fo th expl explos osiv iv emer emerge genc nc of th worl world' d' firs firs nati nation onal alis is move moveme ment nt an nati nation on-s -sta tate tes. s. Ou of this this tran transf sfor orma mati tion on came came also also fund fundam amen enta ta rest restru ruct ctur urin in of soci social al-p -pol olit itic ical al cate catego gori ries es best best exem exempl plif ifie ie by Sa Mart Martin in's 's hist histor oric ic proc procla lama mati tion on that that 'i he futu future re th ab rigi rigi es shal shal no be call called ed Indi Indian an or ativ atives es they they ar no w n a s P er er uv uv ia ia ns ns . 'to In this chil childr dren en an citi citize zens ns ofPeru an t h e y s h a l be k no this heim heimat at-I -Iad aden en form formul ulat atio io th ghos ghos of Boss Bossue ue peep peep ou from from behi behind nd th creo creole le libe libera ra revo revolu luti tion onar ary. y. In Prot Protes esta tant nt Nort Nort Amer Americ ica, a, with with it aver aver sion sion to misc misceg egen enat atio ion, n, an it geno genoci cida da poli polici cies es towa toward rd th indi indige geno nous us popu popula lati tion ons, s, noth nothin in quit quit comp compar arab able le occu occurr rred ed thou though gh we ca dete detect ct cert certai ai echo echo in Jame Jame Feni Fenimo more re Coop Cooper er's 's huge hugely ly popu popula lar, r, nati nation onal alis is Leat Leathe hers rsto tock ckin in nove novels ls of th 1830 1830 an 1840 1840 wher wher th 'Ind 'India ians ns of th retroa oact ctiv ivel el clas classi sifi fied ed into into 'goo 'good, d, 'Ame 'Ameri rica can' n' figu figure re (suc (suc as 1760s ar retr Natty Natty Bumppo Bumppo's 's soul-m soul-mate ate Chinga Chingachg chgook ook and 'devil 'devilish ish,' ,' i.e., those those allied allied with with th Fren French ch an Geor George ge III! III! It wa
of grea grea hist histor oric ical al impo import rtan ance ce that that th exil exiles es di even eventu tual ally ly make make thei thei plac plac of exil exil heim heimat at an ha this this ttac ttac en prod produc uced ed thos thos classi classicalnatio calnational nalist ist movem movement ent which which found found their their final final politi political cal for in the worl world' d' firs firs clus cluste te of true true nati nation on-s -sta tate tes; s; an that that howe howeve ve turb turbul ulen en thei thei dome domest stic ic live lives, s, thes thes stat states es kept kept thei thei boun bounda dari ries es more more or less less unch unchan ange ge up till till ou ow era. era. Fo on impo import rt nt aspe aspect ct ofthis ofthis sedi sedi enta enta io wa rein reinte tegr grat atio io of pers person onal al sent sentim imen en with with publ public ic civi civicideo cideolo logy gy Al th ne stat states es exce except pt Braz Brazil il up to 1889, wer in princi principle ple consti constitut tution ional al republ republics ics in whose whose politi politics cs citize citizens ns wer to accept accept respon responsib sibili ilitie tie and duties duties becaus becaus of thei thei atta attach chme ment nt both both to terr terrai ai an to co muni munity ty On ca viewthi viewthi asa sort sort ofodd upda updati ting ng ofBossu ofBossuet et in nati nation onal alis is ode: ode: th assu assump mpti tion on terr nourrice nourrice of Chil Chil or exic exic nd woul woul di ther there, e, an that that this this bond bond of atta attach chme ment nt woul woul expr expres es itse itself lf in
Back Back acro across ss th Atla Atlant ntic ic disp displa lace ceme ment nt of
diff differ eren en kind kind were were help helpin in
port portan ance ce Firs Firs were were th huge huge migr migrat atio ions ns of peas peasan ants ts an farm farm labo labore rers rs into into urba urba cent center er asthe Indu Indust stri rial al Revo Revolu luti tion on spre spread ad an deep deepen ened ed Th worl worl that that Enge Engels ls obse observ rved ed inManch inManches este te wa inits ow wayas wayas ne asthe Ne Worl World, d, an no lessdra lessdrast stic ic an exil exilin ingtha gtha that that ofthe Pilg Pilgri ri Fath Father ers. s.II From From th view viewpo poin in of Lond London on or Pari Paris, s, th igra igrati tion on were were of cour course se do an of Fran France ce (Yet (Yet Disr