Angelyka Cabalo
2APH
AnaPhy Lab
Exercise 24 – ENDOCRINE SR!C!RE AND "!NCION En#ocrine Sys$e% & co%' co%'os ose# e# o( glan glan#s #s $ha$ $ha$ relea elease se hor%ones in$o $he bloo#s$rea% & hor hor%one %ones s hel hel' ' %ain %ain$a $ain in ho% ho%eo eos$ s$as asis is & %a)o %a)orr gla glan# n#s s * 'in 'inea eall gla glan# n#++ hy'o$hala%,s+ hy'o$hala%,s+ 'i$,i$ary glan#+ $hyroi# glan#+ 'ara$hyroi# glan#s+ $hy%,s glan#+ a#renal glan#+ 'ancreas+ o-aries an# $es$es Exercise 2. – CO/PLEE 0LOOD CO!N 0loo# & 1os 1os an# an# cir circ,la c,la$e $es s 3in 3in car#io-asc,lar sys$e% & conn connec ec$i $i-e -e $is $iss, s,e+ e+ %ese %esenc nchy hy%a %all in in origin & has li,i# %a$rix ∞ ser,% – clo$$e# bloo#5 3o 6brinogen 'las%a – ,nclo$$e# bloo# ∞ 0loo# es$s & (or (or cli clini nica call e-al e-al,a ,a$i $ion on o( 'a$i 'a$ien en$s $s & bloo bloo# # sa% sa%'l 'les es are are col colle lec$ c$e# e# He%acy$o%e$er & co,n co,n$i $ing ng $he $he cel cell, l,la larr ele% ele%en en$s $s o( o( $he $he bloo# 7R0C+80C 9 'la$ele$s: co,n$ing cha%ber ∞ Ne,ba,er i%'ro-e# co,n$ing • cha%ber ; heahea-y+ y+ col color orle less ss g gla lass ss ; has < 'ara 'aralle llell 'la$ 'la$(or (or%s %s se'ara$e# by %oa$s ; cen$ cen$ra rall 'l 'la$ a$(o (or% r% * =>? =>?%% %% loer ;
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'ack 'acke# e# cell cell -ol, -ol,%e %e 7PCB 7PCB:: si%' i%'les$ es$ 9 %os %os$$ acc acc, ,ra$e ra$e %or %ore ,se ,se(, (,ll $ha $han n R0 R0C co, co,n$ n$ %eas %eas,r ,re e o( $he $he 'r 'ro'or o'or$i $ion on o( o( re# re# cel cells ls $o 'las%a in 'eri'heral bloo# & o( o( ery ery$h $hrrocy$ ocy$es es in hol hole e blo bloo# o# /ale 4 3& -ol,%e "e%ale 42 3& . -ol,%e A$ bir$h . 3& -ol,%e Increase Polycy$he%ia+ shock 9 se-ere # in #ehy#ra$ion Decreas Le,ke%ia+ ane%a+ e# in hy'er$hyroi#is% 9 cirrhosis A#a%Fs /icro%e$ho# & ca'i ca'ill llar ary y $,b $,be e – G 6ll 6lle# e# 3 bloo bloo# # & co-e co-err i$ i$h h sea sealling ing cla clay y & %icr %icroh ohe% e%a$ a$oc ocri ri$$ cen$r cen$ri( i(,g ,ge e & ?= ?=+= +=== == r'% (or (or 4&. %ins ins & %icr %icroh ohe% e%a$ a$oc ocri ri$$ rea#e ea#err He%oglobin & 'ig% 'ig%en en$$ in in R0C R0C $ha$ $ha$ has has an ani$ i$y y $o $o O2 & bloo bloo# # * $he $he #ar #ark ker colo color+ r+ $he $he %or %ore e he%oglobin /ale ?4&?>. g 3 ?== %L "e%ale ?2&?. g 3 ?== %L Increase High al$i$,#es+ obs$r,c$i-e # in ',l%onary #isease+ CH" 9 'olycy$he%ia Decreas Se-ere he%orrhage+ ane%ia+ e# in hy'er$hyroi#is% 9 li-er cirrhosis Aci#&He%a$in /e$ho# & a> =>=? =>=?N N HCl HCl * 2 %ark %ark * Sah Sahli liFs Fs $,be $,be & b> =>=2 =>=2 %L bloo bloo# # * Sahl SahliF iFs s 'i' 'i'e$ e$$e $e & co%bine a b & a##ing #is$ille# H 2O ,n$il $he %ix$,re %a$ches $he color o( $he co%'ara$or block 80C Co,n$ & no> o( 80C in ? %%< o( bloo# & i$s i$s goo goo# # #il #il,$ ,$in ing g 1,i 1,i# # is is * hy'o$onic sol,$ion ∞ easily 're'are# ∞ ∞ chea' ∞ rea#ily a-ailable a goo# 'reser-a$i-e 'reser-a$i-e ∞ & 0loo 0loo# # * =>. =>. %ar %ark k 80 80C 'i' 'i'e$ e$$e $e & Dil Dil,$i ,$ing 1,i 1,i# * ?? %ar %ark & ?