Disrae aeli li obse observ rvin in th midmid-ce cent ntur ur rise rise of th work workin in clas class,coul s,coul spea spea of 'two 'two nati nation ons' s' with within in Grea Grea Brit Britai ain. n. Bu from from th pers perspe pect ctiv iv of th migr migran ants ts them themse selv lves es they they were were bein bein irre irreve vers rsib ibly ly torn torn ou oftheir oftheir anci ancien en habi habita tats ts When When Thom Thomas as Gray Gray publ publis ishe he (i 1750) hi cele celebr brat ated ed poem poem 'Ele 'Elegy gy in Coun Countr tr Chur Church chya yard rd', ', he stil stil conj conjur ured ed up Boss Bossue ueti tian an ceme cemete tery ry wher where' e' each each in hi narr narrow ow cellfore cellforeve ve laid laid Th rude rude fore forefa fath ther er of th haml hamlet et slee sleep. p. Bu with within in half half cent centur ury, y, th desc descen enda dant nt of th se fore forefa fath ther er were were bein bein urie urie in lu or th purl purlie ie of no el factor factories ies and mines. mines. Seco Second nd was, was, in many many plac places es th exil exilin in effe effect ct of th dyna dynast stic ic stat states es nine nine teen teenth th-c -cen entu tury ry prog progra rams ms fo cent centra rali liza zati tion on an deve develo lopm pmen en thro throug ug th mass massiv iv expa expans nsio io of stan standa dard rdiz ized ed scho school ol-s -sys yste tems ms an bure bureau aucr crat atic ic pubpublish lishin ing. g. Fo sing singul ular ar effe effect ct of thes thes prog progra rams ms wa th elev elevat atio io of parparticu ticula la vern vernac acul ular ar or dial dialec ec of vern vernac acul ular ar into into ne lang langua uage ge of powe powe an soci social al ambi ambiti tion on Wher Where, e, as in Engl Englan and, d, sing single le vern vernac acul ular ar ha long long prevai prevailed led wit marke marke heimat heimat variat variation ion (such (such tha Northu Northumbe mberla rland nd lords lords an peas peasan an sp ke or or le th am way) way) th ni etee etee th ce tury tury crea create te 'Kin 'King' g' Engl Englis ish, h, abov abov al th rest rest into into whic whic al uppe uppe clas classe se were were grad gradua uall ll trai traine ned. d. 'Reg 'Regio iona nal' l' dial dialec ects ts thus thus lost lost cast cast an incr increa easi sing ngly ly rked rked clas clas as uc as loca locale le here here as in th Ha sbur sbur real real s, no such such vern vernac acul ular ar prev prevai aile led, d, th atte attemp mp to spre spread ad Germ German an ha comp compar arab able le cons conseq eque uenc nces es In al case cases, s, th pene penetr trat atin in thru thrust st of th deve develo lopm pmen enta ta stat stat wa maki making ng peop people le of many many diff differ eren en kind kind self self-c -con onsc scio ious us abou abou thei thei lingui linguisti sti practi practices ces and the politi political cal conseq consequen uences ces of those those practi practices ces Quite Quite ofte ofte th real real effe effectwas ctwas kind kind of 'int 'inter erna nal' l' exil exile: e: th coro coroll llar ar of th nonnonSp nish nish Span Spanis is reol reol as thus thus th on-G on-G rman rman Germ German an or th no Hungar Hungarian ian Hungar Hungarian ian As in th Amer Americ icas as kind kind of 'neg 'negat ativ iv iden identi tity ty was coming coming int existe existence nce again again quasiquasi-bio biolog logica ica in charac character ter Out of these these estran estrangem gement ent cam violen violen social social and politi political cal strugg struggles les which, which, especi especiall all in th poly polygl glot ot real realms ms of cont contin inen enta ta Euro Europe pe prod produc uced ed th nati nation onal alis is move moveme ment nt that that inthe afte afterm rmat at ofWorld ofWorld Wa I,engen I,engende dere re prof profou ound ndly ly
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c o m i a llll y s u r di di n e d tr th ir st r em em ai ai n f o hu re
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'r ts am ng e te te r eo s, cr si ro tl ss it pu ti Th curr curren en impu impuls ls towa toward rd 'mul 'multi ticu cult ltur ural alis ism' m' in scho school ol an univ univer ersi siti ties es e t ( se se r
th an ld rl
to Irish-Ame Irish-America rican. n.
rn
s titi t t i
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nd
citi citize zen, n, bu
ho isalso isalso
is ac ai ta
fana fanati tica ca
supp suppor orte te
ro id s, su
of th move moveme ment nt fo Khal Khalis ista tan. n.
ro a, su st nt al
su
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re sl ab
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ct is
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ll as
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at na poli politi tica ca life life inst instea ea an
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he live lives, s, thro throug ug it
r of of o
E-ma E-mail il by long long-d -dis ista tanc nc i ff ff er er e
to
nati nation onal alis ism. m. fe lo
poli politi tics cs with withou ou resp respon onsi sibi bili lity ty rs a . ~ . . > , ~ OOlltlCS. i t i t e rs
en
or
cont contri ribu bute te so subs substa tant ntia iall ll to maki making ng 'bei 'being ng Sikh Sikh in Toro Toront nt seri seriou ou affa affair ir No it shou should ld be adde added, d, does does th xist xisten ence ce of such such true true SHil SHills ls in mult multif ifar ario ious us worl worldd-wi wide de dias diaspo pora ra esca escape pe th atte attent ntio io of extr extrem emis is Khalistanis in th Punj Punjab ab an of thei thei emis emissa sari ries es over overse seas as Inde Indeed ed they they spen spen much much effo effort rt to expl exploi oi th iden identi tity ty-c -cri rise ses, s, th unea uneasy sy cons consci cien ence ces, s, th ambi ambiti tion on an th econ econom omic ic succ succes es of ou Toro Toront nt Sikh Sikh an hi like like fo thei thei ow poli politi tica ca purp purpos oses es Thes Thes Sikh Sikh are, are, of cour course se only only part partia iall ll embl emblem emat atic ic Weare awar awar of th role role of Germ German an an Aust Austra rali lian an 'Cro 'Croat ats' s' in spee speedi ding ng th viol violen en coll collap apse se of Yugo Yugosl slav avia ia of Brit Britis is an Cana Canadi dian an 'Tam 'Tamil ils' s' in supp suppor orti ting ng th murd murder erou ou Tige Tigers rs of Jaff Jaffna na of Mass Massac achu huss sset etts ts 'Iri 'Irish sh in ai of th IRA; IRA; of segm segmen ents ts of Amer Americ ican an Jewr Jewr behi behind nd righ rightt-wi wing ng extr extrem emis is in Isra Israel el Bu ther ther ar mill millio ions ns of othe othe long long-d -dis ista tanc nc ethn ethnoo-na nati tion onal alis ists ts wh ar by no mean mean nece necess ssar aril il comm commit itte te to fana fanati tici cism sm an viol violen ence ce Fili Filipi pino nos, s, Khme Khmer, r, an Viet Vietna name mese se in Cali Califo forn rnia ia Alge Algeri rian an an Moro Morocc ccan an in th Midi Midi Ukra Ukrain iniian in Onta Ontari rio, o, Cuba Cubans ns inMiami, inMiami, Alba Albani nian an in Rave Ravenn nna, a, an soforth. soforth. But, But, in diff differ eren en degr degree ees, s, they they shar shar so ethi ething ng with with th extr extrem emis ists ts they they live live thei thei real real poli politi tics cs long long-d -dis ista tanc nce, e, with withou ou acco accoun unta tabi bili lity ty Not, Not, like like Koss Kossut ut an Mazz Mazzin ini, i, true true exil exiles es awai awaiti ting ng th circ circum umst stan ance ce of thei thei triu triump mpha ha back back to home home whic which, h, astime astime pass passes es more more an bedr bedroc oc fo an em attl attled ed trop trop lita lita et ni
or serv serves es as phan phanto to dent dentit ity. y. Fo th reas reason on