*2 ?*2= or ?32= ?32= #il #il,$i ,$ion & #isc iscar# ar# 6r 6rs$ 2&< 2&< #r #ro's & by ca' ca'il illa lary ry ac$ ac$io ion n * 6ll 6ll $he $he co,n co,n$i $ing ng cha%ber & angl angle e o( o( 'i' 'i'e$ e$$e $e * <=& <=&<. <. #egr #egree ees s & o-er o-erch char argi ging ng * 1,i 1,i# # on on $he $he %oa$ %oa$s s
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,n#er ,n#ercha charg rging ing * (ai (ail,r l,re e $o $o co-e co-err en$ en$ir ire e r,le# area & air air b,b b,bbl bles es %ois %ois$, $,rre or or #ir #ir$$ & ,se LPO R0C Co,n$ & no> o( R0C in ? %%< o( bloo# & goo# #i #il,$ing 1, 1,i# * iso$onic sol,$ion ∞ has high s' gr ∞ ∞ easy $o 're'are chea' ∞ goo# 'reser-a$i-e ∞ has b,Jer ac$ion ∞ ∞ #oes no$ ini$ia$e gro$h o( %ol#s & bloo bloo# # * =>. =>. %ar %ark k R0 R0C 'i' 'i'e$ e$$e $e & #il,$ l,$ing ing 1, 1,i# * ?= ?=? %a %ark & ?*2== *2== or ?32 ?32== == #il,$ il,$iion & #isc iscar# ar# 6r 6rs$ .& .& #r #ro's & by ca ca'illary ac ac$ion & angl angle e o( o( 'i'e 'i'e$$ $$e e * <= <=&< &<. . #egr #egree ees s & HP HPO O (o (or ac ac$,a $,al co co,n$i n$ing DiJeren$ial 8hi$e 0loo# Cell Co,n$ Granulocytes Eosino'hils 2&4 Allergic reac$ions 0aso'hils =>.&? Chronic in(ec$ions Ne,$ro'hils =&= Ac,$e in(ec$ions Aggranulocyt es Ly%'hocy$es 2=&2. An$ibo#y reac$ions /onocy$es < &K Chronic in(ec$ions Sli#e /e$ho# & .=o angle o( ano$her sli#e & s$ai $ain $he $he s%ear eare# bloo# loo# & iga igag g ay ay o( co co,n$i ,n$in ng Exercise 2 – HE 0LOOD MRO!PS An$igens & on s,r(ace o( R0C & aggl,$inogens & inheri$e# An$ibo#ies & in $he 'las%a & aggl,$inins A0O Mro,'ing & An An$i $i&&A an$i an$is ser,% er,% 7bl, 7bl,e: e: & An An$i $i&&0 an$ an$is iser er,% ,% 7yel 7yello lo: : Rh Mro,'ing & An An$i $i&D &D an$ an$is iser er,% ,% 7co 7colo lorl rles ess: s:
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Exercise 2 – COAM!LAION I/E Clo$$ing & i%'o i%'or$ r$an an$$ in arr arres$i es$ing ng he% he%or orrrhage hage & <& %ins Clo$ & 'l,g 'l,gs s $h $he o'e o'eni ning ng o( $he $he o, o,n# n# Dro' 3 Sli#e /e$ho# & <= sec in$er-al & (ro% (ro% $he $he %o% %o%en en$$ $he $he bloo bloo# # #r #ro's o's $o $o $he sli#e ,n$il $he (or%a$ion o( $he 6brin $hrea# Exercise 2K – 0LEEDINM I/E 0lee#ing $i%e & re(er e(ers s $$o o $he $he $i%e $i%e i$ $ake $akes s (or (or a ',nc$,re o,n# $o s$o' blee#ing & ?