tran transi siti tion onal al phen phenom omen enon on-s -suc uc that that gene genera rati tion on henc henc thes thes Alge Algeri rian ans, s, Tami Tamils ls Thrk Thrks, s, an Viet Vietna name mese se will will have have been been turn turned ed into into Fren French ch en Aust Austra rali lian ans, s, Germ German an an Amer Americ ican ans. s. In this this sens sense, e, th long long-s -set ettl tled ed Iris Iris an Jews Jews of th Unit United ed Stat States es in th 1980 1980 serv serv as an unse unsett ttli ling ng port porten ent. t. FinFin-de de-s -sie iecl cl worl worldd-ca capi pita tali lism sm seem seem to be prod produc ucin in ne utat utatio io of Acton's Acton's 'nationali 'nationality: ty:
Notes Essays ys in th Libe Libera ra Inte Interp rpre reta tati tion on of H ist istor or (Chica 1. Lord Lord Acto Acton, n, Essa (Chicago go and Lon don: don: Univ Univers ersit it of Chica Chicago go Press, Press, 1967) 1967) chapte chapte V, p. 134. 134. 2. This This does does no mean mean that that frau fraudu dule lent nt elec electi tion on ar no wide widesp spre read ad bu such such frau frauds ds woul woul no be nece necess ssar ar ifelect ifelectio ions ns ha no beco become me sign sign of mode modern rnit it an civi civili liza zati tion on even even in soci societ etie ie such such as Isla Islami mi Iran Iran here here much much ad is made made of reje reject ctin in 'Wes 'Weste tern rn poli politi tica ca valu values es Even Even Saud Saud Arab Arabia ia an Kuwa Kuwait it ar head headed ed downthe downthe elec electo tora ra road road 3. Acto Acton, n, Essays, pp 154and 154and 146.Th 146.Th Boss Bossue ue quot quotat atio io is draw draw from from th text text 'Pol 'Polit itiq ique ue tire tire de l'Ec l'Ecri ritu ture re Sain Sainte te inhis Oeuvres, x,p. 317. 317. King Rich Richar ar II Ac 2,Scene 4. ot th famo famous us pass passag ag in King 2,Scene I,whic I,whic isso ofte ofte quot quoted ed to claiman claiman early early nation nationali alism sm for Shake Shakespe speare are 'This 'This royal royal sea ofKings, ofKings, this this scep sceptr tred ed isle isle This This eart eart of maje majest sty, y, this this seat seat of Mars Mars This This othe otherr-Ed Eden en demi demi-p -par arad adis is .... .... This This bles blesse se plot plot this this eart earth, h, this this reaI reaIm, m, this this Engl Englan and. d. Yet, Yet, aside aside fro Mars Mars an som kings,this kings,this demi-p demi-para aradi dise se has no visib visibleinha leinhabit bitant ants, s, cert certai ainl nl no jumb jumble le of Scot Scots, s, Wels Welsh, h, Engl Englis ish, h, an Corn Cornis ish, h, many many of whom whom could could no have have unders understo tood od each each other' other' speech speech 5. Herd Herder er an Rous Rousse seau au were were infl influe uent ntia ia arti articu cula lato tors rs of th beli belief ef that that clim climat at an envi enviro ronm nmen en were were prof profou ound ndly ly cons consti titu tuti tive ve of th char charac acte te of diff differ eren en peopl peoples. es. Vulga Vulga varia variatio tions ns of this this idea idea attri attribut buted ed severe severe 'degen 'degenera erativ tive' e' effect effect to th tran transs-At Atla lant ntic ic ecol ecolog ogie ies. s. Fo furt furthe he elab elabor orat atio ion, n, se chap chapte te of my Imagined Imagined Communiti Communities, es, rev ed (Lond (London on Verso Verso 1991),espe 1991),especia cially lly at p, 60. 6. Narr Narrat ativ iv
of th Capt Captiv ivit it
an Rem Rem ove ove
of Mrs. Mrs. Rowl Rowlan ands dson on
amon amon
th Indi Indian ans. s.
It is
note notewo wort rthy hy that that he text text as publ publis ishe he in Lond London on befo before re it wa in th colo coloni nies es lowe lowe th refe refere renc nces es to manu manusc scri ript pt chap chapte te of fort forthc hcom omin in book book byNancy Armstron Armstrong. g. 7. In this this proc proces ess, s, prin printt-ca capi pita tali lism sm wa deci decisi sive ve In th Thir Thirte teen en Colo Coloni nies es of th seven seventee teenth nth centu century ry printi printing ng scarce scarcely ly exist existed. ed. But betwee betwee 1691and 1691and 1820,no 1820,no less less than than 2,12 2,12 'new 'newsp spap aper ers' s' were were publ publis ishe hed, d, of whic whic 46 last lasted ed more more than than o mi mi n o f t h ok deca decade de Se Luci Lucien en Febv Febvre re an Henr Henrii-Je Jean an Mart Martin in Th Th Impa Impact ct of Prin Printi ting ng 1450 1450-1 -180 80 (Londo (London: n: Verso Verso 1976) 1976) pp 208-208--11. 11. Firs Amer Americ ica: a: Th Span Spanis is Mona Monarc rchy hy Creo Creole le Patr Patrio iots ts 8. Davi Davi A. Brad Bradin ing, g, Th Firs an th Li er S t t e 1492 1492-18 -1867 67 (Camb (Cambrid ridge ge Cambr Cambrid idge ge Unive Universi rsity ty Press, Press, 1991). Imagin ined ed ComCom9. Th argu argume ment nt ismor full full deve develo lope pe in chap chapte ters rs an of Imag munities. Spanis ishh-Am Amer eric ican an Revo Revolu luti tion ons, s, 1808 1808-1 -182 82 10 John John Lync Lynch, h, Th Span (Ne York: York: NorNorton, ton, 1973),p. 1973),p. 276 Empha Emphasis sis added added Nation on an Nati Nation on 11 Se th powe powerf rful ul theo theore reti tica ca anal analys ysis is in Erne Ernest st Gell Gellne ner' r' Nati alism (Ithac (Ithaca: a: Corne Cornell ll Univ Univers ersity ity Press, Press, 1983) 1983) especi especiall all chapt chapters ers an 3.The Making 'anthrop 'anthropolog ological ical locu classicu classicu is,of course, course, Edward Edward Thompson Thompson's 's The Making of th Engl Englis is Work Workin in Clas Clas (London (London Gollancz Gollancz 1963). 1963). 12 Wilso Wilso wa born born onl twent twenty-t y-two wo years years after after Acton Acton Ho Histor Histor wa speedi speeding ng d of of t n be be s mt et
first s ig ig ht ht , s uc uc h a ss ss um um pt pt i n s e e e s e ci ci al al l c ur ur i i de de n o f n at at i i mm mm i a titi o , ' h ic ic h a s a bs bs or or bi bi n ofEurop ofEuropea ea ei Europe.
immi immigr gran ants ts ever ever year year Bu
c om om pl pl et et el el y
i n c en en t
a n t hi hi n
ilso ilso ut
inth in h un un d e d
t h P re re s t h s an an d
ha th ines inesti tima mabl bl o kk- k o wl wl e g e
adva advant ntag ag
a bo bo u
d i t an an t
I m ag ag in in e d C o m m u ni ni titi es es . 1 5 T h 1987 I nf nf o rm rm a titi o P l ea ea s e A l m a na na c (Bos (Bosto ton: n: Houg Hought hton on Miff Miffli lin, n, 1987 1987), ), p. 787. 787. Z on on e o f E n ga g a ge ge me m e n (Lon 16 Se Perr Perr Ande Anders rson on (Londo don: n: Vers Verso, o, 1992 1992), ), p. 353, 353, an th sour source ce ther ther cite cited. d. 17 Th W o r d A l m an an a a n B oo oo k o f F ac ac t 9 9 ew r k P ha ha ro ro s 92 p. 13 18 o t t h e m a si si s e c n o i cc- d i ve ve n i g a titi o h e e . e r a r i n a dd dd itit io io n a t leas leas 25mill 25millio io poli politi tica ca refu refuge gees es livi living ng most mostly ly insqual insqualid id 'tem 'tempo pora rary ry quar quarte ters rs outs outsid id thei thei home homela land nds. s. 19. Accord According ing to rl d A lm lm a na na c a n B oo oo k Th W o rl 1992 p. 944. 944. o f F a ct ct s 1992 e nc nc e t h g ri ri ml ml y a mu mu si si n t ru ru gg gg le le , r o i n m o i nt nt en en s e ac ac h y ea ea r o ve ve r t h is ne
to
me ic
(a
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b ee ee n i e c e e si si s e d t h l oc oc a t h e l c o s ci ci ou ou sl sl y I ri ri sh sh - e ri ri ca ca n o r l e b ia ia n i ps ps o a ct ct o o u c a
is
Si ce
90 th ef rt of
a th th ol ol i i e a rc rc h a n h e a jo jo ri ri t p ul ul at at i n : a s i f t o s a t ha ha t i f y o a r o s i b b e ' re re al al l is
of ay