&< %ins & #e'e #e'en# n#s s, ,'o 'on n $he $he #e'$ #e'$h h o( o( $he $he o,n o,n# # an# #egree o( hy'ere%ia in $he 6nger D,keFs /e$ho# & 6rs$ 6rs$ #ro' #ro' o( bloo bloo# # blo blo$$ $$e# e# on a 6l$ 6l$er er 'a'er & ro,g ro,gh h s,r( s,r(ac aces es sho shor$ r$en en ble blee# e#in ing g $i%e $i%e & a''e a''ear aran ance ce o( 6rs$ 6rs$ #ro' #ro' $o $he $he $i% $i%e e blee#ing s$o's Exercise 2@ – HPERE/IA OR CONMESION Hy'ere%ia 3 Conges$ion & incr increa ease se o( bloo bloo# # 1o 1o or an exce excess ss 1o o( bloo# in $he -essel in a cer$ain area o( $he bo#y Ac$i-e Hy'ere%ia & incr increa ease se# # blo bloo# o# 1o 1o $o $o a s'ec s'eci6 i6c c area 3 #ila$ion o( bloo# -essels Passi-e Hy'ere%ia & slo sloin ing g #on #on o( -eno -eno,s ,s re$,r e$,rn n Exercise <= – CAPILLAR RESISANCE ES Ca'illary resis$ance $es$
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%eas %eas,r ,res es $he $he abi abili li$y $y o( o( $he $he ca'i ca'ill llar ary y alls $o resis$ 'ress,re & ar% * ?== %%Hg hro%bocy$o'enic hro%bocy$o'enic P,r',ra P,r',ra & ca'il ca'illar laries ies ill ill r,'$ r,'$,r ,re e a$ a$ $his $his 'ress 'ress,r ,re e Pe$echiae 3 He%orrhages & $iny s'o$s o,rni o,rni,e$ ,e$ 3 R,%'el&Lee#e R,%'el&Lee#e 3 Hess es$ No o( 'e$echiae Mra#e =&?= ? ??&2= 2 2?&.= < .? an# abo-e 4 Exercise
∞
∞
"ibro,s Pericar#i,% ; o,gh o,gh++ #en #ense se an# an# inelas$ic connec$i-e $iss,e ; Pre-en e-en$$s $h $he o-ers$re$ching o( $he hear$ Sero,s Pericar#i,% ; hin hinne ner+ r+ %or %ore e #eli #elica ca$e $e ; "or%s or%s a #o, #o,bl ble e lay layer er aro,n# $he hear$ Parie$al layer • • Bisceral Bisceral layer Pericar#ial s'ace 73 • 'ericar#ial 1,i#: – re#,ces (ric$ion
Hear$ & %,sc,lar ',%' & 3 (o, (o,rr cha cha%b %ber ers s 7ri 7righ gh$$ 9 le( le($$ a$r a$ria ia 9 -en$ricle: & con$ con$ra rac$ c$s s con$ con$in in,o ,o,s ,sly ly & exhib xhibi$ i$s s a,$ a,$o& o&rrhy$h hy$h%i %ici ci$y $y & . iin n llon ong+ g+ <>. <>. iin n i# i#e e an# an# 2>. 2>. iin n $hi $hick ck & (e%a (e%ale le * 2.= 2.= g hi hile le %ale %ale * <== <== g & res$s es$s in $he $he %e# %e#ia ias$ s$in in,% ,% an# an# #ia'hrag% A'ex & 'oin$e# en# 0ase & broa# o' o''osi$e en# /,sc,li Pec$ina$i & %yoc %yocar ar#i #ial al ri#g ri#ges es in righ righ$$ a$r a$ri, i,% % In$era$rial Se'$,% & se'ara$es $$h he a$ a$ria
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"ora% ora%en en O-al O-ale e * hole hole in in(a in(an$ n$s s bloo# by'ass $he l,ngs an# 'ass (ro% righ$ $o le($ a$ri,% 7"ora%en O-alis: rabec,lae rabec,lae Carneae Carneae & %,sc %,scle le ri#g ri#ges es in -en$ -en$ri ricl cles es In$er-en$ric,lar In$er-en$ric,lar Se'$,% & se'a se'ara ra$e $es s $he $he -en$ -en$ri ricl cles es Chor#ae en#ineae & s$ring&like & a$$a a$$ach che# e# $o $o 'a'i 'a'ill llar ary y %,sc %,scle les s & conn connec ec$e $e# # $o a$r a$rio io-e -en$ n$ri ric, c,la larr -al-al-es es ∞ $ric,s'i# -al-e 7righ$: ∞ bic,s'i#3%i$ral bic,s'i#3%i$ral -al-e 7le($: AB an# Se%il,nar Bal-es & 're're-en en$s $s re1,x e1,x or back back1o 1o o( o( blo bloo# o#
Exercise <2 – P!LSE RAE IN H!/ANS P,lse & al$er al$erna na$e $e cons$ cons$ric ric$io $ion n an# #ila$i #ila$ion on o( an ar$ery & all ar$er $eries ies ha ha-e a ',l ',ls se & rea#i ea#ily ly 'al 'al'a 'abl ble e a$ $he $he ri ris$ s$ 7ra 7ra#i #ial al ar$ery: & n,%b n,%ber er o( bea$ bea$s s 'er 'er %in, %in,$e $e & 4 bea bea$s $s (or (or e-e e-ery ry res res'i 'ira ra$i $ion on Exercise << – HEAR SO!NDS IN H!/ANS A,sc,l$a$ion & 'roce 'rocess ss o( lis$en lis$enin ing g $o $o $he $he so,n# so,n#s s 3in 3in $he bo#y & ,sing s$e$hosco'e Hear$ So,n# & res,l es,l$$ o( $,rb $,rb,l ,len ence ce ca, ca,se se# # by clo clos, s,rre o( $he hear$ -al-es One hear$bea$ l,b #,b Exercise <4 – CARDIAC CCLE IN H!/ANS Car#iac cycle & ? Hea Hear$ r$be bea$ a$ ? car car#iac #iac cycl cycle e & a$ri a$rial al an# an# -en$ -en$ri ric, c,la larr sys$ sys$ol ole e 7con$rac$ion: an# #ias$ole 7relaxa$ion: & = sec sec 3 ',ls ',lse e or or hea hear$ r$ ra$e ra$e Hear$ ra$e & n,%b n,%ber er o( bea$ bea$s s 'er 'er %in, %in,$e $e & no$ no$ nec neces essa sari rily ly e,a e,all $o $o ',l ',lse se ra$e ra$e Sys$ole =>=4 secon#s Exercise < – 0LOOD PRESS!RE Hear$bea$ & (or (orces ces b blo loo# o# in$o in$o $he $he aor aor$a $a Sys$olic 'ress,re & 'eak 'eak 're 'ress ss,r ,re e ob$a ob$aine ine# # #,ring #,ring car#ia car#iac c cycle
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%eas %eas,r ,re e o( o( $he $he (or (orce ce o( %yoc %yocar ar#i #ial al con$rac$ion Dias$olic 'ress,re & loes$ loes$ 'ress 'ress,r ,re e reac reach h )),s$ ,s$ be(or be(ore e $he $he nex$ bea$ & %eas %eas,r ,re e o( $he $he 'er 'eri' i'he hera rall res resis is$a $anc nce e elas$ic recoil o( bloo# -essels S'hyg%o%ano%e$ry & %eas %eas,r ,re e ar$ ar$er eria iall blo bloo# o# 'res 'ress, s,rre & s'hyg%o%an %ano%e$er Pal'a$ion /e$ho# & 'al' 'al'a$ a$e e $he $he ',l ',lse se a$ $he $he ra# ra#ia iall ar$e ar$ery ry A,sc,l$a$ion A,sc,l$a$ion /e$ho# & on an$e an$ec, c,bi bi$a $all (oss (ossa a in $he $he brac brachi hial al ar$ery region Exercise < – ANAO/ O" HE RESPIRAOR SSE/ Res'ira$ory Sys$e% & co%' co%'os ose# e# o( $he $he nos nose+ e+ 'har 'haryn ynx+ x+ larynx+ $rachea+ bronchi an# l,ngs & ,''e ,''err an# an# loe loerr res res'i 'ira ra$o $ory ry sys$ sys$e% e% & co%' co%'os ose# e# o( $,be $,bes s an# an# ca-i ca-i$i $ies es $ha$ $ha$ in$erconnec$ o,$si#e an# 3in $he l,ngs an# res'ira$ory 'or$ion O$orhinolaryngology & bran branch ch o( %e#i %e#ici cine ne $ha$ $ha$ #eal #eals s 3 3 $he $he #iagnosis an# $rea$%en$ o( #isor#ers associa$e# 3 nose+ ears an# $hroa$ P,l%onology & conc concer erne ne# # 3 #is #isea ease ses s asso associ cia$ a$e# e# 3 3 $he l,ngs Exercise res'ira$ory #isor#ers Res'ira$ory cycle & 2 'ha 'hase ses s * inha inhala la$i $ion on 9 exh exhal ala$ a$io ion n Ben$ila$ion & %o-e %o-e%e %en$ n$ o( air air in$ in$o o 9 o,$ o,$ o( o( $he $he res'ira$ory $rac$ & cri$ cri$ic ical al (or (or nor nor%a %all b bo# o#y y (,n (,nc$ c$io ions ns S'iro%e$er & ins$ ins$r, r,%e %en$ n$ ,se ,se# # $o %eas %eas,r ,re e -ol, -ol,%e %e o( o( air $ha$ %o-es in$o 9 o,$ o( $he l,ngs 8e$ S'iro%e$er
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in-e in-er$ r$e# e# #r,% #r,% in a $an $ank k o( o( a$ a$er er s,s'en#e# (ro% a ',lley 9 co,n$erbalance# by a eigh$ & 3 a corr,ga$e# $, $,be S'irogra% & recor ecor# # o( o( ',l ',l%o %ona nary ry -ol, -ol,%e %es s, ,si sing ng s'iro%e$er i#al A%$> o( air #,ring .== Bol,%e 3 Air nor%al res'ira$ion %L 7B: Ins'ira$ory /ax> -ol> o( air $ha$ <+?= Reser-e can be inhale# = %L Bol,%e 7IRB: 7nor%al inhala$ion: Ex'ira$ory Bol> o( air $ha$ can ?+2= Reser-e be exhale# = %L Bol,%e 7ERB: (orce(,lly 7nor%al inhala$ion: Resi#,al Bol> o( air $ha$ ?+2= Bol,%e 7RB: re%ains in $he l,ngs = %L a($er a %os$ (orce(,l exhala$ion Canno$ be %eas,re# by s'iro%e$ry B IRB IRB
Ins'ira$ory Ca'aci$y 7IC: ",nc$ional RB ERB Resi#,al Ca'aci$y 7"RC: Bi$al Ca'aci$y IRB B ERB 7BC: o$al o$al L,ng B RB RB IRB IRB Ca'aci$y ERB ERB 7LC:
Resi#,al Bol,%e Men#er Age /ale3"e ? %ale @ "e%ale ?@& @@ /ale ?@& @@
<+= = %L 2+4= = %L
4+K= = %L +== = %L
E,a$ion 7in L: 7=>=2= x heigh$ in inches: – =>@?=@2 7=>=K?< x h$ in: =>==@ x age in yrs – 7<>@: 7=>=K x h$ in: 7=>=? x age in yrs – 7<>4.:
Exercise <@ – 0REAH&HOLDINM I/E Hy'er-en$ila$ion & (as (as$+ #ee' ee' brea$ ea$hin hing & bro, bro,gh gh$$ b by y anx anxie ie$y $y a$$a a$$ack cks s
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%ay %ay llea ea# # $$o o bri brie( e( 'er 'erio io#s #s o( a'ne a'nea a or or cessa$ion o( brea$hing & b,il#&,' o( CO 2 in bloo# & %ay %ay ex'e ex'eri rien ence ce #i #ii ine ness ss or %ay %ay (ai (ain$ n$ 7alkalosis – cons$ric$ cerebral bloo# -essels: & brea$h ea$he e in$ in$o o a 'a'e 'a'err ba bag Hy'o-en$ila$ion & slo slo++ sh shal allo lo brea brea$h $hin ing g Carbonic Aci# & grea grea$l $ly y inc incrrease eases s #,r #,rin ing g hy'o-en$ila$ion & #ecr #ecreas eases es in hy'e hy'err-en en$i $ila la$i $ion on Aci#osis 3 Alkalosis & res,l es,l$$ o( aJe aJec$ c$e# e# b,J b,Jer erin ing g abil abili$ i$y y o( $he bloo# Cyanosis & brea brea$h $hin ing g s$o' s$o's s (or (or an ex$ ex$en en#e #e# # 'eri 'erio# o# o( $i%e & ins, ins,c cie ien$ n$ oxyge xygen n in $he $he blo bloo# o# Exercise 4= – DIMESIBE SSE/ SR!C!RE AND "!NCION Diges$i-e Sys$e% & organ organs s o( o( gas$ gas$ro roin$ in$es$ es$ina inall rac$ rac$ 7MI 7MI $rac$: • %o,$h 'harynx • eso'hag,s • s$o%ach • • s%all in$es$ine 7 #,o#en,%+ )e),n,%+ ile,%: ile,%: large in$es$ine • • colon • an,s an# accessory s$r,c$,res $ee$h • • $ong,e sali-ary glan#s • li-er • gallbla##er • • 'ancreas & (or (or inge inges$ s$io ion n o( (oo# (oo#++ secr secre$ e$io ion n o( #iges$i-e ),ices+ %ixing+ #iges$ion+ absor'$ion an# eli%ina$ion o( as$e 'ro#,c$s Diges$ion & %ech %echan anic ical al an# an# che che%i %ica call #ige #iges$ s$io ion n o( (oo# /echanical Diges$ion & s$ar s$ar$s $s hen hen %o,$ %o,$h h# #oe oes s $he $he 'er(,nc$ory (,nc$ions o( cheing 9 %as$ica$ing
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seg% seg%en en$a $a$i $ion on con$ con$ra rac$ c$io ions ns * ch,r ch,rni ning ng o( (oo# by s%oo$h %,scle %o-e%en$s Che%ical Diges$ion & eny eny%e %es s brea break k #on #on %acr %acro% o%ol olec ec,l ,les es o( carbs+ li'i#s 9 'ro$eins ; A%ylas A%ylase e && && #ige #iges$s s$s s$arc s$arch h ; Li'a Li'ase se – #ige #iges$ s$s s li'i li'i#s #s ; Pe's Pe'sin in – #ige #iges$ s$s s 'ro 'ro$ei $eins ns Diges$ion o( S$arch by A%ylase & LoeerFs $es$ $, $,bes o & < C a$er ba$h De$er%ina$ion o( $he A%$ o( S$arch & s'o$ 'lace & l,g l,golFs lFs io# io#ine ine sol, sol,$i $io on 0ron or o$her color & Ligh$ bl,e /e#i,% bl,e Dark bl,e 0lack De$er%ina$ion o( S,gar & 0ene#ic$Fs reag eagen$ & Ho$ a$er (or < %ins 0l,e & Mreen ello ello Orange Re# Exercise 4? – EQCREOR SSE/ SR!C!RE AND "!NCION Excre$ory Sys$e% & ki#n ki#ney eys+ s+ ,r ,re$er e$ers+ s+ ,ri ,rina nary ry bla bla## ##er er 9 ,re$hra !rine & (or%s in $he ki ki#ney & 1os 1os $hr $hro,gh o,gh $he $he ,re$ ,re$er ers s & $e%' $e%'or orar aril ily y s$o s$orre# in in $he $he ,rin ,rinar ary y bla##er & eli% eli%in ina$ a$e# e# $hr $hro,gh o,gh $he $he ,r ,re$hr e$hra a i#neys & bean bean&s &sha ha'e 'e# # re$r re$ro' o'er eri$ i$on onea eall orga organs ns & (o,n (o,n# # be$ be$ een een ? ?2 an an# L< L< ; Renal enal Hil,s Hil,s – -er$i -er$ica call 6ss,r 6ss,re e in $he conca-e s,r(ace ; Renal enal "asc "ascia ia – a$$a a$$ach ches es $he $he ki#ney $o $he ab#o%inal all ; Renal enal Ca's Ca's,le ,le – co-er co-ers s $he $he o,$er s,r(ace o( $he ki#ney ; A# A#i'o i'ose se Ca' Ca's,l s,le e – 'a# 'a##in #ing g9 'ro$ec$ion & has < %ain regions ∞ Renal Cor$ex – s%oo$h area hich ex$en#s as $he renal
∞ ∞
col,%n in be$> renal 'yra%i#s 7cone&sha'e#5 #ee' in renal %e#,lla5 a'ex 'oin$s in$o renal sin,s as renal 'a'illa: Renal /e#,lla Renal Sin,s – con$ains $he %inor calyces+ #rain in$o %a)or calyces hich #rain in$o renal 'el-is 5 ex'ansion o( ,re$er
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&
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